:00:00. > :00:37.Hello and welcome to Witness. I am back at the British library in
:00:38. > :00:41.London, with more remarkable insights into history from the
:00:42. > :00:46.people who were there. This month, we will hear from the Filipino
:00:47. > :00:51.novelist who took part in the uprising against the notorious
:00:52. > :00:58.Marcos regime. A survivor of the attack on Pearl Harbor. And the
:00:59. > :01:05.first woman chess player to humble the world champion. But first, it is
:01:06. > :01:12.20 years this month since Serb forces retreated from the Bosnian
:01:13. > :01:25.capital, Syriza. Ending the longest siege in history -- Sarajevo. Heavy
:01:26. > :01:29.bombardment in salary a vote as forces defended their positions
:01:30. > :01:41.against attacks from the Serb army. I grew up in war, overcame what I am
:01:42. > :01:47.today during the wartime. When the siege started in 1992I was 16,
:01:48. > :01:53.living with my mother, my brother and my grandmother. We lived in the
:01:54. > :02:03.centre of Sarajevo. It was a battle to survive. We would get
:02:04. > :02:09.humanitarian aid, mostly macaroni, some rice. Sometimes we got American
:02:10. > :02:15.army lunchboxes that would contain a meal, enough for one soldier. But my
:02:16. > :02:24.mother would spread it to four people for two days. The airlift was
:02:25. > :02:31.what was feeding us. Each day, in order to get to work, I would have
:02:32. > :02:37.to cross a bridge, and that bridge was extremely dangerous because it
:02:38. > :02:41.is very open to a hill, and a particular spot on that hill where
:02:42. > :02:48.the sniper was. Each morning, you would have to cross a bridge,
:02:49. > :02:55.knowing that you might be watched by a sniper person on the hill. And at
:02:56. > :03:02.some point, there was this guy with the camera who appeared out of
:03:03. > :03:04.nowhere. First morning we were crossing the bridge and we didn't
:03:05. > :03:11.really see him until the point that we stepped on the bridge, then we
:03:12. > :03:17.saw him get out and prepare his camera. Then we realised he was
:03:18. > :03:25.waiting for one of us to get shot. We felt like we were watched, and
:03:26. > :03:35.everybody is watching these terribly bitches, but just watching them and
:03:36. > :03:41.doing nothing about it. -- terrible images. I thought I would live in
:03:42. > :03:46.war, my children would live in war, there would be no one left and we
:03:47. > :03:52.would all die. But in 1995 real felt it was coming an end. Then it became
:03:53. > :03:56.really scared, because not only did I know what shrapnel can do to you,
:03:57. > :04:04.but also because I didn't want to be the one who dies at the end of the
:04:05. > :04:11.war. That is just irony, you know. If I was going to die should have
:04:12. > :04:17.died in 1992, not 1995. I expected to have an official announcement or
:04:18. > :04:24.something like that that the war was over. I expected liberators to come
:04:25. > :04:33.to the city. I expected there to be a huge joy and celebration and
:04:34. > :04:42.everything, and... It was just... It was quiet. I expected that people
:04:43. > :04:49.will live finally the lives that we deserve as someone who went through
:04:50. > :04:58.the siege and terrible war with so many atrocities, so many massacres.
:04:59. > :05:09.Very often I remember people that are not here any more, and very
:05:10. > :05:15.often I asked myself why. She is now a successful actress. Next, to the
:05:16. > :05:21.Philippines. A country dominated for decades by Ferdinand Marcos and his
:05:22. > :05:29.wife in Melbourne. In February 1986, they were brought down by a wave of
:05:30. > :05:39.popular protests. One writer was one of hundreds of thousands who took to
:05:40. > :05:44.the streets. At the beginning, it sounded like it was a military coup
:05:45. > :05:51.or uprising. We began asking ourselves if we should go out there
:05:52. > :06:03.and support that uprising. For that instant, people were of one mind.
:06:04. > :06:09.Get Marcos out whatever it takes. We had been under martial law for 14
:06:10. > :06:17.years, and people in a way had got used to martial law. President
:06:18. > :06:35.Marcos and his wife in ruled together, very dark and Krul
:06:36. > :06:38.dictatorship. -- cruel. When Marcos cheated his opposition out of the
:06:39. > :06:42.presidency, it led to a massive protest revoke of the few military
:06:43. > :06:51.officers who could no longer take Marcos and his men. The people came
:06:52. > :06:56.out and protected the rebel army. It was like a huge picnic, actually. I
:06:57. > :07:07.was there with my wife, I was there with our daughter, taking a gamble
:07:08. > :07:15.on freedom. We found our voices, we found the courage that had preceded
:07:16. > :07:22.too far in many of us. But we know that on the periphery of this
:07:23. > :07:28.movement, where Marcos's mass forces, who wouldn't at one command
:07:29. > :07:32.descend on us, it was the people you least expected, the nuns and
:07:33. > :07:37.priests, women, who took to the forefront. They met the soldiers and
:07:38. > :07:43.attack commanders with food and flowers. We were out on the street
:07:44. > :07:51.and there was a sniper up in one of the towers firing down, but not
:07:52. > :07:56.really at people but on the street. People would scatter and then
:07:57. > :08:05.nervous laughter would be heard, and then we would slowly, giggling,
:08:06. > :08:08.crawl back to our previous position. No Filipino really wanted to kill a
:08:09. > :08:15.fellow Filipino. It just wasn't worth it. Marcos wasn't worth it.
:08:16. > :08:30.Defections took place by the minute by the Tower. -- hour. Then in the
:08:31. > :08:39.space of four days Marcos would be gone. 1-off generals has given me
:08:40. > :08:44.the first formal confirmation. Has he left the country? I don't know,
:08:45. > :09:02.but he is no longer there. The nation just exploded in euphoria.
:09:03. > :09:11.Yet it made me feel myself worth again as Filipino citizen, but I had
:09:12. > :09:19.something more to live for. But for myself and my family and my country.
:09:20. > :09:24.Jose Dalisay, who went on to become one of the most acclaimed authors in
:09:25. > :09:31.the Philippines. Now, in the course of history, wars have broken out
:09:32. > :09:34.over many things. Including fish. In the 1970s, Britain and Iceland fell
:09:35. > :09:40.out so badly overfished stocks in the North Sea that there were years
:09:41. > :09:53.of military stand-offs. Witness went to meet Tom Watson, a veteran of the
:09:54. > :09:56.so-called cod wars. Jedinak it was a sort of David versus Goliath
:09:57. > :10:01.confrontation. The British fishing fleet was the biggest in the world,
:10:02. > :10:09.and if we lost the Icelandic fishing ground, it was a major loss to the
:10:10. > :10:12.British fishing effort. You could make something of yourself, you
:10:13. > :10:16.could earn a lot of money. It was a tough job, it was very difficult
:10:17. > :10:21.because you are away from home a lot. The so-called cod wars were a
:10:22. > :10:24.dispute between the British government and the Icelandic
:10:25. > :10:30.government on the right to fish around Iceland. And how many fish we
:10:31. > :10:35.could catch. The Icelandic government wanted to take control of
:10:36. > :10:39.the waters out to 50 miles. The British government said they weren't
:10:40. > :10:45.entitled to that. It was a bit of a joke at first, light-hearted, with
:10:46. > :10:49.them coming along and telling us we couldn't fish there and we would
:10:50. > :10:55.move, and we would say thank you very much and carry on fishing. It
:10:56. > :10:59.gradually got worse and worse, with the Icelandic people getting more
:11:00. > :11:03.insistent. Then they developed a technique for cutting the fishing
:11:04. > :11:07.gear away, which created quite a problem, because once we lost our
:11:08. > :11:12.fishing gear, we lost our livelihood. And we finished up with
:11:13. > :11:17.a confrontation escalating out of control, and we have several
:11:18. > :11:19.instances where there was quite severe confrontations between the
:11:20. > :11:26.fishermen and the Icelandic coastguard. When we were kids will
:11:27. > :11:32.have members of the family who were fishermen. During the summer
:11:33. > :11:35.holidays we would go off to Iceland. I first went on I was ten, so did
:11:36. > :11:42.everyone else. In my class at school. We would go off on board a
:11:43. > :11:45.fishing boat to Iceland, every year. It seemed it was like the national
:11:46. > :11:51.progression to then join the fishing industry, and we left school at 15
:11:52. > :11:57.and joined. I first became a skipper when I was 23. He was the mother,
:11:58. > :12:03.the father, the doctor, the priest, everything. Everything that happened
:12:04. > :12:09.on board he was responsible for. Each time the weather became
:12:10. > :12:19.reasonable, and Icelandic boat would be among the fleet. They were
:12:20. > :12:22.purposely show that he had his cutter, and he would go across and
:12:23. > :12:30.cut it. We developed what we hoped was a deterrent. We would release
:12:31. > :12:36.the rope when he went across the gear, and it would get caught up in
:12:37. > :12:40.their propeller and they would come to stop. We always hoping that the
:12:41. > :12:46.British government would come to some kind of an agreement, because
:12:47. > :12:58.there were about half a dozen of us left, and a gunboat ordered us off.
:12:59. > :13:04.We felt a bit sad, a bit bitter, unsure of what would happen, and we
:13:05. > :13:08.came away with nothing. No right to fish Iceland, no quotas, the British
:13:09. > :13:15.government had promised they would look after us and they didn't. We
:13:16. > :13:18.were humiliated. If you sat a group of fishermen around the table with
:13:19. > :13:23.the Icelandic government, they would have had an agreement within about
:13:24. > :13:27.ten minutes. I never used to bother early on, because I was looking for
:13:28. > :13:31.new opportunities. But when I sit back and look at it now I feel
:13:32. > :13:38.bitter about the way we were cast aside. North Sea fishermen Tom
:13:39. > :13:42.Watson. Remember, you can watch Witness every month here on the BBC
:13:43. > :13:43.News channel, or you can catch up on over a thousand radio programmes in
:13:44. > :13:58.our online archive. Let's move now to the highbrow world
:13:59. > :14:04.of international chess. Chess was very much a man's game until the
:14:05. > :14:07.emergence of Hungarian prodigy. She's been telling Witness about the
:14:08. > :14:13.day she beat the world champion Garry Kasparov. In my life it was
:14:14. > :14:18.very important that my parents put the goals at the highest, that I
:14:19. > :14:27.should challenge Garry Kasparov and Bebe world champion. My father had a
:14:28. > :14:32.very special idea, the way he wanted to raise his kids. He believed it
:14:33. > :14:37.would be the best if we were homeschooled but much more focusing
:14:38. > :14:43.on a daily basis on playing chess. I have a middle sister, she's seven
:14:44. > :14:48.years older than I am, and I have another sister, Sophia. I was about
:14:49. > :14:56.five years old when I started to play chess. It was very clear that I
:14:57. > :15:01.am talented, I've played good. I started to play against adults from
:15:02. > :15:07.a very young age, practically from the very beginning. Judit from
:15:08. > :15:10.Budapest was up against Israeli grandmaster, needing just a draw to
:15:11. > :15:17.win the whole tournament, she easily took the title. I was the only girl
:15:18. > :15:21.player most of the time already in those competitions. It was difficult
:15:22. > :15:28.for me to get used to the fact that I am playing alone with all those
:15:29. > :15:32.guys. Kasparov was the world champion already in 1988 when I met
:15:33. > :15:37.him. He was watching my game, that's what I heard from other people,
:15:38. > :15:41.that's what they were telling me, and it gave me a lot of inspiration,
:15:42. > :15:48.already he looked at what's going on. When will there be a woman world
:15:49. > :15:54.champion? Maybe she's sitting next to me. I was training daily many
:15:55. > :15:58.hours and I made a lot of efforts and everything in order that I get
:15:59. > :16:07.into the top elite between the male players.
:16:08. > :16:18.I played Garry Kasparov starting from 1994 on many different
:16:19. > :16:23.occasions. It was a very special psychological match with Kasparov
:16:24. > :16:28.for many, many years. I sit down at a table, I had all the respect to
:16:29. > :16:30.him, he's the world champion. And somehow you don't have the
:16:31. > :16:35.self-confidence, the knowledge. He has this appearance that you should
:16:36. > :16:49.know already before the game that who wins the game, right?
:16:50. > :16:58.It was Russia against the rest of the world. I was part of the rest of
:16:59. > :17:03.the world team. Somehow he chose a very bad opening, I think. It was
:17:04. > :17:07.the Beryl in defence and I took my chances, I played a solid game and
:17:08. > :17:18.he made a few mistakes and I took advantage of them. He conceded very
:17:19. > :17:22.well, his body language, his movements, he's shaking his head,
:17:23. > :17:27.holding his head. Of course, I saw it on the board what's going on.
:17:28. > :17:32.When he resigned it was very clear that it doesn't make any sense to
:17:33. > :17:37.play longer. He was very much annoyed that he didn't give a great
:17:38. > :17:43.fight. It was kind of an historical moment that I won finally a game
:17:44. > :17:50.against Garry Kasparov. It was very special. Judit Polgar there, talking
:17:51. > :17:55.to Witness at her home in Budapest. And finally, to 1941 and the
:17:56. > :18:02.devastating Japanese attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor. Our
:18:03. > :18:06.last Witness is Adolphe Kuhn, who is advised the raid that brought
:18:07. > :18:19.America into World War Two. December the seventh, 1941, a date which will
:18:20. > :18:22.live in infamy. The United States of America was suddenly and
:18:23. > :18:28.deliberately attacked. Everywhere you looked bonds were coming down.
:18:29. > :18:34.All around you you could hear the explosions on different ships. It
:18:35. > :18:38.was a nightmare. Japan had it all figured out. They knew when to hit
:18:39. > :18:46.and that's why they picked Sunday because Sunday was church day and
:18:47. > :18:54.fun day. The day of Pearl Harbor, I was 19 years old, I was on my way to
:18:55. > :18:59.church that morning. Two sailors came along in a model a row for and
:19:00. > :19:04.they said get in, we're at war, and they started heading towards the
:19:05. > :19:11.Pearl Harbor Navy base -- a road for. All around the little car, not
:19:12. > :19:15.a bullet hit us. Oh, God, they were so close. The landing gear was
:19:16. > :19:22.touching the top of the palm trees. You could see how low they were.
:19:23. > :19:25.everywhere I looked there were ships and explosions going on and all
:19:26. > :19:32.kinds of things. Ships were sinking. Some were leaning to the
:19:33. > :19:37.starboard side, some were leading to the port side. The guys aboard were
:19:38. > :19:43.jumping in the water from the ship. Someone with a megaphone," We need
:19:44. > :19:47.help to go aboard these ships". I said I was heading for the Arizona,
:19:48. > :19:52.the Arizona was closest to my barracks. It was all up siding, the
:19:53. > :19:57.hand railing was burnt out and all that, I had to grab the railing and
:19:58. > :20:01.I finally made my way up and by the time I got to the top of my shoe
:20:02. > :20:06.soles were smoking because the steel was so hot on top and there were
:20:07. > :20:10.five bodies all burnt out. You almost couldn't recognise them.
:20:11. > :20:14.Pretty soon I heard a voice, I looked over and it was one guy over
:20:15. > :20:21.by the gun turret and I walked over to him, and St Peters pulled him
:20:22. > :20:29.home. That's the way it went all day long. -- St Peter. Then I got off
:20:30. > :20:36.the Arizona and went towards my hangar, the planes could have
:20:37. > :20:39.exploded, the tyres were already on fire burning. The machine-guns in
:20:40. > :20:44.the cockpit were going off and the bullets were going everywhere. As I
:20:45. > :20:50.was on my way down, that's when the Japanese pilot spotted me and his
:20:51. > :20:55.bomb doors opened up and when I saw the bomb coming towards me, I said,
:20:56. > :21:00.Adolf, this is it, I really did say that, I know that. The bomb came and
:21:01. > :21:05.it went in the concrete, and big chunks like the size of a
:21:06. > :21:10.Volkswagen, and propellers and wings and landing gear landing on top of
:21:11. > :21:15.everything, or I got was these little pebbles. So the Guardian and
:21:16. > :21:21.was looking after me, you know that. With all those explosions
:21:22. > :21:27.going on and all that death going on everywhere, and me being in total
:21:28. > :21:32.safety. That's unheard of, you know? After 19 close calls I'm still
:21:33. > :21:37.alive. So I have to have a guardian angel here. There's no other way.
:21:38. > :21:50.It's not just one of those things you know that happens.
:21:51. > :21:57.Pearl Harbor survivor Adolphe Kuhn there. And that's all from Witness
:21:58. > :22:02.for this month. Next month we will be in her Van Erp to bring you five
:22:03. > :22:08.witnesses to the history of Cuba. But for now, from me, and from the
:22:09. > :22:31.rest of the Witness team, goodbye. -- in Havana.
:22:32. > :22:35.Snow has been causing issues out and about and it still will do
:22:36. > :22:41.Ice a big concern however where we've had showers,
:22:42. > :22:45.even if they haven't been of snow, things are freezing over there now.