:00:00. > :00:00.films, including the story of arrest and education in Saddam Hussein's
:00:00. > :00:18.Iraq. And on account of when a Greenpeace ship was bombed.
:00:19. > :00:27.Welcome to Witness, our look back at history as told by the people who
:00:28. > :00:30.were there. I am here at the British library in the very centre of London
:00:31. > :00:39.to bring you our monthly look back at history. This month will take you
:00:40. > :00:45.back to a witness in Iraq under Saddam Hussein, India under British
:00:46. > :00:56.rule and a bomb attack against Greenpeace. At first, we are going
:00:57. > :01:00.back 35 years to Nicaragua. In 1979, the dictator, whose family had ruled
:01:01. > :01:14.Nicaragua for more than 50 years, was pushed out of power by rebels.
:01:15. > :01:24.The general's family ruled Nicaragua for almost 50 years. There were many
:01:25. > :01:32.attempts to overthrow the dynasty but in 1979 it was my generation
:01:33. > :01:37.that was able to get rid of the last member of the family. We called in
:01:38. > :01:40.the last Marine because that it take to ship `` dictatorship was
:01:41. > :01:49.supported by the US all of those years. I was shocked about the
:01:50. > :01:54.poverty when I was little and I start to think this wasn't normal.
:01:55. > :01:59.There was something abnormal with the way things were in Nicaragua.
:02:00. > :02:05.When I was a student, I was involved in the students movement and I was
:02:06. > :02:10.involved in politics. I decided that it was not enough to have
:02:11. > :02:18.demonstrations, to protest, do political work, we had to do
:02:19. > :02:30.something more rapid `` radical. I was part of the gorilla `` guerrilla
:02:31. > :02:38.forces. I first participates in action in 1978. We had to take over
:02:39. > :02:45.at a station. The fighting went on for hours. Helicopters were brought
:02:46. > :02:55.in. They were shooting us. It was very confusing, very difficult. What
:02:56. > :03:00.I remember is that I wanted to be a lizard, so I could escape through
:03:01. > :03:04.the bushes. At the same time, you are scared but either you have two
:03:05. > :03:12.fight for your life, so that gives you a lot of courage. `` but you
:03:13. > :03:19.know. I participated in this first resurrection and after that I had to
:03:20. > :03:28.disappear. I had to go underground. For the last six months of the war,
:03:29. > :03:31.I was working. The day Somoza fled, that was the happiest day of our
:03:32. > :03:34.lives but we had to transmit it immediately. We had to come down and
:03:35. > :03:49.start telling the people. We were sure it had happened but we
:03:50. > :03:58.couldn't believe it. It was like dreaming. It was a very
:03:59. > :04:01.contradictory feelings because there was all this destruction but there
:04:02. > :04:08.was this sense of freedom, of liberation. We couldn't wait to
:04:09. > :04:14.start rebuilding everything. In my case, I was appointed to the
:04:15. > :04:20.ministry of culture. We wanted to start everything right away.
:04:21. > :04:27.Everything I did in those years was first and foremost for the benefit
:04:28. > :04:31.of the poor people of Nicaragua. My feeling is now are that the
:04:32. > :04:39.revolution was betrayed. Not by all the leaders but by a small group
:04:40. > :04:47.that took over. Nicaragua went back to the way it was, except we almost
:04:48. > :04:49.touched heaven with our hands. It was a moment in history that will
:04:50. > :05:00.never happen again. To one of Britain's most famous
:05:01. > :05:05.poets of World War I. As we mark the anniversary of return joining the
:05:06. > :05:09.great Wall, Witness went to meet the son of Robert Graves, William. ``
:05:10. > :05:19.great war. He never really recovered, I don't
:05:20. > :05:27.think anyone did from that war. Grade, haunted eyes. Absentmindedly
:05:28. > :05:36.declaring from white, uneven audits. He sat down `` I sat on his knee and
:05:37. > :05:45.he said, feel here. He had a lump above his brow, which was actually a
:05:46. > :05:52.piece of granite. On brow drooping somewhat over the eye, because of a
:05:53. > :06:01.missile fragment. Skin deep. A foolish record of all the world
:06:02. > :06:06.fighting. In July, 1916, which is the date of the Battle of the song,
:06:07. > :06:11.he takes a walk into the wood, looking for overcoat and things like
:06:12. > :06:16.that for his men. He comes across this German, a very gory sight. Upon
:06:17. > :06:23.came along shortly afterwards in which he describes this. To you who
:06:24. > :06:29.read my songs of war and only hear of blood and fame, I'll say, you've
:06:30. > :06:39.heard it said before, war is hell. If you doubt the same, today I found
:06:40. > :06:41.a certain cure for last of blood. Where propped against the shattered
:06:42. > :06:49.trunk in a great mess of things unclean that a dead posh. Skull and
:06:50. > :06:56.stunk, clothes and face of sodden green. Big lead, spectacles, cropped
:06:57. > :07:07.head of drooping black blood from those and beard. He suffered from
:07:08. > :07:13.shell shock. He had nightmares on till `` until at least ten years
:07:14. > :07:17.after. One of the things he found very hard to accept was this idea of
:07:18. > :07:28.joyfulness at the end of the war. When the days of rejoicing are over,
:07:29. > :07:34.when the flags are stowed away, they would dream of another wild war to
:07:35. > :07:40.end wars. The boys who were killed in the trenches, who fought in a
:07:41. > :07:43.rage and no rant, we left them stretched out in the mud. They were
:07:44. > :08:01.down with the worm in the end. Here in Majorca, he very much that
:08:02. > :08:07.his own life. In those terms I think it was good for him. He could really
:08:08. > :08:19.concentrate on what he really loved doing, which was writing.
:08:20. > :08:26.There seems no doubt that the household is above all a sunny and
:08:27. > :08:29.cheerful place. Robert Graves has had eight children at his home has
:08:30. > :08:38.all the marks of a place where families have been raised. ``
:08:39. > :08:43.Greaves. Four of the children were brought up in this house by Mrs
:08:44. > :08:51.Greaves. Pouring up the coffee, William, one of her sons. We used to
:08:52. > :08:58.go down to the beach. He carried with him his army knapsack and water
:08:59. > :09:02.bottle. He didn't have to talk with anyone else. He had very few people
:09:03. > :09:07.he could relate to hear. He was always working. Towards the end of
:09:08. > :09:14.his life, the war started coming back to him. I have very strong
:09:15. > :09:22.mental pictures, but I don't dream. I can see the whole thing as
:09:23. > :09:29.brutally as this room. It gave you a measure of awfulness. Beyond which
:09:30. > :09:35.you couldn't... Beyond which any awful thing happens in your later
:09:36. > :09:41.life, a part from love affairs. When he was in a wheelchair, we would
:09:42. > :09:44.wheel him... There would be a big noise or something and he would
:09:45. > :09:52.always jump if something was going on. He would almost point a gun at
:09:53. > :09:58.you. It was a very strange and to his life. But at the very end, he
:09:59. > :10:08.was sitting in a chair and that was it. `` I was sitting. He died very
:10:09. > :10:13.peacefully. William Graves at his father's house. In 1985 the
:10:14. > :10:17.Greenpeace campaign ship rainbow Warrior was bombed by French secret
:10:18. > :10:22.agents. Witness tracked down Pete Wilcox,
:10:23. > :10:26.its captain. I like going to see and do
:10:27. > :10:32.definitely like the component of activism. I think it makes for a
:10:33. > :10:38.more fulfilled, useful, involved life. That's why I've been working
:10:39. > :10:46.for environmental groups for 40 years. Rainbow Warrior was a trawler
:10:47. > :10:50.bought by Greenpeace in 78, used for different campaigns all over the
:10:51. > :10:57.world. I literally knew every nut and bolt on the boat. There where I
:10:58. > :11:03.think 12 of us. We came from countries all over the world. We
:11:04. > :11:08.were berthed in Auckland Harbour pry into leaving about two weeks later
:11:09. > :11:10.for French Polynesia, where we intended to confront French
:11:11. > :11:16.authorities over their nuclear testing programme.
:11:17. > :11:23.I went to bed about 1115, 1130. I read for a little while, went to
:11:24. > :11:26.sleep they woke up when the boat shuddered. Initially I thought we
:11:27. > :11:32.were involved with a collision at sea. I got up, walked down to the
:11:33. > :11:37.engine room door grey met the chief engineer. He was muttering to
:11:38. > :11:44.himself, it's over, she is finished, done for. In 30 seconds it took me
:11:45. > :11:48.to walk down the hall, the boat has for all intensive set `` for all
:11:49. > :11:52.intensive purposes sunk. The first bomb blew a hole about six x six
:11:53. > :11:57.feet in the side. Like you punched about through a paper bag. ``
:11:58. > :12:00.punched your hand. I went down the stairs and saw the chief mate, who
:12:01. > :12:04.was getting people up and out of there. That's when the second bomb
:12:05. > :12:10.went off and the boat violently shook under my feet. I said, is
:12:11. > :12:17.everyone up? He replied, yes. I said, OK, abandon ship. We have to
:12:18. > :12:20.get out of here. The bombs going off around us and obviously the boat had
:12:21. > :12:27.been crippled in some sort of major way and I thought it was time get
:12:28. > :12:31.out. Fernando had been in the mess with another two people. The bomb
:12:32. > :12:36.went off and he went to his cabin for his cameras, most likely. He
:12:37. > :12:41.couldn't get out. He was trapped in his cabin by the second bomb. The
:12:42. > :12:46.police dive team was unable to get through the diesel fuel and by the
:12:47. > :12:50.time the navy arrived it had dissipated enough, so they could go
:12:51. > :12:55.down and find him. That's when I identified him. I went back to tell
:12:56. > :12:57.the crew that he was dead. In the South Pacific the search is on for a
:12:58. > :13:02.group of people described by the Prime Minister of New Zealand as
:13:03. > :13:05.ruthless, Catholic and kill us. Initially the police suspected us
:13:06. > :13:10.but when they found the bombs had the `` in planted outside the
:13:11. > :13:16.whole, they relaxed towards us. One of the things that surprised all of
:13:17. > :13:19.us was that here was a first world superpower and a bunch of hippies on
:13:20. > :13:24.an old British trawler had scared them so badly that they were quite
:13:25. > :13:29.happy to murder us. France thought they could operate with impunity in
:13:30. > :13:33.New Zealand and nobody would be smart enough to notice them. About
:13:34. > :13:34.three days later or two days later, we learned the French agents had
:13:35. > :13:52.been essentially caught red`handed. It is the worst feeling you can have
:13:53. > :13:59.as a captain, a shipmate, as anybody. One thing I'm still angry
:14:00. > :14:04.about is that today the French Government has never apologised for
:14:05. > :14:08.the murder of him, either to his family, or to Greenpeace. I think
:14:09. > :14:16.it's high time something like that happened. Pete Wilcox, who is still
:14:17. > :14:21.sailing and campaigning for Greenpeace. Remember, you can watch
:14:22. > :14:27.Witness every months here on BBC News Channel `` month here on BBC
:14:28. > :14:33.News Channel or catch up on over 1,000 radio programmes. Just go to
:14:34. > :14:39.the link below. 25 years ago the Observer journalist was arrested in
:14:40. > :14:48.Baghdad, and accused of spying for Britain. He had a friend who was a
:14:49. > :14:54.nurse. I work as a journalist for the Observer Newspaper and live in
:14:55. > :14:58.London. I secretly went to one of the important military
:14:59. > :15:03.establishments with a British person. I should have known better.
:15:04. > :15:11.I had lived in Iraq for quite some time. I should have known what a
:15:12. > :15:17.dangerous place it was. He said he was supposed to go to the site of an
:15:18. > :15:22.explosion in Hillah. I had a couple of days off and offered to take him
:15:23. > :15:27.to the site. He jumped out of the car and on the side of the road was
:15:28. > :15:33.a heap of just ordinary soil. He scooped up a couple of samples of
:15:34. > :15:37.this and he put them in the glove comapartment and we drove off. He
:15:38. > :15:41.thought he had found some sort of chemical warfare. As far as I was
:15:42. > :15:47.concerned we weren't doing anything wrong. He was pleased and he thought
:15:48. > :15:55.he had a story. The day of my arrest someone came to me to say I was
:15:56. > :15:59.wanted in the admin office. So I went along and the administrator was
:16:00. > :16:04.there and he was with two men he said were from the Ministry of
:16:05. > :16:09.Information. They wanted to know why we went to Hillah, what we did
:16:10. > :16:14.there? I gave them the same story all the way through and they weren't
:16:15. > :16:24.satisfied. Then I was really quite scared. I was being accuse of
:16:25. > :16:29.espionage. He confessed by video for working for Mossad, the Israeli
:16:30. > :16:32.intelligence. Despite this freely given confession on Iraqi
:16:33. > :16:37.television, many people in the West are certain it was made under
:16:38. > :16:41.duress. A revolutionary court in Iraq has sentenced to death a
:16:42. > :16:49.journalist working for the Observer Newspaper. Bazof, it was accused of
:16:50. > :16:53.spying and a `` Bazoft was accused of spying and a British nurse
:16:54. > :16:57.accused of helping him was sentsanced to 15 years in prison. He
:16:58. > :17:03.went very white when the verdict was given. I went into shock. We were
:17:04. > :17:15.separated then and I was taken to the women's prison. I was called by
:17:16. > :17:21.the guards. They said he was executed this morning and they said,
:17:22. > :17:27."I'm sorry." There's renewed pressure to help the British nurse
:17:28. > :17:32.jailed for 15 years for helping Bazoft. There hours dragged by.
:17:33. > :17:37.There was nothing to do or see. I felt very, very alone and scared.
:17:38. > :17:44.The British nurse who was jailed for 15 years in Iraq on spying charges
:17:45. > :17:50.has been freed. After four months, they said I'm being released. But
:17:51. > :17:54.they had told me so many lies that I didn't really believe it. She said
:17:55. > :18:01.it was marvellous to be back with her family. She was feeling
:18:02. > :18:10.tremendous. I feel responsible for the fact that it all happened. But I
:18:11. > :18:17.can't feel responsibility for the atrocity of hanging him. To cut off
:18:18. > :18:26.someone's life so deliberately and unnecessarily seems to me
:18:27. > :18:34.unbelievably cruel. Now back home in England. Now for our final film this
:18:35. > :18:39.month. Witness travelled to rural India to speak to Ann Wright. Her
:18:40. > :18:45.father was a British civil servant in the final days of the empire and
:18:46. > :18:52.takes us down memory lane to a very different India of 80 years ago. We
:18:53. > :19:01.had a wonderful childhood. I grew up in very beautiful and wild places.
:19:02. > :19:06.My father was in the Indian Civil Service. That was before
:19:07. > :19:11.independence. One of the smallest countries on the map is responsible
:19:12. > :19:17.for the mightiest Commonwealth of nations in history. Now the great
:19:18. > :19:26.cavalcade of empire makes a grand spectacle. The first place I came to
:19:27. > :19:31.when I was one was the jungles of central India. He was posted in the
:19:32. > :19:37.wildest place possible, because he was very junior. We came with a
:19:38. > :19:42.nanny. And the nanny left because she said the people are peeping at
:19:43. > :19:47.us through the holes in the tent. My father said, "No`one was going to
:19:48. > :19:54.peep at us." Anyway, she left. Another wonderful nanny came and she
:19:55. > :19:59.stayed. An English nanny. We collected scorpions, centipedes and
:20:00. > :20:06.spiders, putting them under pillows and that sort of thing. We were
:20:07. > :20:11.cleverly spoilt. Our whole life revolved around ponies and dogs and
:20:12. > :20:15.an elephant. There were three elephants. When they put their
:20:16. > :20:19.trunks down, you climbed onto the truck. Put the trunk up and hop up
:20:20. > :20:39.onto the back. This is elephant orders. Stop is
:20:40. > :20:47.Dhatt. This is very old. I don't know if they've improved or changed
:20:48. > :20:54.it. We had a wonderful old bear who met my father when he arrived from
:20:55. > :21:00.England. Stayed with him forever. He was hugely fat and had medals all
:21:01. > :21:05.over because he was in the army and they used to dangle in the soup. We
:21:06. > :21:10.were brought up by our staff, really. We loved them. It wasn't
:21:11. > :21:15.much fun to go back to school in Somerset, I can tell you. After
:21:16. > :21:20.rampaging around the countryside, we suddenly found ourselves in England
:21:21. > :21:25.in the pouring rain and the freezing cold, awful place. I missed
:21:26. > :21:31.everything about India. I missed the climate, I missed my friends, I
:21:32. > :21:38.missed the staff, I missed the villages, our riding elephants, and
:21:39. > :21:46.our dogs and to be confined in the very cold and remote place in
:21:47. > :21:54.Somerset, in a very huge cold house. It was no fun. As soon as I could I
:21:55. > :21:58.wanted to come back to India. A big question mark has been written
:21:59. > :22:03.across the face of India. The fair`minded people here and in India
:22:04. > :22:08.will see to it she has her rightful place in the sun. There was an
:22:09. > :22:15.anti`British movement in the war, 1942. We were sents up for the
:22:16. > :22:21.summer, to the his. We saw never anything. We just lived in the
:22:22. > :22:27.paradise. The British really couldn't cope. How could they? There
:22:28. > :22:33.was so few. My father particularly was aware that independence was on
:22:34. > :22:37.its way and he was very anxious that it came. You can't impose yourself
:22:38. > :22:43.on a whole nation for so long. It has to go back to the people,
:22:44. > :22:49.doesn't it? Independence Day is a day of rejuicing. Crowds filled the
:22:50. > :22:58.streets. Police were called out many times to restore order where
:22:59. > :23:02.everyone ran wild with joy. I think whenever you grow up as a child ``
:23:03. > :23:07.wherever ugrow up as a child you're more at home. At home with the
:23:08. > :23:24.climate, the food, the people, everything. I had to get people to
:23:25. > :23:29.help me to get it. I had the best of both worlds. It was OK by me. Anne
:23:30. > :23:34.Wright in her Indian country garden. That's all from Witness for this
:23:35. > :23:38.month. Next month we'll bring you five more witnesses. History told
:23:39. > :23:44.through the eyes of people who were there. But for now, from me and from
:23:45. > :24:07.the rest of the team at Witness, thanks for watching. Goodbye.
:24:08. > :24:12.A considerable drop in temperature is expected by the end of the
:24:13. > :24:18.weekend, purely because of the wind direction. The winds are something
:24:19. > :24:21.the Met Office is warning about this weekend. Gales in the north and west
:24:22. > :24:25.is quite unusual at this time of year. With low pressure we expect
:24:26. > :24:27.rain but some bright spells. Let me try to pick out detail for you. The
:24:28. > :24:30.clouds