:00:20. > :00:24.Hello and welcome back to Jodrell Bank, where we have 30 more minutes
:00:25. > :00:27.to ask more of the huge number of questions you've been sending in for
:00:28. > :00:30.our special guests - Apollo 7 astronaut Walter Cunningham and
:00:31. > :00:33.former International Space Station Commander Chris Hadfield. And we're
:00:34. > :00:37.lucky to have with us again Cassini's Dr Carolyn Porco, for the
:00:38. > :00:40.first time the head of the European Space Agency's medical technology
:00:41. > :00:47.team, Dr Simon Evetts, and of course Professor Brian Cox. Who will pour
:00:48. > :00:53.the drinks? You pour the drinks. Do you recognise that? That is nice. It
:00:54. > :01:02.is Russian champagne and we have doughnuts and steak and eggs. These
:01:03. > :01:10.are traditional preflight meals. There is a lot of superstition for
:01:11. > :01:17.that. Not in the United States! The steak and eggs was Alan Shepherd who
:01:18. > :01:26.ate this before his flight in 61. The cornbread and bean is eaten by
:01:27. > :01:35.NASA controllers. After the launch the smell of cornbread and beans is
:01:36. > :01:43.strong. Does it smell, you're couped in small space craft. What does it
:01:44. > :01:48.smell like? We focus on low residue! They said that about the ISS one of
:01:49. > :01:56.the things people welcomed when a new crew came aboard was that waft
:01:57. > :02:04.of fresh air. Often they bring fresh fruit and the whole station smells
:02:05. > :02:10.of apples or oranges, that is a treat, after living inside a
:02:11. > :02:17.machine. It is a Russian champagne, it is a tradition for them to drink
:02:18. > :02:22.this. Sovetskoye Shampanskoye. Yes. Just a little taste and everyone, we
:02:23. > :02:31.throw the glasses into the wall. Are we going to do that today? Throw
:02:32. > :02:40.them that way at the cameras. Will someone make a toast. The simplest
:02:41. > :02:49.would be to health or successful and fortunate voyage. I want to say some
:02:50. > :02:52.great auroral displays. Tomorrow it might be very spectacular. They
:02:53. > :02:59.delayed the launch. How dangerous can it be? You have a shelter on the
:03:00. > :03:04.ISS? We are worried about increased radiation opt space station and
:03:05. > :03:08.always get a higher dosage than people on earth. When the sun has
:03:09. > :03:14.been particularly active, we have parts of the station that are better
:03:15. > :03:24.shielded. But when they're launching a vehicle like Signus they don't
:03:25. > :03:31.want to launch it into a heavy radiation area. So what is next in
:03:32. > :03:36.the space exploration, Emma asks what advances might she see in her
:03:37. > :03:45.lifetime. Would you make a one-way trip to Mars asks Mark. I believe
:03:46. > :03:52.the only good goal to have is to go to Mars from here. That is the next
:03:53. > :03:56.step for man. Not everybody agrees with that. Part of it has to do with
:03:57. > :04:00.the politics, the cost and all of those things. But I think that is
:04:01. > :04:05.the place for us to be targeting. Because that enables us to expand
:04:06. > :04:11.man's knowledge. We would have to overcome things that we don't know
:04:12. > :04:14.how to overcome now. They are considerable difficulties,
:04:15. > :04:20.particularly if we want to bring people back from Mars. A one 46 way
:04:21. > :04:24.trip to Mars is -- a one-way trip to Mars is ridiculous. It won't be any
:04:25. > :04:30.cheaper to get there than for the round trip to get there. So I think
:04:31. > :04:36.it is just kind of dreaming myself. But there may be other people. A
:04:37. > :04:40.multinational trip to Mars, bring all of humanity together again. Are
:04:41. > :04:49.there not specific health problems for a trip that long. Yes we talked
:04:50. > :04:56.about radiation, muscle loss, those things are being tackled and we will
:04:57. > :05:01.need to tackle them properly. In robotic space exploration, the
:05:02. > :05:08.biggest boost we could get is to get, dispense with chemical
:05:09. > :05:14.propulsion and go to a new form that gets us around the solar system
:05:15. > :05:23.faster. The biggest problem is propulsion. We need the next
:05:24. > :05:30.propulsion force. We are stuck with fossil fuel. They will still have to
:05:31. > :05:35.discover or invent that. Because the rules, I would love to see a
:05:36. > :05:40.propulsion system that is more efficient. But I haven't seen any
:05:41. > :05:44.real indications of it yet. It will help with the medical conditions,
:05:45. > :05:48.because we will get there quicker. One thing you mentioned, we have got
:05:49. > :05:53.to be willing to accept losses. There will be losses and when you
:05:54. > :06:00.start getting on a trip to Mars and back, this, the duration alone is
:06:01. > :06:05.enough to set you back. You're both here from different eras of space
:06:06. > :06:10.flight. Have, first of all have the risks changed and secondly, has the
:06:11. > :06:16.attitude to risk changed and if so has it held us back? My first
:06:17. > :06:22.shuttle flight, we only determined several years later what the actual
:06:23. > :06:28.odds of that flight succeeding and not killing were. I think there were
:06:29. > :06:33.about one in 32. So poor odds. We lost two of the shuttle crews. So it
:06:34. > :06:40.wasn't like some guaranteed safe vehicle. We were both test pilots
:06:41. > :06:44.before and fighter pilots. I have lost about one good friend a year
:06:45. > :06:49.and it is normal in that profession. Like a lot of professions that
:06:50. > :06:53.people lose their life in pursuit of something worthwhile. For whatever
:06:54. > :06:57.reason, we have decided in the space exploration business that loss of
:06:58. > :07:01.life is unacceptable, which is an interesting cultural norm. The rate
:07:02. > :07:05.at which Apollo was leaping forward. It was October you went up on the
:07:06. > :07:08.first flight into orbit. By Christmas they were around the moon.
:07:09. > :07:20.They had a different way of looking at the risk. When they said for
:07:21. > :07:31.mission accomplishment you have three nines, for crew 0.99, I never
:07:32. > :07:36.figured out what that meant. Now they have new risk assessment. It
:07:37. > :07:40.meant how many mixes before you had a 50/50 chance of losing the space
:07:41. > :07:44.craft. Which meant you would lose the crew as well. For the last
:07:45. > :07:50.shuttle missions they were saying 78. Well about ten years ago that
:07:51. > :07:56.contractor calculated what it was for Apollo and it was 18. Of course,
:07:57. > :08:02.we quit at 11 missions and so we never pushed the limit. Also a
:08:03. > :08:06.factor that has kept us back, as time has gone on, the congress
:08:07. > :08:17.members themselves have deemed it their role to micromanage what NASA
:08:18. > :08:22.does. It has been said - not by me - that the in the current culture the
:08:23. > :08:26.change to send Apollo 8 to the moon when it was supposed to be a lunar
:08:27. > :08:30.module test mission. What will we do? NASA didn't have to ask
:08:31. > :08:35.permission. They didn't have to appoint a committee to study this
:08:36. > :08:40.change in the programme. And they did it and that is why they were
:08:41. > :08:49.successful. They left it in the hand o' of the people knew. We don't do
:08:50. > :08:54.that. They tell us what missions. Did you achieve more competing with
:08:55. > :08:58.the Russians or co-operating with them? It depend, if you look at
:08:59. > :09:02.Apollo, it was tremendously successful in putting a man on the
:09:03. > :09:07.moon by the end of the decade, but it left a vacuum of action. Because
:09:08. > :09:16.it was a race that ended. If you want to incrementally expand our
:09:17. > :09:21.understanding of the universe, it can't be a race that has a finish
:09:22. > :09:26.line that everything stops. It will, if you look at all the examples, all
:09:27. > :09:30.the world exploration, it will be slower and less entertaining and led
:09:31. > :09:36.by innovation and technology. That is the way it has to be. One reason
:09:37. > :09:40.for success at that time was the competition. With the Russians. Even
:09:41. > :09:44.though they didn't admit it until later, they were serious about it
:09:45. > :09:52.and they never could develop a booster. What you need in a
:09:53. > :09:57.programme like this, is you need sustained support. And right now you
:09:58. > :10:00.know it is like, what you need with the space programme is not
:10:01. > :10:05.commensurate with the political cycle. Every four years you get a
:10:06. > :10:09.change in administration. Those of watching in NASA are getting
:10:10. > :10:14.whiplashed saying you're going to go here and then go here. We have been
:10:15. > :10:19.all over the solar system with goals. It has to achieve the level
:10:20. > :10:23.of importance like the defence department. You have to find an
:10:24. > :10:29.answer to the problem with dealing with funding in congress. When you
:10:30. > :10:33.have space acts which has some advantages and other commercial
:10:34. > :10:37.space companies, they're not as overloaded with bureaucracy and are
:10:38. > :10:43.able to operate more efficiently. But th also have to develop a return
:10:44. > :10:49.on the investment. And you're not find by that pushing the envelope.
:10:50. > :10:55.Now we will move to another direction and our quiz. Tonight's
:10:56. > :11:01.question is apart from the their siteles what do o' -- titles what do
:11:02. > :11:10.these three songs have to do with space. # And I think to myself
:11:11. > :11:18.hps... What a wonderful world It's going to be a long, long time before
:11:19. > :11:25.touch down brings me round again # Good day sunshine! # They are all
:11:26. > :11:36.related to space. Send us your guess as to why, other than the titles.
:11:37. > :11:49.Did you say the words... The worst Beatles song in history. The
:11:50. > :11:54.addresses are on screen. Now space health, do you still have reduced
:11:55. > :12:03.bone density from your time in space? We have beaten a lot of the
:12:04. > :12:09.problem, I increased muscle and I kept bone density in most places,
:12:10. > :12:15.from some areas where I lost 8% and lost 8% of the soft bone which is
:12:16. > :12:19.impact resistant. So I was susceptible to a broken hip. It will
:12:20. > :12:25.take about a year for that to reverse. You're trying to work on
:12:26. > :12:30.ways in which the suits can be used. Yes our office is researching to
:12:31. > :12:39.tackle that and similar problems. If we can reproduce that force, that
:12:40. > :12:43.gravity puts on our bodies in a suit, then we are putting in a
:12:44. > :12:49.stimulus for bone and should reduce the bone loss and it can also help
:12:50. > :12:55.the muscles that waste away. We have these suits here by the way. Can we
:12:56. > :13:01.get two members of the staff there. Give them an applause! No one said
:13:02. > :13:08.it would be dignified. You're doing something for science. Could you
:13:09. > :13:13.just twirl for us? Did they volunteer. That is nothing to do
:13:14. > :13:18.with science, but you can see their underpants. You can see some elastic
:13:19. > :13:22.at the bottom. What look like elastic are ribbons preventing is it
:13:23. > :13:27.being too stretched. The material is trying to pull that you are
:13:28. > :13:35.shoulders down to their feet. It is an early prototype. And you wear
:13:36. > :13:41.this all the time in space. We need to think about how long it can be
:13:42. > :13:46.worn. It may not be able to be worn all the time. That would have been
:13:47. > :13:49.the answer for six months dressed like that? It depend whether it
:13:50. > :13:56.works. I'm interested to hear the results. What we need to do for the
:13:57. > :14:04.hip and upper femur is to load it up as similar as on earth. And that is
:14:05. > :14:10.not purely like on a machine, but the random impacts you get in normal
:14:11. > :14:22.life. We are on the third generation. Maybe by the fourth or
:14:23. > :14:29.fifth we will solve that. Much appreciated. Does limit the
:14:30. > :14:32.amount of time you can spend in them? If you are talking about
:14:33. > :14:37.problems after six months, could you go much more than six months? There
:14:38. > :14:39.is a list of problems we have two solved to leave Earth orbit
:14:40. > :14:45.reliably. One of them is bone loss. We have
:14:46. > :14:49.beaten a lot on the list a few years ago with medical research going on,
:14:50. > :14:53.we have got to solve that problem. Radiation, power generation,
:14:54. > :14:58.navigation, all of that needs to be done as well.
:14:59. > :15:03.With the luxury they have got now with the machines, I have seen them
:15:04. > :15:09.at NASA, what we had, our total exercise machine, it was pulling
:15:10. > :15:16.back and forth on things, and it was one of those things that our
:15:17. > :15:18.commander, he didn't want us to try. After we got on board we could
:15:19. > :15:23.hardly fight to get it away from him. Just to have some kind of
:15:24. > :15:29.exercise. All day you have been chatting about
:15:30. > :15:40.the mission and Wally Schirra comes up a lot, he seems to be a strong
:15:41. > :15:45.character. How were the crew dynamics? You lift with your crew
:15:46. > :15:48.for two years before you went on the ISS, psychological profiling, you
:15:49. > :15:53.gave the impression there is a bit more banter going on.
:15:54. > :15:59.We were together for three years before our launch. It has to do with
:16:00. > :16:06.personalities, but we were close on the ground, the Apollo 11 crew, they
:16:07. > :16:10.were not really close friends at all, but they were all dedicated to
:16:11. > :16:13.doing the job and they had separate jobs. It has to do with your
:16:14. > :16:18.commitment and your motivation, I think.
:16:19. > :16:23.I did two short duration flight and one longer one, you can have a whole
:16:24. > :16:27.different mix of people in a shuttle, a bigger crew for two
:16:28. > :16:31.weeks, you can put up with anyone for a couple of weeks and be very
:16:32. > :16:34.good but if you are going to live with a small crew for a long time,
:16:35. > :16:40.you cannot get off, you want a different psychological group.
:16:41. > :16:48.Rushing to -- the Russian cruise were famously feuding.
:16:49. > :16:54.The book about the descent into bad dental state, a lack of support,
:16:55. > :17:00.just not recognising how important that is -- mental state.
:17:01. > :17:04.Even age 11 ask is apart from the stars and planets and space junk
:17:05. > :17:15.have they seen any unidentified objects? No. What was the most
:17:16. > :17:23.beautiful thing? The most beautiful thing I saw was looking down at the
:17:24. > :17:29.Earth when we had those rare chances to do so. We had very little
:17:30. > :17:35.opportunity to see the Earth. That was the most exciting.
:17:36. > :17:41.You mentioned you had the only window that didn't fork up.
:17:42. > :17:49.That is the reason there are test. There is thick glass so if one of
:17:50. > :18:01.them breaks you can keep the pressure. They were separated by a
:18:02. > :18:04.space and there was, after three or four days, the only decent window
:18:05. > :18:16.was on my side. I took most of the pictures. If we had appointed to the
:18:17. > :18:21.ground. Do you miss green? I think the way Mars people are going to
:18:22. > :18:25.miss it. Since you go around north to south so much you see all of the
:18:26. > :18:31.different seasons, summer in a Streller, winds up here, you see all
:18:32. > :18:34.the colours and textures regularly -- summer in Australia, winter up
:18:35. > :18:41.here. People going to Mars within two weeks will have a diminished
:18:42. > :18:46.view of anything human and they will change mentally and we will have to
:18:47. > :18:51.keep them healthy psychologically. There will be a fairly fixed
:18:52. > :18:55.attitude. What is the most beautiful thing you
:18:56. > :19:02.have seen, that you have been involved in taking photographs of?
:19:03. > :19:12.Oh, my goodness. Saturn is beautiful, everything you could hope
:19:13. > :19:16.a planet would have. Getting to Saturn orbit and seeing the northern
:19:17. > :19:20.hemisphere was blue was a terrible shock. It is there because it is the
:19:21. > :19:30.Winter Hemisphere and it is colder there, less sunlight, more
:19:31. > :19:39.opportunity, methane absorption, both of which make the atmosphere
:19:40. > :19:43.blue, and it ends up having a slice of the Neptune atmosphere spliced
:19:44. > :19:49.onto the atmosphere of Saturn and that was a shocking new discovery,
:19:50. > :19:52.and beautiful. Having been on Voyager, getting to Neptune, we knew
:19:53. > :19:56.it was the last planet we were going to see and having it the loo and
:19:57. > :19:59.white like the Earth was almost like this feeling of home, it was
:20:00. > :20:06.beautiful. And your least favourite but Beatles
:20:07. > :20:08.song. Let's have a quick snatch of all three.
:20:09. > :20:10."What a Wonderdul World" by Louis Armstrong.
:20:11. > :20:19."Rocket Man" by Elton John. "Good Day Sunshine" by The Beatles.
:20:20. > :20:26.Various actors have been given. All performed in space. Encrypted into
:20:27. > :20:34.Voyager. On Cassini's gold disc. Plato to astronauts waiting for
:20:35. > :20:39.liftoff. -- played. I heard a story George Harrison was going to go on
:20:40. > :20:43.the Voyager record. His publisher turned it down without telling him.
:20:44. > :20:52.When George found out he was furious.
:20:53. > :21:02.It was here comes the sun. Those are not correct. What is the
:21:03. > :21:08.answer? I am going to get a three of the
:21:09. > :21:13.songs that the work the astronauts every morning. The top three popular
:21:14. > :21:18.songs played by Mission control as wake-up music to the astronauts in
:21:19. > :21:29.space. We did not have wake-up music. We
:21:30. > :21:37.did not have all that nice food. Heaven was bacon bites. Would you
:21:38. > :21:43.say you are the real astronaut? He lived in luxury. You said you
:21:44. > :21:48.found bacon bites in your suit on last day? Just before we launched
:21:49. > :21:52.some of us stuck a few things into our suit in case we were not able to
:21:53. > :21:59.get out, and bacon bites was the best and nothing we had was warm.
:22:00. > :22:08.Can I give a story about how far we have come?
:22:09. > :22:12.In a second. Here is Mark's guide to spotting galaxies will
:22:13. > :22:18.we are going to use the pull-out which sits in the heart of the great
:22:19. > :22:20.Bear consolation Bacharach constellation.
:22:21. > :22:29.-- the our first galaxies can be found by
:22:30. > :22:31.drawing a diagonal line across the blade of the plough them continuing
:22:32. > :22:41.on the same distance. You will come to M 81. With a
:22:42. > :22:49.telescope you can see it's beautiful spiral arms. Just to the left you
:22:50. > :22:54.can see it's close neighbour, an 82. These two galaxies are moving
:22:55. > :22:58.towards each other stop in a few billion years they will have merged
:22:59. > :23:04.into one. Two more galaxies can be found if you move down the plough. A
:23:05. > :23:12.short distance to the left, forming a triangle with the last two stars
:23:13. > :23:18.of the handle you will find M 101 the largest galaxy, and moving a
:23:19. > :23:28.similar distance to the right, you will find the spectacular whirlpool
:23:29. > :23:32.galaxy, M 51. It is the most distant of tonight 's targets. You should
:23:33. > :23:36.still make out it is actually a large Aleksei with another smaller
:23:37. > :23:43.galaxy interacting with it. -- Alex C. This is a taster of how the basic
:23:44. > :23:46.telescope can transform our view of the night sky.
:23:47. > :24:01.We have had some wonderful photographs sent in. This is one of
:24:02. > :24:05.the ISS and the setting sun. Some wonderful pictures from larger
:24:06. > :24:12.organisations such as the European space agency. A lovely shot of Venus
:24:13. > :24:17.from the Venus express mission taken on Tuesday morning at an altitude of
:24:18. > :24:21.50,000 kilometres. You can see details of the wind blowing around
:24:22. > :24:33.the polar region. And we have an exclusive here, we have got an image
:24:34. > :24:40.sent in exclusively to us from NASA, a picture from the messenger
:24:41. > :24:45.probe, it was acquired at nine minutes past eight this evening. The
:24:46. > :24:49.mission was launched in August, 2004, the first time it has ever
:24:50. > :24:54.been seen, wonderful details of the craters on Mercury. That is it,
:24:55. > :25:01.please keep sending in all your pictures. You can find details on
:25:02. > :25:12.the website. You will also find a link to our photo group.
:25:13. > :25:19.Apologies, what was the story? You know these days people can buy
:25:20. > :25:24.themselves right on the International Space Station, I made
:25:25. > :25:28.the acquaintance of Charles Simoni who did this. On Earth one day I am
:25:29. > :25:34.in the cheese section of whole foods in Boulder, Colorado, I get a phone
:25:35. > :25:38.-- phone call from him, he is in the International Space Station flying
:25:39. > :25:44.overhead. Did he ask for some cheese? It was surreal. He said he
:25:45. > :25:48.is at the window, somewhere over the Pacific. Half an hour later I said
:25:49. > :25:56.where are you now? Somewhere over Africa. It was amazing.
:25:57. > :26:00.I got a message when I was in Africa and you were in space. Great in
:26:01. > :26:08.terms of the public outreach. You took photographs, and you did. In
:26:09. > :26:11.terms of public outreach, we want to see Earth as it exists in space, we
:26:12. > :26:18.want to see our place within the Kosmos. There is a vast appetite to
:26:19. > :26:23.see how we fit in, people want to see themselves in perspective, and
:26:24. > :26:26.from the space station we are in a wonderful position to do that. And
:26:27. > :26:33.three social media I can take a picture of anywhere and within then
:26:34. > :26:35.it the whole planet can see it. There is a great human need to feel
:26:36. > :26:43.connected with other humans around the globe. People felt in a moment,
:26:44. > :26:51.our pitcher is being taken and we are all in it together.
:26:52. > :26:56.Pictures today are so wonderful compared to the ones we took on
:26:57. > :27:01.Apollo. I love the pictures today. Is this a most valuable thing about
:27:02. > :27:08.space exploration, the perspective it gives us? You spoke about the
:27:09. > :27:13.ideal when you are in space you end up seeing one Earth, there is no us
:27:14. > :27:20.any more. Is that the most valuable thing? There are valuable
:27:21. > :27:27.technological spin offs, economics, but is it really be emotional power,
:27:28. > :27:31.the need to explore? The results of inspiration, if you
:27:32. > :27:36.can inspire young people to something that is right on the edge
:27:37. > :27:39.of possible, they can see this was impossible for my parents, or just
:27:40. > :27:46.barely possible and if I apply myself maybe someday I can do that.
:27:47. > :27:55.A quick final question from Ciaran, aged 11, what should children learn
:27:56. > :27:58.to become astronauts? To become an astronaut you need a
:27:59. > :28:03.proven ability to learn complex things. You should not pursue
:28:04. > :28:06.something you dislike but something that is complex and technical,
:28:07. > :28:14.pushes you to the edge of your ability, show your ability to learn
:28:15. > :28:18.complex things. They have broadened the potential, there are so many
:28:19. > :28:22.different areas, the International space Station, you were talking
:28:23. > :28:27.earlier about the medical problems. It is a laboratory now, we can check
:28:28. > :28:31.those things out. Definitely easier now, they are not
:28:32. > :28:40.real astronauts. It has been an honour, thank you to all our guests.
:28:41. > :28:45.For our final night tomorrow we will be venturing deep into space, the
:28:46. > :28:55.Milky Way, we will see it over the UK, keep a lookout and send us your
:28:56. > :28:59.photographs. We are back at 8pm tomorrow and Back to Earth at 9pm.