:00:16. > :00:24.We have tracked four hours into the Australian bush. -- been tracking
:00:25. > :00:34.for hours. In search of some of the most beautiful sights the planet has
:00:35. > :00:46.to offer. We have come to a place of amazing scenery. And unique
:00:47. > :00:56.wildlife. But where we're going, the true beauty only comes out whenever
:00:57. > :01:14.the sun goes down. Crowning all of this is a glorious night sky.
:01:15. > :01:20.Welcome back. It is six o'clock in the morning, this is our home at
:01:21. > :01:24.Siding Spring Observatory. South-east Australia. Perched on a
:01:25. > :01:31.mountain is the right thing because although it is not raining, it is
:01:32. > :01:35.blowing a gale, and these are not the type of clothes I want to
:01:36. > :01:42.present a television programme with! Come to Australia! Surfing and a
:01:43. > :01:47.barbecue! We have been mis-sold this trip! This is what the place looked
:01:48. > :01:53.like earlier today. On the edge of Cyclone Debbie, this was washed
:01:54. > :01:58.away. We are here and the one good thing about the wind is... It has
:01:59. > :02:05.blown away all of the clouds, we have a beautiful clear view, look at
:02:06. > :02:11.that. The Anglo Australian telescope, the Milky Way, Southern
:02:12. > :02:16.Cross. Plenty more later on. Gary O'Brien asked us to apologise for
:02:17. > :02:25.his coat. -- Dara O Briain. I had to borrow this! From the University!
:02:26. > :02:31.Here are some of the creatures we have been sharing the mountain with.
:02:32. > :02:38.Robert Patterson was very excited to see all of these kangaroos. Did he
:02:39. > :02:40.say, why are you wasting your time showing kangaroos? He said was a
:02:41. > :02:45.natural history show being interrupted by astronomy. The
:02:46. > :02:48.wildlife does that because there are lots of telescopes looking at the
:02:49. > :02:57.sky and the wildlife doesn't leave them alone, this new consolation is
:02:58. > :03:05.called the spider! Perhaps you have seen the bird's legs! Visa be
:03:06. > :03:11.telescopes looking at the sky. And one of the most ancient, beautiful
:03:12. > :03:16.consolations is the frog's bottom! On the last day we will share more
:03:17. > :03:26.of the adventures that has taken us across the entire continent.
:03:27. > :03:30.Tonight, on Stargazing Live... Liz Bonnin asks why ancient rocks in the
:03:31. > :03:37.outback could help us find signs of life on Mars. If alien civilisations
:03:38. > :03:42.are out there, we will see why an Australian telescope might be the
:03:43. > :03:48.first to spot them. We will explore what is happening with the black
:03:49. > :03:52.hole at the centre of our galaxy. Plus more results from your hunt for
:03:53. > :04:02.objects in the far reaches of the solar system.
:04:03. > :04:11.Those planet results are very interesting, we have real science to
:04:12. > :04:16.talk about, talking about 4 million hits so far, the most number of
:04:17. > :04:23.views we have ever had in all of the seven series of Stargazing Live.
:04:24. > :04:28.Carry on. We're in a race against the growing light in Australia,
:04:29. > :04:35.Sunrise in over one hour, it is about four minutes past six. You can
:04:36. > :04:39.see my breath. You can send in your questions, this fire was a prop days
:04:40. > :04:46.ago but not any more! You can send in your photographs through Twitter
:04:47. > :04:54.or the website, #stargazing and bbc.co.uk/stargazing. The question
:04:55. > :05:02.we have here... Where does all the matter in black holes absorb go? It
:05:03. > :05:05.falls into the black hole and stays there but we think black holes
:05:06. > :05:13.evaporate, this is what Stephen Hawking is famous for, one with
:05:14. > :05:19.about 100 zeros after it, it will be returned to the universe. Away from
:05:20. > :05:29.all of these lights, Liz Bonnin is their... What can you see?
:05:30. > :05:40.It is freezing cold here. We don't care. It is glorious above. It is
:05:41. > :05:44.magnificent. We are delighted to bring this to you on the last night.
:05:45. > :05:53.Or resident guide to the southern skies is with me. Look at this
:05:54. > :05:59.image. The Jewel Box cluster. This is magnificent sight. Where is it?
:06:00. > :06:07.And what isn't made from? One of my favourites in the sky and in the
:06:08. > :06:13.Southern Cross. Very close to the Coalsack Nebula? Coalsack is right
:06:14. > :06:17.over there. How many stars? At least 100, looking at this with
:06:18. > :06:21.binoculars, 100 different coloured stars, which is why it is called the
:06:22. > :06:28.Jewel Box, about 8000 light years away. The galactic open star
:06:29. > :06:34.clusters are like the villages and The Times of the stars and this one
:06:35. > :06:42.is a little bit bigger than a village, like small-time. Incredibly
:06:43. > :06:47.colourful. They are beautiful. We have red, which tells us they are
:06:48. > :06:52.cooler and the hotter ones are white and blue, which sounds
:06:53. > :06:56.counterintuitive, but if you heat up some iron, it will eventually Go out
:06:57. > :07:03.hot. Fantastic description. Another beautiful description, one that
:07:04. > :07:09.Herschel made when he first saw this, he said it was a very
:07:10. > :07:12.different colour of its constituent stars, which give it the effect of a
:07:13. > :07:16.superb piece of fancy jewellery. Another feature of the southern
:07:17. > :07:20.skies I have been looking forward to seeing his the Carina Nebula. Here
:07:21. > :07:30.is an image from one of the telescopes. It is so bright! And so
:07:31. > :07:39.big. Just to here, in the sky at the moment, that bright area. It looks
:07:40. > :07:48.like a lovely, soft, hazy mass. And with the telescope, this image comes
:07:49. > :07:56.up. This is incredibly rich, it has stars embedded within it, born out
:07:57. > :08:01.of that nebula, bright nebula, ionised nebula, you can see that any
:08:02. > :08:08.colour, electrons being knocked off molecules, gas being turned into
:08:09. > :08:16.plasma. So much going on and this huge nebula contains another one! It
:08:17. > :08:21.is 7500 light years away but look at this image from the Hubble
:08:22. > :08:30.telescope. Tell us what is going on. Incredible image. This star is
:08:31. > :08:33.called Eta Carinae itself and 150 years ago this was the brightest
:08:34. > :08:40.star in the sky and it had this massive outburst, throwing light
:08:41. > :08:46.these lobes of material and that has obscured the light. And that is why
:08:47. > :08:52.it is called the Homunculus nebula. The stars are not fully understood
:08:53. > :09:00.but there is all of this dust like it, can we leave you with the images
:09:01. > :09:08.that our telescopes captured of the Carina Nebula. Another amazing sight
:09:09. > :09:11.in the southern skies. Beautiful. Perfectly placed to receive
:09:12. > :09:16.transmissions and messages and information that might come from out
:09:17. > :09:23.there. We have been asking about aliens. One viewer says, how do
:09:24. > :09:28.scientists look for life on other planets? One way we can go there,
:09:29. > :09:35.the Viking probe that landed on Mars in the 70s and another way, that is
:09:36. > :09:38.analysing the light from stars that passes through the atmosphere of the
:09:39. > :09:43.planets and that allows us to look into the atmosphere and see what it
:09:44. > :09:47.is made of, look for signs of life like oxygen which is put into
:09:48. > :09:52.planetary atmospheres in large concentrations by photosynthesis.
:09:53. > :09:54.People talk about that. There are places in Australia with the idea of
:09:55. > :10:13.alien life is very seriously indeed. Welcome to Wycliffe Well. Outback
:10:14. > :10:21.petrol stop. Watering hole. And self-proclaimed UFO capital of
:10:22. > :10:26.Australia. I was driving to work as usual and it was around about a
:10:27. > :10:31.quarter past eight in the morning... Doug Moffat is an amateur
:10:32. > :10:38.astronomer. With a story to tell. I look in the distance and I could see
:10:39. > :10:47.a black object hanging silently and very still in the sky. I had no
:10:48. > :10:54.explanation for what this was. He has been investigating UFO
:10:55. > :11:01.encounters for the past 20 years. Wycliffe Well is, the history of the
:11:02. > :11:05.UFO goes back to the Second World War, when servicemen based here
:11:06. > :11:11.repeatedly sought objects they could not explain. During the last 70
:11:12. > :11:19.years there have been hundreds and hundreds of sightings in this very
:11:20. > :11:22.remote part of Australia. You might wonder why aliens seem so keen on an
:11:23. > :11:30.isolated part of the Australian outback. Very interesting questions,
:11:31. > :11:38.it is so flat. There is no light pollution. There is nowhere for ET
:11:39. > :11:45.to hide. The likelihood of us confirming extraterrestrials largely
:11:46. > :11:50.depends on whether science gets on board and streets this subject as a
:11:51. > :11:57.real science and starts doing some real investigation. Well, there is
:11:58. > :12:05.good news. The hunt for alien life just got serious. And another remote
:12:06. > :12:11.part of Australia is in pole position to spot it. It seems like a
:12:12. > :12:16.waste of stars and planets if we were the only intelligent life in
:12:17. > :12:20.the universe. Australia is very fortunate in that the centre of the
:12:21. > :12:26.Milky Way literally goes over the top of this dish every day. The
:12:27. > :12:33.centre of the Milky Way is most the stars we can see are. And where the
:12:34. > :12:36.alien life might be. Professor Matthew Bayless is part of a
:12:37. > :12:41.coordinated global effort to find alien civilisations. And well he
:12:42. > :12:48.does not think they have made two hours in person, there are reasons
:12:49. > :12:54.to be optimistic. -- made it to Earth. In 2007 this telescope picked
:12:55. > :13:01.up a mysterious signal. I could not get a sleep that night, I was so
:13:02. > :13:07.excited, this thing was so loud and incredibly far away that it must
:13:08. > :13:16.represent a new phenomena. This intense pulse, later dubbed a fast
:13:17. > :13:21.radio burst or FRB, was a complete mystery and a complete one-off.
:13:22. > :13:27.Until six years later, when another ten signals were detected. We know
:13:28. > :13:30.they are coming from enormous distances away in the universe and
:13:31. > :13:38.the amount of power they must require is something incompressible
:13:39. > :13:41.to us. And we thought it was almost theoretically impossible. Impossible
:13:42. > :13:48.signals prompted impossible explanations. The most radical
:13:49. > :13:55.theory is that if aliens are using radio waves to propel spaceships
:13:56. > :13:59.across the galaxy, during the short, intense burst of radiation they used
:14:00. > :14:05.to propel them, that would generate something that looks a lot like a
:14:06. > :14:11.FRB. That is a pretty nifty idea. And that we been detecting these
:14:12. > :14:15.things that baby aliens produced by launching spaceships is pretty cool
:14:16. > :14:19.stuff. Although Matthew is yet to be convinced by the alien spaceship
:14:20. > :14:26.theory, and the urgency has taken over the global effort to find alien
:14:27. > :14:31.life. -- a new urgency. It is time to commit to finding the answer to
:14:32. > :14:35.the search for life beyond Earth. Steven Hawking has teamed up with
:14:36. > :14:43.the wealthy Russian entrepreneur in a $100 million project breakthrough
:14:44. > :14:47.initiative and for the first step, Matthew has kicked off the biggest
:14:48. > :14:52.search for alien life ever undertaken. This telescope will
:14:53. > :14:58.search deeper than ever before, 1 million stars in total will be
:14:59. > :15:04.surveyed for alien transmission. There is going to be a supercomputer
:15:05. > :15:08.in that tower which will divide the spectrum into a billion radio
:15:09. > :15:12.stations that were listening to. It is not a guarantee of success but it
:15:13. > :15:17.is certainly going to be so much better than anything we could
:15:18. > :15:24.achieve before. No one is more eager for Matthew to find the answers than
:15:25. > :15:28.Doug Moffat, back in Wycliffe Well. I never saw that object again, I
:15:29. > :15:34.have never seen anything like that again. To this day, I have not had
:15:35. > :15:39.any explanation as to what that could be. Given the immensity of the
:15:40. > :15:46.universe, we are certainly not alone.
:15:47. > :15:53.I just got a great tweet from Paul Rowland who said, you can almost
:15:54. > :15:58.hear Brian Cox grinding his tweet during -- grinding his teeth during
:15:59. > :16:00.the UFO bets. We have a lot of questions on the subject of alien
:16:01. > :16:13.intelligence. Somewhere in the infinite universe,
:16:14. > :16:17.if intelligent life is watching, is it more advanced
:16:18. > :16:24.than Brian and Dara? When we talk about contacting
:16:25. > :16:30.aliens, you really have to confine yourself to the Milky Way Galaxy. It
:16:31. > :16:32.is true that there will be civilisations in the 2 trillion
:16:33. > :16:35.galaxies in the observable universe but they are too far away. I don't
:16:36. > :16:39.think we will ever contact us civilisation if they exist beyond
:16:40. > :16:43.our galaxy. Think about the Milky Way, we have been looking at it all
:16:44. > :16:49.week, 200 billion stars. The evidence is, but many of them have
:16:50. > :16:53.planets around them and the current estimate is something like 20
:16:54. > :16:58.billion earthlike planets in the Milky Way Galaxy. That is one in ten
:16:59. > :17:02.starts that you can see in the sky, a lot of homes for life. If you ask
:17:03. > :17:05.many astronomers, the answer tends to be that we are optimistic that
:17:06. > :17:10.there may be civilisations out there and that is why we do the science,
:17:11. > :17:14.the real signs that we saw in that film, radio telescopes looking for
:17:15. > :17:18.signals. But if you ask biologists, they point to the fact that on this
:17:19. > :17:22.planet, we only know of one planet to harbour life and it took 4
:17:23. > :17:26.billion years from the origin of life to the rise of the
:17:27. > :17:30.civilisation, our civilisation. A third of the age of the universe. So
:17:31. > :17:36.that might suggest that whilst life may be common in the form of
:17:37. > :17:42.microbes, and we look for those on the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, the
:17:43. > :17:46.idea that it takes so long or did here at least, to go from simple
:17:47. > :17:51.life complex life and civilisation, suggests that we might be a very
:17:52. > :17:56.rare phenomena. And therefore I would add that we are a valuable
:17:57. > :18:01.part of nature indeed, and something worth preserving. And even if we
:18:02. > :18:06.find microbes on in salad is, let's say, microbial life, would it be
:18:07. > :18:15.from the same route that we are? I think we have a photograph of in
:18:16. > :18:19.salad is from the Cassini probe. It is a small moon, about the size of
:18:20. > :18:24.Wales. -- think we have a photograph of Enceladus. The jets of water ice
:18:25. > :18:30.erupting from the surface. There is a keno of ice. It strongly suggests
:18:31. > :18:34.that there is liquid water below the surface and that suggests conditions
:18:35. > :18:42.that are at least sufficient for life. -- a volcano of ice. So what
:18:43. > :18:47.would be more remarkable, if we find microbes there, from the same route
:18:48. > :18:52.of life as we are, that might have been seeded from are? It is an
:18:53. > :18:55.interesting question. There is the theory of panspermia, which suggests
:18:56. > :19:00.that material is spread across the solar system, so they could have
:19:01. > :19:04.been an origin of life off the earth, on Mars or from comments.
:19:05. > :19:08.Could that have been distributed throughout the solar System? We
:19:09. > :19:12.would have to go to Enceladus, fly through the jets, see if there is
:19:13. > :19:18.anything there, and see if the DNA and biochemistry is the same. I have
:19:19. > :19:23.a question for you. Imagine that we did contact a civilisation with a
:19:24. > :19:34.radio telescope. What then happens? Is there a protocol. There is and I
:19:35. > :19:36.have read it. Article 11 of the Treaty on Principles Governing the
:19:37. > :19:38.Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space,
:19:39. > :19:44.Including the Moon and Other Bodies. I looked that up. It is quite
:19:45. > :19:47.interesting because the first four paragraphs are, check your results
:19:48. > :20:00.and check them again and make sure it is definitely limited. Then there
:20:01. > :20:03.is a list of numbers to call. What, 0800, premium phone numbers? Yes,
:20:04. > :20:10.and then you have to call the UN. They let you announce it. And the
:20:11. > :20:14.final point, do not reply until everyone else has decided what the
:20:15. > :20:18.reply is, do not reply. I can see that that is sensible for a
:20:19. > :20:22.transmission but if an alien walks up to you, what did you do? You shun
:20:23. > :20:27.them. I live in London and on the tube, we're used to this. You do not
:20:28. > :20:32.talk to them. You Northern types are too friendly. Something you can see
:20:33. > :20:40.all the time in this part of the world as the Southern Cross and we
:20:41. > :20:46.have live pictures of it now. It is iconic and it is on the flag of
:20:47. > :20:53.Australia. But it is enormously significant to indigenous cultures.
:20:54. > :21:00.As Ghillar Michael Anderson of the Euahlayi explains.
:21:01. > :21:12.The Southern Cross is an important place for us. It tells us the story
:21:13. > :21:22.of the pathway to sky camp, or heaven as they call it. It is where
:21:23. > :21:26.the creator lives. He realised that there were five white cockatoos
:21:27. > :21:32.sitting up there. And so he told them that this was a good idea. You
:21:33. > :21:36.stay here now and you will be the point, to show which way home it is.
:21:37. > :21:38.-- the pointer. Yesterday we mentioned how
:21:39. > :21:51.Siding Spring Observatory discovered How old is it? It is about 13.6
:21:52. > :21:56.billion years old. The universe is 13.8 billion years old so this is a
:21:57. > :22:00.star that forms may be 100 million or 200 million years after the Big
:22:01. > :22:03.Bang. One of the first stars in the universe. It is visible in the
:22:04. > :22:09.southern sky and it is very famous. It is between the Magellanic Clouds.
:22:10. > :22:14.On the photograph, if you draw a line between it, we have put a nice
:22:15. > :22:22.circular graphic and we can zoom in to take a look. How do we know how
:22:23. > :22:27.old it is? It is a good question. All we have is light. That is all
:22:28. > :22:31.astronomers have. But there is a lot of information carried in light. If
:22:32. > :22:35.you look at the light from a start, you can pass it through a prism,
:22:36. > :22:39.essentially. It is just like a rainbow. White light goes through a
:22:40. > :22:44.rainbow and you get all the colours. What you see when you pass starlight
:22:45. > :22:47.through a prism, you see it is not a continuous rainbow. There are bits
:22:48. > :22:53.missing. And those bits missing are very specific colours, corresponding
:22:54. > :22:58.to different chemical elements. I find that this is probably my
:22:59. > :23:03.favourite thing in science, because it goes from the very tiny to the
:23:04. > :23:06.very huge. Just to understand that at the smallest of levels, the
:23:07. > :23:11.elements have a nucleus and they have electrons floating around them
:23:12. > :23:15.and if you pump energy into the electrons, they jump up and orbit,
:23:16. > :23:19.absorbing energy, but they will drop back and unit energy. So every
:23:20. > :23:23.element, because the audits are unique, every element has a unique
:23:24. > :23:26.colour signature. Yes, which tells you about the structure of the
:23:27. > :23:35.element. We have a diagram which is a demonstration. This has boron in
:23:36. > :23:45.it, the element boron. This is strontium. People will see this more
:23:46. > :23:48.commonly as copper chloride. So we have green, red and yellow or green.
:23:49. > :23:52.We see the signatures of the elements. This is what we see in
:23:53. > :23:59.starlight. The thing about the oldest star, 0313, it is a very pure
:24:00. > :24:04.star. Essentially only hydrogen, helium and a little bit of lithium.
:24:05. > :24:07.Those elements were made in the Big Bang. The heavier elements,
:24:08. > :24:11.strontium, iron, carbon, oxygen, the elements out of which we are made,
:24:12. > :24:22.they are made in the cause of stars. You new generations of stars to take
:24:23. > :24:25.that primeval helium to incorporate them into other stars, and you see
:24:26. > :24:30.that in the spectrum of light. If you see a start that does not have
:24:31. > :24:35.iron or oxygen or carbon or any of the heavier elements, you know it
:24:36. > :24:40.formed early on. That is how we date stars. And this is different to the
:24:41. > :24:45.starlight itself looking blue or red? Yes. When you see colours, like
:24:46. > :24:53.Betelgeuse, if you go out tonight and look at all Ryan, the top
:24:54. > :24:56.left-hand star in the UK, it is read because it is cool. That is the
:24:57. > :24:59.temperature of the star. But when you pass the light through a prism,
:25:00. > :25:05.that is how you see it. It is beautiful. And warm. That is my
:25:06. > :25:10.strontium fire, my new science-fiction novel. Let's see
:25:11. > :25:14.what is happening with Liz and Greg. Would you mind throwing a bit of
:25:15. > :25:17.that flame to me? We don't mind it, even though it is a little bit cold.
:25:18. > :25:23.We are under this and it is a glorious sight. We have some more
:25:24. > :25:31.questions for space Gandalf. Do you mind everybody on Twitter calling
:25:32. > :25:38.you space Gandalf? Are you ready for more questions? Jewels on Twitter
:25:39. > :25:43.wants to know why we can see consolations like Ryan from both
:25:44. > :25:47.hemispheres? The answer is that all Ryan sits above the equator. It sits
:25:48. > :25:52.on the celestial equator, which means that people from both
:25:53. > :25:56.hemispheres can see it easily. -- like all Ryan. And we have other
:25:57. > :26:02.consolations further away from that. You might be able to see them from
:26:03. > :26:06.both. And the closer you get to the polls, the Northern hemisphere will
:26:07. > :26:10.not get to see the southern hemisphere. -- the closer you get to
:26:11. > :26:15.the poles. There is a line, depending on where you are on the
:26:16. > :26:22.planet. You might see the stars in some circle, and in other circles,
:26:23. > :26:27.you will not. And those are the ones right at the poles. Luke Gregory
:26:28. > :26:32.wants to know, what do you think is the most beautiful nebula? A great
:26:33. > :26:38.question. So many choices. What do I pick, there is the Orion nebula, the
:26:39. > :26:42.tarantula nebula and I think I'm going to pick the Swan Nebula. We
:26:43. > :26:50.have not spoken about that. It is also known as the all maker nebula.
:26:51. > :26:54.We have an image of that. -- the omega nebula. It is right above us.
:26:55. > :26:59.It is obvious when you look at the image why it is called a swan. I am
:27:00. > :27:03.looking at it now and you can see the body of this one sitting on the
:27:04. > :27:10.water. That is the white area in this particular image. It is white,
:27:11. > :27:18.as opposed to the darker nebulas in the Milky Way. Yes. And that is its
:27:19. > :27:21.head, coming up and around. Thanks for that, Greg. Wonderful to think
:27:22. > :27:25.that in these star-forming regions are Solar System is being born,
:27:26. > :27:29.capable of potentially supporting extra terrestrial life. It is
:27:30. > :27:33.probably the most compelling quest in astronomy and Mars is a top
:27:34. > :27:37.contender in that search. In 2020, Nasa will launch a mission to send
:27:38. > :27:41.their next rover to the red planet and for the first time they will be
:27:42. > :27:44.searching specifically for science and microbial life as well as
:27:45. > :27:47.habitable conditions from billions of years ago. But for the best
:27:48. > :28:00.chance to find it, where should the land of the Rover? -- land the
:28:01. > :28:06.rover. Mars, and endless red desert. In a landscape like this, finding
:28:07. > :28:08.evidence of ancient life might seem like an impossible challenge, but it
:28:09. > :28:17.would not be the first time that scientists have done it. In
:28:18. > :28:20.Australia's remote north-west, there is a region of arid outback that
:28:21. > :28:34.looks uncannily like the surface of Mars. Even down to its rust red
:28:35. > :28:44.sand, full of iron ore. It is spectacular. Welcome. Some heat. It
:28:45. > :28:50.is a mild summer day, about 39. For over 20 years, Professor Martin has
:28:51. > :28:57.painstakingly searched these desolate hills. It is magnificent.
:28:58. > :29:04.Looking for evidence of Earth's earliest life. What makes this
:29:05. > :29:09.region is special? It is just one of these flukes of nature. One of those
:29:10. > :29:14.magical spots that has just stayed like it was 3.5 billion years ago.
:29:15. > :29:21.So we can investigate the early Earth like we were there. The rocks
:29:22. > :29:27.here are a Time Capsule from an age when life was just beginning to get
:29:28. > :29:30.a foothold on our planet. I will just collect a piece here. I think
:29:31. > :29:38.this is an exciting place to look for signs of life. But it is not
:29:39. > :29:44.just life on Earth that Martin is seeking clues to hear in the
:29:45. > :29:49.Pilbara. The rocks here are the same age as much of the crust on Mars. By
:29:50. > :29:52.coming here in studying the environments of early Earth, we can
:29:53. > :29:57.think about the environment is on early Mars and make connections. In
:29:58. > :30:04.earth, would you find life? Let's go to Mars and look for those same
:30:05. > :30:08.environments. -- were defined life. 3.5 billions years ago, when life
:30:09. > :30:11.might first have emerged on Earth, it is thought that Mars had a
:30:12. > :30:16.similar climate with an atmosphere and liquid water. So there is every
:30:17. > :30:21.chance that life could have emerged they are in just the same way. And
:30:22. > :30:25.if it did, Martin thinks that any ancient life he finds here in the
:30:26. > :30:34.Bilborough could help lead us to it. -- in the Pilbara.
:30:35. > :30:42.These particular curves? What are you focusing on? There are a variety
:30:43. > :30:49.of shapes we cannot explain my normal geology processes, this is a
:30:50. > :30:57.clear hallmark of biology. These are not the remains of animals? These
:30:58. > :31:02.are called stromatolitess, this is a rock term, a structure in the rock
:31:03. > :31:07.and they are the apartment buildings of tiny microbes, millions of them,
:31:08. > :31:14.living together and they make the structures on the rocks, they did
:31:15. > :31:19.that 3.5 billion years ago and they represent the ancestors for all life
:31:20. > :31:23.on Earth, these are our great, great, great, great grandmothers and
:31:24. > :31:26.grandfathers. Everything we know about on life under Earth and the
:31:27. > :31:34.touchstone for understanding where we might be able to go to search for
:31:35. > :31:39.life on Mars. When the next Mars Rover lands and begins its mission
:31:40. > :31:44.in 2021, Martin believes his other signs of life it should be looking
:31:45. > :31:47.for. That is because the climate changed so quickly on Mars, it is
:31:48. > :31:53.unlikely that emerging life developed any further. But it still
:31:54. > :32:00.leaves the question - where should the new Mars Rover focus the search?
:32:01. > :32:05.Most sites that Nasa has considered our ancient Martian lakes and
:32:06. > :32:11.shallow river beds. Because the first life on Earth is believed to
:32:12. > :32:14.have evolved underwater. But last year, Martin discovered something
:32:15. > :32:22.here in the Pilbarra that challenges that fundamental idea. This is the
:32:23. > :32:28.area I wanted to show you. You have this massive unit at your knees,
:32:29. > :32:33.this big swirl, the remnant of a hot spring pool and some of the earliest
:32:34. > :32:37.life on land in freshwater springs. Where is the evidence of the
:32:38. > :32:43.stromatolites? In these black, layered rocks, these are
:32:44. > :32:48.micro-stromatolites. Quite different to the ones before? In early Earth
:32:49. > :32:55.we had different habitats and in the hot spring setting, different
:32:56. > :32:57.features. How much of a game changer is this for understanding the
:32:58. > :33:03.beginnings of life? This area has been studied for 30 years and we
:33:04. > :33:07.never knew this until the last year but it has huge implications not
:33:08. > :33:15.only for how life evolved on Earth but also the where to search for
:33:16. > :33:21.life on Mars. This discovery marks a turning point for the next Mars
:33:22. > :33:28.mission. Rather than limiting the search to ancient Martian waterways,
:33:29. > :33:34.Nasa can look on land also. Around ancient hot springs. That black
:33:35. > :33:39.patch, that is an interesting patch which has got sulphites. Martin
:33:40. > :33:44.thinks he knows exactly where to go. The spirit Rover has been to a site
:33:45. > :33:48.already where they find hot spring deposits with textures that look a
:33:49. > :33:53.little bit lifelike so we are very excited about the chance to go back
:33:54. > :33:58.there. After decades scarring this barren landscape, Martin's
:33:59. > :34:06.discoveries could help Nasa choose the best place to send their next
:34:07. > :34:15.Rover. And could yet make a historic contribution to the search for life
:34:16. > :34:23.on Mars. Siding Spring is brilliant for bringing colour to the solar
:34:24. > :34:28.system, the images they took here have never been seen before. This
:34:29. > :34:32.one of the Horsehead nebula, these are the images I grew up with, the
:34:33. > :34:41.spectacular images in astronomy books and I am delighted to have
:34:42. > :34:44.David Mallon here. -- North Star. Several young astronomers came
:34:45. > :34:49.through and they wanted a photograph taken with you! We are legend, the
:34:50. > :34:54.first to develop that technique in the 1980s to produce those beautiful
:34:55. > :34:58.photographs. How did you do it? Thank you for that kind remark. I
:34:59. > :35:05.did that because the director said he wanted colour pictures to put
:35:06. > :35:09.this new telescope on the map! But I knew about colour theory and James
:35:10. > :35:12.clerk Maxwell with his three colour images and we were making three
:35:13. > :35:19.colour images but not producing the images from them so we took three
:35:20. > :35:23.plates in red, green and blue light, black plates capturing red, green
:35:24. > :35:27.and blue and we made positive films and enlarge them onto colour film
:35:28. > :35:31.using filters and be rebuilt the colour picture that we are taking
:35:32. > :35:36.great care to get the colour is just right so they were accurate. What
:35:37. > :35:40.the naked eye would see if it was a million times more sensitive. The
:35:41. > :35:45.only hand black-and-white film budget came up with these pictures?
:35:46. > :35:49.Was no colour film that could do this? It was not sensitive enough,
:35:50. > :35:53.they were rather feeble looking, the colours were not strong and these
:35:54. > :35:57.colours were very saturated because they are a mission light objects,
:35:58. > :36:01.like the colours in the demonstration, really strong, and
:36:02. > :36:08.colour film does not do that well. This beautiful image of the four
:36:09. > :36:16.different coloured stars, one of your favourites? Fantastic image.
:36:17. > :36:20.This is a part of the sky and on the right-hand side there a very bright
:36:21. > :36:25.start, you can see that with the naked eye, this is a Red Giant,
:36:26. > :36:28.throwing off dust and that is surrounding the star and the star
:36:29. > :36:32.itself is lighting that up to the dust is reflecting the star's light,
:36:33. > :36:37.you can see the yellow colour doing that. On the right-hand side, there
:36:38. > :36:41.is a much hotter star and that is also embedded in dust but the dust
:36:42. > :36:44.is not reflecting light, it is scattering the light in the same way
:36:45. > :36:48.the molecules in the atmosphere of the Earth scattered the sunlight,
:36:49. > :36:53.making the sky blue so that is why that is blue and at the bottom,
:36:54. > :36:59.there is a very hot start, shining light into this cloud of dust with
:37:00. > :37:03.hydrogen and that the races in the way you could see from the chemicals
:37:04. > :37:07.earlier, with the hot ultraviolet light from the start, all of those
:37:08. > :37:14.colours are there, and in the centre, hiding the stars, there is a
:37:15. > :37:17.dark cloud, that is a dark nebula, the dust hiding the light of the
:37:18. > :37:26.stars beyond. Spectacular and beautiful. We have some images that
:37:27. > :37:32.the viewers have taken. This is Rosette Nebula, from Don Curry. That
:37:33. > :37:40.is very good, I must say. Narrowband image, probably taken with the light
:37:41. > :37:44.from the Rosette Nebula, crisp and sharp, very good contrast, taken in
:37:45. > :37:49.red light but that has been coloured green light the Hubble telescope to
:37:50. > :37:57.show the detail. Another one, this is solar activity by Alistair
:37:58. > :38:02.Woodward. They are great. Very nice picture, showing the structures on
:38:03. > :38:07.the surface of the sun. How should we start? I did my first
:38:08. > :38:10.astrophotography here, I brought the camera, I could not miss that
:38:11. > :38:17.opportunity. You were showing me those pictures and you are very good
:38:18. > :38:21.for the beginner! That is how to start, get the camera, take some
:38:22. > :38:26.pictures, just try and then get a tripod and take deeper pictures and
:38:27. > :38:33.you will get interested. Then you buy a telescope. It keeps going up
:38:34. > :38:38.and up! But then you talk to real astronomers, join a club, amateurs
:38:39. > :38:44.are using telescopes, and that is the future. Thank you to all of the
:38:45. > :38:50.photographers and people enjoying parties across the UK in tandem with
:38:51. > :38:54.this programme. We're moving into dawn in about 30 minutes so how can
:38:55. > :39:04.we continue to observe when the sun comes up? There is a clever solution
:39:05. > :39:08.right year. Emerging from this pretty impressive clamshell dome is
:39:09. > :39:11.a telescope that is part of an 18 strong global network of instruments
:39:12. > :39:14.and because it is a network it can do things no single telescope can
:39:15. > :39:28.do. This two meter telescope along with
:39:29. > :39:30.a handful of smaller ones belong to Eta Carinae Observatory, which
:39:31. > :39:37.operates from eight sites around the world. -- Las Cumbres Observatory.
:39:38. > :39:46.And Mark is one of the technicians responsible. What makes the Las
:39:47. > :39:50.Cumbres network special? With telescopes all over the world we can
:39:51. > :39:57.track an object 24 hours a day around the globe. The network of
:39:58. > :39:59.telescopes act as a single instrument, with observations
:40:00. > :40:04.passing from one site to another in a relay. Each is automated so
:40:05. > :40:10.keeping them operational requires some serious technology. This is
:40:11. > :40:18.what I do. OK, just for this telescope? This behind me. Some
:40:19. > :40:24.parts of his job or a little easier to get your head around. One of my
:40:25. > :40:32.other jobs is called snow cleaning the mirror. This is liquid CO2.
:40:33. > :40:39.Would you let to have a go? I trust you. How much does this cost? A few
:40:40. > :40:48.million. Big mistake! Pulled the trigger. And you have do the
:40:49. > :40:56.secondary mirror as well. The power is going to my head. Take That,
:40:57. > :41:00.secondary mirror! I can see why this is called snow cleaning. Because you
:41:01. > :41:03.telescopes can monitor the night sky around the clock, one of their
:41:04. > :41:10.specialities is this track objects that move over time. This unique
:41:11. > :41:15.network can track targets for days, things like space junk and
:41:16. > :41:19.asteroids, tracking asteroids over long periods allows astronomers to
:41:20. > :41:22.calculate their exact size and their trajectory, crucial when you want to
:41:23. > :41:29.find out if one of them might collide with the Earth in the
:41:30. > :41:36.future. So we asked Las Cumbres Observatory to track an asteroid for
:41:37. > :41:40.us and here it is. 24 hours in the life of Asteroid Florence, named
:41:41. > :41:45.after Florence Nightingale, it has travelled 34,000 miles in 24 hours,
:41:46. > :41:50.travelling in the South easterly direction halfway between Saturn and
:41:51. > :41:56.the horizon, it measures 2.5 miles across and is classed as a
:41:57. > :41:59.potentially hazardous asteroid. The more that Las Cumbres tracks
:42:00. > :42:03.asteroids the more they can define the spin rate and the exact orbit
:42:04. > :42:08.and we know that Florence will pass close to the Earth on the 1st of
:42:09. > :42:13.September this year, the closes it has been since 1890 at just over 4
:42:14. > :42:19.million miles. She does not pose any real threat right now but space is
:42:20. > :42:23.dynamic and as an asteroid travels past planets and moons it can get
:42:24. > :42:28.diverted because of gravity and become dangerously close to the
:42:29. > :42:32.planet, which is why Las Cumbres is so important and why it will keep
:42:33. > :42:37.very close eye on asteroids like Florence a long time to come.
:42:38. > :42:41.Asteroid defence is very important. They are a serious threat, there are
:42:42. > :42:46.two things that might destroy civilisation, one is our own
:42:47. > :42:52.stupidity like nuclear war and the other one, probably, is a big
:42:53. > :43:00.asteroid. I want to show this video from Russia, February 2013, this is
:43:01. > :43:07.an image from a car over 12,000 tonnes asteroid entering the
:43:08. > :43:13.atmosphere, that exploded with the force of 30 Hiroshima bombs and
:43:14. > :43:18.fortunately that was very high in the atmosphere, at a different angle
:43:19. > :43:21.you could have caused significant damage and the Russian Foreign
:43:22. > :43:25.Affairs Committee chief said on Twitter that instead of fighting on
:43:26. > :43:29.Earth, people should be creating a joint system of asteroid defence and
:43:30. > :43:34.I strongly believe that. It is unlikely but at some point we will
:43:35. > :43:37.be threatened by a big asteroid. If I look up into the heart of the
:43:38. > :43:43.galactic centre, I am looking into the heart of the galaxy, looking
:43:44. > :43:48.straight at Super Massive Black Hole 26,000 light years away. But you
:43:49. > :43:56.cannot see a black hole by definition so how do we know that
:43:57. > :43:59.they are there? For decades, astronomers believed the only view
:44:00. > :44:04.we would ever get the black hole would be from the imagination of
:44:05. > :44:13.film-makers. But modern astronomy has proved them wrong. This image
:44:14. > :44:19.from the first black hole ever identified shows a glowing jet of
:44:20. > :44:28.x-ray radiation spewing out as it feasts on a passing star. Evidence
:44:29. > :44:32.that this is rare. Even so, we believe that Super Massive Black
:44:33. > :44:40.holes exist at the centre of every galaxy. Including our own. The first
:44:41. > :44:43.strong evidence that there is a Super Massive Black Hole at the
:44:44. > :44:47.centre of the Milky Way came from a ten year study of the population of
:44:48. > :44:52.stars orbiting close to the galactic centre. From the details of these
:44:53. > :44:56.orbits we can tell that they are orbiting around something that is
:44:57. > :45:01.very small, very massive and therefore rarely ends. But we cannot
:45:02. > :45:08.see it. It looks as if there is nothing there. And we can calculate
:45:09. > :45:14.the mass of this thing, it is around 4 million times the mass of the sun.
:45:15. > :45:19.It can only be a Super Massive Black Hole. But there is one thing that
:45:20. > :45:24.seems to be missing from our black hole. There is no sign of any of the
:45:25. > :45:31.radiation and x-rays you might expect to be emitted from the
:45:32. > :45:36.vicinity, if there is gas and dust falling into it. That is a bit
:45:37. > :45:40.disappointing anyway. Far from being the star eating monster of science
:45:41. > :45:46.fiction, our black hole seems to be rather dormant and peaceful.
:45:47. > :45:55.that but in 2011, astronomers made a stunning discovery. It appeared that
:45:56. > :46:00.the sleeping giant was about to awake. During a routine search
:46:01. > :46:04.through data, astronomers in Munich glimpsed this mysterious object. It
:46:05. > :46:09.is not very massive, about three times the mass of the Earth,
:46:10. > :46:12.probably a cloud of gas and dust. But it was heading directly towards
:46:13. > :46:20.the black hole at the centre of our galaxy. Astronomers speculated as to
:46:21. > :46:25.what this might look like. They predicted that the cloud would be
:46:26. > :46:28.pulled apart by the intense gravity of the black hole. Causing x-rays
:46:29. > :46:37.and gamma rays to spew violently out into space. Everyone with a
:46:38. > :46:42.telescope big enough got ready to watch the show. There was a lot of
:46:43. > :46:44.excitement about the cloud falling towards the black hole because that
:46:45. > :46:50.could be the first time we have ever been able to watch what happens when
:46:51. > :46:54.a black hole eat something. Doctor Lisa Harvey Smith studies black
:46:55. > :47:00.holes using the Australia compact telescope array. And this was an
:47:01. > :47:04.opportunity too good to miss. Events like this that you can watch live
:47:05. > :47:07.are so extracting in astronomy because usually we watch things that
:47:08. > :47:15.happened millions of years ago and this is really a once-in-a-lifetime
:47:16. > :47:22.opportunity for us. As Lisa waited, astronomers run simulations to try
:47:23. > :47:30.to predict what would happen. Blackhall science had reached fever
:47:31. > :47:38.pitch. And as the world watched, the gas cloud sailed straight past. --
:47:39. > :47:42.black hole science. Despite having all these telescopes around the
:47:43. > :47:45.world and even in space trained on this event, unfortunately we saw
:47:46. > :47:52.pretty much nothing. That was a puzzle at the time, that of a
:47:53. > :47:57.disappointment for everyone. Perhaps our Blackhall was not all it was
:47:58. > :48:02.made out to be. -- perhaps our black hole. But then just as the world
:48:03. > :48:07.began to turn away, the team from Nasa brought the black hole back
:48:08. > :48:12.into sharp focus. The Tsvangirai x-ray telescope had been observing
:48:13. > :48:15.the black hole in the months following the predicted collision.
:48:16. > :48:21.-- the Chandra telescope. It took the astronomers sometime in two
:48:22. > :48:24.analyse the data that they published in January 2015 but they saw two
:48:25. > :48:32.sudden bright bursts of x-rays emanating from the black hole.
:48:33. > :48:35.Sadly, the timing was out. The astronomers found that they occurred
:48:36. > :48:40.two months after the gas cloud was predicted to collide. And there is
:48:41. > :48:46.currently no scientific consensus as to whether they are linked to the
:48:47. > :48:51.gas cloud or not. However, our black hole may be about to do something
:48:52. > :48:55.spectacular. There is a really exciting events coming up next year.
:48:56. > :49:00.There is a very massive star that we know is orbiting around the black
:49:01. > :49:04.hole. Again, it is a once-in-a-lifetime event. We do not
:49:05. > :49:09.get to see things passing close to black holes very often. So once
:49:10. > :49:15.again, the world's telescopes will be focused on a spot 25,000 light
:49:16. > :49:19.years from Earth. I think our black hole has a lot of secrets yet to
:49:20. > :49:32.unfold. We will all be watching very closely. Lisa has joined us. Just as
:49:33. > :49:38.Dawn is beginning to emerge. You excited about this collision? What
:49:39. > :49:42.is going to happen? The star is pretty big and travelling incredibly
:49:43. > :49:46.fast. The audit has taken it around in a 15 year cycle, so it goes very
:49:47. > :49:49.far away from the black hole and then very close. It is approaching
:49:50. > :49:54.the closest point next year and at that point, it will accelerate to
:49:55. > :50:00.about 5000 kilometres per second. Think about that for a minute. It is
:50:01. > :50:05.15 times the mass of the Sun? It is a gigantic star. It is quite easy to
:50:06. > :50:10.see and measure its orbit. What do we hope to see as the star
:50:11. > :50:13.approaches the black hole? There are some interesting predictions about
:50:14. > :50:16.the strong gravitational field in Einstein's theory of general
:50:17. > :50:21.relativity. This is a theory that describes how gravity works and we
:50:22. > :50:25.use it throughout physics. As the star gets close, it will start to
:50:26. > :50:28.interact with the strong gravitational field of the black
:50:29. > :50:32.hole and then weird stuff starts to happen. A couple of predictions are
:50:33. > :50:36.that the Starlight will get redder, and we will be able to measure a
:50:37. > :50:39.slight reddening of the Starlight, which will tell us about the
:50:40. > :50:43.strength of the gravitational field and about whether Einstein's theory
:50:44. > :50:48.is really correct. And one of the ridiculous things that will happen,
:50:49. > :50:53.time will slow down on that star as we watch. It will be really extreme.
:50:54. > :51:00.Just sitting here on earth, time is going slower for your feet than for
:51:01. > :51:03.your head. That is in an extreme environment -- and in an extreme
:51:04. > :51:09.environment like a black hole, it is very marked. You cannot see it with
:51:10. > :51:14.your eyes at all but the environment around the black hole is very dusty,
:51:15. > :51:18.it is not cloudy. We look at it through x-ray telescopes and we can
:51:19. > :51:20.see through all of that stuff. We have some evidence that something
:51:21. > :51:26.interesting happens to that rather placid black hole five or 6 billion
:51:27. > :51:32.years ago. I have an image of our Milky Way and this is an artist's
:51:33. > :51:39.impression of real data. Interestingly, in the band of the
:51:40. > :51:42.Milky Way, those big lobes, coloured pink, what are they and what do they
:51:43. > :51:46.tell us about the history of our black hole? They are incredible.
:51:47. > :51:51.They were discovered in only 2010 and it was an unexpected discovery
:51:52. > :51:53.because we see these things in other galaxies, very active galaxies that
:51:54. > :51:57.have black holes eating a lot of material. But we thought our black
:51:58. > :52:02.hole was very dormant, just hibernating. But in fact these
:52:03. > :52:07.bubbles had been blown out of the galaxy above and below the galactic
:52:08. > :52:12.plane and they show that about 6 million years ago our galaxy had a
:52:13. > :52:15.meal that was about 100,000 times the mass of our sun, so it started
:52:16. > :52:24.eating a lot of material all at once. And it worked. 6 billion? No,
:52:25. > :52:31.6 million, very recent. We have just time to show this image, an artist's
:52:32. > :52:35.impression of what the event Horizon Project might see. This looks like a
:52:36. > :52:42.black hole. It is incredible. You can see the black hole in the
:52:43. > :52:45.middle. That is an effect of gravitational lensing, where gravity
:52:46. > :52:50.smears light. This is the event Horizon telescope, which is expected
:52:51. > :52:54.to be looking very close to the event horizon of that supermassive
:52:55. > :52:57.black hole around the end of this year. It is made up of a global
:52:58. > :52:58.array of different radio telescopes working together. Thank you very
:52:59. > :53:06.much Lisa. For indigenous Australians, the sun
:53:07. > :53:10.has a very special significance. Here's Ghillar Michael
:53:11. > :53:27.Andersen again. She is the one that keeps the fires
:53:28. > :53:34.burning, and keeps everything warm for the planet and for all nature to
:53:35. > :53:39.be able to grow. Yhi is the fourth wife of the Creator, the meal
:53:40. > :53:48.Creator. The equivalent in the Christian world would be lot. Bhiame
:53:49. > :53:55.is also in love, and she always has been in love with the moon, Bahloo.
:53:56. > :54:01.Many times she gets very angry, and lets off a massive heat radiation
:54:02. > :54:05.that we feel on the earth here. That is her anger, her rage at not having
:54:06. > :54:18.the freedom to be able to go with her lover. Since Tuesday, an army of
:54:19. > :54:21.Stargazing Live viewers has been hunting for a planet in our solar
:54:22. > :54:29.system that is thought to be beyond Neptune. What has been found so far,
:54:30. > :54:33.Chris Lintott? Well, we have not found planet name but we found many
:54:34. > :54:36.other interesting things. More than 4 million views of images have come
:54:37. > :54:41.in and it was obvious that we were finding lots of unknown things in
:54:42. > :54:45.the sky. -- Planet 9. We were looking for moving things but we
:54:46. > :54:51.found things that we expected. The coloured dots here, that is Chiron,
:54:52. > :54:57.a large asteroid. This was discovered in the 70s, wasn't it?
:54:58. > :55:00.Yes, we found that in the outer solar system and then we started
:55:01. > :55:04.noticing asteroids that had a nasty habit of lining up. We keep finding
:55:05. > :55:09.images with three asteroids in a straight line. The pictures last
:55:10. > :55:13.night, that turned out to... It was to make asteroids doing a good
:55:14. > :55:19.impression of Planet 9. We have candidates for objects that are
:55:20. > :55:23.unknown? Yes. Finding known things is good because it tells you it is
:55:24. > :55:26.working, and a pile of unknown things, the next ages to follow-up
:55:27. > :55:31.telescopes. But the poor weather, rain and wind greeted us. But we
:55:32. > :55:36.have done science and that is the important thing. And this is the
:55:37. > :55:40.scientific result. In the centre, the orbit of the outer planets, with
:55:41. > :55:43.Neptune on the outer edge, and the green bits, those are the areas of
:55:44. > :55:49.the sky that we can now say there is not a large Planet 9 hiding in. So
:55:50. > :55:55.that outer ring is Neptune's orbit. It is a long way out. It is not
:55:56. > :56:02.there. But we can look at the southern hemisphere. We concentrated
:56:03. > :56:06.on the south because no one had looked there before. Sometimes
:56:07. > :56:10.science is about saying what we do not know. We know there is not a
:56:11. > :56:15.large planet there. Either the planet is smaller than expected or
:56:16. > :56:19.further out. The search continues and we have new data up on our
:56:20. > :56:25.website. We will be following up on the discoveries were telescopes here
:56:26. > :56:30.and elsewhere next week. If you're watching, BBC viewers, put on the
:56:31. > :56:36.sky at or something, as soon as we follow up on those observations, we
:56:37. > :56:42.will let you know. And we have not entirely ruled out Planet 9. No, we
:56:43. > :56:46.had a hypothesis and we did not find the planet, but we refine the
:56:47. > :56:51.hypothesis and keep looking. Let's not get carried away, Dom is
:56:52. > :56:54.breaking and the telescopes are closing after another night of
:56:55. > :56:59.stargazing. It is almost the end of our adventure. Here are some of our
:57:00. > :57:07.favourite moments. Welcome to the second night of stargazing live
:57:08. > :57:12.Australia. Thank you, Postman Pat's friend. It is very easy to capture
:57:13. > :57:21.wildlife. Some giant prancing mice, just dancing around. Look, it is a
:57:22. > :57:24.Bush moth that made friends with my jacket. I have been working in that
:57:25. > :57:28.big telescope down there for so many years I have started to look like
:57:29. > :57:31.it. Those of you out during the day, when the night falls, it looks
:57:32. > :57:36.spectacular. It is a swarm of stars. That is the
:57:37. > :57:46.head of the union but the neck comes down this way. It is huge! --
:57:47. > :57:50.although the emu. One of us is upside down and I am not sure if it
:57:51. > :57:57.is you or me. Greg is the most Australian person we could possibly
:57:58. > :58:08.have found. Australian Gandolfo. We are really heralding the Dom. --
:58:09. > :58:16.Australian Gandalf. Greg, it has been a pleasure to have you here.
:58:17. > :58:19.What has been the highlight? I think working alongside Les, also seeing
:58:20. > :58:25.Omega Centauri for the first time through a telescope. That was my
:58:26. > :58:31.highlight. The feeling is mutual, getting to understand the southern
:58:32. > :58:34.skies with Greg has been a highlight. Say something that is not
:58:35. > :58:40.great. The excitement in the room when the candidates came in, and no
:58:41. > :58:44.hunting down the candidates. For me, it was taking photographs, which
:58:45. > :58:48.people have done. As an amateur, a straightforward shot of the storm. I
:58:49. > :58:57.love that we have been renamed, space Gandalf, moth lady, Sir Dara
:58:58. > :59:01.Attenborough. And Postman Pat. It has been a fantastic experience. We
:59:02. > :59:12.will see you soon. From all here, good morning. And good night.