:00:00. > :00:00.at more than 40. Now, it's time for Witness, with
:00:00. > :00:29.Hello, and welcome to Witness, with me, Tanya Beckett.
:00:30. > :00:31.I'm at the British Library in London to bring
:00:32. > :00:33.you five more unique glimpses into history
:00:34. > :00:40.This month, we'll hear from the victim of one of India's first
:00:41. > :00:47.high-profile sexual harassment cases.
:00:48. > :00:49.A Berliner who remembers West Berlin's Soviet blockade.
:00:50. > :00:50.And the musicians behind a Swahili pop
:00:51. > :00:56.But we start in Mogadishu in 1993, when a US raid against a
:00:57. > :01:04.Abdul Aziz Ali Ibrahim was an eyewitness to the incident which
:01:05. > :01:14.What I remember is, people were lying on
:01:15. > :01:24.the streets, even including Americans.
:01:25. > :01:26.I knew Somali people would pay a very, very
:01:27. > :01:33.The drought came, and many people were dying.
:01:34. > :01:35.That was the reason why the United Nations
:01:36. > :01:47.intervene by force - to deliver food.
:01:48. > :01:53.General Mohamed Farrah Aidid was the most powerful warlord in
:01:54. > :01:58.The Aidid militias started fighting with the United Nations
:01:59. > :02:00.peacekeeping mission, so Americans started
:02:01. > :02:04.going after Aidid, and the
:02:05. > :02:15.When it was confirmed that Aidid's generals,
:02:16. > :02:17.supporters and allies were meeting, the Americans decided
:02:18. > :02:23.This was an enemy territory, and it all
:02:24. > :02:29.Just a few kilometres away from my home, I started seeing
:02:30. > :02:41.When they passed, the Aidid militias started blocking
:02:42. > :02:43.the streets, so even if Americans wanted to go
:02:44. > :02:47.Around 3:30pm, we arrived where the meeting was
:02:48. > :02:53.When they started, the Aidid militias started shooting.
:02:54. > :02:55.When the first helicopter was hit, it was
:02:56. > :03:02.And where it landed, it is less than 700 yards
:03:03. > :03:10.While the first helicopter was down, they were
:03:11. > :03:14.trying to defend themselves, and Americans were trying to protect
:03:15. > :03:17.that helicopter, and another helicopter was also shot, so things
:03:18. > :03:30.The Somali militias were firing everywhere.
:03:31. > :03:33.Every space they can see or shoot Americans, they
:03:34. > :03:43.The Americans were firing back, and any threat they
:03:44. > :03:45.have seen, they were shooting, including civilians, because they
:03:46. > :03:59.18 Americans were killed, and 73 Americans wounded, and I heard
:04:00. > :04:02.people saying 1000 Somali people were the casualties.
:04:03. > :04:09.The Aidid supporters and militias, they were
:04:10. > :04:16.dragging the dead American soldier in the streets of Mogadishu, and the
:04:17. > :04:19.people that were celebrating were from Aidid's part, they were not
:04:20. > :04:22.We are very, very sorry for the loss of those who came
:04:23. > :04:28.The American government decided to pull out their troops
:04:29. > :04:37.So, once again, the fighting started by the warring
:04:38. > :04:48.Taking down these helicopters, it was a very
:04:49. > :04:51.successful operation for them, but for us, it was disaster.
:04:52. > :04:54.Abdul Aziz Ali Ibrahim went on to become a
:04:55. > :04:57.Next, we're going back to 1948 and one of
:04:58. > :05:00.the first confrontations of the Cold War.
:05:01. > :05:03.The Soviet Union blocked access to West Berlin, so the Western
:05:04. > :05:07.powers started to supply the city by air in what became known as the
:05:08. > :05:15.Ulrich Kirchbaum was a child in Berlin
:05:16. > :05:23.TRANSLATION: We didn't know anything different.
:05:24. > :05:25.It was only three or four years after the end of
:05:26. > :05:36.Our flats had been destroyed, but it didn't bother us.
:05:37. > :05:46.There was a lot of disease, nothing to eat.
:05:47. > :05:50.Berlin was separated into four parts,
:05:51. > :05:54.surrounded by the Soviet occupation zone.
:05:55. > :06:01.The Soviets tried to force the Western powers out.
:06:02. > :06:03.ARCHIVE: On June the 18th, all road traffic from the
:06:04. > :06:07.The reason given, a bridge was under repair.
:06:08. > :06:08.TRANSLATION: Overnight, all traffic was stopped.
:06:09. > :06:17.ARCHIVE: There was one way into Berlin which the Russians couldn't
:06:18. > :06:20.put under repair - the right of way by air.
:06:21. > :06:25.There are three air corridors to Berlin, from Hamburg,
:06:26. > :06:28.from Hanover, and in the south from Frankfurt.
:06:29. > :06:31.TRANSLATION: Every plane they could find was sent to Germany
:06:32. > :06:38.There had never been anything like it.
:06:39. > :06:41.ARCHIVE: It takes a lot to feed 2.5 million people, keep them healthy
:06:42. > :06:52.TRANSLATION: They landed here, in Templehof airport.
:06:53. > :06:55.There would be American lorries waiting.
:06:56. > :06:58.Berliners would unload the planes and they
:06:59. > :07:05.would go back to Frankfurt in a kind of loop.
:07:06. > :07:07.They would bring medicines, fuel, household supplies, everything
:07:08. > :07:12.We stood on the balcony, and we timed it on our
:07:13. > :07:17.In the end, every 90 seconds, a plane would come, vroom,
:07:18. > :07:22.over our house, then on over the rooftops to land in Templehof.
:07:23. > :07:39.And during these flights, one pilot had an idea.
:07:40. > :07:42.Gail Halvorsen was a 19-year-old Lieutenant, and he was
:07:43. > :07:45.standing at a fence when some children came up to ask him for some
:07:46. > :07:50.So, he said, why don't I drop sweets down from the plane?
:07:51. > :07:52.So, where three or four years ago, there
:07:53. > :07:55.had been bombs being dropped, now, there were little chocolate bars,
:07:56. > :07:57.each wrapped in an individual little parachute.
:07:58. > :08:02.Whenever he came over, he would move his wings up and down,
:08:03. > :08:20.After a year and three months, the airlift came to an end.
:08:21. > :08:22.ARCHIVE: It's a great day in Berlin, a day
:08:23. > :08:25.Soviet planners did not understand our determination to fulfil our
:08:26. > :08:32.obligations to the people under our charge.
:08:33. > :08:36.TRANSLATION: The Soviet Union had seen that they couldn't
:08:37. > :08:43.get round the Berliners, they couldn't break their will.
:08:44. > :08:51.This airlift meant that our gratitude to
:08:52. > :08:54.-- This airlift meant that our attitude to
:08:55. > :08:56.the Americans, to the English, the French, changed radically.
:08:57. > :08:58.We had been enemies during the war, but
:08:59. > :09:01.Ulrich Kirchbaum, speaking to us from
:09:02. > :09:04.Templehof airport in Berlin, one of the centres of the airlift.
:09:05. > :09:07.And he still lives just around the corner.
:09:08. > :09:10.Now, we're going back to 1956, when five American missionaries were
:09:11. > :09:13.killed by members of an indigenous tribe in the Amazon jungle of
:09:14. > :09:20.They had gone there to try to convert them to Christianity.
:09:21. > :09:26.Valerie Shepherd's father was one of the missionaries killed.
:09:27. > :09:27.My father and the other four missionaries
:09:28. > :09:30.definitely knew it was dangerous, but they were willing to give up
:09:31. > :09:37.their lives in order for the Huaorani to know the truth,
:09:38. > :09:48.My father arrived in Ecuador in March 1952 to
:09:49. > :09:51.be a missionary to indigenous or primitive tribes in the Amazon
:09:52. > :10:05.He found out about the Huaorani through another missionary who
:10:06. > :10:08.This missionary said that the Huaorani were very
:10:09. > :10:10.violent, Stone Age, and they knew nothing about the outside world.
:10:11. > :10:12.It just caught his heart, and he felt
:10:13. > :10:20.that those were the people he was supposed to go to.
:10:21. > :10:23.My father and a missionary pilot took several
:10:24. > :10:27.flights over the Amazon jungle, looking for this group of Indians,
:10:28. > :10:30.and eventually came upon this one very small settlement of the
:10:31. > :10:44.It seemed an old man stood behind the house and waved
:10:45. > :10:48.with both of his arms, as if to signal for us to come down.
:10:49. > :10:57.The pilot by that time had found a spit of a beach
:10:58. > :11:02.along the river that he knew the Huaorani could walk to.
:11:03. > :11:04.These five men decided to set up camp on that
:11:05. > :11:14.After three days of waiting at the camp, there were
:11:15. > :11:18.three Huaorani that came out of the jungle -
:11:19. > :11:21.The joy of the five men was that they
:11:22. > :11:24.were perfectly friendly and there didn't seem
:11:25. > :11:29.But the Huaorani were, of course, suspicious of these white
:11:30. > :11:31.men and really had no idea of the goodwill
:11:32. > :11:37.They might be deceiving them, they said.
:11:38. > :11:40.They might be tricking us, and we had better kill them
:11:41. > :11:49.We believe it was around three in the afternoon, ten men arrived at
:11:50. > :11:52.the beach, and with their spears, they brutally speared all five of
:11:53. > :12:01.the men and left the bodies in the water.
:12:02. > :12:04.After my father's death, my mother got to know two Huaorani
:12:05. > :12:14.women who had fled the tribe because of
:12:15. > :12:16.and they said, we want you and the pilot's
:12:17. > :12:26.While we lived with them, and we were there almost two and a half
:12:27. > :12:29.years, I, of course, got to know all of the tribe
:12:30. > :12:31.and the ten men who had done the killing.
:12:32. > :12:33.Amazingly, I really don't remember being afraid
:12:34. > :12:37.They were always laughing, and they would always make my mother
:12:38. > :12:46.laugh, so I simply enjoyed being with them.
:12:47. > :12:55.Of course, it was a tragedy, and of course, I have often
:12:56. > :12:59.wished that I had known my dad, still do.
:13:00. > :13:03.believe that God allowed this to happen so that more and more
:13:04. > :13:06.people could actually see what real commitment to Christ means, and I
:13:07. > :13:08.really don't believe their lives were wasted.
:13:09. > :13:10.Today, the Huaorani tribe still lives in the Ecuadorian
:13:11. > :13:14.Remember, you can watch Witness every month on the BBC News
:13:15. > :13:16.Channel, or you can catch up on all of our films,
:13:17. > :13:19.along with more than 1000 radio programmes, in our online
:13:20. > :13:29.And now to the Indian state of Punjab and the country's first
:13:30. > :13:35.high-profile sexual harassment trial.
:13:36. > :13:40.In 1988, Rupan Deol Bajaj was a high-ranking female civil servant,
:13:41. > :13:43.but none of that mattered when she was sexually harassed
:13:44. > :13:48.at an official party by the state's top policeman.
:13:49. > :13:52.She may be working-class, an officer, she may
:13:53. > :14:03.In 1988, I was serving as special secretary
:14:04. > :14:18.There was a dinner party hosted by the Home
:14:19. > :14:20.Secretary, and Mr KPS Gill, who was the director-general of police, was
:14:21. > :14:26.He called out to me and said, Mrs Bajaj, I want to talk to
:14:27. > :14:30.He got up and he came and stood in front of me,
:14:31. > :14:37.He put the finger in my face like that, and he said, up.
:14:38. > :14:54.So, I said, Mr Gill, go away from here.
:14:55. > :15:02.And I got out from the gap in between him and me,
:15:03. > :15:03.and when I was going, that
:15:04. > :15:10.Always, people have considered it to be a very trivial
:15:11. > :15:19.thing, but I could not get over the enormity of it.
:15:20. > :15:21.Letting it go meant living with lowered self esteem,
:15:22. > :15:24.gulping down my humiliation, facing that person every day, facing all
:15:25. > :15:30.Consequences of complaining, I had not really
:15:31. > :15:37.Nobody was willing to take up the case for me
:15:38. > :15:40.because they were so frightened of the DGP.
:15:41. > :15:42.He was the highest-ranking police officer, with all the powers
:15:43. > :15:46.No one wanted to do anything against him.
:15:47. > :15:52.And I found that no one had ever filed in
:15:53. > :15:55.section 509 and 354, which are the lesser offences
:15:56. > :16:05.17 long years of my life, all of it was taken up by this one
:16:06. > :16:11.The lower courts had quashed the case, they had thrown it out.
:16:12. > :16:13.The case reached the Supreme Court, and
:16:14. > :16:16.it was the Supreme Court which called for all the records,
:16:17. > :16:20.reinstated the matter, and also laid down...
:16:21. > :16:27.They reprimanded the High Court judge and said, this cannot be
:16:28. > :16:30.All the people, in every household, this
:16:31. > :16:37.was the talk between husband and wife.
:16:38. > :16:55.I attended the proceedings of the trial throughout, along with my
:16:56. > :17:04.But on the day the verdict came, I specially requested, I said,
:17:05. > :17:10.KPS Gill was expecting to win, so they had
:17:11. > :17:14.And then my husband's driver rang up and said,
:17:15. > :17:17.madam, he has been convicted on both counts.
:17:18. > :17:27.I fought against the mindset of a society.
:17:28. > :17:28.People have started saying, now, offences
:17:29. > :17:39.Rupan Deol Bajaj retired not long after the final judgment in the
:17:40. > :17:43.She now runs an academy helping people get into the Indian
:17:44. > :17:48.Finally, this week, we are going back to Kenya in 1980, when
:17:49. > :17:51.the booming tourist industry turned a Swahili pop song into a global
:17:52. > :18:17.# Kenya nchi nzuri, Hakuna Matata...#
:18:18. > :18:21.The tourists were just crazy about this
:18:22. > :18:27.It went silver then gold, then it went platinum.
:18:28. > :18:38.That came as a complete surprise to me.
:18:39. > :18:44.I started the group, Them Mushrooms, in 1972.
:18:45. > :18:47.Me and him were working in a cement factory in Mombasa.
:18:48. > :18:50.There was a lot of tourists coming into Mombasa, so
:18:51. > :18:54.it was a very vibrant scene in Mombasa.
:18:55. > :19:00.We were playing mostly Congolese stuff and Kenyan music, or
:19:01. > :19:04.whatever, but when we realised that we could make more money and playing
:19:05. > :19:06.for less time for tourists, we switched to play these cover
:19:07. > :19:11.versions of chart music from Europe and from America.
:19:12. > :19:23.One night, I think it was late 1979, I was sitting at
:19:24. > :19:26.the pool bar after a performance, and there were these tourists in the
:19:27. > :19:32.pool, played around and joking, trying to speak Swahili.
:19:33. > :19:36.And I got this idea, maybe we should write a
:19:37. > :19:49.song with the simplest words in Swahili and get the tourists to
:19:50. > :19:52.learn Swahili while they sang along and danced to our music.
:19:53. > :20:09.All guests and visitors are welcome to Kenya.
:20:10. > :20:35.When we finished, another tourist would come and say, can you do this
:20:36. > :20:40.We had to do it about 20 times, and any financial
:20:41. > :20:43.We had to do it about 20 times, and then the financial
:20:44. > :20:45.director of PolyGram said, here's my card.
:20:46. > :20:50.We didn't know that it was going to be this big.
:20:51. > :20:53.After recording, the rest was history.
:20:54. > :20:55.When we signed the agreement with PolyGram at that
:20:56. > :20:57.time, I didn't know much about copyright ownership.
:20:58. > :20:59.We were just happy to have our music recorded and
:21:00. > :21:02.so many people have wanted to do cover versions of it.
:21:03. > :21:04.Most Kenyans say this is a song for the tourists,
:21:05. > :21:10.But they are proud of it and at least it has
:21:11. > :21:19.given some kind of identity to Kenya.
:21:20. > :21:22.Any Kenyan who goes overseas, they are always asking, you know
:21:23. > :21:33.the song and start singing, which is a big honour for us.
:21:34. > :21:34.Billy Saro Harrison, and Terry Kalanda Harrison,
:21:35. > :21:43.That's all from Witness for this month.
:21:44. > :21:46.We'll be back here at the British Library in March.
:21:47. > :21:48.Next month, don't miss our India direct
:21:49. > :22:20.From me and from the rest of the witness team, goodbye.
:22:21. > :22:26.After a burst of cold air at the end of the week, things are more mild
:22:27. > :22:28.this weekend. It has been cloudy and windy across many parts, but there