:00:28. > :00:34.Welcome to Witness, our look back at history as told by the people who
:00:35. > :00:41.were there. I'm in the very heart of London at the British library, which
:00:42. > :00:46.is home to hundreds and hundreds of years of priceless manuscripts and
:00:47. > :00:51.archive material. This month, we talked to a South African woman,
:00:52. > :00:57.who, as a schoolgirl, organised an uprising. A survivor of a Second
:00:58. > :01:03.World War massacre. And a footballer who scored the winning goal in a
:01:04. > :01:08.World Cup. But first to China. It is 25 years since the massacre in
:01:09. > :01:13.Tiananmen Square. This young man was just one of thousands who
:01:14. > :01:18.demonstrated, protesting in the centre of Beijing, when the military
:01:19. > :01:23.moved in. Nobody knows how many people were killed, injured or
:01:24. > :01:33.arrested in the crackdown of June, 1989. He was just 18. Tiananmen
:01:34. > :01:38.Square is designed to fit at least a couple of million people. It was
:01:39. > :01:42.bumper`to`bumper full. You could feel at the time that something was
:01:43. > :01:46.going on. You could see millions of ordinary citizens of Beijing
:01:47. > :01:53.blocking army lorries from coming in. 10,000 Chinese troops have tried
:01:54. > :02:02.to seize control of the centre of the king tonight `` Beijing tonight.
:02:03. > :02:09.Their demands were for democracy, free press and an end to corruption.
:02:10. > :02:17.It was the last year of my high school studies. Me and five others
:02:18. > :02:23.of my classmates. We said, we are going, and we walked out. On the 4th
:02:24. > :02:32.of June, Central television started to broadcast this ominous message
:02:33. > :02:38.repeatedly for quite a few hours. Those citizens, please return to
:02:39. > :02:42.your homes. The army and security forces are coming in to clear the
:02:43. > :02:49.city centre. If you disobey this order, you will be responsible for
:02:50. > :02:54.all of the consequences. Most people decided to stay where they were and
:02:55. > :03:07.are then things started to unravel. I could hear this boom, boom, boom.
:03:08. > :03:11.You could hear those sounds. And then you start to see people
:03:12. > :03:20.bleeding, being carried to various hospitals around you, people crying
:03:21. > :03:29.and shouting. I felt numb. It was beyond anybody's comprehension. You
:03:30. > :03:36.focus your mind. You are trying to get to a place of safety. For a
:03:37. > :03:42.moment, it could be behind a dumpster, a rubbish bin. I
:03:43. > :03:48.eventually got home. My mother was worried sick and she locked the
:03:49. > :03:53.doors and my brother and I were still pumped. We should find a
:03:54. > :03:59.kitchen knife or something and go out and do something. She said, you
:04:00. > :04:05.guys, don't be stupid. You cannot affect any change at this moment.
:04:06. > :04:10.Nothing. News reader: In the daylight hours, more violence. A
:04:11. > :04:17.sudden and steady volley from the troops. I remember sitting on the
:04:18. > :04:23.sofa in the living room, hearing all of the scale is going on around us.
:04:24. > :04:30.On the second day, while you could still hear sporadic firing, nobody
:04:31. > :04:33.dared venture too far away. You sort of poke your head out. First out of
:04:34. > :04:44.the alleyway and then the secondary road and then trying to see whatever
:04:45. > :04:51.is going on. The first thing was littered worlds burned`out army
:04:52. > :04:55.trucks. I even sought to armoured personnel carriers burned`out from
:04:56. > :05:01.inside. Tangled bicycles that had been driven over by heavy vehicles.
:05:02. > :05:10.I felt an utter sense of desperation and despair. I did not feel there
:05:11. > :05:15.was a future. My father was in Canada. He was unable to apply for a
:05:16. > :05:29.family reunion user for my mother and my brother and I, so I was very
:05:30. > :05:34.fortunate at the time to leave. I'm taking you to the World Cup,
:05:35. > :05:40.now. Not this year's World Cup but the 160 years ago and the man who
:05:41. > :05:46.scored the winning goal. `` but the one that was 60 years ago. Back
:05:47. > :05:51.then, he was a 23`year`old winger from Uruguay. Now, he is 87 but he
:05:52. > :06:04.is still known as the man who made Brazil cry. TRANSLATION: I played
:06:05. > :06:11.for Uruguay at the Maracana Stadium in 1950. We were the underdogs.
:06:12. > :06:15.Brazil had been winning their matches by four, five, six goals.
:06:16. > :06:22.The Brazilian papers had special editions ready with the headline:
:06:23. > :06:25.Brazil! Champions of the world! They had built the huge Maracana Stadium
:06:26. > :06:30.especially because they thought they would win the World Cup. We got
:06:31. > :06:38.there three hours early because it was so full. When the Brazilian team
:06:39. > :06:44.went out, they brought the house down. Their fans were already
:06:45. > :06:52.jumping up and down with joy and if Brazil had one, it would have been a
:06:53. > :06:56.carnival. `` if the deal had won the World Cup, it would have been a
:06:57. > :07:00.carnival. I was just thinking about winning. I never like to lose a
:07:01. > :07:05.football match. We knew that Brazil would press hard at the start but we
:07:06. > :07:14.were ready for that. And we managed to keep it at 0`0 until half`time
:07:15. > :07:19.will stop but then, Brazil got the ball to their forward. He shot and
:07:20. > :07:28.our goalkeeper dived but he could not reach it. Then our captain
:07:29. > :07:34.said, lads, we have got to go for it! We started to attack, attack,
:07:35. > :07:44.attack! I passed the ball to my team`mate. He took a shot and put it
:07:45. > :07:51.in the net. It was 1`1! Luckily, with 11 minutes to go, I got the
:07:52. > :07:55.ball on the wing. And I went straight towards the goal. The
:07:56. > :08:01.keeper left a little gap in the goal, so I had a split second to
:08:02. > :08:08.decide whether to pass or shoot. I shot and it went to the left of the
:08:09. > :08:15.keeper. He could not stop it and that was our second goal. It was
:08:16. > :08:25.very beautiful, very exciting. It was the best goal I ever scored. The
:08:26. > :08:31.stadium went cold. The fans stopped cheering and there was an enormous
:08:32. > :08:41.silence. The Brazilian players went cold themselves. They did not look
:08:42. > :08:48.like a team who needed to get a goal back. It stayed at 2`1. The referee
:08:49. > :08:54.blew the whistle and we went mad with joy. We did a lap of honour and
:08:55. > :09:03.we saw the Brazilians go off crying. Then we looked at the stands
:09:04. > :09:08.and all of the fans were weeping. They had thought they were already
:09:09. > :09:14.world champions but everything had gone wrong for them. Three people
:09:15. > :09:22.have silenced the Maracana Stadium. The Pope, Frank Sinatra and me. It
:09:23. > :09:28.was a heavy blow for Brazil and it still hurts them to this day. One
:09:29. > :09:34.time, I went to Brazil and there was this young girl of 23 or 24 at
:09:35. > :09:39.passport control, so I gave her my IDE. She asked if I was the man from
:09:40. > :09:45.the Maracana Stadium. I said, yes, but that was a long time ago. She
:09:46. > :09:55.said no, no, it still hurts us here. It seems Brazilians pass this
:09:56. > :10:00.pain from generation to generation. We cannot show you a photograph of
:10:01. > :10:07.our next witness in 1976 because the police raided her family's home and
:10:08. > :10:11.took all of the photographs. She was a schoolgirl in Soweto when the
:10:12. > :10:18.apartheid South African government decided that black schoolchildren
:10:19. > :10:27.should be taught in Afrikaans. She helped organise what became known as
:10:28. > :10:34.the Soweto uprising. I was 19 years old in a ladies high school, my
:10:35. > :10:37.final year. Both of us had taken Afrikaans as a language but to take
:10:38. > :10:42.it as a medium of instruction meant that every subject would then have
:10:43. > :10:46.to be changed into Afrikaans, which we did not speak and our teachers
:10:47. > :10:51.did not speak and essentially meant that we would fail by forcing us to
:10:52. > :10:57.speak a language that was foreign to us and also was a language we
:10:58. > :11:03.resented and hated as it represented everything that was meant to pull us
:11:04. > :11:07.down. The 16th of June, when we heard at school on the day, we took
:11:08. > :11:16.over the assembly. We were all going to converge and march to the
:11:17. > :11:22.stadium. We then gave instructions and reminded each other of the rules
:11:23. > :11:26.of the game. We were peaceful, we were not seeking confrontation in
:11:27. > :11:30.any way. And when we marched, make sure that we are responsible for
:11:31. > :11:37.somebody else, so you are holding somebody else's hand all the time.
:11:38. > :11:44.So, it was very quiet. It was a cold day but you do not feel the cold
:11:45. > :11:50.when you have such a big mission. As we marched, we began to hear word
:11:51. > :11:57.that the police and then not only the police, actually there were
:11:58. > :12:02.people from the Army... And in no time, Soweto was surrounded by the
:12:03. > :12:09.Army. The first hour of the march, we had tear gas. We were beginning
:12:10. > :12:14.to get scared. Then we began to hear the sound of the guns and it is a
:12:15. > :12:21.horrible sound. It is the most horrible sound. Police were shooting
:12:22. > :12:26.anything that was wearing a school uniform. It was like target
:12:27. > :12:31.shooting. And we ducked and we would hide in the house of Soweto. Those
:12:32. > :12:40.who were driving around in vehicles already had messages that two people
:12:41. > :12:48.had died. And, scared as we were, somehow there was a readiness to
:12:49. > :12:54.die. Certainly, that is the price that any of us would be willing to
:12:55. > :13:03.pay. I was angry. I have never been so angry. I was ready to do
:13:04. > :13:09.anything. I'm not surprised so many young people left and took up arms.
:13:10. > :13:15.I was not sad. If I cried, I cried out of frustration and eight deep
:13:16. > :13:18.anger. They took away our childhood. I think about my naivete that I
:13:19. > :13:31.started with on that day. It ended that night. We ended that day
:13:32. > :13:35.without these held a high. It felt good that I could still in the face
:13:36. > :13:38.of such adversity hold my fist up and say power and get a response. To
:13:39. > :13:51.us. Everyone knows that when you are a
:13:52. > :13:56.teenager, you define ourselves by the clothes you wear and the music
:13:57. > :14:06.you listen to. In the 1960s in Britain, many were either a mod or a
:14:07. > :14:13.broker. In 1965, this man saw himself as a mod. The whole mod
:14:14. > :14:21.theme started around 1958 or the 60s. Rock 'n roll and jazz reached
:14:22. > :14:27.the UK and send people in slightly different directions. On one hand,
:14:28. > :14:31.you had rockers following the American influence of rock and roll
:14:32. > :14:42.and on the other you have modernists who followed modern jazz. The way
:14:43. > :14:47.you dressed was an identifier. We so rockers as being greasy and
:14:48. > :14:57.uneducated. There was always animosity. I remember once, a car
:14:58. > :15:02.full of rockers cut me off on my scooter and I had to stop. They gave
:15:03. > :15:13.me some wax and some cakes and laughed and jumped in their car and
:15:14. > :15:18.drove off `` whacks and kicks. We grew up feeling oppressed by rockers
:15:19. > :15:22.and I think that is what was behind the explosion of violence that took
:15:23. > :15:28.place on 1964 over the bank holiday weekend. Even on the way down, we
:15:29. > :15:34.were aware that there were more scooters going down and when we got
:15:35. > :15:37.to the beach, there were many more of us than usual, more scooters than
:15:38. > :15:46.usual and we were notably outnumbering the rockers. Somebody
:15:47. > :15:52.had the idea of throwing a deck chair off onto the rockers below
:15:53. > :15:59.them, that is probably where it first took off. The mods seemed to
:16:00. > :16:07.break off in little groups and went off looking for trouble. Sporadic
:16:08. > :16:15.fights broke up coming smashing windows and destruction. I seem to
:16:16. > :16:35.recall many people being trapped on the beach. Brighton Beach is a mass
:16:36. > :16:39.of stones. A policeman came out and kicked me on the ear. I guess I
:16:40. > :16:46.could've been called a coward at the time because I did not start running
:16:47. > :16:49.at police or anything. I paid good money for my outfits and I was not
:16:50. > :16:55.going to risk getting them dirty. I felt at the time, isn't this great?
:16:56. > :17:00.There are so many of us now, I can finally walk down the street where I
:17:01. > :17:07.live and not worry about getting attacked by some greasy haired guy
:17:08. > :17:16.in a leather jacket and his mates. Jeff Dexter who is quite a famous
:17:17. > :17:23.early mod said, " When you are a mod, you are a mod all the way, from
:17:24. > :17:30.your first mohair suit to win your hair turns grey". I have grey hair
:17:31. > :17:42.now so I suppose I can say that is true. `` when. Half a century on and
:17:43. > :17:51.still proud to be a mod. And why not? Let's go now to
:17:52. > :17:57.Czechoslovakia. It is 1942, halfway through the Second World War. This
:17:58. > :18:06.girl was 16 years old and a schoolgirl when her village was
:18:07. > :18:10.singled out for reprisals by the Nazi occupiers after a high`profile
:18:11. > :18:16.assassination. They filmed the uprising to use as propaganda and
:18:17. > :18:20.the footage survived and is in the national archives in
:18:21. > :18:29.Czechoslovakia. She takes us back to the 10th of June, 1942. TRANSLATION:
:18:30. > :18:36.The Germans came to our house at 3:30am. They looked quite normal and
:18:37. > :18:47.said, leave everything just as it is, you will just be taken for two
:18:48. > :18:49.days to the school. But my father had been in World War I and knew
:18:50. > :18:56.something was wrong and said God willing we should meet again, do not
:18:57. > :19:05.forget God. I said, what are you talking about? We will be back in
:19:06. > :19:14.two days. Attention, here is an official announcement. Your
:19:15. > :19:22.refutable evidence has come to liked that this village aided and abetted
:19:23. > :19:32.a. `` assassins. We have been occupied by the German army. The man
:19:33. > :19:36.in charge was hard, awful. Our government in exile in England,
:19:37. > :19:46.including the president decided that something must be done. They decided
:19:47. > :19:54.to carry out an assassination. The funeral was on the 4th of June. At
:19:55. > :19:57.the funeral, Hitler said that the people of Czechoslovakia should be
:19:58. > :20:02.punished and that this sort of thing should not be tolerated and they
:20:03. > :20:17.came up with an idea. To wipe out a village. They started shooting the
:20:18. > :20:25.men at 7:00am. They brought in a cameraman from Prague so they could
:20:26. > :20:34.show the world what they had done. They made a film with the village
:20:35. > :20:48.already in flames. The church in blown up `` being. Then they
:20:49. > :20:56.flattened it to the ground. 173 men were executed. There were around 300
:20:57. > :21:01.of us, women and children. They called us into one of the classrooms
:21:02. > :21:06.at the school. We went in and they wrote our names in the register. An
:21:07. > :21:11.officer talked with me and wanted to put me with the children but looked
:21:12. > :21:19.again at my date of birth and that saved my life. I was put with the
:21:20. > :21:23.women and not the children. This is the biggest tragedy of the whole
:21:24. > :21:31.story. On the 3rd of July, it let them ride home. `` they. The cards
:21:32. > :21:37.were stamped with the date coming the 5th of July but by that time,
:21:38. > :21:47.the children were already dead. They massacred 82 children. We women were
:21:48. > :21:53.sent on a slow train and arrived on the 14th of June at the
:21:54. > :21:56.concentration camp. The whole three years I hope that I would see my
:21:57. > :22:02.father again and that we would once again be a whole family. When I came
:22:03. > :22:07.home, it was as much of a shock as when I had arrived at the camp. I
:22:08. > :22:10.should have been glad that there was freedom and that the war was over
:22:11. > :22:17.but how could I be glad when my father was dead? I returned to a
:22:18. > :22:24.funeral, not a celebration that our Republic was free again. What an
:22:25. > :22:32.extraordinary experience hearing that story. That is all from Witness
:22:33. > :22:36.for this month, next month we will be bringing you the story of a boat
:22:37. > :22:43.full of environmental activists that was sunk by French secret agents.
:22:44. > :22:53.You can see all of these films at our website at the following link.
:22:54. > :23:14.From the, for now, thanks for joining us `` from me. Hello. Well,
:23:15. > :23:17.after a night with more thunderstorms across the country, we
:23:18. > :23:21.are still going to be left with a lot of heat and humidity. They
:23:22. > :23:22.continue to push their way northwards across the UK, producing