0:00:00 > 0:00:07lead to a rise in anti-Semitic incidents. At half-past midnight
0:00:07 > 0:00:10here on BBC News, it is time for Witness.
0:00:31 > 0:00:37Hello, welcome to Witness. I am here at the British library to guide you
0:00:37 > 0:00:42through another five extraordinary moments from the recent passed. We
0:00:42 > 0:00:47will meet the man who discovered whales on and the daughter of one of
0:00:47 > 0:00:52the most prolific land and sea record breakers of the 20th century,
0:00:52 > 0:00:57and the chemist who went to live in the city built the sciences. But
0:00:57 > 0:01:04first, in January 1958, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen patented the Lego
0:01:04 > 0:01:09brick which took the world by storm. Lego was special at the bricks were
0:01:09 > 0:01:12designed in such a way that they could be stacked linked with each
0:01:12 > 0:01:16other in countless combinations. Godtfred Kirk Christiansen's then
0:01:16 > 0:01:20ten-year-old son regularly helped his father to test out the new toys
0:01:20 > 0:01:26in the family workshop.The village carpenter invented them after
0:01:26 > 0:01:31turning his hand to toy when they was not enough work for him. It
0:01:31 > 0:01:42developed into a huge Danish export. My grandfather was a very happy
0:01:42 > 0:01:50person. He made a lot of different kinds of wooden toys. To him, it was
0:01:50 > 0:01:53really making quality toys that were good for children, that was why he
0:01:53 > 0:02:02came up with the name, Lego. Lego means play well in Danish. After the
0:02:02 > 0:02:06Second World War, where so many houses had been torn down and so on,
0:02:06 > 0:02:17there was this feeling for people to build up. I think the idea of the
0:02:17 > 0:02:21bricks was for people to build houses. My father and my grandfather
0:02:21 > 0:02:25were both quite fascinated in the opportunities of making something
0:02:25 > 0:02:32out of plastic. It was more considered are as a novel idea. You
0:02:32 > 0:02:36had abilities to build many other things that you could not do with
0:02:36 > 0:02:42wood. In 1958, I was ten years old and that was the year when my father
0:02:42 > 0:02:48patented the Lego brick. The original bricks were just hollow and
0:02:48 > 0:02:53they could stay together if you put them on top of each other, but they
0:02:53 > 0:02:59could not... In many ways. By having the two, now you could put them
0:02:59 > 0:03:08together like this. They were so proud of having created the system.
0:03:11 > 0:03:16When I came home from school, I often went to a workshop. We had a
0:03:16 > 0:03:22few designers already from the early 60s. I think I, in a positive way, I
0:03:22 > 0:03:26will be criticised quite a lot what they did, and tried to suggest other
0:03:26 > 0:03:33things for them to build. I never practised lessons for the school,
0:03:33 > 0:03:42basically. So I probably spent three, four hours a day at least,
0:03:42 > 0:03:46and I was used very much as a model for the boxes. The local
0:03:46 > 0:03:50photographer came and took pictures of me and my sisters for the boxes.
0:03:50 > 0:03:54A little plastic world is finished and open to the public, they call at
0:03:54 > 0:04:01Legoland.My father thought that probably if he was optimistic the
0:04:01 > 0:04:09about 250,000 guest a year. We are having about 1.9 million guest to
0:04:09 > 0:04:12the Legoland every year. The idea was to create a smaller figure that
0:04:12 > 0:04:19could fit into cars and houses and so on. The first mini figure was
0:04:19 > 0:04:23just a static figure with no arms and no lag, and I pushed for that it
0:04:23 > 0:04:27has to be a figure that is more likely also. And always with the
0:04:27 > 0:04:36yellow, happy face will.Was always always very sensible, then it did
0:04:36 > 0:04:43not conflict with any colours of races and so on.-- yellow was. The
0:04:43 > 0:04:50concept, the Lego brick is timeless, physical play is always something
0:04:50 > 0:04:54that will be there, and I think especially play where it stimulates
0:04:54 > 0:04:58the child's imagination. Children have this natural urge to learn and
0:04:58 > 0:05:03to try out new things. If something works, it is fine. If it doesn't
0:05:03 > 0:05:08work, they will try again. There are some skill sets we actually think
0:05:08 > 0:05:14should be carried on into lifelong. I mean, we are growing older all the
0:05:14 > 0:05:20time but we don't need to grow up. We can still be childish inside and
0:05:20 > 0:05:33decide when to be serious and went to have fun. -- when.The man whose
0:05:33 > 0:05:38father invented and patented the Lego brick. In January 1970 two, 13
0:05:38 > 0:05:44people were shot dead by British troops during the a civil rights
0:05:44 > 0:05:47march in Northern Ireland. The events that they marked the turning
0:05:47 > 0:05:51point in the conflict between Catholic nationalist and Protestant
0:05:51 > 0:06:00unionist and changed many people's lies forever. This woman's father
0:06:00 > 0:06:07was among the many people killed.-- man. Those few hours of shooting and
0:06:07 > 0:06:14killing a marked my life in a very particular way. Normally, I don't
0:06:14 > 0:06:18speak about it, I don't think about it, because it is very, very
0:06:18 > 0:06:27painful. Events of that day became known as... My father was Patrick
0:06:27 > 0:06:34Joseph Dougherty, he was 31 years of age and he was shot dead. I was nine
0:06:34 > 0:06:42years old at the time.The marchers numbered between 15 and 20,000, it
0:06:42 > 0:06:45was a massive display of solidarity, expressing the almost total
0:06:45 > 0:06:50alienation of the people of this part of Derry.Our family was from
0:06:50 > 0:06:58the Catholic nationalist community. My parents went to the match on the
0:06:58 > 0:07:06day of Bloody Sunday because many young men from our community had
0:07:06 > 0:07:12been imprisoned without trial. Our preference was to be part of a
0:07:12 > 0:07:16united Ireland without any rule for Britain in the affairs of Ireland.
0:07:16 > 0:07:21The unionist or problem Protestant community in the North of Ireland
0:07:21 > 0:07:27wished to remain part of the United Kingdom. -- Protestant community.
0:07:27 > 0:07:31The protests came about because Catholics or nationalist were
0:07:31 > 0:07:40second-class Evans -- citizens.
0:07:43 > 0:07:47It was when the protestors came to the top of the street, that violence
0:07:47 > 0:07:53erupted. Finally, members of the first Battalion regiment went
0:07:53 > 0:07:58pouring into...My memories of the day was playing in the street and a
0:07:58 > 0:08:02boy who would have been a friend of mine came up and started paying with
0:08:02 > 0:08:06us and after a while, he just happened to say that your father has
0:08:06 > 0:08:14been shot. Within about 20 minutes, there were 13 people dead. I think
0:08:14 > 0:08:21my father was trying to get to a place of safety behind a wall, and
0:08:21 > 0:08:25as he was heading towards the wall, he was shot in the back. And he died
0:08:25 > 0:08:32right away. He was totally Imam is, and when he was killed, he was
0:08:32 > 0:08:46posing no threat to anyone. -- unarmed. I remember being told that
0:08:46 > 0:08:51your father has been shot dead by the British Army, and I will always
0:08:51 > 0:09:00remember her... Her being very brave. In the aftermath of Bloody
0:09:00 > 0:09:06Sunday, I think a whole generation of people were politicised. So at
0:09:06 > 0:09:1016, joined the in Derry, an illegal organisation which was heavily armed
0:09:10 > 0:09:18and which was established to overthrow British Northern Ireland.
0:09:18 > 0:09:24-- IRA. Me joining up was an act of revenge. In 1981, I took part in a
0:09:24 > 0:09:29bombing raid in a premises in Derry city centre and shortly afterwards,
0:09:29 > 0:09:37I was arrested and imprisoned. It was not until almost 40 years later
0:09:37 > 0:09:41that the British government finally accepted their responsibility for
0:09:41 > 0:09:46what happened on bloody Sunday. There is no doubt, there is nothing
0:09:46 > 0:09:52equivocal, there are no ambiguities, what happened on bloody Sunday was
0:09:52 > 0:09:59both unjustified and unjustifiable. It was wrong.For us, that was an
0:09:59 > 0:10:03absolutely outstanding achievement because we had heard the whole of
0:10:03 > 0:10:08the role of Bloody Sunday at on its head, and we had rewritten history
0:10:08 > 0:10:14of.He still lives close to where the events of Bloody Sunday took
0:10:14 > 0:10:20place. In January 1967, the record-breaking driver Donald
0:10:20 > 0:10:24Campbell died in a fatal speedboat crash on Coniston water in the north
0:10:24 > 0:10:29of England. He crashed trying to beat his own water speed record. Our
0:10:29 > 0:10:36next Witness is Donald Campbell's daughter, Global Regina.
0:10:36 > 0:10:37-- Gina.
0:10:40 > 0:10:45The sake of my dad was Donald Campbell and in the 40s, 50s and
0:10:45 > 0:10:4960s, my father and my grandfather were both the most prolific land and
0:10:49 > 0:10:55water speed record breakers of the euro. They were pie and ears. When
0:10:55 > 0:11:00you had thought that a car could then do maximum 50 miles an hour,
0:11:00 > 0:11:04suddenly someone pushes that the over 100 and then to 200, then to
0:11:04 > 0:11:11300. I think it is a rollercoaster, you break a record and everyone
0:11:11 > 0:11:15comes gushing up and said fantastic, you have broken the record. What is
0:11:15 > 0:11:20your going be? It is like the mouse in the wheel, you keep wanting to
0:11:20 > 0:11:27move forward. It was my dad's job, it is what he did. So, I was not
0:11:27 > 0:11:33really aware of the magnitude of his achievements and the dangers. I only
0:11:33 > 0:11:38knew him in a child's eye. I wish I had known him obviously a little bit
0:11:38 > 0:11:42longer because I think he was a fascinating with tremendous drive
0:11:42 > 0:11:49and personality. So, I was working in a hotel, I was summoned to a
0:11:49 > 0:11:56phone call early in the morning in January, the fourth of January,
0:11:56 > 0:12:001967. You know that feeling in your stomach disappears somewhere down to
0:12:00 > 0:12:04your knees or your feet, I knew with some providing that this was not
0:12:04 > 0:12:09good news.Donald Campbell, the man nearly the speed, is dead. On the
0:12:09 > 0:12:17cold still waters of Lake Coniston, 45-year-old Donald Campbell was
0:12:17 > 0:12:26making a record. No one can fail to mourn the loss of this brave man.
0:12:26 > 0:12:30That iconic foot each of the Bluebird, just very gracefully
0:12:30 > 0:12:35taking off from the lake and going several 100 feet up in the air
0:12:35 > 0:12:52before doing this enormous backward slip. -- flip. And so nearly threw
0:12:52 > 0:12:56360, but then crashing into the depths of Lake Coniston and my
0:12:56 > 0:13:00father obviously being killed instantly. I remember going to
0:13:00 > 0:13:04Geneva airport the following day and sitting in the departure lounge on
0:13:04 > 0:13:11my own, and I could see the newsstand over there, that had
0:13:11 > 0:13:17British newspapers, and there was pictures of Bluebird sort of up in
0:13:17 > 0:13:23the air like this and Campbell dead, and you look at them. But it seemed
0:13:23 > 0:13:27so real, I could not associate those pictures and that moment with my
0:13:27 > 0:13:40father. He got his wish, he died a hero. He somehow, in those few
0:13:40 > 0:13:48moments, immortalised himself. In talking on his comms all the way
0:13:48 > 0:13:57through what was going on. And, I am going, I am going, I am going. I am
0:13:57 > 0:14:06gone.
0:14:06 > 0:14:11going, I am going, I am going. I am gone.Gina Campbell, remembering the
0:14:11 > 0:14:15legendary father, Donald. Remember, you can watch Witness every month on
0:14:15 > 0:14:20the BBC News Channel, or you can catch up on all of our films, along
0:14:20 > 0:14:25with over a thousand radio programmes on our online archive.
0:14:25 > 0:14:31Just go to the BBC website. In 1967, an American biologist began
0:14:31 > 0:14:36listening to sounds from the ocean that he found both spectacular and
0:14:36 > 0:14:48beautiful. They were the sounds of Wales. He released an album called
0:14:48 > 0:14:55Songs of the Humpback Whale in 1970. Roger Payne spoke to us about the
0:14:55 > 0:15:01sounds that spark the imagination of the world.The first time I ever
0:15:01 > 0:15:07went swimming with a whale that was singing, it was an incredible
0:15:07 > 0:15:14experience. It is completely shattering. It feels like when you
0:15:14 > 0:15:22get close to one that something has put a Tens on your chest and is
0:15:22 > 0:15:26shaking you until your teeth rattle. I was wondering if I could stand it.
0:15:26 > 0:15:35I wondered if it might kill me somehow.NEWSREEL: Where she goes.
0:15:35 > 0:15:42The harpoon grenade is fired.Back in the 1950s and 60s, nobody, as far
0:15:42 > 0:15:47as I could tell, you much of anything about whales. There was no
0:15:47 > 0:15:54whale watching industry, no safe the Wales movement.Usually the first
0:15:54 > 0:15:59shop means death to the whale. In the older Moby Dick days harpoons
0:15:59 > 0:16:05were hand-held. The modern way is far more humane.A few people knew
0:16:05 > 0:16:09that whales were being over hunted and frankly whales were going
0:16:09 > 0:16:13extinct. It was just a big moneymaking proposition.The entire
0:16:13 > 0:16:19whaling industry is worth £100 million a year. Russia and Japan are
0:16:19 > 0:16:22the two big whaling nations and some of it goes to those countries for
0:16:22 > 0:16:33food.It was back in 1967 about but I met a film who became a great
0:16:33 > 0:16:42friend and he played a sounds to me of humpback whales. It was the most
0:16:42 > 0:16:47beautiful thing I had ever heard from nature.
0:16:53 > 0:17:12You might get a sound for example that goes... MIMMICKS WHALE SOUNDS.
0:17:12 > 0:17:17I was out in San Diego one-time visiting a friend of mine and I
0:17:17 > 0:17:21played him whale sounds and he was fascinated by them and I said, I've
0:17:21 > 0:17:30always wanted to make a record of these and he said, we will make it!
0:17:30 > 0:17:34And so we sat down and made a record and we then wrote a booklet that
0:17:34 > 0:17:39went with it and talked all about whales and their plight and what was
0:17:39 > 0:17:42going on and so forth.I think it remains the most successful natural
0:17:42 > 0:17:49history recording ever made. Then, whole bunches of people in several
0:17:49 > 0:17:54countries began making organisations to save the whales and to save the
0:17:54 > 0:17:58Wales movement was born and in many ways that was sort of the beginning
0:17:58 > 0:18:05of the conservation movement. The whales gave the whole idea of
0:18:05 > 0:18:13conservation wonderful exposure.Dr Roger Payne is founder and president
0:18:13 > 0:18:19of a whale conservation organisation. Finally, in 1957 a
0:18:19 > 0:18:23huge signs the city was built in the middle of the Siberian forest.
0:18:23 > 0:18:27Dozens of research institutes were built and top scientists were
0:18:27 > 0:18:31enticed to come and work in the region. Victor Barron was one of the
0:18:31 > 0:18:42first research chemists to move the academic city.A town of 25,000
0:18:42 > 0:18:47inhabitants. A town where nearly everyone is a scientist or hoping to
0:18:47 > 0:18:53become one. A new town called Academic City.
0:18:59 > 0:19:05TRANSLATION: My first impression was that of the world and, to be honest.
0:19:05 > 0:19:08Every thing was different here. The houses were right in the middle of
0:19:08 > 0:19:15the forest. It was so quiet and the air seemed so fresh.What used to be
0:19:15 > 0:19:19thought of as a wasteland has turned out to be the Soviet Union's
0:19:19 > 0:19:24greatest treasure house, a land unbelievably rich in minerals.
0:19:24 > 0:19:30Geologists thought there was no ore here. Now the whole place seems to
0:19:30 > 0:19:35be floating on it. Fields which could be as rich as the South
0:19:35 > 0:19:44African ones and gold and platinum too.I worked in academic city since
0:19:44 > 0:19:501962. I was a research chemist at the institute of inorganic chemistry
0:19:50 > 0:19:55and from 1963 I taught my beloved subject, analytical chemistry at the
0:19:55 > 0:20:06university. Since the times of the tzar, people were exiled to Siberia.
0:20:06 > 0:20:13That was the image of Siberia, that wolves eight people there. Our
0:20:13 > 0:20:18salary was only 10% more than the others, the so-called Siberian
0:20:18 > 0:20:25supplement. But they did give us apartments. Separate apartments. At
0:20:25 > 0:20:29that time, in the USSR, there was an acute shortage of housing. They
0:20:29 > 0:20:33didn't attract us with money, they attracted us with available
0:20:33 > 0:20:41accommodation and interesting work. No other research laboratories are
0:20:41 > 0:20:44so equipped and no where else are the students are carefully selected
0:20:44 > 0:20:48all ruthlessly examined. This is what's called a colliding beam
0:20:48 > 0:20:52accelerator, the only one of its kind in the world, designed to hurl
0:20:52 > 0:20:59particles of matter and particles of antimatter.Our institute of nuclear
0:20:59 > 0:21:03physics is a globally recognised research centre. Scientists have
0:21:03 > 0:21:09collaborated on the construction of a large facility in Switzerland, but
0:21:09 > 0:21:12many of the inventions and breakthroughs happened in secret
0:21:12 > 0:21:22research projects for the minister of defence. Excellent sports
0:21:22 > 0:21:28facilities were created. It had a great theatre and concert venue.
0:21:37 > 0:21:46Of course the creation of Academic City was a great achievement. The --
0:21:46 > 0:21:51a new generation of scientist had been nurtured. Most workers here are
0:21:51 > 0:21:54graduates of university and what does Russia live on today? Gas and
0:21:54 > 0:22:00oil. And who found those resources? Our Siberian scientists.Victor
0:22:00 > 0:22:06Varand, who still lives in Academic City. And that's all from this
0:22:06 > 0:22:11edition of Witness, here at the British library. We will be back
0:22:11 > 0:22:15next month to bring you more extraordinary moments of history and
0:22:15 > 0:22:19the remarkable people who witnessed them. For now, from me and the rest
0:22:19 > 0:22:21of the Witness team, goodbye.