:00:29. > :00:34.This land of ours, its mountains and valleys, fields and forests,
:00:35. > :00:39.a place to live, a place to work, a place to enjoy.
:00:40. > :00:44.Our landscape teaches us things as well.
:00:45. > :00:47.All around us, there's a vast repository of knowledge
:00:48. > :00:55.and every day brings surprising new discoveries.
:00:56. > :01:01.science and our landscape have gone hand-in-hand.
:01:02. > :01:04.In this edition of Countryfile, we'll be looking at how
:01:05. > :01:09.our landscape has shaped science, and how science has shaped our landscape.
:01:10. > :01:12.And where better than this, Wytham Woods in Oxfordshire.
:01:13. > :01:15.It's probably the most studied stretch of woodland
:01:16. > :01:19.anywhere in the world, and I'll be catching up with scientists
:01:20. > :01:24.who have turned Wytham Woods into a living laboratory.
:01:25. > :01:28.And we'll be looking back at some of the best science
:01:29. > :01:32.Like the time Matt got into a tight spot,
:01:33. > :01:36.beloved of an 18th century naturalist.
:01:37. > :01:40.And he believed the more confined your sphere of observation,
:01:41. > :01:48.the more perfect would be your remarks.
:01:49. > :01:53.Or when Julia discovered the ancient life hidden in rocks.
:01:54. > :01:55.This is the one we found this morning on the beach.
:01:56. > :01:59.JULIA GASPS Look at that!
:02:00. > :02:01.There's your ammonite. That is lovely!
:02:02. > :02:05.And what happened when Adam came face-to-face
:02:06. > :02:10.When you think of pig farming, you just think of, you know,
:02:11. > :02:13.smelly pigs and perhaps sausages and bacon,
:02:14. > :02:26.but this technology is just extraordinary.
:02:27. > :02:30.Wytham Woods are owned by Oxford University.
:02:31. > :02:35.There have been experiments going on here for 70 years.
:02:36. > :02:43.The woods themselves sit just a few miles west of the city of Oxford.
:02:44. > :02:47.It was in these woods that a scientist called Charles Elton
:02:48. > :02:50.made some of his most important discoveries.
:02:51. > :02:54.He had a lifelong passion for national history, and his work
:02:55. > :02:58.here in the 1940s and '50s put the science of ecology on the map.
:02:59. > :03:03.Today, people like Clive Hambler are following in his footsteps,
:03:04. > :03:07.often with nothing more high-tech than water and a nozzle.
:03:08. > :03:10.What I'm trying to do is see if I can find any spiders' webs,
:03:11. > :03:13.and the easiest way to do it is often to make them stand out
:03:14. > :03:18.Why are you looking for the spiders and their webs?
:03:19. > :03:22.Because it turns out that these dead plant stems are often teeming
:03:23. > :03:25.with life, and this is one of Charles Elton's great insights.
:03:26. > :03:29.That the dead material is more important than living material
:03:30. > :03:36.So many people think that animals depend very much on green plants,
:03:37. > :03:39.but in fact, they often depend on them when they're dead.
:03:40. > :03:43.Back in the 1940s, these ideas were revolutionary.
:03:44. > :03:48.They sealed Elton's reputation as the foremost ecologist of his day.
:03:49. > :03:52.His was a different way of looking at the world, which is still
:03:53. > :03:58.Wildlife often depends on having a very large amount of surface
:03:59. > :04:01.to live on, and it needs a damp environment to live in,
:04:02. > :04:04.so a physically complex thing like a tree, a conifer tree,
:04:05. > :04:08.provides a home for lots of wildlife.
:04:09. > :04:11.And so conifers are actually amongst our best habitats for many
:04:12. > :04:15.types of animal. A lot of people don't particularly like conifers.
:04:16. > :04:18.We have plantations of them which get chopped down
:04:19. > :04:21.and people don't want to put any more in their place. Absolutely.
:04:22. > :04:25.But, if you look at the habitats in Britain that have the most
:04:26. > :04:27.animals and most species per square metre,
:04:28. > :04:30.it's conifer woodland, not oak woodland.
:04:31. > :04:33.So, this is the kind of inheritance of Elton,
:04:34. > :04:36.to make people think again about... That's right.
:04:37. > :04:41...about what are often dismissed as, you know, unnecessary things
:04:42. > :04:45.I mean, he started to look at the world from a very general
:04:46. > :04:48.ecological point of view, so he looked at these structures,
:04:49. > :04:50.he looked at the temperature and the rainfall
:04:51. > :04:54.and the moisture in the air, and he realised that all those things
:04:55. > :04:56.come together, and an animal has its niche,
:04:57. > :04:59.which is how it fits into the ecosystem.
:05:00. > :05:02.And one of Elton's great insights was really understanding
:05:03. > :05:10.what a niche was, and defining what a niche was.
:05:11. > :05:14.Charles Elton continued his work in Wytham Woods
:05:15. > :05:20.His ideas set the tone for scientific study of the environment,
:05:21. > :05:26.and brought about a revolution in thinking about our landscape.
:05:27. > :05:30.Just as, over a century earlier, there had been another huge shift
:05:31. > :05:34.in scientific thinking. But that wasn't down to academia.
:05:35. > :05:38.It was down to an ordinary girl with an extraordinary passion,
:05:39. > :05:42.as Julia found out when she went to Dorset.
:05:43. > :05:56.is one of the best places in the world to find fossils.
:05:57. > :06:07.These cliffs were created by layers of sediment,
:06:08. > :06:09.deposited 150 to 200 million years ago,
:06:10. > :06:13.trapping dead sea creatures and preserving them as fossils.
:06:14. > :06:18.Anyone's allowed to pick up fossils from the beach, but it's easier with
:06:19. > :06:21.a guide, like fossil hunter Paddy Howe from the Lyme Regis Museum.
:06:22. > :06:23.So, what are we looking for along here?
:06:24. > :06:25.I'm looking for stones that might have
:06:26. > :06:33.almost sharp like that, or they're flat.
:06:34. > :06:36.They're not rounded, like most pebbles.
:06:37. > :06:46.Expertly done! Well, there is a small one inside.
:06:47. > :06:50.I was hoping for something better than that. Right.
:06:51. > :06:53.But, er... Are going to throw this back to the ocean?
:06:54. > :06:55.I'll leave that one, and we'll see if we can find some more.
:06:56. > :07:07.What kind of a fossil hunter are you?!
:07:08. > :07:12.'Mmm, maybe it's not so easy after all.
:07:13. > :07:25.'180 million years of history in an instant.'
:07:26. > :07:28.I'm quite happy with that. Some of these will be quite nice.
:07:29. > :07:31.That one's going to be quite nice there. This one, this one.
:07:32. > :07:33.And these ones, we can potentially clean up.
:07:34. > :07:36.So you could clean those up and make them brighter and...?
:07:37. > :07:45.Yeah, absolutely. More attractive? I reckon, yeah.
:07:46. > :07:48.While Paddy polishes up my fossils, I'm going back 200 years,
:07:49. > :07:51.to when Lyme Regis earned its nickname, Fossil Town.
:07:52. > :07:56.Indiana Jones in a bonnet - Mary Anning.
:07:57. > :08:02.collecting fossils to sell to wealthy summer visitors.
:08:03. > :08:06.In 1811, Mary's brother spotted a skull protruding out of a cliff,
:08:07. > :08:10.and over the following months, Mary proceeded to dig out
:08:11. > :08:13.an almost entire skeleton of an ancient crocodile creature.
:08:14. > :08:19.Mary sold it for ?23 - about ?1,000 in today's money.
:08:20. > :08:23.There is a replica in the Lyme Regis Museum.
:08:24. > :08:27.The creature was eventually named an ichthyosaur,
:08:28. > :08:29.and this is what it would have looked like
:08:30. > :08:35.200 million years ago, swimming in Lyme Bay.
:08:36. > :08:41.'Tom Sharpe from Cardiff Museum is a Mary Anning fan.'
:08:42. > :08:43.Do you think she has genuinely influenced
:08:44. > :08:46.fossil hunters today and geologists today?
:08:47. > :08:49.Oh, very much so. I mean, she was a great tourist attraction
:08:50. > :08:53.People came to Lyme Regis to go fossil hunting with Mary Anning.
:08:54. > :08:58.there are fossil shops here in Lyme Regis, and there are collectors
:08:59. > :09:01.here, carrying on the tradition of Mary Anning.
:09:02. > :09:03.She made some significant discoveries
:09:04. > :09:09.she really transformed our view of life in the Jurassic sea,
:09:10. > :09:14.She was finding some remarkable creatures, which no-one had
:09:15. > :09:17.ever seen before, and finding complete examples as well.
:09:18. > :09:20.And she was finding these things at just the right time,
:09:21. > :09:23.when geology was becoming established as a science.
:09:24. > :09:26.So, she was certainly born at the right time, but she was a woman -
:09:27. > :09:29.was she born the right sex? No, she wasn't, really.
:09:30. > :09:31.And she wasn't the right class either.
:09:32. > :09:34.We forget, really, how strongly stratified -
:09:35. > :09:37.almost as well stratified as the rocks are round here -
:09:38. > :09:41.There was no opportunity for her to move up the social scale.
:09:42. > :09:44.She'd probably be one of the world's leading palaeontologists
:09:45. > :09:53.She found the first long-necked plesiosaur
:09:54. > :09:57.and a flying dinosaur, the pterodactyl.
:09:58. > :10:01.In 1830, renowned geologist Henry De la Beche imagined the seas
:10:02. > :10:05.and skies populated by Mary's creatures.
:10:06. > :10:09.She became so well known, her work is said to have inspired
:10:10. > :10:13."She sells seashells on the seashore".
:10:14. > :10:16.My fossil may not be up to Mary's standard,
:10:17. > :10:20.but I'm hoping that Paddy's been able to clean it up.
:10:21. > :10:22.It's the big moment. Show me what you've got.
:10:23. > :10:24.This is the one we found this morning on the beach.
:10:25. > :10:29.JULIA GASPS Look at that! There's your ammonite.
:10:30. > :10:40.A fossil graveyard made up of hundreds of squid-like creatures
:10:41. > :10:45.that lived in shells. Sadly, it's slowly disintegrating.
:10:46. > :10:47.Richard Edmonds from the Jurassic Coast team
:10:48. > :10:54.Over the last few years, I've noticed there's been some really
:10:55. > :10:58.weird movements down here, ledges pushing and graunching and breaking.
:10:59. > :11:02.We really don't know at the moment. It's a bit of a mystery,
:11:03. > :11:05.but we're not seeing it anywhere else along the Jurassic Coast.
:11:06. > :11:07.And is it something that we should be worried about?
:11:08. > :11:11.No, I mean, this coast is a product of erosion.
:11:12. > :11:14.If it wasn't eroding and changing, it wouldn't be the place it is.
:11:15. > :11:16.We may lose quite a lot of this ammonite pavement,
:11:17. > :11:19.but then, some more of it will appear somewhere else,
:11:20. > :11:21.and we've just got to live with that fact.
:11:22. > :11:33.And that's where Richard's team have gone high-tech,
:11:34. > :11:37.and called in Greg Colley with his helicopter camera.
:11:38. > :11:39.We got some funding from Natural England to fly this
:11:40. > :11:42.helicopter with a camera at really high resolution to make
:11:43. > :11:45.a photomontage, you know, a baseline survey,
:11:46. > :11:48.so that I can come back and actually see what's actually happening,
:11:49. > :11:58.how this beach is changing through time.
:11:59. > :12:02.Whatever the photo survey reveals, Richard's team know
:12:03. > :12:06.they can't save the ammonite pavement from the march of nature.
:12:07. > :12:10.However, every new storm and every landslide exposes fresh wonders
:12:11. > :12:13.and brings the chance of another exciting discovery.
:12:14. > :12:36.is Oxford University's very own living laboratory.
:12:37. > :12:40.A vast outdoor classroom, where ecologists are conducting
:12:41. > :12:47.some of the most important grassland experiments in the world.
:12:48. > :12:49.It may not look much like a laboratory,
:12:50. > :12:56.is leading the way in new thinking about rare habitats.
:12:57. > :13:00.That often means starting with the creepy crawlies.
:13:01. > :13:06.That looks to me, Clive, very much like mincemeat.
:13:07. > :13:08.That's right, and it's going to mimic a piece of carrion,
:13:09. > :13:15.and we're going to see how fast it's removed over the next few days.
:13:16. > :13:17.And what do you suspect is going to take that away?
:13:18. > :13:20.At this time of year, it's often snails and slugs. And there's
:13:21. > :13:24.one I set earlier, where you'll be able to see that that has happened.
:13:25. > :13:26.So this has been here a couple of days,
:13:27. > :13:29.and some of it has already been removed, so there's a little
:13:30. > :13:32.black slug there, and there is a little tiny snail there.
:13:33. > :13:36.It's showing us that, in the scrubland,
:13:37. > :13:39.Whereas, if you put this on grassland nearby,
:13:40. > :13:43.That tells you that to get the most carrion removal,
:13:44. > :13:46.but if you wanted the most pollination,
:13:47. > :13:49.You'd go for lots of flowers in the area.
:13:50. > :13:52.So you can't have everything in one site in conservation.
:13:53. > :14:01.It's a trade-off between different processes, different services.
:14:02. > :14:05.they're looking for past evidence of plants -
:14:06. > :14:09.seeds locked in the soil for decades.
:14:10. > :14:17.just from my soil cores around this site.
:14:18. > :14:21.And that list reads like a Who's Who of classic British wild flowers.
:14:22. > :14:24.Plants like the bittersweet nightshade,
:14:25. > :14:40.and it's normally a representative of more ancient grasslands, or more
:14:41. > :14:46.established grasslands, so we're seeing a real range of types here.
:14:47. > :14:50.Knowing what's there in the soil will help Chris and his team
:14:51. > :14:53.work out how best to manage this trial site.
:14:54. > :15:02.Back in the 18th century, it was a clergyman called Gilbert White
:15:03. > :15:06.who first really looked closely at nature,
:15:07. > :15:08.as Matt found out when he went to visit White's hometown,
:15:09. > :15:20.which flourished into an obsession of observing all living things.
:15:21. > :15:23.Putting pen to paper, he wrote about what he saw.
:15:24. > :15:26.His letters were published as a book,
:15:27. > :15:33.'It is said to be the fourth most published book in the English
:15:34. > :15:37.'language, and it revolutionised the way we look at the natural world.
:15:38. > :15:40.'To find out how, I'm meeting Ronnie Davidson-Houston.
:15:41. > :15:44.'He's been studying Gilbert's life and work since he was ten,
:15:45. > :15:48.'and I'm getting the impression he's a pretty big fan.'
:15:49. > :15:51.I found this book, which was just so beautifully written,
:15:52. > :15:56.so readable, and really appealed to me, and has done ever since.
:15:57. > :15:59.And have you collected all of his works since? Well, I'm still trying.
:16:00. > :16:04.I've got about 1,000 copies, which are now in the museum here.
:16:05. > :16:07.He was a very, very special man, wasn't he? Absolutely.
:16:08. > :16:10.I mean, he's what we call the first ecologist.
:16:11. > :16:15.I mean, he took the whole of nature, including man, in his writing,
:16:16. > :16:20.and he was the person who first started everybody bird-watching.
:16:21. > :16:25.And, of course, he inspired Darwin, among others.
:16:26. > :16:28.Gilbert's love of nature began in the garden
:16:29. > :16:30.of his country home - today, a museum.
:16:31. > :16:34.His passion flourished, and I'm meeting deputy head gardener,
:16:35. > :16:37.Rose Mallion, who's recreating Gilbert's garden
:16:38. > :16:47.Yes, we're planting out our bulb border
:16:48. > :16:49.in accordance with the record Gilbert kept for us
:16:50. > :16:54.and the place in which he planted them.
:16:55. > :16:58.So, shall we pop up there? Yes, let's go up and have a go.
:16:59. > :17:01.OK. So, what you need to do is get the bulb
:17:02. > :17:03.about three times its own depth into the soil,
:17:04. > :17:09.And what else would he have been planting, Rose?
:17:10. > :17:13.He would have been planting double hyacinths, jonquils and tulips.
:17:14. > :17:16.That's what Gilbert called, "the rank clay that required
:17:17. > :17:18."the labour of years to render it useful"!
:17:19. > :17:21.He's got a lovely turn of phrase, hasn't he?
:17:22. > :17:23.He's got a lovely turn of phrase, yeah!
:17:24. > :17:25.And how did it expand from this border, then,
:17:26. > :17:29.He called himself an outdoor naturalist, and because he was
:17:30. > :17:32.outside, he was able to observe patterns and behaviour,
:17:33. > :17:35.the changes in the season. All those things,
:17:36. > :17:39.because he was out gardening, he noticed.
:17:40. > :17:41.Gilbert's passion for observing wildlife was born.
:17:42. > :17:43.It soon turned into an obsession that would
:17:44. > :17:48.Whilst out in the garden, watching the seasons change
:17:49. > :17:51.and nature at work, he would come and sit in a chair
:17:52. > :17:54.just like this one up here, up on this little mound.
:17:55. > :18:05.Oh! Well, from here, he would soak up his natural
:18:06. > :18:10.surroundings like a sponge, and he believed the more confined
:18:11. > :18:18.your sphere of observation, the more perfect would be your remarks.
:18:19. > :18:24.And this was his sphere - the countryside around his home.
:18:25. > :18:27.His observations were recorded in a series of letters,
:18:28. > :18:31.bound into his book - The Natural History Of Selborne.
:18:32. > :18:33.The 18th-century manuscript is held in the museum,
:18:34. > :18:37.and I've been given special permission to have a look.
:18:38. > :18:39.In his letters, Gilbert was describing things
:18:40. > :18:42.that had never been written down before.
:18:43. > :18:45.Like this, the first ever description of a harvest mouse.
:18:46. > :18:48."They're much smaller and more slender,
:18:49. > :18:53."and have more of the squirrel or dormouse colour."
:18:54. > :18:56.Gilbert's peers were describing new species as well.
:18:57. > :18:59.But there was something that Gilbert was alone in doing.
:19:00. > :19:02.He was questioning how animals lived and behaved.
:19:03. > :19:05.Listen to what he said about the nest of a harvest mouse.
:19:06. > :19:08."Perfectly round, about the size of a cricket ball.
:19:09. > :19:12."It was so compact and well-filled, how could the dam..."
:19:13. > :19:17."..come at her young and administer a teat to each?"
:19:18. > :19:21.You can hear the excitement in his words.
:19:22. > :19:24.By writing down his observations and questions,
:19:25. > :19:29.the study of animals in their environment.
:19:30. > :19:34.His words would go on to inspire generations for centuries to come.
:19:35. > :19:38.Gilbert continued his writing up until a few days before he died.
:19:39. > :19:41.And in his last letter, in the manuscript,
:19:42. > :19:45."I shall here take a respectful leave from you
:19:46. > :19:59."and from natural history altogether."
:20:00. > :20:05.Charles Elton understood the value of close observation.
:20:06. > :20:09.Earlier, we heard how he was amongst the very first to realise
:20:10. > :20:12.the importance of deadwood to living things.
:20:13. > :20:19.But how do you work out just how much deadwood there is?
:20:20. > :20:21.Well, this is not what I expected to find, Keith!
:20:22. > :20:24.You laying out this huge tape measure in the wood!
:20:25. > :20:26.Well, it's one of the best ways of estimating
:20:27. > :20:29.the amount of deadwood that there is, and deadwood is a really
:20:30. > :20:32.important resource for the invertebrates and fungi
:20:33. > :20:34.and all sorts of things that live here.
:20:35. > :20:37.So, how does it work, then, with this tape measure?
:20:38. > :20:43.and we simply then count the number of pieces of deadwood
:20:44. > :20:49.just count the number of times they cross.
:20:50. > :20:55.That one doesn't cross, so that doesn't count. Those are too small.
:20:56. > :20:59.So, what is all this telling you, then?
:21:00. > :21:03.Well, by some fancy mathematics, you can calculate
:21:04. > :21:08.an estimate of the length of deadwood per hectare.
:21:09. > :21:11.And also, if you've got your rough diameters,
:21:12. > :21:18.just how much deadwood there is in the whole of this wood.
:21:19. > :21:23.We get an estimate of around 40 to 50 cubic metres
:21:24. > :21:31.if we look at that big, old oak tree behind us,
:21:32. > :21:34.that's probably two or three cubic metres,
:21:35. > :21:39.so we're talking about 20 big, old oaks lying down per hectare.
:21:40. > :21:42.And was Elton the first to realise this?
:21:43. > :21:46.He's really one of the pioneers in this sort of work, yes.
:21:47. > :21:50.And, in fact, in his notebooks, in which he kept a sort of diary
:21:51. > :22:00.and in the entry actually for the 9th of November, 1955,
:22:01. > :22:03.we see he says, "Leave all labelled trees unexploited,"
:22:04. > :22:07.so these were the ones that he marked.
:22:08. > :22:14."As far as possible, do this with any other unmarked deadwood."
:22:15. > :22:17.So, Elton's message was, really, leave things where they lay?
:22:18. > :22:25.He was one of the first to really promote that message in a big way.
:22:26. > :22:29.Elton's ideas are now well established, but scientists
:22:30. > :22:33.like Keith are finding out new things from their work at Wytham Woods.
:22:34. > :22:37.Some of the successors to Elton set up a series of plots through
:22:38. > :22:41.the wood, and we've now been coming back to those every ten years,
:22:42. > :22:45.and by combining that with data from Continental studies
:22:46. > :22:49.and North American studies, it's been shown that what the tree
:22:50. > :22:54.canopy here is doing is moderating the effects of climate change,
:22:55. > :22:56.so that the species in the ground flora are not
:22:57. > :23:00.changing as fast as we thought they would be.
:23:01. > :23:04.So, creatures that live out in the open are probably
:23:05. > :23:08.feeling the effects more of climate change than creatures that
:23:09. > :23:13.But we've got to put a caveat there, that obviously,
:23:14. > :23:22.this sheltering effect only applies while the tree canopy is there.
:23:23. > :23:25.Well, I'm glad of this tree canopy in this rain!
:23:26. > :23:32.Coping with climate change is one of the biggest challenges ahead.
:23:33. > :23:35.How will we grow our food in a warming world,
:23:36. > :23:46.That's what Tom went to find out last May.
:23:47. > :23:51.Population is rising, and our climate is changing.
:23:52. > :23:56.We are reaching a critical point where food production will
:23:57. > :24:07.The challenge is so great, that crop science alone may not be enough.
:24:08. > :24:13.That, of course, is nothing new to farming.
:24:14. > :24:18.We used to do most things by hand, like grinding this wheat here,
:24:19. > :24:22.and I can tell you, it is pretty hard work.
:24:23. > :24:25.But then came the agricultural revolution.
:24:26. > :24:31.That meant we could use our new-found engineering expertise
:24:32. > :24:33.to produce machines to help us do the work.
:24:34. > :24:39.but with far less labour and much greater quantities,
:24:40. > :24:45.and that meant we could feed our growing societies and huge cities.
:24:46. > :24:48.Back then, British farming technology was leading the world.
:24:49. > :24:57.a danger the world is overtaking Britain.
:24:58. > :25:00.They're now developing driverless tractors in Germany,
:25:01. > :25:13.are steaming ahead in the race for robotics.
:25:14. > :25:16.So, is Britain keeping up with the pace?
:25:17. > :25:22.Well, these guys in here certainly think so.
:25:23. > :25:26.Harper Adams in Shropshire is one of the only universities in the
:25:27. > :25:30.country dealing with agricultural engineering and robotics.
:25:31. > :25:34.Students here are developing a new generation of farm machinery.
:25:35. > :25:39.This is a quarter scale model of a selective lettuce-harvesting robot.
:25:40. > :25:42.This is Nigel, the farm robot of the future.
:25:43. > :25:45.One day, he'll be able to do everything that one of these
:25:46. > :25:48.big tractors will do, but all on his own.
:25:49. > :25:51.This is mark two of our mechanised harvester,
:25:52. > :25:54.and it's designed to be able to tell the difference between plants
:25:55. > :25:57.which are ready to harvest, without the need for humans.
:25:58. > :26:04.# Harder, better faster, stronger. #
:26:05. > :26:08.These smart machines will make significant savings,
:26:09. > :26:13.and will revolutionise how we treat our plants in the fields.
:26:14. > :26:16.'Professor Simon Blackmore is the course leader
:26:17. > :26:19.'for these engineers of our farming future.'
:26:20. > :26:22.And smart machines isn't just about getting rid of people, is it?
:26:23. > :26:25.You know, making farmers and farm workers redundant?
:26:26. > :26:29.No. We still need farmers, we still need people working the land,
:26:30. > :26:33.but I do see the advent of small, smart machines
:26:34. > :26:35.running around the fields do useful things for us.
:26:36. > :26:41.The student projects are certainly promising,
:26:42. > :26:44.but what about British commercial developments?
:26:45. > :26:48.Rich Walker has created a highly sophisticated gadget that
:26:49. > :26:56.It's truly mesmerising, but really, what is it?
:26:57. > :27:02.We use these all over the world with academics
:27:03. > :27:04.who are trying to understand how humans manipulate objects,
:27:05. > :27:09.so they can make machines that can do those kind of tasks.
:27:10. > :27:12.to be relevant to agriculture and farming.
:27:13. > :27:16.Because we've been looking at how humans do complicated tasks like...
:27:17. > :27:20.Well, I grab that, I twist that, I pull there.
:27:21. > :27:23.And if we can get this robot hand to do those kind of tasks,
:27:24. > :27:25.then we should be able to build machines
:27:26. > :27:27.that can go into fields and orchards and pick fruit and vegetables.
:27:28. > :27:30.And you think this is really something practical
:27:31. > :27:32.for the future of farming, not just a bit of fun for guys like you?
:27:33. > :27:35.It's definitely a bit of fun for guys like us,
:27:36. > :27:40.because we see that in 5, 10, 15 years, these kind of technologies
:27:41. > :27:43.could well have translated out into real applications. Really?
:27:44. > :27:46.Well, in our field, we didn't see the milking robot come,
:27:47. > :27:48.and that's been a huge, huge success in farming.
:27:49. > :27:51.So it's entirely possible that these could get out of the lab
:27:52. > :27:57.Two things are for certain - our population is going up,
:27:58. > :28:11.We are now faced with an opportunity to meet those challenges head-on.
:28:12. > :28:14.JOHN CRAVEN: Tom there, showing how science and technology are already
:28:15. > :28:17.getting to grips with the problems facing our farmers.
:28:18. > :28:21.But can Hollywood give our farmers a helping hand?
:28:22. > :28:36.I've got four different breeds of pig on the farm.
:28:37. > :28:42.and then I've got a pig called an Iron Age,
:28:43. > :28:44.which looks a little bit like a wild boar.
:28:45. > :28:48.The Tamworth, which is big, ginger pig.
:28:49. > :28:51.And then the Gloucestershire Old Spot.
:28:52. > :28:52.And pigs, just like all other farm animals,
:28:53. > :28:57.It doesn't matter whether they're large or small.
:28:58. > :29:00.And they can get an infection in their foot.
:29:01. > :29:03.This area, where they've got two toes,
:29:04. > :29:06.that then needs treating with antibiotics.
:29:07. > :29:11.And also, they can have slightly twisted legs,
:29:12. > :29:14.and that can cause lameness too. It can be a bit of a problem.
:29:15. > :29:17.It's something that farmers have to manage.
:29:18. > :29:22.There you go. Go and get some breakfast.
:29:23. > :29:26.There are more than 400,000 sows in this country
:29:27. > :29:30.and it's thought that about 5% of them are lame.
:29:31. > :29:42.From quite an unusual source. Hollywood.
:29:43. > :29:46.How can blockbuster movies like Avatar, The Matrix,
:29:47. > :29:48.and Lord of the Rings, help a lame pig?
:29:49. > :29:56.I am off to Newcastle University to find out.
:29:57. > :30:00.'The first thing researcher and vet Sophia Stavrakis.
:30:01. > :30:04.'and I have to do is attach some reflectors to a 'pig.
:30:05. > :30:07.I've been working with pegs all my life,
:30:08. > :30:14.and I have never had to put reflective stickers on them before.
:30:15. > :30:17.Sofia, this looks pretty high-tech. What is going on here?
:30:18. > :30:20.I'm using this highly specialised camera system here,
:30:21. > :30:24.in order to prevent lameness in pig production.
:30:25. > :30:29.And basically what we are doing is using 3-D motion capture technology
:30:30. > :30:32.to measure movement, to measure gait in pigs.
:30:33. > :30:36.And gait is the way it walks, it steps, really. Exactly.
:30:37. > :30:40.And that 3-D movement technology is the sort of stuff you would see
:30:41. > :30:44.There are actual Hollywood movies that have been based
:30:45. > :30:47.on animation obtained from such camera systems.
:30:48. > :30:54.They emit infrared light which is reflected by markers on the pig.
:30:55. > :30:58.So, those little dots on the pig are reflecting back to the cameras?
:30:59. > :31:00.They are reflecting back to the cameras. OK.
:31:01. > :31:03.So shall we go and have a look at how it looks like, shall we see?
:31:04. > :31:07.Yeah. Here we see the actual capture of the pig with the markers on.
:31:08. > :31:10.So the marker s moving through the space. Amazing.
:31:11. > :31:15.and you can see the shape of the pig walking across.
:31:16. > :31:19.And so, this is much more than the human eye could detect. Yes.
:31:20. > :31:22.We are filming at a much greater frame rate and this enables us
:31:23. > :31:26.to see more than the human eye would be able to perceive.
:31:27. > :31:29.So, as a pig farmer, when you are picking your females
:31:30. > :31:32.from a herd that you might want to breed from, you can
:31:33. > :31:36.potentially set up a camera, walk the piglets through,
:31:37. > :31:40.and say, look, those ones have got certain angles in the joints
:31:41. > :31:42.which may cause them to be lame in the future,
:31:43. > :31:46.then you won't breed from it, and therefore, genetically,
:31:47. > :31:50.you improve the ability of the pigs to move around. Exactly.
:31:51. > :31:53.So that would enable you to better select for breeding schemes.
:31:54. > :31:56.It is very important for the pig industry.
:31:57. > :31:59.When you think of pig farming, you just think of, you know,
:32:00. > :32:02.smelly pigs, and perhaps sausages and bacon.
:32:03. > :32:05.But this technology is just extraordinary. Yes, isn't it?
:32:06. > :32:14.but Sophia hopes to create a computer model of a healthy pig
:32:15. > :32:24.to use as a reference point to spot potential lameness in pigs.
:32:25. > :32:27.I am not sure this piglet will ever make the dizzy heights
:32:28. > :32:31.of Hollywood, but it is great that farming is embracing
:32:32. > :32:34.new technologies and developments all the time.
:32:35. > :32:36.And even as a small-scale pig farmer,
:32:37. > :32:40.I am warmed by the fact that the industry is in good hands.
:32:41. > :32:50.You want to go back to your mum? PIGLET SQUEALS
:32:51. > :32:55.In Wytham Woods where strange things are going on.
:32:56. > :32:59.High-tech gadgets whir into action. Data is gathered.
:33:00. > :33:06.This is one of the most important experiments happening in these woods.
:33:07. > :33:10.Rather intriguing, Emma. What is happening?
:33:11. > :33:13.So, we are measuring CO2 coming out of the soil. Why are you doing that?
:33:14. > :33:18.why carbon is released as CO2 from the soil.
:33:19. > :33:22.And sometimes it a lot more is released than at other times.
:33:23. > :33:28.And we don't really understand why it happens in the first place.
:33:29. > :33:33.There is more carbon dioxide locked in the soils of forest floors
:33:34. > :33:40.And scientists have noticed that extra release of carbon dioxide
:33:41. > :33:46.Could the answer lies in the amount of leaf litter?
:33:47. > :33:56.Emma's experiment is one of the first to try and find out what is going on.
:33:57. > :34:00.These chambers are measuring the CO2 coming out from the soil.
:34:01. > :34:04.Quite a dramatic rise, isn't it? Yes, there is a lot of CO2 coming out.
:34:05. > :34:07.So if you think atmospheric concentration is
:34:08. > :34:11.somewhere around 390 parts per million, that would be down here.
:34:12. > :34:16.And we are already up over 400 parts per million.
:34:17. > :34:21.This reading is above the current levels in the atmosphere.
:34:22. > :34:31.Add some decaying leaves, and the rise in CO2 is higher still.
:34:32. > :34:33.You can see that the CO2 concentration is rising
:34:34. > :34:37.because we have CO2 coming from the soil below ground,
:34:38. > :34:40.but also the CO2 coming from the litter.
:34:41. > :34:43.So what you are saying is that the leaves that have fallen
:34:44. > :34:46.on the ground are somehow activating the CO2 that is underground?
:34:47. > :34:50.Yes, when you get a sudden pulse of extra dead plant material,
:34:51. > :34:53.like, now, it is autumn, there is a lot of leaf litter returning
:34:54. > :34:57.to the ground, that will stimulate something happening in the soil.
:34:58. > :35:02.And that seems to stimulate something in the soil,
:35:03. > :35:07.So it is a sort of double whammy of CO2 being released? Yes, yeah.
:35:08. > :35:17.Emma's research will last for four years.
:35:18. > :35:22.Hopefully her work will provide some answers to what is causing
:35:23. > :35:31.the release of so much carbon from our forest floors.
:35:32. > :35:37.And that is the job of science. To ask questions and look for answers.
:35:38. > :35:42.Even unusual ones, as Jules found out when he went to Scotland to ask,
:35:43. > :35:52.I'm travelling to a remote part of Highland Perthshire, where at the
:35:53. > :35:56.end of the 18th-century, during the age of Enlightenment and exploration,
:35:57. > :36:03.with an ambitious scheme to weigh the world.
:36:04. > :36:07.Now, measuring the weight of the world is not your everyday
:36:08. > :36:10.sort of experiment, so we're going to find out how they did it,
:36:11. > :36:14.and why they came to a remote corner of Scotland to make it happen.
:36:15. > :36:20.But before we start, I have got a nice little journey on my hands.
:36:21. > :36:23.I am taking a ride on the West Highland Railway.
:36:24. > :36:28.It takes in some of the most rugged and iconic landscape in Scotland.
:36:29. > :36:34.Look at the deer. That is a real picture of Scottish life, isn't it?
:36:35. > :36:38.You know, even on a misty morning such as this,
:36:39. > :36:42.the landscape here is absolutely stunning.
:36:43. > :36:49.But I am not here to soak up the scenery.
:36:50. > :36:51.I am here to find out about one of the most influential
:36:52. > :36:59.230 years ago a team of British scientists,
:37:00. > :37:03.headed by the Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne,
:37:04. > :37:05.trudged across a landscape such as this for days,
:37:06. > :37:11.To get a sense of what this must have been like,
:37:12. > :37:16.The key to measuring the weight of the Earth
:37:17. > :37:22.Maskelyne and his team had spent over a year of scouring
:37:23. > :37:25.the British Isles for just the right spot.
:37:26. > :37:28.And here, in central Scotland, they found it.
:37:29. > :37:35.That mountain, shrouded in cloud. Schiehallion.
:37:36. > :37:40.To find out why this particular mountain held the key
:37:41. > :37:45.I am meeting up with Dr Martin Hendry from Glasgow University.
:37:46. > :37:47.Hi, Martin. Nice to see you. Nice to see you.
:37:48. > :37:53.Absolutely. We have even arranged for some sunshine. Well, indeed.
:37:54. > :37:57.Now, Martin, how do you go about measuring
:37:58. > :38:00.the weight of the world, with that mountain?
:38:01. > :38:02.Well, the science is quite challenging.
:38:03. > :38:05.It certainly was for the late 18th-century.
:38:06. > :38:07.But actually the principle is fairly easy to explain.
:38:08. > :38:10.Essentially, imagine this was the mountain, Schiehallion.
:38:11. > :38:14.and you know how large it is, what its size is,
:38:15. > :38:16.then basically all you have got to do is scale up
:38:17. > :38:18.from the weight of this stone, to maybe a much bigger one,
:38:19. > :38:21.like this, which would represent the Earth... Which I am sitting on, yes!
:38:22. > :38:23.Absolutely, you are sitting on the earth,
:38:24. > :38:26.and there, you have got an estimate of the weight of the Earth.
:38:27. > :38:28.So, as you say, the principle is relatively straightforward.
:38:29. > :38:31.But why Schiehallion, why this mountain in particular?
:38:32. > :38:34.Well, Maskelyne spent a long time searching for a suitable mountain.
:38:35. > :38:38.He was looking for a mountain that was quite regular in shape,
:38:39. > :38:40.quite geometrical in shape, a bit like a pyramid.
:38:41. > :38:43.Because it is much easier to work out the total size
:38:44. > :38:47.In fact, it was not just Maskelyne involved in that, he was
:38:48. > :38:50.assisted by Charles Hutton, who surveyed the mountain.
:38:51. > :38:54.really invented the whole notion of contour lines,
:38:55. > :38:57.that you see on ordnance survey maps all the time these days.
:38:58. > :39:00.So working out the size was much easier for sure Schiehallion,
:39:01. > :39:05.So, how big, in relation to the rest of the world, is Schiehallion?
:39:06. > :39:09.It is roughly about one million-millionth of the size
:39:10. > :39:14.That, I mean, is a million-millionth of the rest of the planet?
:39:15. > :39:29.To find that out, we have to get up the mountain.
:39:30. > :39:34.you do get a sense that nothing has really changed since Maskelyne's day.
:39:35. > :39:38.How long were they up here working for? Basically, most of the summer.
:39:39. > :39:41.About seven, eight weeks. In every weather? Yeah.
:39:42. > :39:48.It does change so quickly. It does, doesn't it? Yes.
:39:49. > :39:51.Here we are, guys. Halfway up, having struggled through the climb.
:39:52. > :39:54.We have got wet, we are surrounded by midges
:39:55. > :39:59.You said down at the bottom, Martin, that we know, this mountain,
:40:00. > :40:02.Schiehallion, is one million-million times smaller
:40:03. > :40:04.than the rest of the Earth. That's right.
:40:05. > :40:06.And you have dragged me all the way up here to tell me
:40:07. > :40:09.how they figured out just how heavy it was.
:40:10. > :40:13.OK, well, to measure the weight of the mountain,
:40:14. > :40:18.Now, about 100 years before Maskelyne , Newton worked out that
:40:19. > :40:22.gravity is something that everything in the universe experiences.
:40:23. > :40:26.Everything has a gravitational pull towards everything else.
:40:27. > :40:29.And Newton also worked out that if you could measure
:40:30. > :40:32.the gravitational pull something then you could also work
:40:33. > :40:35.out its weight, because gravitational pull
:40:36. > :40:39.What did he use to try and figure out this all out?
:40:40. > :40:43.He would have used a device similar to this.
:40:44. > :40:47.and it indicates the direction of the gravitational pull.
:40:48. > :40:52.So, on flat land, it obviously hangs vertically down towards the Earth.
:40:53. > :40:56.But as you bring the plumb line closer to the mountain,
:40:57. > :40:59.you find that the mountain itself actually gravitationally
:41:00. > :41:02.attracts and pulls the plumb line towards it.
:41:03. > :41:04.So, if you can measure that deflection, you can
:41:05. > :41:10.But this is a very, very small degree of measurement, presumably,
:41:11. > :41:16.How was he able to calculate that back in the late 18th century?
:41:17. > :41:19.Yeah, well, that is why it was a job for the Astronomer Royal.
:41:20. > :41:21.Because he needed to know the true vertical.
:41:22. > :41:26.know the position of the stars, very accurately.
:41:27. > :41:29.You had to make measurements with hundreds of stars,
:41:30. > :41:31.you had to do it all over the mountain,
:41:32. > :41:33.and course, you need clear skies, to do it at night.
:41:34. > :41:37.As Astronomer Royal, Maskelyne's knowledge of the stars meant
:41:38. > :41:39.they could calculate what true vertical was.
:41:40. > :41:42.And therefore, the deflection of the plumb line
:41:43. > :41:45.caused by the gravitational pull of the mountain.
:41:46. > :41:48.He did succeed, he did manage it, so I'm dying to ask,
:41:49. > :41:52.how heavy is this mountain, having climbed halfway up it?!
:41:53. > :41:56.Well, getting on for 1 billion tonnes. 1 billion tonnes. Yes.
:41:57. > :41:59.But what does that mean for the weight of the world?
:42:00. > :42:01.We take our billion tonnes, give or take,
:42:02. > :42:06.and that's you got the weight of the world.
:42:07. > :42:10.So, it is a million million billion tonnes? More or less. More or less!
:42:11. > :42:14.Now, modern techniques can obviously tell us the weight of the world.
:42:15. > :42:18.He got within about 20 percent of the figure that modern techniques
:42:19. > :42:20.would tell us is the true weight of the Earth.
:42:21. > :42:23.And also, he was able to use that estimate to work out
:42:24. > :42:25.the weight of the other planets in our solar system.
:42:26. > :42:29.It is an extraordinary achievement, isn't it, really? Yes.
:42:30. > :42:32.Here, on this, you know, very quiet, empty mountain, in central Scotland.
:42:33. > :42:37.Funding his lengthy research in such a remote location
:42:38. > :42:42.But it proved worthwhile, at least for Maskelyne.
:42:43. > :42:46.His experiment has become one of the most famous,
:42:47. > :43:00.giving him a prominent place in the history of science.
:43:01. > :43:04.From our living laboratory to our living landscape.
:43:05. > :43:08.That is the theme of the 2014 Countryfile calendar.
:43:09. > :43:11.It cost ?9 and comes with free delivery.
:43:12. > :43:15.If you would like one, please visit the Countryfile website.
:43:16. > :43:20.There, you will find all the details you need to order your copy.
:43:21. > :43:24.A minimum of ?4 from the sale of every calendar will
:43:25. > :43:26.go to the BBC Children In Need appeal.
:43:27. > :43:29.In a moment, I will be catching up with scientists behind one
:43:30. > :43:32.of the longest-running bird surveys on the planet.
:43:33. > :43:35.But first, let's go to the weather studio in London,
:43:36. > :43:49.for the Countryfile forecast for the week ahead.
:43:50. > :43:57.Hello. Every year, thousands of birds come flocking to our shores to
:43:58. > :44:00.try and get an easier ride with our winter weather compared to what they
:44:01. > :44:09.could find elsewhere in Europe. Robbins might be your only winter
:44:10. > :44:14.visitor. Last week you sent us pictures with snow around, settling
:44:15. > :44:19.mainly in the northern half of the UK. But very little of that drama
:44:20. > :44:22.coming our way this week. Whenever you see this big area of high
:44:23. > :44:27.pressure, you know the weather will be quiet and the change is gradual.
:44:28. > :44:31.This is blocking Atlantic and Arctic weather systems coming our way.
:44:32. > :44:36.Instead of getting colder, we will start the week old, but we will be
:44:37. > :44:39.getting into the warm colours. Temperatures go up and it gets
:44:40. > :44:45.milder but it does not last too long. By the end of the week we are
:44:46. > :44:49.back into the blue. The main themes this week, with high pressure, dry
:44:50. > :44:55.weather. Patchy frost and for that night and a recovery in temperature.
:44:56. > :44:59.Day by day, starting with Monday morning, fog patches through Wales,
:45:00. > :45:07.western England and into Scotland. The fog may be slow to clear.
:45:08. > :45:11.Temperatures will be held down considerably by that. Some patchy
:45:12. > :45:14.rain heading into northern Scotland with temperatures for now still
:45:15. > :45:18.rooted in single figures. From Monday night and into Tuesday,
:45:19. > :45:23.patchy frost developing with fog patches and holes in the cloud. They
:45:24. > :45:28.will come and go with temperatures coming up and down a bit but there
:45:29. > :45:32.will be poor visibility around as we start on Tuesday. And some rain
:45:33. > :45:36.edging towards northern Scotland. A change in Scotland on Tuesday. The
:45:37. > :45:42.high pressure gets flattened by this weak weather front going through,
:45:43. > :45:45.allowing winds to pick up. Some outbreaks of rain around elsewhere.
:45:46. > :45:51.The winds will still be liked with mist and fog slow to clear. Bright
:45:52. > :45:55.spells around and most places dry. Temperatures in single figures in
:45:56. > :45:59.most places but it is getting mild in northern Scotland. A sign of
:46:00. > :46:05.things to come. That mild air behind this warm front. More of us will see
:46:06. > :46:09.a recovery in temperature on Wednesday but another weather system
:46:10. > :46:14.will approach northern Scotland. That will pep up the rain on
:46:15. > :46:20.Wednesday and the winds. Elsewhere, light winds and mist and fog in
:46:21. > :46:27.southern areas to begin the day, but the southern half of UK will around
:46:28. > :46:32.10 degrees. That weather dies a death. Cloud and some rain on
:46:33. > :46:36.Thursday. Lighter winds in Scotland, but temperatures even in
:46:37. > :46:40.southern areas have moved up. If you take what we are spending on
:46:41. > :46:44.Thursday and compare it to what is average, typical and normal for the
:46:45. > :46:49.final week of November, pretty spot on, and we have not had that for a
:46:50. > :46:53.while. This is the picture at the end of the week with high pressure
:46:54. > :46:57.finally giving way to a more active system from the Atlantic. Some
:46:58. > :47:01.uncertainty about the timing of this front but it will bring a change to
:47:02. > :47:05.Scotland and Northern Ireland, weakening as it moves into England.
:47:06. > :47:11.Showers turning wintry again over the hills of Scotland. And the winds
:47:12. > :47:24.will be colder and north-westerly. But some respite
:47:25. > :47:27.I'm in Oxfordshire where I've been finding out how science
:47:28. > :47:31.has shaped our land and how our land has shaped science.
:47:32. > :47:37.Wytham Woods is the perfect place. It's a real life living laboratory.
:47:38. > :47:49.but it's part of an ongoing study of Wytham's wild birds.
:47:50. > :47:54.Lead scientist Colin Garraway explains.
:47:55. > :47:59.inviting the birds to have a nice meal and then
:48:00. > :48:06.but it's teaching us a lot about bird behaviour.
:48:07. > :48:12.We've got four sparrowhawks set to release.
:48:13. > :48:15.We have every bird in the woods microchipped.
:48:16. > :48:19.We program our data loggers here to recognise certain birds
:48:20. > :48:27.The unsuspecting bird lands on the feeder looking for a free meal.
:48:28. > :48:31.The microchip on its leg triggers the release of the sparrowhawk.
:48:32. > :48:37.How the bird then behaves is what the experiment is designed to test.
:48:38. > :48:42.This is where the sparrowhawk...lands.
:48:43. > :48:48.Yeah. So they have a not so graceful landing into our box.
:48:49. > :48:53.It's a pretty good impression of one, isn't it? Yes.
:48:54. > :48:56.What are you learning from this experiment?
:48:57. > :48:58.We're interested in understanding social relationships
:48:59. > :49:03.and the evolution of how and why birds form flocks.
:49:04. > :49:06.We want to create the perception of predation pressure
:49:07. > :49:10.and look at how that affects the social relationships.
:49:11. > :49:12.Give me an example of what you're seeing.
:49:13. > :49:16.We might see, for example, two birds come in together.
:49:17. > :49:21.If one of them flies off but one of them stays there,
:49:22. > :49:23.we think that that might depend on how strongly
:49:24. > :49:34.The experiment is set up but today conditions are far from ideal.
:49:35. > :49:44.Nevertheless, each team member takes up a different position.
:49:45. > :49:47.To give ourselves the best chance of seeing the experiment in action,
:49:48. > :49:51.we're going to release the sparrowhawk manually.
:49:52. > :49:58.In the box the sparrowhawk has a little hook that is connected to
:49:59. > :50:03.When we create the circuit, by linking these two together,
:50:04. > :50:08.it releases the trigger and the sparrowhawk can fly.
:50:09. > :50:12.This experiment is part of one of the longest-running bird studies
:50:13. > :50:19.What's learned today here is adding to data going back to the late 1940s.
:50:20. > :50:24.Right now, though, it's a case of watching and waiting.
:50:25. > :50:29.Everything is set up now? Yeah, we're ready to go. A few birds are out.
:50:30. > :50:32.Yeah. The fake sparrowhawk is in position.
:50:33. > :50:37.It's ready to go. It should be interesting.
:50:38. > :50:40.Once we've settled down, the birds soon appear.
:50:41. > :50:45.They seem happy enough picking at seeds from the feeder.
:50:46. > :50:57.This could demonstrate strong bonds between them
:50:58. > :51:00.or it could be a sign of something else.
:51:01. > :51:04.when you first hear it that birds actually have personality -
:51:05. > :51:08.birds that are bold, birds that are shy.
:51:09. > :51:16.and social tendencies affect the whole population structure.
:51:17. > :51:21.The way in which the birds here in Wytham Woods are studied in many
:51:22. > :51:24.different circumstances is just one example of how
:51:25. > :51:28.this remarkable place is adding to our understanding
:51:29. > :51:41.That's it from the living laboratory of Wytham Woods.
:51:42. > :51:43.Next week we'll be in the Peak District.
:51:44. > :51:46.I'll be deep underground where new treasure has been discovered
:51:47. > :51:49.and Ellie will be getting on her bike to test out one of
:51:50. > :51:55.the toughest sections of next year's Tour de France.
:51:56. > :52:20.And no fake sparrowhawks! See you then, I hope. Bye for now.
:52:21. > :52:30.'Follow your gut - I mean, what does that mean?
:52:31. > :52:33.'I mean, I defy any married man to tell me that he's not had thoughts.'
:52:34. > :52:35.It's what you do with them thoughts that count.
:52:36. > :52:39.'Do you love Roxy? Or do you think you love Kat more?'