:00:16. > :00:23.Welcome to Reporters. I'm Christian Fraser.
:00:24. > :00:29.From the newsroom, we send out correspondents to bring you the best
:00:30. > :00:34.stories from across the globe. This week, 21 years after the end of
:00:35. > :00:39.apartheid, we ask whether South Africa's rainbow nation has failed.
:00:40. > :00:43.In terms of who the rich and poor are, it is still white and black. We
:00:44. > :00:50.are still getting blamed for things that were not even our idea. The
:00:51. > :00:55.fighting that is duelling the migrant crisis. A report from the
:00:56. > :01:02.Syrian border, as tens of thousands flee conflict raging in Aleppo. A
:01:03. > :01:06.report from the fires covering Indonesia with a deadly suffocating
:01:07. > :01:13.smog. We want the government to give a quick response to help the people
:01:14. > :01:17.here. And fast forward to the future, 30 years after the first
:01:18. > :01:22.Back To The Future film, we ask what predictions they got wrong and
:01:23. > :01:28.right. Professor, quick, jump in! We've got company! It is now 21
:01:29. > :01:34.years since the end of apartheid in South Africa, and the first post
:01:35. > :01:38.apartheid generation is growing into Young adult heard. It is a
:01:39. > :01:41.generation campaigning for change, with a new black consciousness of
:01:42. > :01:46.its own. There is lots to complain about. The economy is struggling,
:01:47. > :01:50.dissatisfaction over inequality, and failure to deliver the basics, such
:01:51. > :01:54.as reliable power. There is anger at the government but also the white
:01:55. > :01:59.minority who owns more of the wealth than they did in 1994. We have been
:02:00. > :02:00.finding out whether South Africa's dream of a rainbow nation has
:02:01. > :02:13.failed. There is a real new confidence and
:02:14. > :02:19.consciousness in black South Africa. It is what Nelson Mandela wanted. A
:02:20. > :02:25.rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world. But at the front edge
:02:26. > :02:29.of fashionable downtown Johannesburg, it is not working out
:02:30. > :02:34.that way. In terms of the rainbow nation in South Africa today, we
:02:35. > :02:39.have a long way to go. Who the rich and poor are, it's still white and
:02:40. > :02:43.black. There is still a lot of hate harboured from apartheid. We are
:02:44. > :02:52.still getting blamed for things that were not even our idea.
:02:53. > :02:59.At the start of the century, apartheid had fallen. The truth and
:03:00. > :03:02.reconciliation process was almost complete. Nelson Mandela had
:03:03. > :03:06.transferred the reins of power. There was a real sense of hope and
:03:07. > :03:10.confidence in this new rainbow nation. But 21 years since it all
:03:11. > :03:17.began, people across South Africa are talking about the end of the
:03:18. > :03:23.rainbow. South Africa is a cappuccino society, a huge black
:03:24. > :03:27.majority at the bottom with cream on top and a few chocolate sprinklings
:03:28. > :03:33.on top. She is talking about the new black elite. Only a small amount of
:03:34. > :03:37.wealth has left white hands. It's a definite shift from the previous
:03:38. > :03:40.generation that was interested in reconciliation in order to maintain
:03:41. > :03:44.peace and the status quo. I don't think that is as much of a
:03:45. > :03:49.consideration for young black people any more. She is from a new
:03:50. > :03:54.middle-class. Young people who did not know apartheid but now want
:03:55. > :03:58.more. The concept of black consciousness, Pan African, it is
:03:59. > :04:02.something we are turning to to find ways to mobilise and do something
:04:03. > :04:06.about structures which we feel suffocate us because they don't
:04:07. > :04:10.speak to us as black people. The legacy of apartheid is often blamed,
:04:11. > :04:14.and the remnants are not hard to spot. There is an increasing
:04:15. > :04:19.realisation that this country still has a long way to go. We are facing
:04:20. > :04:26.a second transition in our society. We had won in 1994, and now the game
:04:27. > :04:30.is up. We will have a new one. -- we had one. We have to see to it that
:04:31. > :04:34.the new one brings more happy people at the end of it. It has to be
:04:35. > :04:39.peaceful. It cannot destroy the economy. This is how the majority of
:04:40. > :04:44.people still live in South Africa, in townships created by apartheid.
:04:45. > :04:48.Come to any township, whether in Cape Town or Johannesburg or Durban,
:04:49. > :04:54.and you get a sense of why these people don't feel much has changed.
:04:55. > :04:58.21 years since democracy. Yes, there is some power. They have toilets for
:04:59. > :05:04.sharing but they flood. Houses have been built but not enough. People
:05:05. > :05:08.are still very disappointed. That disappointment is turning into
:05:09. > :05:14.anger. Every week, there are new protests in South Africa for jobs,
:05:15. > :05:17.better services and now against corruption. The inequality of white
:05:18. > :05:22.wealth, but also the government of liberation are now being blamed. It
:05:23. > :05:27.is corrupt to the core. Nothing is bunch and all. Corruption is
:05:28. > :05:37.institutionalised. -- nothing is functional. Radicals demand space
:05:38. > :05:42.and support. We have 35% unemployment. The most in equal
:05:43. > :05:48.society in the world. We live in a country where 54% of the population
:05:49. > :05:52.is in poverty. Nelson Mandela's ANC party, even President Jacob Zuma,
:05:53. > :05:55.has been accused of corruption, ignoring the judiciary and not
:05:56. > :06:00.acting in the interests of the poor majority. Is the government of South
:06:01. > :06:03.Africa corrupt? There is corruption within the government of South
:06:04. > :06:08.Africa but that does not mean the institution is a corrupt
:06:09. > :06:13.institution. We are an equal. The gap between rich and poor in this
:06:14. > :06:19.country is enormous. -- we are unequal. The rich South Africans are
:06:20. > :06:23.six times richer than in 1994. So a race dynamic does enter. Even though
:06:24. > :06:26.we are trying hard to build a nation not based on race. Based on the
:06:27. > :06:38.equality of every citizen. On the outskirts of Joe Berg, away
:06:39. > :06:42.from the busy chaotic, often dangerous urban lifestyle is Steins
:06:43. > :06:53.city. Parkland residence, they call it.
:06:54. > :06:57.All on what used to be an illegal township, it's paradise behind a
:06:58. > :07:05.high wall. It is named after the man behind this... I am Alexander,
:07:06. > :07:09.founder of compare the meerkat .com. He was a friend of Nelson Mandela.
:07:10. > :07:13.He built the country's most expensive house. The new Black
:07:14. > :07:15.consciousness movement is now criticising Mandela for not doing
:07:16. > :07:24.more to tackle white privilege and redistribute the wealth. Eight
:07:25. > :07:29.garages, butlers, a chef... Nicholas runs a mine. Like many who can
:07:30. > :07:35.afford to, white and black, he and his wife are retreating. It is a
:07:36. > :07:41.vast project within the walls of a hospital, school, shopping mall and
:07:42. > :07:47.security. Almost a citystate. Security is 24/7. The kids can run
:07:48. > :07:52.around, no problem. I am very fortunate I can provide my family
:07:53. > :07:56.this kind of security. It makes my life easier to actually stay here
:07:57. > :08:00.and contribute to the economy and a lot of other things. Hopefully by
:08:01. > :08:06.doing that, we can all one day live in a place like this without walls.
:08:07. > :08:10.A new generation is finding its voice and is demanding more. A
:08:11. > :08:17.terrible past is slowly being broken down. But at 21, the rainbow nation
:08:18. > :08:21.is not what they hoped it would be. Such huge societal change often
:08:22. > :08:26.comes in waves. Sometimes stable, sometimes disruptive. Amid such
:08:27. > :08:31.riches here in South Africa, hopefully in peace.
:08:32. > :08:38.This week's state visit to the UK by the Chinese leader Xi Jinping shows
:08:39. > :08:42.just how far Chinese relations with Britain have come. Only three years
:08:43. > :08:46.ago, China froze all high-level contact after David Cameron met the
:08:47. > :08:51.Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibet, a man in Beijing considers a
:08:52. > :08:55.dangerous separatist. Our reporter travelled to Tibet to ask people
:08:56. > :08:59.what they make of Britain's strengthening ties with China.
:09:00. > :09:09.It is one of the most beautiful yet closed and controlled places on the
:09:10. > :09:14.planet. The voices of these devout and traditional communities are
:09:15. > :09:20.rarely heard. China tries to keep foreign journalists well away.
:09:21. > :09:27.But we have come ahead of the Chinese state visit to Britain to
:09:28. > :09:34.try to find out what people think of China's recent efforts to keep Tibet
:09:35. > :09:39.off the diplomatic agenda too. There is a heavy security presence. But we
:09:40. > :09:43.pass unnoticed through the checkpoints and reach our intended
:09:44. > :09:47.destination. A monastery which has been at the centre of one of the
:09:48. > :09:53.biggest challenges to Chinese state power in decades. The one-man
:09:54. > :09:58.protests and gruesome self immolations in the nearby town are
:09:59. > :10:03.met with a heavy response. This monk holds a portrait of the Dalai Lama
:10:04. > :10:09.aloft. Punishment for such defiance can be many years in prison. This
:10:10. > :10:13.may be a long way from the pomp and ceremony of the London Summit, but
:10:14. > :10:18.the fact that the is so much in evidence here is an illustration of
:10:19. > :10:22.why Tibet's religion and culture remains central to the question of
:10:23. > :10:27.how the outside world engages with China, and how individual countries
:10:28. > :10:31.including Britain are prepared or not to challenge Beijing on its
:10:32. > :10:34.human rights record. There was a time when the British Prime Minister
:10:35. > :10:41.was keen to be seen with the Dalai Lama. But not any more. Surrounded
:10:42. > :10:45.by surveillance cameras, the monks here have been cut off from the
:10:46. > :10:49.internet. Forced to turn their backs on their recs I'll spiritual
:10:50. > :10:54.leader. Now China is forcing foreign governments to do the same. --
:10:55. > :10:59.exiled spiritual leader. In a quiet corner outside the monastery walls,
:11:00. > :11:05.and at great risk to themselves, some of the monks agreed to talk.
:11:06. > :11:11.TRANSLATION: The Dalai Lama is the only master in our hearts. China
:11:12. > :11:15.tells other governments, the British government, not to meet with the
:11:16. > :11:22.Dalai Lama. Should they listen? They should meet him. But if the
:11:23. > :11:28.government knew I was talking like this, they would arrest me. The
:11:29. > :11:33.Dalai Lama's popularity is undiminished. He is still worship
:11:34. > :11:37.here in secret. At far from this remote region, the Chinese president
:11:38. > :11:43.will know he has had more success in limiting his influence in London.
:11:44. > :11:50.The start of winter is not slowing down the migrant crisis at all. The
:11:51. > :11:54.UN Refugee Agency says 9000 people are still arriving on Greek islands
:11:55. > :11:59.every day, many from Syria, where the situation is getting more and
:12:00. > :12:03.more volatile. Aid agencies say an upsurge in fighting around the city
:12:04. > :12:08.of Aleppo has forced 35,000 to flee their homes in recent days. This
:12:09. > :12:10.report from Syria's border with Turkey. You may find some of the
:12:11. > :12:19.images in this report distressing. A Russian arsenal and mighty
:12:20. > :12:21.firepower have brought about the furious return of President Assad's
:12:22. > :12:27.forces in Syria. New fronts in the fighting bring
:12:28. > :12:40.fresh hell on the ground. An offensive in southern Aleppo,
:12:41. > :12:45.regime tanks taking half a dozen towns in the last five days.
:12:46. > :12:50.It has caused an exodus of tens, and today hundreds, heading to the
:12:51. > :12:59.Turkish border. This man tells us, we left Syria
:13:00. > :13:04.because we can't live there any more. It used to be just Bashar
:13:05. > :13:06.al-Assad. Now we have Russia and we don't know who is coming next. It
:13:07. > :13:12.has become a World War. This was Mohammed's house near Idlib
:13:13. > :13:19.province. His father was pulled barely
:13:20. > :13:32.conscious from the rubble. Here, his mother. She died shortly
:13:33. > :13:39.afterwards. Russian jets were to blame, he says.
:13:40. > :13:45.It's hard to describe the feeling when you fill your country and lose
:13:46. > :13:49.your home and your family, he says. -- you flee your country. And you
:13:50. > :13:55.watch your mother died right before you. It's indescribable. Meanwhile,
:13:56. > :13:58.Russia continues to deny causing civilian casualties. Russian
:13:59. > :14:04.intervention in Syria is beginning to make a difference, firmly in
:14:05. > :14:08.President Assad's favour. In Aleppo, the regime is retaking places it has
:14:09. > :14:13.not held in almost a year. This is the first wave of accommodation of
:14:14. > :14:17.attacks between Russian, Iranian and Syrian forces. If the rebels don't
:14:18. > :14:20.receive reinforcements soon, they could be at risk of losing
:14:21. > :14:26.significant amounts of territory. These men now face those more united
:14:27. > :14:33.than ever. The division among the Syrian rebel groups has already cost
:14:34. > :14:38.them dearly. -- these men now face foes. It might be hard to imagine a
:14:39. > :14:43.whole country covered by a cloud of smoke, but that is the situation in
:14:44. > :14:47.Indonesia. Hundreds of thousands are suffering respiratory illness after
:14:48. > :14:50.breathing in hazardous smoke caused by fires. They are often started to
:14:51. > :14:55.clear forests for plantations and have been burning for weeks, sending
:14:56. > :15:01.a heavy haze across the region. Our reporter has been to one of the
:15:02. > :15:01.hardest hit areas and found the impact on children particularly
:15:02. > :15:11.devastating. Children appear like ghosts out of
:15:12. > :15:15.the haze on the side of the road. It is uncomfortable to breathe even
:15:16. > :15:18.with a mask and in the car. For more than three months, these villages
:15:19. > :15:27.have been surrounded by smouldering peat fires. It is not just
:15:28. > :15:31.unpleasant, it's deadly. This woman's family tried to protect her
:15:32. > :15:39.from the haze, but from the moment she was born, she was breathing in
:15:40. > :15:48.hazardous air. It was like she was struggling for air. Her chest was
:15:49. > :15:53.tight around the heart area. They rushed her to the hospital but it
:15:54. > :15:58.was too late. Doctors said she died of haze related illnesses. Each day,
:15:59. > :16:04.this woman still makes up a bottle of milk for her lost daughter. I
:16:05. > :16:09.call out her name. I remember the exact time I would be her. She would
:16:10. > :16:18.wake and I would knows her. I am trying to forget. -- I would nurse
:16:19. > :16:23.her. A health team has set up a temporary clinic here for this
:16:24. > :16:26.village that has been breathing in the toxic haze for months,
:16:27. > :16:27.particularly affecting children who as you can see are not wearing
:16:28. > :16:36.masks. People here are suffering from
:16:37. > :16:42.headaches. It is difficult to breathe. Many other kind of things.
:16:43. > :16:44.Especially for childrens, because they do not know about the haze,
:16:45. > :17:02.they do not know about the dangers. This lady says her daughter has been
:17:03. > :17:05.coughing like this for two months. She has been given cough medicine
:17:06. > :17:11.and a simple surgical mask which will do little to protect her. I
:17:12. > :17:15.feel so sad seeing my children suffer this way. At night, it's
:17:16. > :17:21.terrible, she wakes up at least three times. We want the government
:17:22. > :17:26.to give a quick response to have protection for the people here. The
:17:27. > :17:30.Indonesian health minister admits they are overwhelmed and is telling
:17:31. > :17:37.people they should stay indoors. If the pollution level is high, people
:17:38. > :17:41.should quickly go inside. But their houses are wood, the smoke is
:17:42. > :17:44.getting inside. That is true, but you can close the windows with
:17:45. > :17:49.curtains. However there is nothing you can really do, you can just
:17:50. > :17:53.minimise the impact. The fires are predicted to burn for at least
:17:54. > :17:55.another month. The effect on the next generation will be felt long
:17:56. > :18:07.after they are put out. Wednesday was the 21st of October
:18:08. > :18:14.2015. If the date sounds familiar, maybe it is because you watched the
:18:15. > :18:18.movie Back To The Future I I. It was the day Marty McFly and the doc
:18:19. > :18:23.travels to in the Delorean Time Machine. Motherboards, video calls
:18:24. > :18:28.and flatscreen TVs were just some of the things imagined. As the sci-fi
:18:29. > :18:31.vision of 2015 arrives in our lifetime, Peter Snow has been
:18:32. > :18:37.looking back at what Back To The Future got right and wrong. --
:18:38. > :18:57.hover boards. This is a 1981 Back To The Future
:18:58. > :19:03.Delorean. Up comes the wing, there is my white jacket. Just put this on
:19:04. > :19:08.so I can drive... Here is the most important piece of kit on the car.
:19:09. > :19:17.The nuclear reactor. It is powered by fuel which is actually vegetables
:19:18. > :19:22.and garbage, rubbish! Amazing. Inside, another vital thing, the
:19:23. > :19:25.flux capacitor. That is the thing that is powered by the nuclear
:19:26. > :19:33.energy. It pushes the car through the sound barrier. The flux
:19:34. > :19:46.capacitor flashing away, that will do... Here we go!
:19:47. > :19:54.Sorry... It's Peter Snow! Why can't he just use a folding bike like
:19:55. > :20:01.everyone else? No power steering on this thing. The future... So this is
:20:02. > :20:06.the anniversary of Back To The Future. By now, if the film was
:20:07. > :20:14.right, we should have had flying cars, hover boards and engines
:20:15. > :20:16.powered by rubbish. Forecasting technology is like almost any
:20:17. > :20:24.forecasting, extremely difficult. But it actually is somewhat easier
:20:25. > :20:29.than forecasting society. For example, we have forecasts of Argosy
:20:30. > :20:35.Clark, the famous scientist and sci-fi writer in the 60s, which
:20:36. > :20:39.forecast the internet. -- after C Clark. He said we would have
:20:40. > :20:48.computers in all of our rooms, connected all around the world. A
:20:49. > :20:50.pretty amazing forecast. That was exciting! Professor, quick, jump in.
:20:51. > :21:06.We've got company! # The power of love is a curious
:21:07. > :21:25.thing. What about the future for the
:21:26. > :21:28.materials we use in this car? It is extremely exciting because we now
:21:29. > :21:35.have opened doors to working on nano materials... Explain nano
:21:36. > :21:42.materials... Very thin? Ultrasmall material that you cannot see with
:21:43. > :21:46.your eye. Very fast release of energy, the super capacitor
:21:47. > :21:56.lot of hope in nano materials, because super capacitors require
:21:57. > :22:02.high surface areas, fast release of energy, and this is what the nano
:22:03. > :22:06.materials could potentially deliver. I can't go 88 mph because BBC health
:22:07. > :22:12.and safety have forbidden it. They have managed to fix it so the car
:22:13. > :22:26.will go through the time barrier at 33 mph... 31, 32, 33...
:22:27. > :22:33.How good do you think we are at addicting the future? I think people
:22:34. > :22:37.are terrible at forecasting the future on the whole, and experts are
:22:38. > :22:40.worse. If you take a bunch of ordinary people and ask them
:22:41. > :22:43.economic growth in the next five years, they are usually better than
:22:44. > :22:48.the economists. Are you optimistic about the way things will go in the
:22:49. > :22:55.future? They can turn at a lot better than we expect. The bank
:22:56. > :23:00.announced last week that poverty is down to 10%. -- the World Bank. It
:23:01. > :23:04.was 60% when I was born. Magnificent improvements in human living
:23:05. > :23:07.standards. That is because of innovation. It is because of
:23:08. > :23:11.technology and also because of changes in the way we live. There is
:23:12. > :23:20.every reason to think that process is
:23:21. > :23:28.A man just drop this off. How am I going to play that? I trust this
:23:29. > :23:33.place will still be here when I get back...
:23:34. > :23:42.# Take me away. I'll be back in time.
:23:43. > :23:49.Well, we are all still here, Peter. Peter Snow, getting rather excited
:23:50. > :23:51.about the future. That is all we have time for. Join us at the same
:23:52. > :24:17.time next week. Goodbye for now. Time to predict a bit of the future
:24:18. > :24:20.on the weather front. Much better weather on the way tomorrow. The
:24:21. > :24:23.evening will turn clear but chilly once we get rid of all of the cloud
:24:24. > :24:25.and the rain