:00:17. > :00:24.From here in the world's news room, we send our correspondents to bring
:00:25. > :00:26.you the best stories from across the globe.
:00:27. > :00:36.Owen Bennett-Jones finds the Pakistan army back in control
:00:37. > :00:39.of the tribal area on the Afghan border, after a huge military
:00:40. > :00:41.operation to clear out Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
:00:42. > :00:43.Around one million people from north Waziristan fled
:00:44. > :00:46.when the conflict was at its height, and the question now
:00:47. > :00:58.Naomi Grimley meets the young Yazidis who escaped the so-called
:00:59. > :01:00.Islamic State to find refuge in Germany.
:01:01. > :01:04.Alastair Leithead reports from South Sudan on claims
:01:05. > :01:09.of new atrocities by government forces and local militia.
:01:10. > :01:15.Carrie Gracie investigates Beijing's new measures
:01:16. > :01:21.The Chinese economy is still fuelled by coal.
:01:22. > :01:32.Naomi Grimley meets the young Yazidis who escaped the so-called
:01:33. > :01:34.The Chinese economy is still fuelled by coal.
:01:35. > :01:37.And in the one party state there is little the public can do,
:01:38. > :01:40.to force the politicians here to deliver air fit to breathe.
:01:41. > :01:44.Fergus Walsh meets the researchers unlocking the science of thought.
:01:45. > :01:48.The tribal areas on the Afghan-Pakistan border have
:01:49. > :01:49.long been associated with militancy and lawlessness.
:01:50. > :01:51.The ancient tribal customs, with their emphasis on both
:01:52. > :01:53.revenge and hospitality, have been challenged in recent
:01:54. > :01:57.years by violent Jihadis, imposing Sharia, not tribal law.
:01:58. > :02:01.North Waziristan became home to Al-Qaeda, the Taliban,
:02:02. > :02:06.and Jihadists from all over the world, but as Owen Bennett-Jones
:02:07. > :02:11.reports, after a long and bloody military campaign,
:02:12. > :02:15.the Pakistani army is now firmly in control.
:02:16. > :02:18.For years now, these remote areas on the Afghan-Pakistan border have
:02:19. > :02:28.In 2014, the Pakistan army launched a campaign
:02:29. > :02:32.to win back this land, and today virtually all
:02:33. > :02:40.The militants left behind this roadside bomb factory.
:02:41. > :02:45.Capturing facilities like this has made a difference.
:02:46. > :02:49.There used to be thousands of bomb attacks in Pakistan each year,
:02:50. > :02:59.The army reckons its operations here are the most successful
:03:00. > :03:03.anti-Jihadist campaign the world has yet seen.
:03:04. > :03:15.So somewhere it was the IED that was a threat to you,
:03:16. > :03:17.somewhere it was small ambush or different, so different incidents
:03:18. > :03:21.happening in different areas when we were trying to get them.
:03:22. > :03:25.Just like Aleppo and Mosul, the army caused massive destruction
:03:26. > :03:31.When the battle was raging, the entire population left.
:03:32. > :03:36.The effort is now on to get them back.
:03:37. > :03:41.Around a million people from north Waziristan fled when the conflict
:03:42. > :03:46.was at its height and the question now is will they come back?
:03:47. > :03:53.So the army has built facilities like this school,
:03:54. > :03:57.that can take 1,000 children - not open yet - but it is hoped this
:03:58. > :04:00.will attract people to come back thinking there are ways they can
:04:01. > :04:01.live here, and get their children educated.
:04:02. > :04:03.There are few public schools in Pakistan
:04:04. > :04:07.Local markets are also starting up again.
:04:08. > :04:14.But everyone knows the future holds great uncertainties.
:04:15. > :04:18.A few hours' drive away in the city of Peshawar,
:04:19. > :04:22.traders say the number of bombs has gone down, but they
:04:23. > :04:27.For example, with militants extorting money from them.
:04:28. > :04:29.This gentleman by himself has received extortion letter.
:04:30. > :04:32.If you want to see it I can show it to you.
:04:33. > :04:43.From this shopkeeper, can he afford that?
:04:44. > :04:48.This is the APS school, where 130 children were murdered
:04:49. > :04:52.by the Pakistan Taliban just over two years ago.
:04:53. > :04:56.The survivors say they are determined to resist the militants,
:04:57. > :05:03.If you don't get over it, you don't get to live,
:05:04. > :05:08.because you see, if people become stuck in that psychological
:05:09. > :05:15.depression and that kind of thing, you cope with your study,
:05:16. > :05:18.depression and that kind of thing, you cope with your studies,
:05:19. > :05:21.you can't cope with the world, you can't see the beauty of life,
:05:22. > :05:24.so you have to cope up, and all we did, we all did
:05:25. > :05:26.bravely and we all did, we coped very brilliantly and now
:05:27. > :05:30.There is a growing nationalism in Pakistan.
:05:31. > :05:32.Some militant groups remain strong and haven't been
:05:33. > :05:34.challenged by the state, but there is also a rejection
:05:35. > :05:36.of those Jihadis who attack targets on Pakistani soil.
:05:37. > :05:46.Owen Bennett Joan, BBC News, north Waziristan.
:05:47. > :05:53.As fighters from the self-styled Islamic State are gradually being
:05:54. > :05:56.driven out of their stronghold in Iraq, the scale of the atrocities is
:05:57. > :06:01.being revealed against one ethnic group in particular. The Yazidi
:06:02. > :06:05.people are ethnic Kurds, and the UN says they are the victims of a
:06:06. > :06:10.genocidal campaign, thousands have been killed, thousands more women
:06:11. > :06:15.and children are being held captive, many traded as sex slaves. Some have
:06:16. > :06:22.imagined to escape and seek sanctuary in Germany. Naomi Grimley
:06:23. > :06:26.has been to one refuge deep in a a forest from the south-west of the
:06:27. > :06:33.country. A secret location in south-west Germany. It is a place of
:06:34. > :06:39.exile. 80 Yazidi women and children now live here. They were violently %
:06:40. > :06:44.cuted by so-called Islamic State and chased out of northern Iraq.
:06:45. > :06:49.These two boys were captured by the extremists and sent to a military
:06:50. > :06:56.training camp aged just 14 and 16. This is their story.
:06:57. > :06:59.TRANSLATION: The training was about weapons, we learned how to load and
:07:00. > :07:04.fire a weapon. We were training to be soldiers. We would do exercise,
:07:05. > :07:08.crawling under barbed wire, things like that.
:07:09. > :07:13.To learn how the fire a gun on human beings they took us to graves where
:07:14. > :07:18.they had the dead bodies of Muslim traitors or those who took drug,
:07:19. > :07:23.they said we had to fire on them to get used to it.
:07:24. > :07:27.If we didn't do what we were told or broke the rules they would beat us
:07:28. > :07:32.with a stick. Everything had to be like they wanted.
:07:33. > :07:37.I had to pretend to be a Muslim to survive.
:07:38. > :07:42.Their books were like magic, they change your mind and made you into
:07:43. > :07:50.one of them. I bet not just me, even a man's mind would have changed.
:07:51. > :07:58.After a year, a smuggler helped them escape the camp. It was dangerous.
:07:59. > :08:03.But there was nothing left to be afraid of. We had seen death with
:08:04. > :08:07.our own eye, we saw how they killed. When you lose everything, you have
:08:08. > :08:15.nothing left. We had nothing to lose. This is mainly a community of
:08:16. > :08:20.women and children. Most of the men are missing, presumed dead. The
:08:21. > :08:27.women were originally brought to Germany for trauma counselling after
:08:28. > :08:31.the mass rapes under Islamic State. South-west Germany has welcomed more
:08:32. > :08:36.than 1,000 Yazidis in two years, and the man who runs the project says
:08:37. > :08:41.several towns volunteered to give them shelter.
:08:42. > :08:44.Of course it is hard, of course they have bad dreams, of course they are
:08:45. > :08:51.struggling but they can start like, you know, just start a new future,
:08:52. > :08:56.get into school, get an education, dream about falling in love and all
:08:57. > :09:01.the things that are normal. All that may take time, but at least for now,
:09:02. > :09:12.this refuge is far away from those religious zealots who are trying to
:09:13. > :09:15.wipe them out. To South Sudan which according to
:09:16. > :09:21.the UN is edging closer toe genocide. It accuses Government
:09:22. > :09:25.forces and militia of carrying out ethnically motivated attacks on
:09:26. > :09:30.civilian, while using the current Civil War as a smoke screen, but the
:09:31. > :09:34.Government denies that the country is experiencing ethnic cleansing.
:09:35. > :09:50.Alastair Leithead reports. The grief of a mother. The death of
:09:51. > :09:56.a son. She travelled through the night, when she heard what happened.
:09:57. > :10:07.Isaac's body was found dumped in the river, his ankles tied. A metal wire
:10:08. > :10:12.tight round his neck. TRANSLATION: My son was fishing and
:10:13. > :10:17.saw the body. I don't know who did it or why they did it. Does this
:10:18. > :10:25.happen a lot? TRANSLATION: It happens.
:10:26. > :10:30.Government forces are in charge of the town. The Civil War recently
:10:31. > :10:33.spread to this part of the country where different ethnic groups
:10:34. > :10:37.peacefully lived side by side. We are a short drive from the centre of
:10:38. > :10:42.the town, but this is pretty much the limit of where the army forces
:10:43. > :10:46.are prepared to go on foot. Because the rebels control areas just up the
:10:47. > :10:50.road. Houses and buildings in this deserted neighbourhood have been
:10:51. > :10:55.burned. The soldiers blame wild fires or accidents.
:10:56. > :10:59.It is our mandate to make sure civilians are safe. It might be the
:11:00. > :11:04.rule but it is not the reality, or at least not the reality we heard
:11:05. > :11:08.from those who would talk. We are protecting their identities. This
:11:09. > :11:13.man's sister was assaulted by three soldiers. Who raped her? The
:11:14. > :11:17.soldier. Government soldier, yes. She is sure they are Government
:11:18. > :11:24.soldiers? Yes. Is this happening a lot here? It is a lot. Another
:11:25. > :11:30.witness described ten young men being dragged out of their family
:11:31. > :11:35.homes, chained together, and then shot, one by one. This woman was
:11:36. > :11:45.attacked in her house by soldiers in uniform. They started to beat me. He
:11:46. > :11:52.beat me here. It was painful. It was going to beat me on my head. I put
:11:53. > :11:55.my hands like that. Even though both sides in this war have been
:11:56. > :12:03.implicated in atrocities, these allegations were all against
:12:04. > :12:07.Government forces. There is no killing or raping said the senior
:12:08. > :12:10.commander, anybody who does is arrested.
:12:11. > :12:15.The only people we fight are the rebels he said. This is when the
:12:16. > :12:19.killing occurs. The survivors claim civilians were killed by the army
:12:20. > :12:24.but we continue kill our own in our own country. So there are no
:12:25. > :12:31.renegade troops, no troops, not a single case? No.
:12:32. > :12:34.But still people are leaving, in eight months 500,000 people have
:12:35. > :12:38.fled the country, rather than live here under the army. Everywhere you
:12:39. > :12:41.go in this area it is the same. Villages that have been abandoned.
:12:42. > :12:46.People have closed up and taken what they can with them. Hundreds of
:12:47. > :12:49.thousands of people from crossed into Uganda, overs in the bush
:12:50. > :12:56.because of the fighting, everywhere, village after village.
:12:57. > :12:58.And there is a deeply disturbing Ed nickelment underlying the deaths,
:12:59. > :13:02.that people are being killed because of their ethnicity. That is why the
:13:03. > :13:08.UN has warned this could end in genocide.
:13:09. > :13:11.Alastair Leithead, BBC News, South Sudan.
:13:12. > :13:16.The Netherlands is often described as the most liberal country in
:13:17. > :13:20.Europe. But many are wondering if that reputation is changing. The
:13:21. > :13:26.polls suggest in the general election on Wednesday many people
:13:27. > :13:30.will vote for geert Willeder, who wants to pull the country out to EU
:13:31. > :13:36.and ban immigration from Muslim countries may even win the largest
:13:37. > :13:45.number of seats. So what happened to the supposedly tolerant easy going
:13:46. > :13:53.Dutch? Gabriel great house has gone back. The Netherlands is having an
:13:54. > :13:59.identity crisis. What does it mean to be Dutch? I don't remember people
:14:00. > :14:07.agonising over this question in the past. They are now.
:14:08. > :14:13.What are Dutch values? We are all equal. We are all the same. We are
:14:14. > :14:17.very tolerant, and we drink and eat and play and dance together. So that
:14:18. > :14:24.is the good thing about carnival. What about the rest of the time?
:14:25. > :14:30.Well, it's a bit different. We're not so tolerant any more. Why not?
:14:31. > :14:36.Some people are not so the same as other people. I think the whole
:14:37. > :14:41.Islam thing makes it we are more aware of our values.
:14:42. > :14:45.Geert Wilders, the Netherlands's answer to Donald Trump wants to ban
:14:46. > :14:50.the Koran, close the mosques and the borders.
:14:51. > :14:54.In defence of their tolerant way of life, many Dutch people are
:14:55. > :14:59.apparently willing to vote for some pretty intolerant policies. --
:15:00. > :15:03.policies. Growing up we were taught that tolerance was as much a part of
:15:04. > :15:07.Dutch culture as eating mayonnaise with your chips. I used to live over
:15:08. > :15:12.there, Number Ten, just the other side of the canal. Before I lived
:15:13. > :15:17.there, some other people did, whose names are commemorated here in these
:15:18. > :15:21.plaques, seven of them who were murdered by the Nazis during the
:15:22. > :15:26.Second World War because they were Jewish. There are similar plaques
:15:27. > :15:30.along the canal side. During the war one tenth of the population of this
:15:31. > :15:33.city were deported to concentration camps.
:15:34. > :15:37.The German occupation had a huge impact on how the Dutch see
:15:38. > :15:41.themselves. December criminating against people
:15:42. > :15:44.because of their religion, their culture or ethnic background, that
:15:45. > :15:52.was something that other people did. Not the Dutch. I grew up in a time
:15:53. > :15:59.when all of us in this country were still very much under the impression
:16:00. > :16:03.that we live in the most liberal progressive country in the world. I
:16:04. > :16:07.used to say this to people. I am from Amsterdam. I live in the best
:16:08. > :16:11.country in the world, best city in the world. Anything goes and you are
:16:12. > :16:16.free to be whoever you are. However when I look back I think there was a
:16:17. > :16:21.lot going on under the surface that just wasn't discussed.
:16:22. > :16:25.Beneath the surface, many people felt uncomfortable, with the effect
:16:26. > :16:31.of immigration. To speak of that was once taboo. Not any more. Fuelled by
:16:32. > :16:35.geefrt geert, the debate has focussed on Islam. -- Geert Wilders.
:16:36. > :16:39.Sylvan that has set up a political party, trying to highlight what she
:16:40. > :16:44.says is a hidden current of racism in Dutch society.
:16:45. > :16:48.The reaction has not been good. Death threats is what I have
:16:49. > :16:53.received for similarly voicing my opinion on this topic. That doesn't
:16:54. > :16:58.sound like the most tolerant, the most progressive country on earth.
:16:59. > :17:04.We used to take pride in saying we are so tolerant, that is our biggest
:17:05. > :17:08.problem. We have been tolerating and tolerating means accepting something
:17:09. > :17:13.that you really don't actually a I degree with, but you are just, you
:17:14. > :17:17.know accepting. Perhaps the idea of the Netherlands
:17:18. > :17:22.as free space was never anything more than an illusion. Now, in an
:17:23. > :17:27.age of identity politics, the Dutch are asking themselves some
:17:28. > :17:33.fundamental questions. What does liberalism mean? What are
:17:34. > :17:39.the limits of tolerance? And does the Netherlands still want to be a
:17:40. > :17:44.place that is open and inclusive? Gabriel gate house, BBC News.
:17:45. > :17:49.To China where the Government has declared its aim of making the skies
:17:50. > :17:53.blue again by tackling the country's air pollution crisis, the
:17:54. > :17:57.authorities want to reduce reliance on coal, and invest billions in
:17:58. > :18:02.renewable energy and they are targeting emissions from cars which
:18:03. > :18:06.add to the smog hanging over major city, by encouraging the use of
:18:07. > :18:11.greener vehicles. Carrie Gracie has taken to the streets of Beijing to
:18:12. > :18:19.find out more. Everything in China is on a massive
:18:20. > :18:23.scale. The problems and the solutions. Cars are to blame for
:18:24. > :18:30.about a third of China's air pollution. So it is scrapping the
:18:31. > :18:36.worst offenders. But this rich intellectual in the
:18:37. > :18:42.wrecker's yard is a losing battle against 30 million new cars taking
:18:43. > :18:47.to the roads this year. If these people want clean air, then
:18:48. > :18:52.from transport to heating and lifestyle, they have to change their
:18:53. > :18:58.behaviour. China has to kick its addiction to fossil fuels.
:18:59. > :19:05.For this Beijing couple the morning commute is a his and hers divide. He
:19:06. > :19:15.is part of the problem. And she is part of the solution.
:19:16. > :19:21.Meet little blue. Harmful emission, zero. To beat the Petrolheads China
:19:22. > :19:27.subsidises electric vehicles and makes them much easier to license.
:19:28. > :19:30.On smogy days little blue doesn't face restrictions like other cars
:19:31. > :19:35.and Kim is proud to her her bit for clean air.
:19:36. > :19:38.TRANSLATION: We all have to live in the city and the pollution is ten
:19:39. > :19:43.for health and Beijing's image, driving little blue I don't have to
:19:44. > :19:49.feel guilty even on smogy days, I tell my friends they should get one
:19:50. > :19:56.too. Gathering winter fuel. To beat the
:19:57. > :20:03.smog, all the villages surround Beijing have banned the burning of
:20:04. > :20:12.coal. And 70-year-old farmer is forced back to the old ways.
:20:13. > :20:16.The fire heats their brick bed. The Government did give them an
:20:17. > :20:22.electric heater, but on their pensions they can't afford to switch
:20:23. > :20:28.it on much. Winters are sub-zero here. But he tells me he is more
:20:29. > :20:32.worried about his electricity bill, than about the cold or the smog. He
:20:33. > :20:38.is wearing thick layers of long johns.
:20:39. > :20:42.Beijing can clean the air when it wants to, like now for the annual
:20:43. > :20:46.session of its rubber-stamp Parliament but it can't do it for
:20:47. > :20:51.long because despite the push for cleaner vehicles and heating, the
:20:52. > :20:57.Chinese economy is still fuelled by coal. And in the one party state
:20:58. > :21:01.there is little the public can do to force the politicians here to
:21:02. > :21:06.deliver air fit to breathe. Carrie Gracie, BBC News, Beijing.
:21:07. > :21:13.It is one of the most prestigious awards in the world of science, a
:21:14. > :21:16.prize of almost one million, for cutting-edge research aimed at
:21:17. > :21:20.understanding the brain. This year it has been bon by three British
:21:21. > :21:25.based neuroscientists for their work on how the brain uses a system of
:21:26. > :21:30.chemical rewards to help us make choice, they have been speaking to
:21:31. > :21:36.Fergus Walsh. How do we motivate ourselves in life? Whether it is the
:21:37. > :21:43.choices we make about the food we eat, cream cake, or fruit. To the
:21:44. > :21:49.friends we make. Thanks Fergus. The pleasure of a hug or the goals
:21:50. > :21:56.we set ourselves at work, to succeed or by a better car. What underpins
:21:57. > :22:00.our decision making is a chemical in the brain called dopamine which is
:22:01. > :22:05.released when there is a reward. This sense of reward which can
:22:06. > :22:10.sometimes be equated with happiness, pleasure, or simply a desire to do
:22:11. > :22:16.something has been crucial in human evolution. The three Nero scientists
:22:17. > :22:20.who shared the prize given by a foundation in Denmark have spent 30
:22:21. > :22:25.years studying the dopamine reward path Wray and say it underpins all
:22:26. > :22:30.our choices. You look at a menu, so you have an interesting thing,
:22:31. > :22:33.should you explore a new type of cuisine so you make a prediction of
:22:34. > :22:38.what it might be like, you say maybe I will try it. If it is better that
:22:39. > :22:42.than you expect you get a positive signal. Next time you have a higher
:22:43. > :22:46.chance of choosing that food. If it is worse you won't choose it. There
:22:47. > :22:51.is a dark side to the dopamine reward pathway. It can reinforce
:22:52. > :22:56.poor decision making such as with drug addiction and lead to
:22:57. > :23:02.compulsive behaviour. Parkinson's disease leads to the loss of
:23:03. > :23:05.dopamine producing never cells. Drugs that boost the levels can
:23:06. > :23:12.sometimes trigger addict shin behaviour. It can negative effects
:23:13. > :23:17.leading to excess gambling, numerous pay enwhens when treated with drugs
:23:18. > :23:21.have resorted to gambling, often secretive this is the result in the
:23:22. > :23:26.tragedy of them losing their life savings. The three prize winners are
:23:27. > :23:30.based in the UK, which has a track record of world leading brain
:23:31. > :23:35.research. Their work will help in the development of treatments, for
:23:36. > :23:39.patients with psychiatric illnesses like schizophrenia where the brain
:23:40. > :23:46.reward system goes wrong. Fergus Walsh BBC News. That is all from
:23:47. > :24:01.Reporter for this week, from me, Philippa Thomas. Goodbye.
:24:02. > :24:09.Hello. Some of us managed to get some sunshine so far today. It has
:24:10. > :24:13.been up to round 18 degrees across the south-east of the country but
:24:14. > :24:15.overall a bit of cloud round across the