:00:00. > :00:28.Hello, and welcome to Witness, with me, Tanya Beckett,
:00:29. > :00:31.back here at the British Library in London.
:00:32. > :00:34.We have got another five witnesses who have shared their personal
:00:35. > :00:40.This month on the programme, we'll meet the Israeli lawyer
:00:41. > :00:43.who prosecuted the architect of the Holocaust.
:00:44. > :00:45.We'll meet a Chinese archaeologist who worked on the statues
:00:46. > :00:52.And the son of Charlie Chaplin invites us into his home.
:00:53. > :00:55.But first, we're going back to the 1980s and the beginning
:00:56. > :01:02.At that time, stigma about the condition was rife.
:01:03. > :01:07.But, in 1987, Princess Diana agreed to make a highly symbolic visit
:01:08. > :01:11.to the first HIV/Aids unit in Britain.
:01:12. > :01:15.Our first witness, John O'Reilly, was a nurse at the unit who welcomed
:01:16. > :01:20.one of the most famous women in the world.
:01:21. > :01:23.For everybody affected by HIV/Aids around the world,
:01:24. > :01:30.Officially, the Princess was simply opening the first purpose-billed
:01:31. > :01:35.But more significantly, she demonstrated her confidence
:01:36. > :01:37.to staff and the public that AIDS cannot be taken
:01:38. > :01:43.People were frightened, really frightened, because we didn't
:01:44. > :01:56.The media were unkind, particularly the tabloid press.
:01:57. > :02:00.I hated all of that kind of misinformation and hysteria.
:02:01. > :02:04.The headlines were scaremongering, ignorant, misleading
:02:05. > :02:10.As far as I'm concerned, the gay plague was the homophobia,
:02:11. > :02:19.I didn't even tell fellow nurses or doctors what I did.
:02:20. > :02:23.I just said I was a nurse at the Middlesex Hospital.
:02:24. > :02:30.We didn't have medical or nursing staff.
:02:31. > :02:36.We couldn't attract staff because people were frightened.
:02:37. > :02:39.The unit had created other pressures in the hospital.
:02:40. > :02:45.Staff treating people with AIDS are subject to extra strain.
:02:46. > :02:47.We have to be careful with blood and body fluids,
:02:48. > :02:51.obviously, because that is the way it is transmitted.
:02:52. > :02:53.Obviously if we are dealing with those things, we will use
:02:54. > :02:59.But we're not going out of our way use spacesuits and the rest
:03:00. > :03:06.My first impressions of Princess Diana was she was warm,
:03:07. > :03:15.She took our consultant down a peg or two, who'd really kind
:03:16. > :03:20.of condescendingly said, "do you know what this is?"
:03:21. > :03:23.He was holding up an x-ray of a chest.
:03:24. > :03:27.She just very politely said, I am patron of the British Heart
:03:28. > :03:31.and Lung Foundation, of course I know what an x-ray is.
:03:32. > :03:35.I thought "Good on her, I like that."
:03:36. > :03:38.Anticipation always surrounds what the Princess of Wales wears
:03:39. > :03:41.for an engagement, but the obersveration has rarely
:03:42. > :03:45.Just one question dominated the whole day.
:03:46. > :03:47.Would she or wouldn't she wear gloves?
:03:48. > :03:49.Princess Diana demonstrated that she cared because she took
:03:50. > :03:57.This was Diana, the Princess of Wales, coming in without gloves
:03:58. > :04:01.and shaking our patients' hands, as well as ours.
:04:02. > :04:13.They were hiding from the media, unhappy with how the epidemic
:04:14. > :04:18.Finally, one agreed to a picture of the Princess shaking his hand
:04:19. > :04:23.to prove you cannot catch AIDS through casual contact.
:04:24. > :04:25.It did not take much convincing for him.
:04:26. > :04:35.And the night it aired, I got lots of notes pushed
:04:36. > :04:42.And I never got any negative reaction from the public at all.
:04:43. > :04:46.For a royal to shake a patient's hands, somebody at the bus stop
:04:47. > :04:50.or the supermarket could do the same.
:04:51. > :05:01.I think Princess Diana's departure has done the world a lot of harm,
:05:02. > :05:07.John now works as a psychotherapist in London.
:05:08. > :05:14.But this is not about battles, it is about the many women who met
:05:15. > :05:19.and married foreign servicemen when they were serving in Europe.
:05:20. > :05:23.In 1946, thousands of war brides sailed from Britain to Canada to be
:05:24. > :05:29.reunited with their husbands and begin their new lives.
:05:30. > :05:39.NEWSREEL: Since 1939, some 24,000 British girls
:05:40. > :05:44.3,000 of them have already been sent to Canada
:05:45. > :05:57.We left our families and our relatives, our friends,
:05:58. > :06:02.for this one man that we were in love with.
:06:03. > :06:07.It was a marvellous thing that the Canadian government did.
:06:08. > :06:16.And, I mean, they moved 47,000 women and over 22,000 children.
:06:17. > :06:24.When the war started, we thought London was going to be blitzkrieged.
:06:25. > :06:29.If you don't know what blitzkrieging is, it is having hundreds of bombers
:06:30. > :06:42.B1 bombs were terrifying because you could hear them coming.
:06:43. > :06:48.And this one came down with the engines just roaring.
:06:49. > :06:54.And it hit the houses at the back of us.
:06:55. > :06:58.The Canadians, of course, are part of the Commonwealth.
:06:59. > :07:03.Another big ship tying itself up at the British port.
:07:04. > :07:09.So the Canadian troops started coming over.
:07:10. > :07:17.This Canadian soldier that became my husband was a very
:07:18. > :07:27.I was 18 or 19 years old when I met him.
:07:28. > :07:29.It was a case of being young, being in love.
:07:30. > :07:44.She seemed to think it was a good idea.
:07:45. > :07:47.More wives and kiddies are off to their land of opportunity
:07:48. > :08:01.We didn't know these men very well when we agreed to marry them.
:08:02. > :08:03.On arrival at the port, everyone is safely stored aboard
:08:04. > :08:08.the ship which will take them on their journey.
:08:09. > :08:15.We wondered what it was going to be like, of course.
:08:16. > :08:18.18,000 adopted daughters willing to learn about Canadian
:08:19. > :08:25.We did not know thing except that Canada was vast.
:08:26. > :08:34.When I first came to this house, there was no running water,
:08:35. > :08:40.there was no electricity, there was no bathroom.
:08:41. > :08:49.I think that, I'll admit, that is probably why
:08:50. > :08:55.When husbands work away, you're glad to see them
:08:56. > :09:02.There was a lot of us who were very brave,
:09:03. > :09:12.It was, well, I would say an adventure.
:09:13. > :09:16.Betty Hawkins talking to Witness from her home in Canada.
:09:17. > :09:18.Now to one of the greatest archaeological finds
:09:19. > :09:26.In the spring of 1974, a group of people in China
:09:27. > :09:33.accidentally uncovered the site of the vast Terracotta Army.
:09:34. > :09:37.Our next witness is an archaeologist, Li Xiuzhen,
:09:38. > :09:43.who has devoted her career to these life-size warriors.
:09:44. > :09:46.NEWSREEL: It's a vast terracotta army being unearthed from the tomb
:09:47. > :10:16.it has laid in for more than 2000 years.
:10:17. > :10:32.I work on the site of the terracotta army in China.
:10:33. > :13:27.And Li Xiuzhen still works on the site of the terracotta
:13:28. > :13:33.Remember, you can watch Witness every month on the BBC News channel
:13:34. > :13:37.and you can catch up on all of the films along with more
:13:38. > :13:39.than 1,000 radio programmes in our on line archive.
:13:40. > :13:53.The Nazi who planned the Holocaust in 1951 was put
:13:54. > :14:02.Gabriel Bach was a young Israeli lawyer at the time and was chosen
:14:03. > :14:07.as one of the prosecutors in a trial attracting worldwide attention.
:14:08. > :14:11.In a ninth week of this Jerusalem trial for the murder of 6 million
:14:12. > :14:17.Jews, Albert Eichmann takes the stand in the bullet-proof dock.
:14:18. > :14:20.Eichmann was the head of what is called the Jewish Department
:14:21. > :14:28.In many German documents, it was called Operation Eichmann,
:14:29. > :14:37.Hitler and Himmler and these people who made the order to kill
:14:38. > :14:43.all the Jews in 1941, they, of course, were more guilty.
:14:44. > :14:46.But Eichmann was in charge of the whole of the carrying out
:14:47. > :14:55.Eichmann, in 1960, was caught by Israeli agents in the Argentine.
:14:56. > :15:04.Two days after he arrived in Israel, the Minister of Justice called me,
:15:05. > :15:07.and he said "Mr Bach, I imagine you will be one
:15:08. > :15:17."But would you be prepared to be in charge of the investigation?"
:15:18. > :15:20.The whole world spoke about it, in all the newspapers.
:15:21. > :15:23.You could see that Eichmann was proud about anything he did
:15:24. > :15:31.in order to prevent the saving of a single Jew.
:15:32. > :15:35.TRANSLATION: And then they took my mother,
:15:36. > :15:46.They called mother and shot her, too.
:15:47. > :15:53.I put him on the stage as a witness, and then I asked "What happened
:15:54. > :15:56.He said he had no idea what Auschwitz meant.
:15:57. > :15:59.And he said "My wife, when we came there, was sent
:16:00. > :16:02."Which we were told afterwards was the gas chambers."
:16:03. > :16:06."And I had a little daughter, two-and-a-half years old,
:16:07. > :16:12.and of course, they also said to the left."
:16:13. > :16:15."Then they asked 'What was your profession?' and I said
:16:16. > :16:21."So sent to the right, they wanted me to do some work."
:16:22. > :16:31."So the SS commander said he had to speak to the commander-in-chief."
:16:32. > :16:34."So it took a few minutes, and then said the boy,
:16:35. > :16:39.And I saw the witness, he was back there, with with tears
:16:40. > :16:43.And he said "I couldn't see my wife any more,
:16:44. > :16:48."I couldn't see my son anymore, he was swallowed in the crowd."
:16:49. > :16:51."But my little daughter, she had a red coat, and that little
:16:52. > :16:55.red dot, getting smaller and smaller - this is how my family disappeared
:16:56. > :17:04.At that time, my little daughter was exactly 2-and-a-half-years old,
:17:05. > :17:07.and I had bought her a red coat, two weeks before that.
:17:08. > :17:12.And so when the witness said that about the red coat,
:17:13. > :17:17.it suddenly cut off my voice completely.
:17:18. > :17:27.Until this very day, I can be in a restaurant,
:17:28. > :17:30.I can be in the street, and suddenly feel my heart beating,
:17:31. > :17:35.and I turn around and I see a little boy or a little girl in red coat.
:17:36. > :17:36.The former Isreali prosecutor, Gabriel Bach, speaking
:17:37. > :17:45.The former Isreali prosecutor, Gabriel Bach, speaking
:17:46. > :17:54.In April 1872, the silent movie star, Charlie Chaplin,
:17:55. > :17:57.returned to America after two decades in exile in Switzerland.
:17:58. > :18:01.For our final film this month, Witness has been to the comedian's
:18:02. > :18:05.former home on Lake Geneva, to meet his son, Eugene.
:18:06. > :18:12.Charlie Chaplin, my father, he was a pioneer in silent movies.
:18:13. > :18:17.He understood, he saw the potential of filmmaking.
:18:18. > :18:22.He made about 80 films while he was in America.
:18:23. > :18:27.By the age of 23, he was world famous.
:18:28. > :18:30.This is the house where I grew up - but it's a museum now.
:18:31. > :18:42.I'm the number five of the eight kids my father had with Oona.
:18:43. > :18:46.In the 1950s, there was a witch-hunt against the liberals in America,
:18:47. > :18:53.and my father, he was accused of being a sympathiser to communists.
:18:54. > :19:02.Plus had problems with his private life.
:19:03. > :19:05.So when he went to Europe, he received a telegram,
:19:06. > :19:13.saying that they revoked his visa, and that he had to go in front
:19:14. > :19:30.If you wanted to re-enter America. He was very hurt by that. He said,
:19:31. > :19:36.if they are going to treat me like that, I'm not going back.
:19:37. > :19:40.Switzerland is the last part of his life, where he didn't do as many
:19:41. > :19:46.films, but Mackie really had the normal life he always wanted. -- but
:19:47. > :19:51.he really had. We lived in a bubble. My parents were really in love with
:19:52. > :19:59.each other. He was funny at home. But he was very strict on education.
:20:00. > :20:08.He wanted us to do well at school, and he wanted us to be well-behaved.
:20:09. > :20:14.At home. We would have dinner every night. If you wanted to get up to go
:20:15. > :20:21.to the toilet you would have to ask permission. We all had our turns to
:20:22. > :20:25.be able to speak. With me, he always said, you know, you can do whatever
:20:26. > :20:34.you want. But whatever you are going to do, do it well. In the 1970s he
:20:35. > :20:41.was invited to go to America to receive an Oscar. He was surprised
:20:42. > :20:48.and bothered about it. I think he had very mixed feelings. Because of
:20:49. > :20:55.all the bad memories he had there. My mother's view, she thought it
:20:56. > :20:59.would be a great virginity for my father and America to kind of full
:21:00. > :21:06.give each other, and she was right. -- great opportunity. The reception
:21:07. > :21:11.in the United States was great. Obviously it was much rather than he
:21:12. > :21:23.expected. He was very touched by that. Especially at the Oscars. A
:21:24. > :21:29.standing ovation. 20 minutes. All his friends were there. Afterwards,
:21:30. > :21:35.he was in a better mood. I could feel that the pressure of having to
:21:36. > :21:44.go over there was over. I've learned one thing, he is mine emotionally,
:21:45. > :21:48.but he is not mine any more. Because he is such a public figure. He is
:21:49. > :21:54.everyone's, and everyone has their theories about him. Before, I got a
:21:55. > :22:02.very mad about that. But now I accepted. -- except it.
:22:03. > :22:07.Five years after his return to the US Charlie Chaplin died on Christmas
:22:08. > :22:11.Day, 1977. His son Eugene still lives near the family mansion. That
:22:12. > :22:20.is all from Miss this month. From me, Tanya Beckett, and the rest of
:22:21. > :22:38.the Esteem, goodbye. -- Witness team.
:22:39. > :22:41.This sunshine makes all the difference at this time of year.