:00:00. > :00:00.Those are the headlines, thank you for your company today. Chris Rogers
:00:00. > :00:00.will be here at the top of the hour with the latest BBC News.
:00:07. > :00:26.Welcome to Reporters, I am Christian Fraser. We send out correspondence
:00:27. > :00:33.to bring you the best stories from across the globe and in this week's
:00:34. > :00:36.programme... Changing young attitudes to aids, David Beckham
:00:37. > :00:42.visits Swaziland, the country with the highest rate of HIV infection,
:00:43. > :00:48.and tells them, you need to wear a condom. Educating children, young
:00:49. > :00:55.boys, that could be your sister, that is your mum. That is your
:00:56. > :00:59.cousin. Afghanistan's stolen treasures, we investigate how tense
:01:00. > :01:05.of thousands of dollars worth of the country's natural resources are
:01:06. > :01:09.being looted. This has been treasured for thousands of years and
:01:10. > :01:14.most of the supply of the world is right here in Afghanistan. The
:01:15. > :01:19.battle for Falluja, at the height of the fighting, we join in rocky
:01:20. > :01:26.helicopter violence waging war against the so-called Islamic State.
:01:27. > :01:38.What these pilots... Taking Falluja, it has been 24 hours a day and eat
:01:39. > :01:41.day, just getting harder. Fusion of the species, Fergus Walsh
:01:42. > :01:46.investigates how scientists are using animals to grow human organs.
:01:47. > :01:52.This sound is pregnant with embryos which contain human cells. I will be
:01:53. > :01:58.reporting about why scientists think it could be the answer to the
:01:59. > :02:05.world's organ donor shortage. And new people, new customs, new sport.
:02:06. > :02:10.Jenny Hill reports on how Germany is being bowled over by cricket. This
:02:11. > :02:12.is much more than a game of cricket, it is a symbol, the way this country
:02:13. > :02:23.is changing. It has been called the epicentre of
:02:24. > :02:28.the global HIV crisis. The kingdom of Swaziland in southern Africa has
:02:29. > :02:32.the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. The situation is being
:02:33. > :02:36.made worse by a drought across the region, putting pressure on
:02:37. > :02:41.resources and affecting many vulnerable children. Many born with
:02:42. > :02:44.the disease. The former England football captain David Beckham has
:02:45. > :02:50.set up his own charitable fund, in conjunction with Unicef. We joined
:02:51. > :02:54.him on a trip to Swaziland where he met mothers and children living with
:02:55. > :02:58.the disease. This man is an adult before his
:02:59. > :03:05.time, this teenager gathers the ward, cooks meals and looks after
:03:06. > :03:13.his grandmother, after losing both his parents. He is HIV-positive.
:03:14. > :03:24.This is a nuclear family. There is that pain but I accept it. In my
:03:25. > :03:31.life. But I do not have parents, some adults, some of my peers have
:03:32. > :03:37.parents. SINGING And unreal suspension from the daily
:03:38. > :03:44.grind. Into the team club comes David Beckham, global superstar and
:03:45. > :03:51.now almost full-time charity worker. The children at this team support
:03:52. > :03:54.group give him a raucous welcome. All are HIV-positive, the virus
:03:55. > :03:59.passed down from the mother to child, all face a lifetime on drugs.
:04:00. > :04:06.Those drugs are freely available but Swaziland remains known as the
:04:07. > :04:10.epicentre of HIV. David Beckham said the challenge is to get young boys
:04:11. > :04:14.to understand, they must protect the girls they sleep with from this
:04:15. > :04:21.sexually transmitted disease. Educating children, young boys,
:04:22. > :04:29.that's, that could be your sister, your mum, your cousin. The
:04:30. > :04:39.protection that you need to prevent contracting HIV and aids. You need
:04:40. > :04:43.to wear a condom. For many, the stigma of having HIV remains. We
:04:44. > :04:47.cannot share the face of this girl, she has HIV, as does almost every
:04:48. > :04:53.member of the family, she faces cruelty from some. She told me,
:04:54. > :04:57.there are some people she feels hurt by when she told them she was
:04:58. > :05:02.HIV-positive, they started telling everybody, including some teachers
:05:03. > :05:07.and that was upsetting. For children in Swaziland living with HIV, there
:05:08. > :05:11.is now a new challenge, drought. The crops have failed, it means people
:05:12. > :05:14.are going hungry. If children are going hungry, it means they don't
:05:15. > :05:22.want to take their drugs and if they don't do that, they are more likely
:05:23. > :05:26.to develop full-blown Aids. There is hope for the brand-new generation.
:05:27. > :05:31.HIV-positive women are taking the right medication in pregnancy and
:05:32. > :05:34.transmission rates to their babies have dropped dramatically. David
:05:35. > :05:38.Beckham is harnessing the power of celebrity to a cause that needs
:05:39. > :05:46.urgent funds. His appeal is undoubted here. The world's response
:05:47. > :05:49.is less certain. It is the precious gem that have
:05:50. > :05:54.been mined from the mountains of Afghanistan, for more than 6000
:05:55. > :06:00.years. The blue stone known as lapis lazuli like is now being stolen from
:06:01. > :06:04.the Afghan people. An investigation by local witness says armed groups
:06:05. > :06:08.including the Taliban on looting tends of millions of dollars worth
:06:09. > :06:12.of the country's natural resources, further fuelling the conflict there.
:06:13. > :06:21.The Afghan people are losing out on what should be a source of
:06:22. > :06:26.development. EXPLOSIONS This is the moment is huge bomb
:06:27. > :06:31.exploded in Kabul in April. The blast killed more than 60 people.
:06:32. > :06:37.And that blast can be traced back to this stuff. This is lapis lazuli
:06:38. > :06:43.light and it has been treasured for thousands of years, most of the
:06:44. > :06:46.world's supply is right here in Afghanistan. The story of how this
:06:47. > :06:50.treasure is being stolen from the Afghan people is powerful evidence
:06:51. > :06:58.of how corruption is undermining Afghanistan. The place it is mind is
:06:59. > :07:02.almost as beautiful as the lapis lazuli light itself. The treasure
:07:03. > :07:09.has been dug from these mountains for more than 6000 years. But the
:07:10. > :07:13.mines are no far too dangerous to visit. These pictures were filmed by
:07:14. > :07:18.the BBC almost 20 years ago but little has changed. Commander Malik
:07:19. > :07:26.who the BBC team met all those years ago, is now the warlord in charge of
:07:27. > :07:29.the entire mine complex. Such is his power that even senior government
:07:30. > :07:35.officials don't want to speak on camera at they do confirm Abdul
:07:36. > :07:37.Malik has taken this astonishing national resource by force and is
:07:38. > :08:11.smuggling it out of the country. A secret memo to the President of
:08:12. > :08:15.Afghanistan obtained by the BBC, confirms what the official told me.
:08:16. > :08:21.The President's chief adviser on mines warns, even the presence of
:08:22. > :08:28.Mafia and extent of government corruption, it is now very difficult
:08:29. > :08:34.to control graphed in this sector. But by far, the biggest beneficiary
:08:35. > :08:37.is the Taliban. According to a two year investigation by the
:08:38. > :08:44.anti-corruption NGO, global witness. It has been benefiting this militia
:08:45. > :08:48.group to the tune of ten 's of millions of dollars a year. But they
:08:49. > :08:53.have also been making payments to the Taliban and our information is
:08:54. > :08:56.that at the moment, more than 50% of revenue coming from the mind is
:08:57. > :09:01.being handed straight to the Taliban. Meanwhile, the Afghan
:09:02. > :09:08.people are losing out on what should be a source of development.
:09:09. > :09:13.TRANSLATION: Instead of creating employment and stability, the lapis
:09:14. > :09:19.lazuli minds are funding the insurgency, it is a curse and it
:09:20. > :09:22.takes people's lives. That is why corruption in Afghanistan is so
:09:23. > :09:26.important. What should be an incredible resource for the
:09:27. > :09:33.country's fuelling a conflict that affect us all.
:09:34. > :09:41.The battle for Falluja has been long and hard as the major offensive to
:09:42. > :09:46.recapture Iraqis's key city from so-called Islamic State fighters has
:09:47. > :09:51.met fierce resistance. Iraqi forces have been bombing from the air as
:09:52. > :09:57.well as the ground. We were given exclusive access to Iraqi helicopter
:09:58. > :10:01.pilots as they flew their combat missions over Falluja.
:10:02. > :10:07.The battle for Falluja is underway. I must offensive to recapture the
:10:08. > :10:14.city from IS fighters. -- a massive offensive. This is what it looks
:10:15. > :10:26.like from above. We are over a village north of
:10:27. > :10:28.Falluja. The pilot have been told more than 20 IS fighters are meeting
:10:29. > :10:45.in a building. For these pilots, the fight to
:10:46. > :10:50.retain Falluja has been a 24 hour a day, full-time job and each day,
:10:51. > :10:58.just getting harder. I asked fighting back.
:10:59. > :11:09.Around 50,000 civilians are trapped down there. It is hard to know who
:11:10. > :11:14.is an enemy. There are believed to be up to 3000 IS fighters in the
:11:15. > :11:21.city. Accused of killing civilians and using them as human shields. For
:11:22. > :11:28.some, like Mohammed, this battle is personal. He is from Falluja and his
:11:29. > :11:38.family was trapped in the city. He was told the IS fighters had taken
:11:39. > :11:43.over his own home. TRANSLATION: They had seen pictures of me in uniform.
:11:44. > :11:49.They said I was an infidel and they would kill me. I dropped a bomb that
:11:50. > :11:58.destroyed my house, I asked for the mission. It wasn't my home any more.
:11:59. > :12:04.The pilots are also helping evacuate the injured. This is proving a tough
:12:05. > :12:14.battle. Air power is vital. And the hardest fighting is yet to come.
:12:15. > :12:20.Too big medical breakthrough now that could change the lives of
:12:21. > :12:24.everyone the planet. American scientists have used a process known
:12:25. > :12:28.as gene editing to try to grow human organs inside pigs. The pioneering
:12:29. > :12:35.technique involves in Jack King human stem cells into pig embryos.
:12:36. > :12:39.Some experts believe the technique provides the answer to the global
:12:40. > :12:47.organ transplant shortage. Fergus Walsh reports, but it also raises
:12:48. > :12:52.serious ethical issues. You are watching two species being
:12:53. > :12:56.mixed. Human stem cells being injected into one-day-old pig
:12:57. > :13:01.embryo. You can see them travelling down the tube. This biologist in
:13:02. > :13:06.California in trying to grow human pancreas inside a pig. Our hope is
:13:07. > :13:10.that this pig embryo will develop normally at the pancreas will be
:13:11. > :13:17.made up almost exclusively of human cells. So then, that pancreas could
:13:18. > :13:23.be compatible with a patient for transplantation. The technique is
:13:24. > :13:28.known as Gene editing. It uses molecular scissors to delete the DNA
:13:29. > :13:34.instructions in the pig embryo to create a pancreas. The human cells
:13:35. > :13:41.will hopefully fill the void and grow human pancreas instead. The
:13:42. > :13:47.same technique might enable other organs to be grown for transplant.
:13:48. > :13:53.The BBC's panorama was allowed to film the sow s which were pregnant
:13:54. > :13:57.with human pig embryos. If human stem cells were taken from a
:13:58. > :14:03.patient, the transplant organs could be tissue matched, reducing the risk
:14:04. > :14:07.of rejection. This research raises profound ethical concerns,
:14:08. > :14:14.crucially, just how human are the piglets developing inside this sow?
:14:15. > :14:18.It is such a sensitive area, that the embryos will not be permitted to
:14:19. > :14:23.go to term but be removed for tissue analysis after 28 days gestation,
:14:24. > :14:28.when they are about a centimetre long. Crucially, they will check
:14:29. > :14:34.whether the pigs developing brain games humanlike polities, another
:14:35. > :14:41.pioneer in this field told me this question has yet to be resolved.
:14:42. > :14:45.What ever organ we try to make, we will look at what is happening in
:14:46. > :14:51.the brain and if we find that it is to humanlike, we will not let those
:14:52. > :14:55.foetuses be born. Organisations campaigning to an end to factory
:14:56. > :15:01.farming are dismayed by the thought of organ farms. I am nervous about
:15:02. > :15:05.opening up a new source of animal suffering, let's first get more
:15:06. > :15:09.people to donate organs. If there is still a shortage, we can consider
:15:10. > :15:12.using pigs but on the basis that we eat less meat so there is no
:15:13. > :15:20.increase in the number of pigs being used for human purposes. 7000 people
:15:21. > :15:26.in the UK are on the transplant waiting list and hundreds died each
:15:27. > :15:30.year before a donor can be found. But patient trials involving Gene
:15:31. > :15:36.editing pig organs are still some way off.
:15:37. > :15:41.For many homosexual men living in deeply religious or Conservative
:15:42. > :15:45.societies, being gay can mean being criminalised, jailed and in some
:15:46. > :15:51.cases, facing the death penalty. What if you are gay and a religious
:15:52. > :15:55.teacher? In Iran, one gay man, also a cleric, has been forced to seek
:15:56. > :16:05.refuge in Turkey because he was conducting gay weddings in secret.
:16:06. > :16:11.This man goes through the ritual of putting on his additional outfit
:16:12. > :16:16.before going to pray at the local mosque. Like many other men in the
:16:17. > :16:21.run, they ruled the country and advise people on spiritual matters.
:16:22. > :16:23.These clerics are highly respected but also feared for the power they
:16:24. > :16:37.wield. I meet him in a mosque in Istanbul
:16:38. > :16:44.where he has come to pray. He told me he tried to keep his sexual
:16:45. > :16:45.orientation quiet but his life was exposed, especially when he started
:16:46. > :17:22.conducting gay weddings in secret. Istanbul is unique in the Muslim
:17:23. > :17:31.world for the tolerance of homosexuality. The city has several
:17:32. > :17:38.gay bars and clubs. We come to a spot, famous for its gay scene.
:17:39. > :17:41.Venues like this are new in Istanbul as well. Now we are sitting in one
:17:42. > :17:47.of them under one side we have the gay Mola and two uranium refugees
:17:48. > :17:54.who fled from the country on the other side. This man plans to get
:17:55. > :17:57.married to his partner and he hopes that this man to conduct the
:17:58. > :18:22.ceremony. This man left Iran one month ago and
:18:23. > :18:41.he is not out to his family and doesn't want to be identified.
:18:42. > :18:49.A city of a thousand mosques, will be his temporary home before his
:18:50. > :18:59.final destination, Canada. Will Iran ever accept him the way he is? Is he
:19:00. > :19:05.to gay to be a mullah? Or is he too much of a mullah to be gay?
:19:06. > :19:09.Gemili's passion for football is famous but the recent influx of
:19:10. > :19:12.migrants as lead to an unexpected boon to already played sport in
:19:13. > :19:16.Germany. The number of cricket teams has trebled in the lasso years and
:19:17. > :19:28.the new arrivals are hoping more locals. Up to the wicket. -- more
:19:29. > :19:32.locals step up to the wicket. Angela Merkel probably wasn't
:19:33. > :19:37.expecting this. She predicted migration would change Germany. New
:19:38. > :19:43.people, new customers, but now, there is also a new sport. It has
:19:44. > :19:51.left the locals a little stumped. How did the German people react when
:19:52. > :19:57.you started playing cricket? It was only a little bit of a response from
:19:58. > :20:03.some people because they said, this is Germany, nobody really plays
:20:04. > :20:11.cricket, nobody played cricket here. That is changing. The number of
:20:12. > :20:15.registered cricket players, mainly Pakistani and Afghan, has trebled in
:20:16. > :20:22.the last year and here in an eastern time, they have just opened
:20:23. > :20:26.Germany's 100 cricket club. It is something we did not have in Germany
:20:27. > :20:31.and we can learn something about the game and about other cultures. Have
:20:32. > :20:36.you found it difficult to understand the rules? Yes, it was very
:20:37. > :20:42.difficult. LAUGHTER Finau, local league glory but they
:20:43. > :20:49.dream of playing for Germany. -- for now. After all, they owe this
:20:50. > :20:57.country. This man works as a handyman as he waits, he hopes for
:20:58. > :21:02.asylum status. I think games and sport is our best way to make a
:21:03. > :21:15.unity because in cricket, we have Muslim guys, Christian guys, guys
:21:16. > :21:22.who belong to seek family. -- Sikh family. To be a team member is in
:21:23. > :21:27.good spirit. Migration has unsettled Germany. A few months ago, locals
:21:28. > :21:34.cheered as a refugee home burned down. This country is struggling to
:21:35. > :21:39.integrate the new arrivals. They can't offer them things like German
:21:40. > :21:44.Pleasance, schooling -- German lessons. So they are sitting in
:21:45. > :21:48.their homes doing nothing and playing cricket gets them out of
:21:49. > :21:54.where they are living and they are learning the German language, German
:21:55. > :21:59.characteristics, like punctuality and reliability. It is a borrowed
:22:00. > :22:05.football field and equipment donated, but they are playing. It is
:22:06. > :22:10.just a makeshift pitch and a handful of players and spectators but to
:22:11. > :22:14.then, this is much more than a game of cricket, it is, they say, a
:22:15. > :22:23.symbol of the way this country is changing.
:22:24. > :22:29.Finally, the whole world suffered a huge sense of loss with the death of
:22:30. > :22:33.Muhammad Ali last week, one of the greatest boxers of all time. He was
:22:34. > :22:39.also a prominent figure out side of the ring. In the 1960s, he was
:22:40. > :22:43.leading civil rights activist in America and his influence on racial
:22:44. > :22:51.equality was felt far beyond shores of the United States.
:22:52. > :23:00.Britain in the 1960s was deeply divided. New arrivals from the
:23:01. > :23:04.Commonwealth were denied housing and work. It was to America that black
:23:05. > :23:12.Britons would look for cultural icons and it didn't come much bigger
:23:13. > :23:19.than Muhammad Ali. Someone like Muhammad Ali came on the scene, he
:23:20. > :23:25.made us feel so good, as young people. He was of great significance
:23:26. > :23:33.for someone like myself who was involved in radical politics. I was
:23:34. > :23:41.a member of a black party movement and people... Angela Davis, Malcom X
:23:42. > :23:54.were our heroes when we were teenagers. Muhammad Ali fit nicely
:23:55. > :23:57.within that group of people. In 1963, activist Paul Stephenson
:23:58. > :24:01.successfully led a campaign to boycott a bus company in Bristol
:24:02. > :24:03.refusing to employ black and Asian drivers. The fight for racial
:24:04. > :24:14.equality was the making of a friendship with Muhammad Ali. He
:24:15. > :24:22.wanted to see England. We spoke about how we can deal with racism.
:24:23. > :24:27.And how it can be used to get England talking about racism. In
:24:28. > :24:31.1974, he visited Brixton and it brought the streets to a standstill.
:24:32. > :24:36.Photographer Neil cannot, caught on camera pivotal moments in black
:24:37. > :24:42.British history. It was fantastic, that he decided to leave America
:24:43. > :24:51.come to come to Brixton, to support our community. That is what really
:24:52. > :24:55.touches me and of course... He would play with the people and talk to
:24:56. > :25:07.anybody and touch them. He was incredible. He didn't really behave
:25:08. > :25:14.like other successful and rich superstars. Muhammad Ali will be
:25:15. > :25:19.remembered as one of the greatest boxers of all time. But to many, his
:25:20. > :25:25.greatest legacy was his fight for civil rights.
:25:26. > :25:34.The lasting legacy of Muhammad Ali who died last week. That is all from
:25:35. > :25:52.Reporters this week. By Finau. -- goodbye for now.
:25:53. > :25:57.Good evening. More storms around I'm afraid, if you are heading out on
:25:58. > :25:58.the roads in the