Jeremy Corbyn

:01:32. > :01:36.Welcome, everybody. It is wonderful to see you on a Friday. And Patricia

:01:37. > :01:40.Lewis, the research director here at Chatham House rent a national

:01:41. > :01:43.security. It is my great pleasure to introduce to you today Jeremy

:01:44. > :01:50.Corbyn. I'm sure he needs no introduction to this audience.

:01:51. > :01:55.Jeremy, as you know, was first elected to the House of Commons in

:01:56. > :01:59.1983. Previously, he was a local councillor and a trade union

:02:00. > :02:04.organiser. In 2015, he was elected leader of the Labour Party on what

:02:05. > :02:07.some might consider a radical platform of increasing wages and

:02:08. > :02:12.rights for workers, full commitment to a public National Health Service,

:02:13. > :02:15.free at the point of use, and of course, what we are here to talk

:02:16. > :02:22.about today, and international policy with a strong human rights

:02:23. > :02:28.focus. I am sure many of you have questions you want to ask on

:02:29. > :02:33.domestic issues, but if you do, I as chair going to say, please don't ask

:02:34. > :02:41.them. If you do, I would suggest you Jeremy that he doesn't need to

:02:42. > :02:45.answer them. Is it ideal? -- a deal? So, Jeremy will speak first. And

:02:46. > :02:50.then we will get into the question and answer session. Just to say that

:02:51. > :02:53.this is on the record. It is being live streamed, so welcome to the

:02:54. > :03:05.rest of the world great to have with us. For those of you who want to

:03:06. > :03:12.tweak and follow on Twitter Tom it is #CHCorbyn. Jeremy, we look

:03:13. > :03:13.forward to what you have to say. Thank you, Patricia. People Before

:03:14. > :03:25.Profit Thank you very much for that and

:03:26. > :03:29.thank you to Chatham House for inviting me here today. This is

:03:30. > :03:31.actually a sad day for Chatham House. The director can be here

:03:32. > :03:37.because he is attending the funeral of Michael Williams, who has

:03:38. > :03:45.recently died of a terrible cancer. He was Robin Cook's special advisor

:03:46. > :03:48.and later special envoy at the United Nations. Robin Cook was a

:03:49. > :03:52.great friend of mine and he relied heavily on Michael Williams for

:03:53. > :03:57.support and advice. We should commemorate that today and

:03:58. > :04:00.understand why the director can't be here for stuff we send our

:04:01. > :04:13.sympathies to the family of Michael on their loss. I would also like to

:04:14. > :04:19.welcome my colleagues from the Shadow Cabinet, Emily Thornberry,

:04:20. > :04:23.our Shadow Foreign Secretary. You have hotfooted back from Scotland

:04:24. > :04:26.from Question Time. Shami Chakrabarti, our shadow Attorney

:04:27. > :04:31.General, who is here on the front row, who brings a brilliant legal

:04:32. > :04:35.mind to our team, and Kei more, our shadow Secretary of State Front

:04:36. > :04:41.National development, who gives us an understanding and passion about

:04:42. > :04:45.need to deal with a conflict outsourced by ensuring that people

:04:46. > :04:49.are able to lead decent, good and sustainable lives. I thank my

:04:50. > :04:52.colleagues for all that they do and the support they give. And I want to

:04:53. > :04:57.thank Chatham House because it has been at the forefront of thinking on

:04:58. > :05:02.Britain's role in the world, including today. Apparently, this is

:05:03. > :05:05.being live streamed everywhere. So with the general election less than

:05:06. > :05:10.a month away, it is a good opportunity to set out my approach

:05:11. > :05:17.on how a Labour government that I lead keep Britain safe. That is the

:05:18. > :05:21.primary function of government. Reshape our relationships with

:05:22. > :05:24.partners around the world and crucially, work to strengthen the

:05:25. > :05:29.United Nations and respond to the global challenges we all face on the

:05:30. > :05:32.21st century. And I would like to say a very warm welcome to the UN

:05:33. > :05:35.special representative from Somalia who is here today. Where are you

:05:36. > :05:53.sitting? Thank you very much. Kate adviser, wonderful to see both.

:05:54. > :05:59.Anybody else haven't referenced who I know, consider yourselves

:06:00. > :06:03.welcomed! On Monday, we commemorated Victory in Europe Day, Jennifer is

:06:04. > :06:09.real of the victory over Nazi Germany in Europe -- the anniversary

:06:10. > :06:15.of the victory over Nazi Germany. The EJ marked the victory over

:06:16. > :06:19.fascism and the end of a global war that had claimed 70 million lives.

:06:20. > :06:23.Think of that figure. 70 million lives were lost in the Second World

:06:24. > :06:27.War. General Eisenhower, supreme Commander of the Allied forces in

:06:28. > :06:31.1944, who was based right here in this square, preparing the plan for

:06:32. > :06:36.the invasion of operation overlord, later went on to become Republican

:06:37. > :06:38.President of the United States during some of the most dangerous

:06:39. > :06:56.years of the Cold War in the 1950s. Is He gave a stark warning of what

:06:57. > :06:58.he described as the acquisition of unwarranted influence by the

:06:59. > :07:07.military industrial complex. He went on to say - only an alert and

:07:08. > :07:12.knowledgeable citizenry can excel the proper meshing the huge

:07:13. > :07:15.industrial and military machine of defence with our peaceful methods

:07:16. > :07:23.and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together. Sadly,

:07:24. > :07:29.it's more than 70 years since he made that speech. Sadly, in more

:07:30. > :07:34.than half a century, I think it's clear that easen hour's warning has

:07:35. > :07:39.not been heeded. Too much of our defeat about defence and security is

:07:40. > :07:42.one dimensional. You are either for or against, what is presented as

:07:43. > :07:49.strong defence, regardless of the actual record of what it has meant

:07:50. > :07:54.in practice. Alert citizens, or political leaders, who advocate

:07:55. > :07:59.other routes to security are often dismissed or treated as unreliable.

:08:00. > :08:05.My own political views were shaped by my parents' description of the

:08:06. > :08:09.horrors of war and the threat of nuclear holocaust. Indeed, my

:08:10. > :08:15.parents met whilst organising solidarity with the elected

:08:16. > :08:18.government of Spain against Franco-'s fascists during the

:08:19. > :08:22.Spanish Civil War, which of course were supported by Hitler and the

:08:23. > :08:30.Nazis. My generation grew up under the shadow of the Cold War. Our

:08:31. > :08:35.black and white televisions throughout the 50s and 60s and into

:08:36. > :08:40.the 70s was dominated by Vietnam. As a young person I was haunted by

:08:41. > :08:45.images of sievians fleeing chemical weapons, used by the United States.

:08:46. > :08:51.I didn't imagine that nearly 50 years later we would still see

:08:52. > :08:56.chemical weapons being used by innocent civilians, what an abject

:08:57. > :09:02.failure. Indeed I met recently a Vietnam War veteran who had been

:09:03. > :09:05.involved in using at orange and is still traumatised by that

:09:06. > :09:10.experience. How is it that history keeps repeating itself? At the end

:09:11. > :09:15.of the kold war, when the Berlin Wall came down, we were told it was

:09:16. > :09:19.the end of history. Global leaders promise administer peaceful, stable

:09:20. > :09:25.world. It didn't quite work out like that. Today, the world is more

:09:26. > :09:29.unstable than even at the height of the Cold War. The approach to

:09:30. > :09:35.international security we've been using since the 1990s simply has not

:09:36. > :09:43.worked. Regime change wars, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, and

:09:44. > :09:47.interventions in areas haven't always succeeded in their own terms.

:09:48. > :09:52.Sometimes they have made the world a more dangerous place. This is the

:09:53. > :09:58.fourth general election in a row to be held while Britain is at war and

:09:59. > :10:04.our Armed Forces and our reaction in the Middle East and beyond. The fact

:10:05. > :10:08.is that the war on terror has been driven, which has driven these

:10:09. > :10:11.interventions, has not succeeded. It has not increased our security at

:10:12. > :10:18.home. In fact, many would say, just the opposite. It's caused

:10:19. > :10:22.destablisation and devastation abroad, and last September, the

:10:23. > :10:27.House of Commons' Foreign Affairs Select Committee published a report

:10:28. > :10:31.on the Libyan war which David Cameron, as Prime Minister, promoted

:10:32. > :10:37.our intervention in. They concluded the intervention led to political

:10:38. > :10:42.and economic collapse. Humanitarian and migrant crisis and fuelled the

:10:43. > :10:47.rise of Isis in Africa and across the Middle East. Is that really the

:10:48. > :10:52.way to build a security for our people? The people in Britain, who

:10:53. > :10:56.seriously believes that's what real strength looks like. We need to step

:10:57. > :11:02.back and have, I think, some fresh thinking. The world faces huge

:11:03. > :11:08.problems. As well as the legacy of regime change wars, there is a

:11:09. > :11:12.dangerous cocktail of ethnic conflicts, food and security, water

:11:13. > :11:22.scarcity and fast-emerging effects of climate change. And to that mix

:11:23. > :11:27.add a grotesque and growing level of inequality in which just eight

:11:28. > :11:35.billionaires, eight billionaires own the same wealth as 3.6 billion of

:11:36. > :11:44.the poorest people on our planet. And you end up with a refugee crisis

:11:45. > :11:47.of epic proportions, affecting every continent in the world with more

:11:48. > :11:51.displaced people in the world than since the Second World War. Indeed,

:11:52. > :11:55.there are some estimates that think there are more displaced people than

:11:56. > :11:59.at any time in recorded history. These problems are getting worse and

:12:00. > :12:07.they are fuelling threats and instability. The global situation is

:12:08. > :12:12.becoming more dangerous. And the new, United States' president seems

:12:13. > :12:16.sadly determined to add to the dangers by recklessly escalating the

:12:17. > :12:21.confrontation with North Korea, unilaterally launching strikes on

:12:22. > :12:25.Syria and opposing what was a great achievement as President Obama's

:12:26. > :12:29.nuclear arms' deal with Iran and the suggestion, he was backing a new

:12:30. > :12:32.nuclear arms race. A Labour Government will want a strong and

:12:33. > :12:42.friendly relationship with the United States. But, we will not be

:12:43. > :12:45.afraid to speak our mind. The United States is the strongest military

:12:46. > :12:51.power on the planet by a very long way. It has a special responsibility

:12:52. > :12:53.to use its power with care, and support international efforts to

:12:54. > :12:59.resolve conflicts, collectively and peacefully. Waiting to see which way

:13:00. > :13:03.the wind blows in Washington isn't strong leadership and pandering to

:13:04. > :13:09.an erratic administration will not deliver stablted. So, when Theresa

:13:10. > :13:12.May addressed the Republican Party conference in Philadelphia in Jan,

:13:13. > :13:18.she spoke in aalmostist terms about the rise of China and India, and the

:13:19. > :13:23.danger of the West being eclipsed. She said - America and Britain had

:13:24. > :13:26.to stand together and use their military might to protect their

:13:27. > :13:31.interests. That's the sort of language that led us into the

:13:32. > :13:36.calamities in Iraq and Libya and other disastrous wars, that stole

:13:37. > :13:45.the post-Cold War promise of a new and peaceful world order. I do not

:13:46. > :13:50.see India and China in those terms. Nor do I think do the vast majority

:13:51. > :13:56.of Americans or British people, want the boots of young men and women on

:13:57. > :14:01.the ground in Syria, fighting a war that can escalate the suffering

:14:02. > :14:06.further. Britain seems better than shrimp outsourcing our country'ses

:14:07. > :14:09.were spority and security to the whims of the Trump White House. So

:14:10. > :14:13.no more hand holding of Donald Trump. A Labour Government will

:14:14. > :14:16.conduct a robust and independent foreign policy, made in Britain. A

:14:17. > :14:23.Labour Government would seek to work for peace and security, with all the

:14:24. > :14:25.other permanent members of the United Nations' Security Council,

:14:26. > :14:31.the United States, China, Russia and France. And with other countries, to

:14:32. > :14:34.play a major role, such as India, South Africa, Brazil and Germany, we

:14:35. > :14:38.have to reach out and work with others. The philosophy bomb first,

:14:39. > :14:42.talk later approach to security has failed. To assist with it, as the

:14:43. > :14:46.Conservative Government has made clear it is determined to do, is a

:14:47. > :14:51.recipe for increasing, not reducing threats and security.

:14:52. > :14:55.I'm often asked, if Prime Minister, if I would order the use of nuclear

:14:56. > :15:01.weapons. It is an extraordinary question when you think about it.

:15:02. > :15:05.Would you order the indiscriminate killing of millions of people? Would

:15:06. > :15:09.you risk such contamination of the planet that no life to exist across

:15:10. > :15:13.large parts of the world? If circumstances arose where there was

:15:14. > :15:20.a reoption, it would represent a complete and cataclysmic failure. It

:15:21. > :15:27.would mean world leaders had already triggered a spiral of catastrophe

:15:28. > :15:30.for human kind. Labour is committed to actively pursue, disarmament

:15:31. > :15:35.under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. And we're committed to no

:15:36. > :15:39.first use of nuclear weapons, but let me make this absolutely clear.

:15:40. > :15:42.If elected Prime Minister, I would do everything to programme tect the

:15:43. > :15:47.security and safety of our people and our country, that is our first

:15:48. > :15:55.duty. And to achieve it, I know, I would have to work with other

:15:56. > :16:07.countries to solve problems, diffuse tensions and build collective

:16:08. > :16:10.security. The best defence is for Britain, actively engaged in the

:16:11. > :16:15.world's solutions. It doesn't make me a pacifist. I accept that

:16:16. > :16:19.military action under international law, is a last resort in some

:16:20. > :16:23.genuine circumstances, if necessary. But it is a far cry from the war and

:16:24. > :16:30.interventions that have become almost routine, I will not take less

:16:31. > :16:38.tours on security and human Tait from a Conservative Party who stood

:16:39. > :16:44.by in the 1980s, who refused to introdeuce sanctions when children

:16:45. > :16:47.were on being shot down in Soweto. Once again, in this election it's

:16:48. > :16:53.been clear that a vote for the Conservatives would be a vote to

:16:54. > :16:56.escalate the war in Syria, risking military confrontation with Russia,

:16:57. > :17:00.adding to the suffering of the Syrian people and increasing global

:17:01. > :17:08.insecurity. When you see children suffering in war, it's only natural

:17:09. > :17:14.top want to do something. But the last thing we need is more of the

:17:15. > :17:16.same failed recipe that served us so badly and the people so

:17:17. > :17:20.calamitously. Labour willp stand up for the people of Syria. We'll press

:17:21. > :17:23.for war crimes to be properly investigated and work tirelessly to

:17:24. > :17:29.make the Geneva talks work. Every action that is taken over Syria,

:17:30. > :17:34.must be judged. But whether it brings a help to the tragedy, the

:17:35. > :17:38.appalling tragedy of the Syrian war, or does the opposite. Even if Isis

:17:39. > :17:43.is defeated militarily, the conflict will not end until there is a

:17:44. > :17:48.negotiated settlement involving all the main parties, including the

:17:49. > :17:52.regional and international powers, and an inclusive government in Iraq.

:17:53. > :18:00.All wars and conflicts eventually are brought to an end by political

:18:01. > :18:03.means. So, Labour boo adopt a new approach -- would adopt. We will not

:18:04. > :18:07.step back from our responsibilities but our focus will be on

:18:08. > :18:10.strengthening international cooperation and supporting the

:18:11. > :18:16.efforts of the United Nations to resolve conflicts. A Labour

:18:17. > :18:20.Government will respect international law, and oppose

:18:21. > :18:26.lawlessness and unilateralism in international relations. We believe

:18:27. > :18:33.passionately human rights and justice should drive our foreign

:18:34. > :18:37.policy. In the 1960s, Harold Wilson's Labour Government worked

:18:38. > :18:41.for and signed the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. As Prime

:18:42. > :18:48.Minister, I hope to build on that achievement. Labour's support for

:18:49. > :18:54.the renewal of the Trident system doesn't preclude from working for

:18:55. > :18:59.meaningful multi-natural steps to reduce reductions in nuclear

:19:00. > :19:02.arsenals, a Labour Government will pursue a commitment to the

:19:03. > :19:07.inter-Longing instruments of defence, diplomacy. For all their

:19:08. > :19:11.bluster, the Tory record on defence ina security has been Frankly one of

:19:12. > :19:16.incompetence and failure. They've balanced the books on the backs of

:19:17. > :19:20.servicemen and women. Deep cuts in the arm. Stagnant pay, worsening

:19:21. > :19:25.conditions, poor housing, the morale of our service personnel and

:19:26. > :19:29.veterans, is at rock bottom. And as the security threats and challenges

:19:30. > :19:33.we face are not bound by geographical borders, it's vital

:19:34. > :19:38.that as Britain leaves the European Union, we maintain a close

:19:39. > :19:42.relationship with our European partners, alongside Nato, to keep

:19:43. > :19:47.spending at 2% but that means working with our Allies to ensure

:19:48. > :19:49.peace and security in Europe. We will work to halt the drift towards

:19:50. > :20:06.confrontation with Russia. And escalation with Russia. We need

:20:07. > :20:10.to understand the necessity of winding down tensions on the

:20:11. > :20:16.Russian-NATO border and supporting dialogue to reduce the risk of

:20:17. > :20:19.international conflict. We'll back a new conference on security and

:20:20. > :20:28.cooperation in Europe and seek to diffuse the crisis in the Ukraine,

:20:29. > :20:32.through implementation of the mi. -- Minsks agreement. We'll work with

:20:33. > :20:36.the European Union to promote global and regional security. This means

:20:37. > :20:40.our Armed Forces will have the necessary capabilities to fulfil the

:20:41. > :20:44.full range of obligations, ensuring their versatile and able to

:20:45. > :20:48.participate. Rapid stablisation, disaster relief, UN peacekeeping and

:20:49. > :20:53.conflict resolution activities. Because security is not only about

:20:54. > :20:57.direct military defence, it's about conflict resolution, and

:20:58. > :21:01.preventions. Under pinned by strong, diplomacy.

:21:02. > :21:08.The next Labour government will invest in our diplomatic network and

:21:09. > :21:12.consular services. We will seek to rebuild some of the key capabilities

:21:13. > :21:16.and services that have been lost as a result of Conservative cuts in

:21:17. > :21:21.recent years, such as the loss of human rights advisers in so many of

:21:22. > :21:25.our embassies around the world. Finally, while Theresa May seeks to

:21:26. > :21:28.build a coalition of risk and insecurity with Donald Trump, a

:21:29. > :21:30.Labour government will refocus Britain's influence towards

:21:31. > :21:38.cooperation and peaceful settlements and social justice. The life

:21:39. > :21:42.chances, security and prosperity of our citizens are dependent on a

:21:43. > :21:46.stable international environment. We will strengthen our commitment to

:21:47. > :21:51.the United Nations, we are aware of its shortcomings, particularly in

:21:52. > :21:53.the light of repeated abuses of the veto power in the United Nations

:21:54. > :21:58.Security Council. We will work with our allies to build support for

:21:59. > :22:03.United Nations reform in order to make its institutions more effective

:22:04. > :22:10.and more responsive. As a permanent member of the Security Council, we

:22:11. > :22:14.will provide respect for the authority of international law. To

:22:15. > :22:17.leave this work, Labour has created a minister for peace who will work

:22:18. > :22:20.across the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign Commonwealth Office.

:22:21. > :22:25.We will reclaim Britain's leading role in tackling climate change,

:22:26. > :22:29.working hard to preserve the Paris agreement and deliver on

:22:30. > :22:33.international commitments to reduce carbon emissions. We will re-examine

:22:34. > :22:37.the arms export licensing regulations to ensure that all

:22:38. > :22:41.British arms exports are consistent with our legal and moral

:22:42. > :22:45.obligations. This means refusing to grant export licences for arms where

:22:46. > :22:51.there is a clear risk that they will be used to commit suicide violations

:22:52. > :22:55.of international humanitarian law. Weapons supplies to Saudi Arabia,

:22:56. > :22:58.when the evidence of grave breaches of humanitarian law in Yemen is

:22:59. > :23:03.overwhelming, must be halted immediately, as Emily has made clear

:23:04. > :23:08.many times in Parliament. I see it as the next Labour government's task

:23:09. > :23:13.to make the case for Britain to advance a security and foreign

:23:14. > :23:18.policy with integrity and human rights at its core. It is a clear

:23:19. > :23:21.choice at this election between continuing with the failed policy of

:23:22. > :23:24.continual and devastating interventions that have intensified

:23:25. > :23:29.conflicts and increased the terrorist threat, or being willing

:23:30. > :23:34.to step back, learn the lessons of the past and find new ways to solve

:23:35. > :23:38.and prevent conflicts. Dwight Eisenhower said on another occasion,

:23:39. > :23:42.if people can develop weapons that are so terrifying as to make the

:23:43. > :23:47.thought of global war almost a sentence was suicide, you would

:23:48. > :23:52.think that man's intelligence would include also his ability to find a

:23:53. > :23:59.peaceful solution. And in the words of another American, Martin Luther

:24:00. > :24:05.King, the chain reaction of evil, hate begetting hate, was produced

:24:06. > :24:11.more wars, must be broken, or we shall be plunged into the dark days

:24:12. > :24:17.of annihilation. I believe we can find those solutions. We can walk

:24:18. > :24:21.the hard yards to a better way to live together on this planet. A

:24:22. > :24:25.Labour government would give leadership and a new and

:24:26. > :24:28.constructive way, and that is the leadership we are ready to provide

:24:29. > :24:44.both at home and abroad. Thank you very much.

:24:45. > :24:52.Thank you, Jeremy. Before going to the floor and firstly to our

:24:53. > :24:59.membership, I would like to ask a couple of questions. Firstly, when

:25:00. > :25:03.you are in the UN is a permanent member of the Security Council, to

:25:04. > :25:08.make things work, you need to have an agreement with all five permanent

:25:09. > :25:15.members of the Security Council, and they are protecting others. So you

:25:16. > :25:18.need to do deals across the board, often with countries with poor human

:25:19. > :25:24.rights records, in order to achieve what you want to achieve. How does

:25:25. > :25:28.that square with a foreign policy that is based on human rights, that

:25:29. > :25:34.is based on an ethical approach? How do you manage to square the method

:25:35. > :25:40.and the end result is? You have to measure your policy against the

:25:41. > :25:42.human rights records that we want, and the obligations that all five of

:25:43. > :25:46.the permanent members of the Security Council have signed up to

:25:47. > :25:49.through the universal declaration and through the International

:25:50. > :25:56.Criminal Court, which is not universal, but we wish it were. And

:25:57. > :26:02.the other conventions such as rights of the child, the rights of women

:26:03. > :26:06.and the rights of environmental survival. You have to engage with

:26:07. > :26:11.those countries on it. There is evidence that where you do engage,

:26:12. > :26:14.things begin to change. The engagement with China on

:26:15. > :26:21.environmental issues has changed Chinese attitudes a lot, and I

:26:22. > :26:24.suspect the level of pollution in Chinese cities has changed attitudes

:26:25. > :26:27.a lot. It is a question of being prepared to engage. It is not always

:26:28. > :26:33.lecturing people, it is learning from them as well. But it is also

:26:34. > :26:38.recognising that we can't go on as a planet, just presiding over this

:26:39. > :26:45.task level of inequality and accepting that there are tens of

:26:46. > :26:49.millions of displaced people and refugees, trying to survive often in

:26:50. > :26:52.the poorest countries in the world. The numbers who come to Europe by

:26:53. > :26:57.comparison with the rest of the world are quite small. But the

:26:58. > :27:01.disaster often affects the poorest in the poorest countries in the

:27:02. > :27:05.world. Think what it is like to be festering in a refugee camp in

:27:06. > :27:09.Libya, just trying to survive. So the five permanent members of the

:27:10. > :27:13.Security Council do have a special responsibility in this, and you do

:27:14. > :27:16.have to engage with them. I would want to engage with Russia on human

:27:17. > :27:23.rights issues just as much as I would with China or any other

:27:24. > :27:29.country. As you know, people have come to welcome your letters from

:27:30. > :27:35.citizens at premises questions. We thought we would take a leaf out of

:27:36. > :27:41.your book. OK. Which citizen has written to us? It is a letter from

:27:42. > :27:45.Cheltenham. She is addressing something you have not talked about.

:27:46. > :27:50.Dear Patricia, please ask Mr Corbyn what he would do to increase cyber

:27:51. > :27:57.security in the UK, at the same time making sure that we keep our privacy

:27:58. > :28:01.online defended from attackers. Cyber security is a good question.

:28:02. > :28:06.It is probably the greatest threat that is faced all around the world

:28:07. > :28:11.at the present time. Cyber attacks can disable transport systems,

:28:12. > :28:15.disable communications, disable media, interfere apparently in

:28:16. > :28:18.elections in some countries. I am making no suggestions about anything

:28:19. > :28:25.in this country. It's OK, put your pens down! But it is a good question

:28:26. > :28:30.and a very serious one. You have to ensure that we have got the

:28:31. > :28:36.capability to deal with cyber attacks against our crucial

:28:37. > :28:40.infrastructure, which is of course telephone, mobile phones and all the

:28:41. > :28:44.rest. There is also the question of surveillance. We have challenged the

:28:45. > :28:47.Government on this over the question of the right of universal intrusion

:28:48. > :28:52.into people's e-mails, which I think is totally wrong. As a member of the

:28:53. > :28:59.Justice select committee, we had these discussions with the European

:29:00. > :29:02.Union during many delegations and we put forward a proper amendments to

:29:03. > :29:06.recent legislation in the House so that we protect the privacy of the

:29:07. > :29:13.individual, but recognise that cyber attacks are real and extremely

:29:14. > :29:17.dangerous. We live in a very high-tech, complicated world, where

:29:18. > :29:22.if you interfere with security systems surrounding power supplies

:29:23. > :29:26.or anything else, you endanger life very quickly. You can kill people

:29:27. > :29:34.without firing any kind of gun. This is the challenge of our time, and it

:29:35. > :29:46.is time we faced up to it. Thank you to Pauletta of Cheltenham.

:29:47. > :29:56.I am now going to our membership, and I am looking to people at the

:29:57. > :30:08.back primarily, who are young and of any gender they wish to be. So you

:30:09. > :30:12.are looking at only young members? Not quite. I just want to start of

:30:13. > :30:24.the questioning with a voice from the future? Is there anyone? Let me

:30:25. > :30:29.call on you is the first speaker. Thank you very much. I run the US

:30:30. > :30:32.and America programme here at Chatham House. You have laid out a

:30:33. > :30:36.platform that is almost the antithesis of the platform being

:30:37. > :30:43.laid out by Donald Trump. You have expressed that there will be no

:30:44. > :30:46.intention of handholding with the American president. But you also

:30:47. > :30:51.have to recognise that there are huge links between the US and the

:30:52. > :30:57.UK, economic links, intelligence links. How are you going to pass

:30:58. > :31:02.those two things, on the one hand very publicly saying you disagree

:31:03. > :31:05.with the positions taken by their administration, but on the other

:31:06. > :31:12.hand trying to ensure that there is the economic engagement, the

:31:13. > :31:17.investment and intelligent engagement? Let me take two more

:31:18. > :31:28.questions. If I can go to this gentleman? Went to the microphone

:31:29. > :31:30.and say who you are. Hello, my name is Max Nicholson and I am a

:31:31. > :31:36.postgraduate student at King's College. What future with the

:31:37. > :31:39.intelligence community in the UK have under a Labour government, and

:31:40. > :31:52.would you seek to make changes to the investigatory Powers act? And

:31:53. > :31:55.the gentleman here? Sean, member of Chatham House. On the handholding

:31:56. > :32:00.point, you said no more handholding with Donald Trump. But I don't see

:32:01. > :32:05.that there is anything wrong with two men in this day and age holding

:32:06. > :32:09.hands in public. And listening to your speech, I think that actually,

:32:10. > :32:12.there are many points that you and Trump have in common. You both

:32:13. > :32:17.described the invasion of Iraq in 2003 as a catastrophe. And your

:32:18. > :32:23.commitment to the renewal of Trident anti-spending at least 2% of GDP on

:32:24. > :32:27.defence will presumably get Trump to want to hold your hand. My question

:32:28. > :32:31.is the one area in which you seem to focus on in your speech was North

:32:32. > :32:33.Korea. You seemed to be very critical of Trump's approach. So I

:32:34. > :32:42.would like you to flesh out your approach to the North Korean

:32:43. > :32:58.problem. Thanks for those questions. On the first question, sorry? I

:32:59. > :33:03.can't read my own writing! The approach to US trade. Clearly, we

:33:04. > :33:08.have a close relationship with the United States. We have a cultural

:33:09. > :33:13.and trade relationship and we have ever since the First World War a

:33:14. > :33:15.military relationship with the United States. Does that mean we

:33:16. > :33:23.always agree with every US president? Not at all. The British

:33:24. > :33:26.government at the time, was politically supportive of the

:33:27. > :33:30.Americans in Vietnam, didn't commit British troops to it. Therefore, one

:33:31. > :33:33.would suggest that there was some degree of criticism implicit in

:33:34. > :33:37.that. Does it mean you can't have a relationship with them? No. It is

:33:38. > :33:41.the opposite. You have a relationship and it is critical, but

:33:42. > :33:45.it is not just with the US president. There are day-to-day

:33:46. > :33:50.relationships with members of the House and the Senate as well as the

:33:51. > :33:56.different communities across the USA. I have been in the USA many

:33:57. > :34:00.times, met huge numbers of people of diverse political opinions. You work

:34:01. > :34:06.with them all. But the relationship with the USA is an important one and

:34:07. > :34:13.something we would want to maintain. On the question about the

:34:14. > :34:20.Investigatory Powers Act and intelligence community, yes we would

:34:21. > :34:24.maintain GCHQ. And we would ensure that the powers of investigation

:34:25. > :34:29.into the citizen are backed up by a legal process. We would not give

:34:30. > :34:35.unaccountable power of investigation into somebody's life. If the

:34:36. > :34:37.authorities want to investigate streams of e-mails or whatever else,

:34:38. > :34:43.they would have to get legal backing to do it. We don't want to create a

:34:44. > :34:47.surveillance society where there is untrammelled power of interference

:34:48. > :34:58.in the lives of the individual or of their privacy. Thanks for your point

:34:59. > :35:00.about handholding. Obviously, a Labour government would meet with

:35:01. > :35:09.President Trump and would have discussions with him. You raised the

:35:10. > :35:12.point about North Korea. I am clear that the nuclear Non-Proliferation

:35:13. > :35:16.Treaty is important and must be made to work, but there are a number of

:35:17. > :35:22.nuclear armed countries that don't have membership of that treaty,

:35:23. > :35:29.North Korea being one of them. The six party talks were making a great

:35:30. > :35:32.deal of progress. The only way forward in the crisis in relations

:35:33. > :35:36.between the United States and Korea has to be a resumption of the six

:35:37. > :35:40.party talks, encouraging and thanking China for what it has done

:35:41. > :35:46.so far in trying to defuse tensions and also working with the South

:35:47. > :35:51.Korean government at the same time. The idea that one would countenance

:35:52. > :35:54.the bombing of the people of North Korea or of North Korea sending

:35:55. > :35:59.missiles that would kill others is appalling honours are there has to

:36:00. > :36:03.be a relationship. The Obama administration seemed to be moving

:36:04. > :36:07.in the direction of building closer relations and trying to develop some

:36:08. > :36:10.sort of dialogue with North Korea. I think that is a good idea and we

:36:11. > :36:24.should encourage that. We assume diplomatic relations with

:36:25. > :36:29.a country that has effective government. We do have relations. I

:36:30. > :36:31.think it is important we develop that principle. A couple of

:36:32. > :36:54.questions here. John Pienaar BBC News. What do you

:36:55. > :36:58.say to viewers about nuclear retaliation, that you would never

:36:59. > :37:02.use it first and what due say to supporters of British military

:37:03. > :37:05.power, where it is not clear in what circumstances, you would ever order

:37:06. > :37:17.forces into the boo he will why, in or out of Nato and including strikes

:37:18. > :37:19.against Islamic stake. Morning. You say military action in some

:37:20. > :37:24.circumstances are necessary, you opposed the in Kosovo and Sierra

:37:25. > :37:28.Leone, in retrospect where those interventions the rye thing to do.

:37:29. > :37:32.And in four weeks' time you could be not just Prime Minister but de facto

:37:33. > :37:37.commander in chief, when you think about the enormity of the office, is

:37:38. > :37:50.that the part of the job that scares you most? And last question, over

:37:51. > :37:59.here? # You mentioned the problem of the veto how else would you seek

:38:00. > :38:05.just fiction for action, and what are you trying to protect... The

:38:06. > :38:11.question about our security is par rap mount. I have made that very

:38:12. > :38:15.clear, Emily made it clear in her statements and as have others. The

:38:16. > :38:19.pornces is to protect all of our people to make sure they are not

:38:20. > :38:22.under any kind of threat. Does that mean there are a ultimately some

:38:23. > :38:29.circumstances where you use military force, yes, there are. And, you

:38:30. > :38:34.think back to our history, many in this room, well, nobody in this room

:38:35. > :38:40.was around at the time of the First World War. I'm sure many would have

:38:41. > :38:44.questioned its legitimacy in its whole approach. Doubt if many

:38:45. > :38:48.would've questioned it ultimately in the Second World War because of the

:38:49. > :38:54.catastrophicy that approached in the rise of the Nazis, all across

:38:55. > :38:58.Europe. I think there has to be, ultimately, that preparedness to use

:38:59. > :39:04.military force. Now the question that was raised also, in continuing

:39:05. > :39:09.your theme, concerning, for example, Kosovo and Sierra Leone, the

:39:10. > :39:14.situation in Kosovo is not good. Could it have been dealt with in a

:39:15. > :39:20.different way, and could there have been a different approach? Yes, I

:39:21. > :39:23.believe there could. On Sierra Leone, there was actually quite wide

:39:24. > :39:29.agreement on the principles behind it, but there has to be a follow-up

:39:30. > :39:32.as well. And the follow-up has to be the kind of support and

:39:33. > :39:39.nation-building you give at the end and there have been places, I have

:39:40. > :39:44.been to, where there has been UN-backed military action in order

:39:45. > :39:48.to bring about or ensure a ceasefire and continue development of that

:39:49. > :39:54.country. For example, I was a UN observer at the East Timor

:39:55. > :40:00.referendum which had come at the end of an appalling civil war which had

:40:01. > :40:04.gone on for decades with tens of thousands of people who lost their

:40:05. > :40:07.lives and that military UN interinvestigation, to enforce the

:40:08. > :40:11.ceasefire, by in large, worked. I think you have to be aware that

:40:12. > :40:18.there are cases where you can do that but it has to be done on the

:40:19. > :40:22.basis of law and it has to be done through the United Nations. On the

:40:23. > :40:26.question of vetoes and responsibility to protect, I'm

:40:27. > :40:30.interested in the responsibility to protect, issue an argument. Again, I

:40:31. > :40:36.think it has to be backed up by international law and backed up via

:40:37. > :40:47.the United Nations. I have also been in Rwanda and Boyer

:40:48. > :40:50.the United Nations. I have also been in Rwanda and the war there has

:40:51. > :40:54.probably claimed more lives than any other conflict that has happened

:40:55. > :40:59.since the Second World War. It has not had the attention of the world's

:41:00. > :41:03.media or concentration of the world's media and the killing has

:41:04. > :41:10.gone on, rain has become an instrument of war in the DRC and

:41:11. > :41:16.indeed I have been in Goma meeting hundreds of women who were

:41:17. > :41:19.collective victims of rain and it was the most traumatic and educative

:41:20. > :41:24.moment of my life talking to them. Could more have been done? Yes.

:41:25. > :41:30.Could we have done more to promote a ceasefire? ? Yes. Could we've done

:41:31. > :41:38.more to challenge blood diamonds? And other things brought out of the

:41:39. > :41:43.DRC? Yes. Many questions, I ask, why didn't we. Some of that is the

:41:44. > :41:46.wealth coming out of there. Could doing have been done to intervene at

:41:47. > :41:51.the time of the genocide in Rwanda? Yes, I believe it could, I have met

:41:52. > :41:55.people in Rwanda and Burundi, who feel bitter to this day that more

:41:56. > :41:59.was not done. Again, there seems to be an assumption that a war this

:42:00. > :42:03.Africa is somehow rather different than something on the edges of

:42:04. > :42:06.Europe. I think we have to engage. We also have to engage positively

:42:07. > :42:14.afterwards, because, if you think of nations that have come out of

:42:15. > :42:19.conflict, take Columbia, take El Salvador, Columbia, decades and

:42:20. > :42:23.decades of civil war, eventually, by good action by neighbouring

:42:24. > :42:28.countries, a ceasefire was produced and a peace process has developed

:42:29. > :42:34.but if you don't stay the course afterwards, as happened in El

:42:35. > :42:38.Salvador, those that were formerly protagonists in the civil war, then

:42:39. > :42:41.end up in criminal gangs and you have a similar degree of killing

:42:42. > :42:44.ininstability, this time for crime, rather than the purposes of

:42:45. > :42:48.engagement in that civil war. So, it is about engagement but it is also

:42:49. > :42:52.about use of the UN and international law. My question mark

:42:53. > :42:58.is over unilateral action. Sory, I know it was a long list of

:42:59. > :43:04.questions but would you mind answering the seconder part of mine

:43:05. > :43:09.that whether being de facto Commander-in-Chief, being the Prime

:43:10. > :43:13.Minister, would it scare you? Just for those hop couldn't hear? The

:43:14. > :43:18.question was, whether I nund part of the job the most frightening. Not at

:43:19. > :43:27.all. I want to see a peaceful world. I have spent my life wanting to see

:43:28. > :43:33.a peaceful world. I I have spent my life working for the human rights of

:43:34. > :43:38.all. And ensuring that everybody has some chance in life. So if you don't

:43:39. > :43:42.mind one slight anecdote, I met a group of refugees, in a refugee camp

:43:43. > :43:45.in Syria, before the present conflict broke out and these were

:43:46. > :43:48.people living in tents on the border of Iraq and Syria, in appalling,

:43:49. > :43:51.appalling conditions, they deserve better. I was talking to a

:43:52. > :43:56.14-year-old girl and her family, one of whom who died because the tents

:43:57. > :44:03.had burnt down. I said - what do you want to achieve in your life? And

:44:04. > :44:08.this child, in a tent, in the middle of misery and everything else, she

:44:09. > :44:09.said - thank you for your question, I want to be a doctor.

:44:10. > :44:17.Wow. She had ambitions. You see those all

:44:18. > :44:21.over the world and so, the opportunity of leading a Government

:44:22. > :44:25.that will help to promote international law, will address

:44:26. > :44:31.issues of global imbalance and insecurity and will be realistic

:44:32. > :44:36.about terrorist threats, realistic about threats of cyber insecurity,

:44:37. > :44:41.is something that I actually relish. Because, because our task, surely

:44:42. > :44:48.has to be to leave the world better and more peaceful for the next

:44:49. > :44:51.generation, rather than more dangerous and at war than the next

:44:52. > :44:54.generation. You have to deal with the problems all over, you have to

:44:55. > :44:59.deal with them in an international multilateral way.

:45:00. > :45:04.You are very popular Jeremy, everyone wants it ask you a

:45:05. > :45:11.question. John, is this a presentation? John sees me almost

:45:12. > :45:15.every day. John Pienaar sees me almost every dau, you are causing

:45:16. > :45:18.upsets with Sky. You are starting trouble with your mates.

:45:19. > :45:23.! Briefly for the sake of clarification, if I may. No, no.

:45:24. > :45:30.John, can we move on, please? Let's move on. It is unfair in the rest of

:45:31. > :45:36.the audience. A lady in the third row back, in the red jacket. Wear

:45:37. > :45:43.red if you want to be noticed. A trait that works. I'm head of policy

:45:44. > :45:47.from Global Justice Now, two questions, one on climate.

:45:48. > :45:53.Considering that the policy of President Trump seems to be bent on

:45:54. > :45:59.making it more difficult for the even minimum agreements in the Paris

:46:00. > :46:08.accord impossible, what will be your position on that? Second is on the

:46:09. > :46:12.South China Sea. Considering the golden age relationship with China

:46:13. > :46:20.and historical relationship with the UK. US what will be the policy on

:46:21. > :46:26.South China Sea? I knew you would ask good questions. At the back. I'm

:46:27. > :46:28.a resevener with the North African programme at Chatham House. You

:46:29. > :46:32.mentioned the need to have human rights at the heart of UK foreign

:46:33. > :46:38.poll sane you also mentioned the need to work towards and support a

:46:39. > :46:49.peaceful agreement in Syria. But we know that the Al-Sadr regime in --

:46:50. > :46:52.Assad regime has persecuted the people and conducted human rights'

:46:53. > :46:59.positions on a huge scale, can I ask you to clarify your position on

:47:00. > :47:08.that. And the last question here. Mr Corbyn, Sky News. If you become

:47:09. > :47:12.Prime Minister next month, will you immediately withdraw the RAF from

:47:13. > :47:21.sorties in Syria and Iraq? And if it is better to talk rather than bomb,

:47:22. > :47:29.what would you say to Isis? OK. First of all on the points asked

:47:30. > :47:34.about climate change, I more than regret the language President Trump

:47:35. > :47:41.used during his election campaign about the global threats of climate

:47:42. > :47:45.change and environmental degredation around the world. And I did indeed

:47:46. > :47:52.attend the Paris conference on climate change for a short time

:47:53. > :47:58.myself. And we have to be totally realistic that unless we are to take

:47:59. > :48:07.even more serious action than we do now, on emissions, on pollution, and

:48:08. > :48:12.on environmental degredation, lots of life on the planet is under

:48:13. > :48:16.threat. We have conflicts and wars based on environmental disasters, we

:48:17. > :48:20.have to be prepared to do far more to sustain our natural world and

:48:21. > :48:24.environment. The refugees from Darfur have got involved in a

:48:25. > :48:28.conflict when in fact they are basically environmental refugees and

:48:29. > :48:33.there are many, many other examples around the world, so we would adhere

:48:34. > :48:37.absolutely to it and indeed the last Labour Government was very strong in

:48:38. > :48:43.supporting all the international conventions, both on pollution, as

:48:44. > :48:47.well as on Co2 emissions and the affects of global warming. So I

:48:48. > :48:50.would be very strong on those issues and indeed have been involved in

:48:51. > :48:56.many campaigns on those for a very long time. We can't go on polluting

:48:57. > :49:00.our seas, in the end we pollute ourselves if we carry on doing that.

:49:01. > :49:04.The issue about the South China Sea, yes, there are obviously problems

:49:05. > :49:08.with China's behaviour. There has to be pressure put on them. There has

:49:09. > :49:12.to be an agreement reached. You cannot just say - because it is

:49:13. > :49:16.China you can't say anything to them. You have to do something about

:49:17. > :49:18.it. China wants to be part of the world community, we all want

:49:19. > :49:24.everybody to be part of the world community, therefore that means

:49:25. > :49:28.putting UN pressure on them over their activities in the South China

:49:29. > :49:33.Sea. On the question that was raised at

:49:34. > :49:38.the back about human rights, as is central foreign policy, of course it

:49:39. > :49:42.is, and I absolutely agree with you, the Assad regime has committed the

:49:43. > :49:46.most appalling human rights' abuse using, as have other forces in the

:49:47. > :49:51.region. There has to be a political process. That political process must

:49:52. > :49:56.also involved Iran. Geneva 1 didn't work because Iran wasn't involved.

:49:57. > :50:01.Geneva 2, or if now to be Geneva 3, must involve all the actors in the

:50:02. > :50:04.region, including Iran. I find it more than regrettable that President

:50:05. > :50:09.Trump now seems it be trying to tear up the agreement that President

:50:10. > :50:13.Obama's Government and others had so painstakingly negotiated with Iran,

:50:14. > :50:17.which also had with it, the possibilities of improving human

:50:18. > :50:22.rights in Iran by a human rights' negotiation process and this is' got

:50:23. > :50:29.to be - always got to be important. On what we will do over RAF presence

:50:30. > :50:31.and sorties, we'll examine what they are doing straightaway, examine what

:50:32. > :50:35.their presence is, straightaway but above all, that fits into the whole

:50:36. > :50:41.point I am asaying - I would do everything I possibly could, in

:50:42. > :50:49.order to reignite the peace process, to ensure that there is a Geneva 3,

:50:50. > :50:53.dealing with the conflict in Syria, and clearly isolating Isis is very

:50:54. > :50:57.important. Their arms and their money don't come from nowhere. They

:50:58. > :51:02.are being supported by a lot of people who are pouring money and

:51:03. > :51:06.arms into them and so, those people that have been - whose lives are

:51:07. > :51:10.being destroyed by Isis and its behaviour, need to also be

:51:11. > :51:14.recognised that the people that in effect are killing them, are those

:51:15. > :51:19.that are giving money, arms and allowing them to send oil which

:51:20. > :51:23.funds the whole Isis, there has to be a comprehensive political and

:51:24. > :51:27.economic approach to the. Would you look at introducing a financial

:51:28. > :51:29.tracking approach? #123450 Much stronger financial tracking approach

:51:30. > :51:33.is very, very important, if you don't do that you don't know where

:51:34. > :51:38.the money is coming from and where it is going to and the amounts of

:51:39. > :51:41.money floating around the world that have come from international drug

:51:42. > :51:45.dealers and others, not so much in Syria but in other parts of the

:51:46. > :51:50.world, again, there has to be financial tracking and our approach

:51:51. > :51:51.to that would be, we'd have very rigorous financial tracking

:51:52. > :52:00.mechanism. Would you talk to Isis? No. I have

:52:01. > :52:04.made that clear. I would want to bring about a political solution to

:52:05. > :52:12.the Geneva process. There is a woman in a green shirt? Deborah Haynes

:52:13. > :52:17.from the Times. You talk about how you would support the Trident

:52:18. > :52:19.system. Does that mean that you as Prime Minister would back a

:52:20. > :52:31.like-for-like replacement of the four submarines? And also, which

:52:32. > :52:33.conflict where British troops have been deployed since the end of the

:52:34. > :52:44.Second World War have you actually supported? I will go on now to the

:52:45. > :52:48.woman at the back. I'm Margaret Owen of peace in Kurdistan. Jeremy,

:52:49. > :52:53.you're a great friend of the Kurds and I are grateful to you. What will

:52:54. > :52:57.be the Labour government's policy towards Turkey? Willet condemned the

:52:58. > :53:03.genocide that is going on against the Kurds in Syria and Turkey? Will

:53:04. > :53:14.it do anything for the peace process to ensure the Kurds are represented,

:53:15. > :53:19.and will you review the arms sales two countries which violate human

:53:20. > :53:29.rights? Were you condemn Turkey for this? Thank you. And the gentleman

:53:30. > :53:33.on the left, please. I am the High Commissioner of Cyprus. If you words

:53:34. > :53:44.on Brexit, please, in relation to defence and foreign policy. Thank

:53:45. > :53:48.you. And in the white shirt? The Corbyn, I delivered a letter on

:53:49. > :53:52.Wednesday to the Prime Minister. I am a former Royal Marine and we are

:53:53. > :53:58.concerned about the cuts to defence since 2010. Freedom is not free. I

:53:59. > :54:02.know there have been conflicts which have not been successful in Iraq and

:54:03. > :54:05.Afghanistan. But the security of our liberal democracy depends on a

:54:06. > :54:14.strong defence. Will you therefore guarantee that you will fully fund

:54:15. > :54:17.the agreement of 2015 and defend the defence spending cuts that have

:54:18. > :54:26.undermined our ability to preserve our freedom in the future? Thanks

:54:27. > :54:33.for the questions. On the deployment of British troops, yes, there are

:54:34. > :54:37.deployments, largely through the United Nations, that I think are the

:54:38. > :54:42.right thing to do. I mentioned what went on in East Timor. Great work

:54:43. > :54:47.has been done in peacekeeping in Cyprus by British forces. There has

:54:48. > :54:54.also been incredible work done by Royal Marines and others in helping

:54:55. > :54:59.refugees to survive who have been at risk in the Mediterranean. Talking

:55:00. > :55:02.to people in the Royal Navy about this, someone said to me it was the

:55:03. > :55:09.most amazing work they had done in their lives, which was supporting

:55:10. > :55:13.and protecting life. On the question that Margaret raised about

:55:14. > :55:18.Kurdistan, the Kurdish people were denied their identity by the

:55:19. > :55:21.conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles, and they are still

:55:22. > :55:26.living with the consequences of that. An independent Kurdistan was

:55:27. > :55:32.originally recognised in the Woodrow Wilson 14 points and then

:55:33. > :55:37.obliterated a few years later. There are many Kurdish people in my

:55:38. > :55:40.constituency and I have visited various parts of my life, all parts

:55:41. > :55:47.of Kurdistan and have witnessed the way in which Kurdish people have

:55:48. > :55:52.been badly treated. And that has then provoked a backlash of water. I

:55:53. > :55:58.would be very strong with the Turkish government on its treatment

:55:59. > :56:04.of Turkish people and minorities under way in which it has denied

:56:05. > :56:09.their decency and human rights and use all the legal powers we have on

:56:10. > :56:12.that. If arms are being used to oppress people internally, in

:56:13. > :56:17.violation of international law, they should simply not be supplied to

:56:18. > :56:23.them. Any settlement in Syria and the Middle East must include

:56:24. > :56:27.recognition of the rights of Kurdish people, Armenians and others. If you

:56:28. > :56:34.suppress somebody's identity, which is what has happened with the

:56:35. > :56:38.Kurdish people, you end up with the danger of a much greater conflict

:56:39. > :56:44.later on. It is a question of recognising people's language and

:56:45. > :56:48.identity, which is important for peace. The point our friend raised

:56:49. > :56:55.from the Cyprus High Commission, nice to see you here - two make.

:56:56. > :56:59.Firstly, I support the reunification of Cyprus and the talks to bring

:57:00. > :57:03.that about. Britain has a special role in this because it is a

:57:04. > :57:09.guarantor of the 1960 independence of Cyprus. You and I have discussed

:57:10. > :57:12.this on a number of occasions and we would certainly be active in bring

:57:13. > :57:19.that about. Emily and I have discussed that with you. On foreign

:57:20. > :57:25.policy on Brexit, yes, we will want to work with people. We will

:57:26. > :57:29.obviously still be members of the Council of Europe. We will still be

:57:30. > :57:33.part of the organisation of security and co-operation in Europe, which I

:57:34. > :57:38.see as an important instrument of promoting peace and security across

:57:39. > :57:43.Europe. The point our friend raced from the Royal Marines - yeah, you

:57:44. > :57:49.probably noticed that I made a point about the way in which man is of the

:57:50. > :57:53.Armed Forces have often had a frozen -- members of the Armed Forces have

:57:54. > :57:59.had their pay frozen. Those who are leaving the Armed Forces do not get

:58:00. > :58:04.the support they need and to many are former soldiers who end up in a

:58:05. > :58:11.very difficult situation. So I would look at the welfare issues

:58:12. > :58:14.surrounding our Armed Forces. Your point about the funding of the Royal

:58:15. > :58:21.Marines and others is an important one because actually, it is that

:58:22. > :58:30.capability of defending which is most important. When you said you

:58:31. > :58:39.had delivered a letter, I thought you meant you had delivered a letter

:58:40. > :58:43.to me. What about Trident? The decision of Parliament was to

:58:44. > :58:46.endorse the government's proposal for the replacement of Trident. That

:58:47. > :58:54.is the decision we inherit as a Labour government. We will also

:58:55. > :58:57.undertake a Strategic Defence Review is all incoming governments do,

:58:58. > :59:04.looking at aspects of our defence priorities for the future. But we

:59:05. > :59:09.cannot decide otherwise we would not have a review. We have to end it

:59:10. > :59:12.there. I know everyone has far more questions. And I think that is a

:59:13. > :59:18.measure of the success of the event. I would like to thank you, Jeremy,

:59:19. > :59:23.for making Chatham House the venue where you made your foreign policy

:59:24. > :59:28.and defence speech. Thank you for being so forthcoming. Thank you for

:59:29. > :59:39.answering as many questions as you could. Thank you very much.