:00:10. > :00:15.What a week we have had a Jodrell Bank. When we went hunting, we never
:00:16. > :00:22.thought we would see this. The glorious colours of the Northern
:00:23. > :00:28.lights. Or the extraordinary event of the sun bursting particles the
:00:29. > :00:31.waters. All along you have been searching the galaxies and you have
:00:32. > :00:37.made a remarkable discoveries, and you've had a glimpse of event that
:00:38. > :00:39.happened 11 million years ago. I am Brian Cox, he is Dara O'Briain, and
:00:40. > :01:10.this is Stargazing Live. Welcome back to Stargazing Live.
:01:11. > :01:14.Let's get straight onto the most exciting news of the series - an
:01:15. > :01:17.amazing discovery made by you over the last three nights. We asked you
:01:18. > :01:21.to search for hidden galaxies. And not only have you been successful
:01:22. > :01:24.but what you've discovered is of genuine scientific importance. So
:01:25. > :01:27.much so that some of the biggest telescopes around the world,
:01:28. > :01:34.including this one, have dropped everything to focus on what you've
:01:35. > :01:40.found. This is why it is pointing in this direction, it is tracking one
:01:41. > :01:46.of the things you found because it is so interesting. Here to tell us
:01:47. > :01:53.more is Chris Lintott. What did our viewers need to do? We asked people
:01:54. > :01:58.to look for gravitational lenses, the light where it has been bent by
:01:59. > :02:01.more nearby galaxies, and that bending of light means we see
:02:02. > :02:07.further into the past and we see distant galaxies we would not be
:02:08. > :02:13.able to see. You said you were hoping to get 500,000 hits by
:02:14. > :02:22.Thursday. We broke that easily, so now we are at 6.5 million
:02:23. > :02:29.classification is made by 50,000 Stargazing Live viewers. Such a big
:02:30. > :02:32.response that the professional community have got involved. It's
:02:33. > :02:38.not only the Lovell we have taken over. It's not just the quantity or
:02:39. > :02:43.the classifications, it's they found wonderful things. We have more 50
:02:44. > :02:48.candidate gravitational lenses, and we've used some of the biggest
:02:49. > :02:53.telescopes in the world. A genuinely global initiative. Let's go over to
:02:54. > :03:00.the UK, because how many telescopes there? We have used the Lovell
:03:01. > :03:07.telescope, and even as far away as Cambridge to track one of the
:03:08. > :03:10.candidates. Six radio telescopes working in congruence. One of the
:03:11. > :03:18.more interesting targets is is there. Over the course of the
:03:19. > :03:24.evening, excitement gathered, and other people in America join this.
:03:25. > :03:30.We got data in America, archive data, from West Virginia, the
:03:31. > :03:34.greenback telescope. We called our friends in Hawaii because we wanted
:03:35. > :03:41.to get optical and infrared data must be called the biggest telescope
:03:42. > :03:45.in the world. It is Hawaii but you are 13,000 feet in the mind him. The
:03:46. > :03:49.dome was frozen shut. They hacked away at the icicles chorus. The
:03:50. > :03:56.director of the Institute have away so we could get the data -- for us.
:03:57. > :04:00.We don't recommend you do this at home, but we were late in the bar
:04:01. > :04:10.last night, and we rang up the Greenback telescope. I also saw you
:04:11. > :04:14.ringing Chile. We called the Canary Islands, but it was snowing, but we
:04:15. > :04:19.still call them. They have been trained on one target in particular,
:04:20. > :04:26.and we will talk about that later. It's all because of the effort of
:04:27. > :04:30.Stargazing Live view is that we've done it. We are contributing to the
:04:31. > :04:40.sum total of human knowledge rather than the usual television thing.
:04:41. > :04:43.This is real star. Real science. We have also been getting astounding
:04:44. > :04:50.images sent over in the last couple of days. Look at this one. The moon,
:04:51. > :04:57.but a beautiful photograph by Julian Cooper from the Black Country. Also
:04:58. > :05:02.beautiful photos of this sunspot group. Again, this is the thing that
:05:03. > :05:08.gives us the possibility of Aurora Borealis tonight. We gave a
:05:09. > :05:12.prediction of the time that the burst of energy might arrive. That
:05:13. > :05:17.might not have been exactly right and we might still be waiting. It is
:05:18. > :05:22.ongoing. We have space observatories up there and we think it might
:05:23. > :05:28.arrive now. I want to show you a couple more. This is a bit of a
:05:29. > :05:32.cheat. We talk about amateur imagery is -- images, but this is a
:05:33. > :05:39.beautiful picture from Reykjavik, in Iceland. Just a few moments ago in
:05:40. > :05:43.Norway, Liz Bonnin took to the skies to see if any of the recent activity
:05:44. > :05:54.on the sun is producing any Aurora yet. How is it looking, Liz? Welcome
:05:55. > :05:58.back to a world first, Aurora hunting. We are crammed into a
:05:59. > :06:01.plane, and the equipment is working nicely. Pete Lawrence is with us on
:06:02. > :06:07.the flight, so let's take a look outside the window. In the last ten
:06:08. > :06:11.minutes, this beautiful site revealed itself. A lot of structure
:06:12. > :06:17.and beautiful curls at the bottom of it. Very bright tonight, isn't it?
:06:18. > :06:22.Very nice. Lots of structure. It's been changing as we have watched out
:06:23. > :06:29.of the window, lots of vertical rays. Am I wishful thinking, or can
:06:30. > :06:35.I see some red and brown? I can see some red at the right. That is a
:06:36. > :06:40.first, and we're excited about it. Let's talk about the forecasting we
:06:41. > :06:46.had last night. Has the corona hit the earth? What has changed between
:06:47. > :06:50.last night and now? It hasn't hit us. It's hard to forecast the
:06:51. > :06:55.arrival, and it got slow down as it headed from the sun towards us. It
:06:56. > :07:01.could arrive anywhere between now and 4am. It could still affect this
:07:02. > :07:07.beautiful light display we see tonight? Absolutely. That is the
:07:08. > :07:10.beauty of space weather. The aurora changing all tonight. I will leave
:07:11. > :07:17.you with that beautiful image, a sight for sore eyes. See you in a
:07:18. > :07:23.bit. Seeing different colours within the Aurora, as we have. You can see
:07:24. > :07:26.the red on the right, but if that is the immediate, who knows what will
:07:27. > :07:32.happen? There have been special Stargazing Live parties taking place
:07:33. > :07:41.up and down the country, and there is one in Egham, in Sussex. A
:07:42. > :07:46.wonderful evening at Royal Holloway University. Thousands of excuse you
:07:47. > :07:53.asked it -- enthusiastic stargazers, are you having a good time? What has
:07:54. > :08:00.that been the best thing so far? I think it was the DIY. What do you
:08:01. > :08:06.look forward to seeing next? Tourists in space. That is the thing
:08:07. > :08:10.about this, they're so many things going on. There is the option also
:08:11. > :08:14.to see yourself in infrared, and there is an army of astronomers and
:08:15. > :08:19.telescopes to look at the sky. We've even set up a field of astronomers
:08:20. > :08:23.away from the light so we can take some wonderful views of what the
:08:24. > :08:29.clear sky has to offer. And I will also show you how you can find
:08:30. > :08:34.galaxies through your own telescope and how to navigate through the
:08:35. > :08:40.stars. Back to the studio. Lots of young faces in the studio. Those
:08:41. > :08:43.youngsters seem to be the new co-hosts, and I know how you feel
:08:44. > :08:50.about this out region getting involved. Getting kids excited about
:08:51. > :08:53.astronomy leads to so many other things, entrepreneurialism, careers
:08:54. > :08:59.in science. I remember when I was about three years old watching the
:09:00. > :09:07.Clangers. And we are yet to find them! The great thing about them was
:09:08. > :09:10.the row of kids about seven or eight years old, and that is what
:09:11. > :09:14.astronomy did for me, and I went into physics and I caught the bug.
:09:15. > :09:21.Your career has been mainly based on space hardware, mainly the James
:09:22. > :09:28.Webb telescope, a tremendous telescope. It is amazing. It will
:09:29. > :09:32.travel 1.5 kilometres away from Earth and then deploy, which looks
:09:33. > :09:37.challenging, but what comes out is a heat shield visit and infrared
:09:38. > :09:42.telescope and the biggest source of heat nearby the son, so it hides
:09:43. > :09:47.behind the earth and it protects it from some of the sun and it has
:09:48. > :09:53.Earth radiation. This is the heat shield, then? It's about the size of
:09:54. > :09:59.a telescope. It's going to be launched in about 2018, hopefully.
:10:00. > :10:03.We see the golden mirror, so what is the difference between that and the
:10:04. > :10:10.Hubble telescope? The Hubble telescope was mainly optical, but
:10:11. > :10:15.the James Webb is infrared, so it gets orange and red and the rest is
:10:16. > :10:23.infrared. But why? We have pictures of the Milky Way, so what is it that
:10:24. > :10:29.the James Webb gives us? It was called a next-generation space
:10:30. > :10:35.telescope. Mind you, it is coming from a long way. We can see the
:10:36. > :10:38.Milky Way galaxy, but here you can see the patches of dust, and of
:10:39. > :10:44.course a visible light, optical light, which doesn't past -- passed
:10:45. > :10:49.through it. But with the infrared you can see what is behind. An
:10:50. > :10:56.interesting look at the centre of the galaxy, the black hole obscured
:10:57. > :10:58.by the dust. What I find fascinating is that when people think of
:10:59. > :11:03.telescopes they think of visible light, but we have an amazing piece
:11:04. > :11:08.of equipment, a radio telescope, and the James Webb is infrared. We take
:11:09. > :11:13.parts of the Informatics spectrum and get a broader picture of what is
:11:14. > :11:19.out there. This will be coming back to earth and we will see later.
:11:20. > :11:24.There is a huge question about the Milky Way that spin around for
:11:25. > :11:27.hundreds of years, but Simon Taylor of Runcorn has sent things in over
:11:28. > :11:31.the last two years, and asked, if we've never been outside the Milky
:11:32. > :11:39.Way, how do we know what it has been looking like? Let's find out. On a
:11:40. > :11:45.clear, moonlit night you can see a milky glow across the night. The
:11:46. > :11:49.Romans called it a milky road, and when Galileo pointed his telescope
:11:50. > :11:57.at it, he discovered that this haze of light was in fact made up of
:11:58. > :12:03.distant stars. When we look out into the night sky, we see the stars and
:12:04. > :12:07.the glowing gas and dust which are bound together by gravity and make
:12:08. > :12:12.the galaxy, which we call the Milky Way. But because we are in it, it's
:12:13. > :12:21.very hard to work out what the shape of the galaxy actually is. One of
:12:22. > :12:28.the first attempts to map the galaxy was from astronomer William Herschel
:12:29. > :12:34.in 1785. What needed was to assume that all of the stars we can see the
:12:35. > :12:37.sky are roughly of the same brightness and it uniformly
:12:38. > :12:46.distributed. By doing that, he came up with a map, which is the shape of
:12:47. > :12:51.the known universe of the time. Now, this is not accurate, the many
:12:52. > :12:54.reasons. But one of them is that there are many stars in the Milky
:12:55. > :13:04.Way galaxy that cannot be seen from Earth because they are obscured by
:13:05. > :13:07.dust. No one appreciated the children -- true extent of the Milky
:13:08. > :13:20.Way until tools were developed to help them peer through the dust. In
:13:21. > :13:23.1955, the Stargazing Live -- Lovell telescope was built at Jodrell bank,
:13:24. > :13:32.and it did not look at Starlight, but was designed to capture radio
:13:33. > :13:35.waves. While visible light is easily blocked by dust, radio waves
:13:36. > :13:44.emanating from the furthest reaches of our galaxy can pass through.
:13:45. > :13:47.Clive Dickinson is an astronomer who choose into these electromagnetic
:13:48. > :14:00.waves from our Milky Way. -- choosing. -- tunes in. Obviously
:14:01. > :14:04.there are lots of stars in the galaxy, but when you look with the
:14:05. > :14:07.radio waves you get a different picture. You can still see the
:14:08. > :14:10.galactic plane, but you can also see completely different things, and
:14:11. > :14:17.different objects and different structures. What is revealed is that
:14:18. > :14:23.the space between the stars is far from empty. It is filled with gas,
:14:24. > :14:28.mostly hydrogen. And because radio telescopes can detect waves emitted
:14:29. > :14:34.by the hydrogen gas, they can be deduced to work out the shape of the
:14:35. > :14:39.Milky Way. This is a map of the hydrogen gas in our galaxy that was
:14:40. > :14:42.first made in the 1950s, and the hydrogen follows the distribution of
:14:43. > :14:50.stars in the galaxy. By measuring the velocity of that gas, and the
:14:51. > :15:04.brightness in any direction, you can deduce that the Milky Way is, in
:15:05. > :15:09.fact, a giant spiral of stars. But astronomers are now mapping more
:15:10. > :15:12.than hydrogen. These brands in new views of our galaxy show other
:15:13. > :15:20.components in our Milky Way, including the dust that obscure
:15:21. > :15:24.would their view 200 years ago. By combining these results, we are
:15:25. > :15:29.finally beginning to build a picture of what the Milky Way looks like. A
:15:30. > :15:36.disc of hundreds of billions of stars, gas and dust, swirling around
:15:37. > :15:44.a central bar into the most beautiful spiral galaxy.
:15:45. > :15:52.We know enough now to take an educated guess at what the Milky Way
:15:53. > :15:56.looks like. About 27 light-years from the centre. But the most
:15:57. > :16:02.distinctive features of the spiral arms. They are the focus about one
:16:03. > :16:09.of the big debates about the Milky Way. How many arms are there and
:16:10. > :16:14.what pattern do they form? That is one thing the team here at Jodrell
:16:15. > :16:21.Bank have been studying. Professor Tim O'Brien is here. You have one of
:16:22. > :16:25.your telescopes scanning? The severed meter telescope has been
:16:26. > :16:30.scanning through the Milky Way and I have a live signal from it now. What
:16:31. > :16:34.you are seeing in this spectrum which is updated in real-time, the
:16:35. > :16:40.peaks in the middle are from hydrogen atoms in the spiral arms of
:16:41. > :16:46.the Milky Way. There is a peak along the side which is a second arm. It
:16:47. > :16:50.indicates a cloud of hydrogen gas as we look through the disc of the
:16:51. > :16:56.Milky Way. Each produces a peak in this spectrum. We just talked about
:16:57. > :17:02.the infrared, this is the 21 centimetre? Yes, it is the same
:17:03. > :17:09.thing Maggie mentioned, there is dust and it makes it difficult to
:17:10. > :17:16.see through it. What is this image? It is a scan we did earlier. You see
:17:17. > :17:25.these patterns, each of these spikes is a spiral arm. I can see three
:17:26. > :17:30.arms for example. It seems to reveal it into arms and three arms? It is
:17:31. > :17:36.difficult to see the structure of the Milky Way from inside. We were
:17:37. > :17:42.aware of four of them, and then there was a paper that said there
:17:43. > :17:48.were just two, now they reckon there are four of them again. This
:17:49. > :17:51.telescope, we have taken over. It is not looking it's beautiful self. But
:17:52. > :17:58.it is pointing at an interesting object? But beside the moon, there
:17:59. > :18:03.was an object discovered by our view was the other day that is billions
:18:04. > :18:06.of light years away. We will be showing you that later. It is not
:18:07. > :18:12.the only galaxy you can see from Earth. Mark Thompson can show you
:18:13. > :18:20.how to see our closest galactic neighbours.
:18:21. > :18:35.We have wonderful clear skies. The party and come local astronomers. I
:18:36. > :18:43.want to show you this wonderful moon. We are here to spot as many
:18:44. > :18:51.galaxies as we can. We shot this video in Norfolk a few days ago that
:18:52. > :19:02.the Andrew Meda galaxy. Jamie, what can you say? I can see a bit of a
:19:03. > :19:10.blur. If you look to one side, you can use a technique called averted
:19:11. > :19:16.vision. Have another look. Is that better? Can you see the spiral
:19:17. > :19:25.nature of the galaxy? Yes. It is wonderful, you are looking back in
:19:26. > :19:32.time, 2.5 million years. It is a weird concept. You can see it with
:19:33. > :19:37.binoculars and you can see it in the south-west at this time of year. I
:19:38. > :19:42.will leave you to enjoy that. There are a couple of other galaxies you
:19:43. > :19:52.can see tonight. We had some footage we took about half an hour ago
:19:53. > :19:57.called M81 if we look through the Hubble telescope, it looks
:19:58. > :20:01.spectacular. It is visible just above the plough at this time of
:20:02. > :20:09.night. If you want to bind the details you have two June into my
:20:10. > :20:16.Starcast. This is a view of M82 sometimes you can see the two
:20:17. > :20:22.galaxies through one telescope will stop with the big Hubble telescope,
:20:23. > :20:25.we get some wonderful views, sharing the turbulent nature in that galaxy
:20:26. > :20:30.where loads of new, young stars are starting to form. That is all we can
:20:31. > :20:36.see for tonight. If it is clear where you are, get outside and see
:20:37. > :20:46.how many galaxies you can spot. You can find information on our website.
:20:47. > :20:53.Now back to Brian and Dara O'Brian. We are about to explore a galaxy in
:20:54. > :20:58.more details. There is a new mission underway set to revolutionise our
:20:59. > :21:06.knowledge of the Milky Way. The chief K scientist behind this is
:21:07. > :21:14.Professor Gerry Gilmore. We spoke to Caroline about the nerve wracking
:21:15. > :21:25.nature of space exploration. What did you feel? I was there. It is an
:21:26. > :21:30.interesting experience. There was perceptible relief when it opened up
:21:31. > :21:36.and it was working. It is not just the money it is the 20 years of work
:21:37. > :21:44.from the 400 engineers. Tell us about the mission? GAIA is designed
:21:45. > :21:49.to answer the questions you were asking. It is a shield half the size
:21:50. > :21:54.of a tennis court, but it is a big camera and to telescope will stop it
:21:55. > :22:01.is taking a video of the sky for five years and will measure the
:22:02. > :22:10.distance of a billion objects. This is exquisite UK technology. They are
:22:11. > :22:16.cameras? Every one of these things is a bigger version of what you have
:22:17. > :22:26.in your telephone. This is only half of it. You have two touch them
:22:27. > :22:34.carefully. In terms of an eight megapixel camera, what is that? It
:22:35. > :22:41.is a Ilion pixel camera. It is very sensitive, thousands of times more
:22:42. > :22:44.sensitive in terms of dynamic range and quality of anything that has
:22:45. > :22:53.ever been made before. We need that to get that exquisite position GAIA
:22:54. > :22:59.is designed to get. If you put a human hair in space, this thing can
:23:00. > :23:09.see either side of it? From London. GAIA will locate the stars. It is
:23:10. > :23:19.the equivalent of locating a small coin on the moon. Also how they are
:23:20. > :23:25.moving? Yes, we keep doing this for five years and see how it moves. It
:23:26. > :23:30.allows us to measure the distance of the object. We can see where all of
:23:31. > :23:36.these objects are in 3-dimensional. Also how everything is moving. When
:23:37. > :23:42.we walk through space and we can see what is there, and where it really
:23:43. > :23:46.is, but how those things are moving and from that we can deduce the
:23:47. > :23:52.entire formation of the Milky Way and that is what GAIA is. What
:23:53. > :24:02.affect will this have on the industry? GAIA will rewrite the
:24:03. > :24:07.textbooks. People have studied with these giant telescope because they
:24:08. > :24:15.knew it was interesting. We haven't done that for a billion objects
:24:16. > :24:21.before. So GAIA will do it for a billion objects and tell us what
:24:22. > :24:28.looks normal. How did the Milky Way get to be the way it is? We have a
:24:29. > :24:32.video from last year and one of the theories. We know the Andromeda
:24:33. > :24:39.galaxy, one with about a trillion stars is coming towards us quite
:24:40. > :24:48.quickly and is going to hit us. The debate is that it has hit us before?
:24:49. > :24:54.That is one of the questions GAIA is designed to answer. We can
:24:55. > :24:58.understand one, then we have a Rosetta Stone for all of them. To
:24:59. > :25:05.answer that question we need to know not only were the galaxies are now,
:25:06. > :25:11.so GAIA will tell us that, we also need to know how much they weigh.
:25:12. > :25:16.That is the unique thing with GAIA. We can introduce weight, so we know
:25:17. > :25:20.for the first time, not only what we can see, but everything that is
:25:21. > :25:27.there. It is an incredible project. We will be talking to you later. In
:25:28. > :25:30.a moment we will be revealing a new galaxy you have discovered, but last
:25:31. > :25:37.night Brian looked at how we might fuel a starship puckered
:25:38. > :25:40.transporters to the stars as close to the speed of light. What about
:25:41. > :25:48.the astronauts on board? I were to find out what it would feel like.
:25:49. > :25:57.To travel anywhere fast, first you have to accelerate. Apparently this
:25:58. > :26:13.car can go from zero to 60 mph in just six seconds. Acceleration
:26:14. > :26:25.creates the force that pins at you back in your chair whenever you
:26:26. > :26:32.change speed. And in small doses... It is a lot of fun. However, to get
:26:33. > :26:38.to the kind of speeds you need for intergalactic travel, you can have
:26:39. > :26:43.too much of a good thing. So, would my body stand any chance of handling
:26:44. > :26:55.the kind of acceleration needed to reach near lightspeed? To find out,
:26:56. > :27:00.I have come to brook city based in San Antonio in Texas. Hidden inside
:27:01. > :27:09.building 170 is a machine of torture. In it, over 100 astronauts
:27:10. > :27:16.have learned to endure the extreme acceleration of a space shuttle
:27:17. > :27:23.launch. It is a human centrifuge. And today, it is my turn to take a
:27:24. > :27:31.ride. How are you? This man is lead centrifuge technician. Basically I
:27:32. > :27:36.am in a space shuttle launch? Yes, we will go through the same protocol
:27:37. > :27:40.the astronauts go through. The centrifuges is going to spin me ever
:27:41. > :27:59.faster, subjecting me to the crushing force. What can the body
:28:00. > :28:05.take? The G will be pushing on your chest. I won't feel more sure is, I
:28:06. > :28:15.won't feel ill? I hope you don't. Will I feel all of my limbs heavier?
:28:16. > :28:19.Your ear lobes, your eyelids, everything will feel three times
:28:20. > :28:34.heavier. It is heavy enough as it is! Wow! This is amazing. At maximum
:28:35. > :28:40.acceleration, reducing 3G, my body will feel three times heavier than
:28:41. > :28:45.normal. It takes shuttle astronauts seven seconds to reach the speed.
:28:46. > :28:56.Obviously they are trained professionals. Three, two, 1...
:28:57. > :29:15.Liftoff. You are at 2.5 G. This is about as
:29:16. > :29:23.much as the shuttle or anyone on board can take for more than a few
:29:24. > :29:30.seconds. I am beginning to see why. It may not look it, but my arm feels
:29:31. > :29:38.as heavy as a bag of cement. Wave to the camera. That is getting
:29:39. > :29:41.uncomfortable and it would take months to get to lightspeed at this
:29:42. > :29:53.rate. That is not good enough, we need more G. Would you like us to
:29:54. > :30:13.take you 25 G for ten or 15 seconds just to see what it feels like? Go
:30:14. > :30:23.on then. 2.5, three. 4.5 and we are at five, how does it feel? Tough
:30:24. > :30:32.will stop back down now. That is tough. It is amazing. No way you
:30:33. > :30:40.could do anything at five G. Can't even talk. It would not be very
:30:41. > :30:45.flattering. He has been laughing at this all day. It is unflattering.
:30:46. > :30:53.This famously good-looking man in a centrifuges, this is what he looked
:30:54. > :31:01.at stop that was at seven. You look like an old woman out of correlation
:31:02. > :31:05.Street. Now back to Liz. What is in the sky above you? You
:31:06. > :31:12.have no idea what you have been witnessing.
:31:13. > :31:17.We were giddy, applauding and at one point we were circled by this stuff.
:31:18. > :31:22.The sky is filled with Green. There was a pink border at the bottom. It
:31:23. > :31:27.is changing every second. What have we been looking at? I have lost
:31:28. > :31:33.track of the amount of movements, the red and the pink. It is
:31:34. > :31:38.glorious. It gets confusing doesn't it? You can see how the bands fold
:31:39. > :31:46.upon themselves. They wrap around and you get various struck just. It
:31:47. > :31:52.looked like a cascade of light. We have some footage from a few moments
:31:53. > :32:07.ago. It was a multilayered, multi-structural, if that is the
:32:08. > :32:12.right terminology. I am overwhelmed, it is mind blowing, I never expected
:32:13. > :32:17.to see such beautiful displays. The fantastic thing was it that was
:32:18. > :32:22.moving dynamically. The ripples of light moving through the whole
:32:23. > :32:27.display. People describe the Aurora is a dance across the sky, and we
:32:28. > :32:31.have witnessed it, it is glorious. With regard to the different shapes,
:32:32. > :32:39.are they ever in a certain order or does it happen haphazardly? Those
:32:40. > :32:42.bright bands are characteristic, and what happens is they fold up on
:32:43. > :32:46.themselves and it gives the impression of a curtain hanging in
:32:47. > :32:51.the sky. They can also wrap up into a huge spiral structure and they
:32:52. > :32:58.look amazing. They are enormous, and go up to about 1600 kilometres. We
:32:59. > :33:03.can see it now, it is a little more diffused, but they are vertical,
:33:04. > :33:09.streaking through the colour. What is that? They are bits of the
:33:10. > :33:13.curtain which folds up on themselves. When you look from the
:33:14. > :33:17.side, you look through multiple layers of light, so they look
:33:18. > :33:22.brighter than the rest of the Aurora, and those are called Reyes.
:33:23. > :33:28.I have heard about the crowns as well. What are they? You see the
:33:29. > :33:32.rays going up vertically, but if you're underneath, and you look up,
:33:33. > :33:36.you can see those rays going up several hundred kilometres into the
:33:37. > :33:41.night sky, and via perspective they converge together, that is the
:33:42. > :33:47.Aurora Crown. On the right-hand corner of the screen we can see a
:33:48. > :33:52.new bright bit of green that defuses upwards. It is very much in real
:33:53. > :33:57.time, this is the beauty of the cameras, we can see it as it happens
:33:58. > :34:01.without a need for time-lapse. Guys, we are besides ourselves. As you can
:34:02. > :34:07.imagine from my boys. Please come back to us soon because we will try
:34:08. > :34:14.to get more footage -- as you can imagine from my voice. You can tell
:34:15. > :34:20.that you was quite overwhelmed. It is beautiful. That demonstrates the
:34:21. > :34:24.power of the stars. We think of it giving light and heat, but it is a
:34:25. > :34:28.magnetic field that is influencing particles from the stars and
:34:29. > :34:34.reaching out across 90 billion miles and causing the atmosphere to light
:34:35. > :34:38.up. It is beautiful. You say all that, and I am thinking Mavis Riley,
:34:39. > :34:47.the old woman from Coronation Street. You look like Mavis Riley, I
:34:48. > :34:53.am like Eric pickles. -- Pickles. We have been building up this discovery
:34:54. > :34:57.all night, but it's quite a big one. Let's look at the images that the
:34:58. > :35:02.viewers were the first to find. Six people on the first night saw a
:35:03. > :35:05.close-up of the image, so let's zoom in on the galaxy. This is the
:35:06. > :35:18.infrared image we showed people, and you can see that lens. There were
:35:19. > :35:24.six people on the very first night is spotted this. You are looking at
:35:25. > :35:30.the nearby galaxy, a couple of billion light years away, so nearby
:35:31. > :35:33.in astronomy terms. This red ring, I think it is a ring, that is a
:35:34. > :35:41.distant galaxy and we are seeing that as it was about 11 billion
:35:42. > :35:46.years ago. To be clear, the light from the galaxy, 11 billion light
:35:47. > :35:53.years away. Well, further than that, so it's actually about 40 billion
:35:54. > :35:58.will -- years away. The starters, we are looking back at when the
:35:59. > :36:02.universe was getting going -- for starters. This galaxy is quite big.
:36:03. > :36:07.It's very active, and we know it is forming stars at a rate of about 100
:36:08. > :36:13.times that of the Milky Way, so about a hundred huge stars every
:36:14. > :36:17.year. The really exciting thing is what happens when we switch to the
:36:18. > :36:22.radio. We will show you the radio image, and the scientists we work
:36:23. > :36:27.with haven't seen it yet and we wanted to share this with all of the
:36:28. > :36:31.collaborators. So this is from a little telescope, five other
:36:32. > :36:36.telescopes. If you are a professional astronomer, this is
:36:37. > :36:42.exciting. This blog here is the result of yesterday evening's
:36:43. > :36:49.observations. -- this blob. It shows is a nice narrow arc, so perfectly
:36:50. > :36:54.convincing as a lens, but there is more radio emission here than we
:36:55. > :37:01.expected. Brighter than we expected. An unusual object, in that sense? We
:37:02. > :37:06.get the Radio 2 ways, from the young stars. We can predict that, but we
:37:07. > :37:09.might also get it from the gas spiralling in and growing a black
:37:10. > :37:14.hole at the centre of the galaxy. We are watching the early stages of the
:37:15. > :37:21.galaxy. It might be young galaxies merging together. This kind of black
:37:22. > :37:27.hole normally means a collision, so these could be proto- galaxies.
:37:28. > :37:32.Billions of years ago as well, so close to the beginning of the
:37:33. > :37:38.universe. We still have to name it, and we want you to do that as well,
:37:39. > :37:43.so please send suggestions. The only thing is that it needs to have the
:37:44. > :37:46.number nine at the stars. We will give you a decision on that and we
:37:47. > :37:51.will have it by the end of the show. And that will be its name. There
:37:52. > :37:56.will be scientific papers with the name on it, and that's wonderful. To
:37:57. > :38:03.find out what the conditions are like for stargazing outside, here is
:38:04. > :38:07.Helen Willetts. It was not the best weather for getting out Stargazing
:38:08. > :38:11.Live, but I can tell you there are going to be more clear skies
:38:12. > :38:15.tonight. It won't be warm if you head out and about, widespread frost
:38:16. > :38:22.coming and icy patches, and some patchy cloud, but if we are lucky
:38:23. > :38:25.enough to see Aurora Borealis, and talking to my colleagues at the
:38:26. > :38:28.space centre, it could arrive, we might see it in northern England and
:38:29. > :38:32.Northern Ireland, but if we don't see it, plenty more to look at in
:38:33. > :38:38.the sky and we should have plenty of clear skies. Come tomorrow, there
:38:39. > :38:42.will still be cloud across southern and eastern areas, but for many,
:38:43. > :38:48.with the cold light, it could be clear and plenty to see. If you are
:38:49. > :38:51.not lucky enough to see Aurora Borealis, Jupiter is meant to be
:38:52. > :38:55.bright in the sky, and the good news is that into the weekend, Friday and
:38:56. > :39:01.Saturday, it looks clearer, but it will be cold, so wrap up warm.
:39:02. > :39:12.Mark is under the stars in egg, with a huge crowd of other stargazers.
:39:13. > :39:15.Hello, I'm still here. Now, all evening I've been at the Royal
:39:16. > :39:19.Holloway University at one of the biggest star spectaculars in the
:39:20. > :39:21.country - and this is where lots of budding scientists start their
:39:22. > :39:26.astronomy careers. This is where many budding scientists start their
:39:27. > :39:29.careers. And one of the first things any beginner has to is learn their
:39:30. > :39:32.way around the night sky. So I've decided to enlist the help of Royal
:39:33. > :39:36.Holloway's Physics department to bring to life the one constellation
:39:37. > :39:39.everyone should know and I'm also going to use some ingenious BBC
:39:40. > :39:41.software to create a human constellation. There is the gang of
:39:42. > :39:44.students, we have armed them with torches. There you go, guys! With a
:39:45. > :39:49.bit of BBC magic, we will try to create a human constellation. If you
:39:50. > :39:54.look at the sky on any night, you can seek seven bright stars. There
:39:55. > :40:01.they are appearing, and as those stars form, it is a shape we are
:40:02. > :40:06.familiar with, the Plough. It's one we can see at any time of night from
:40:07. > :40:10.the UK. The lines are wobbly, but maybe that is gravitational lenses.
:40:11. > :40:15.You should be able to see this at any time of night, but the itself is
:40:16. > :40:21.Ursa Major. Those are the stars slowly appealing -- appearing, and
:40:22. > :40:26.they are slowly joining up the lines, that is the great Bear, the
:40:27. > :40:36.name of the constellation, where we find MA and M 82. -- M81. I can't
:40:37. > :40:42.quite see a bear, even squinting, but if you look now, you can make
:40:43. > :40:47.the shape of the bear. The important thing about this constellation is
:40:48. > :40:51.that there are two stars at the end of the bowl that point towards
:40:52. > :40:58.Polaris, the North polar Star, and that is the only fixed star in the
:40:59. > :41:03.sky. If you can find the poll by looking at those two points, you can
:41:04. > :41:09.find anything in the night sky -- pole. And that means navigating is
:41:10. > :41:14.easy, as I found, when I took to the seas. I might know my way around the
:41:15. > :41:19.night sky, but I don't know how to use the knowledge down here on
:41:20. > :41:28.Earth. Fortunately, I'm not alone. With me is natural navigation expert
:41:29. > :41:32.Tristan Gooley. Without even knowing where we are starting, we are
:41:33. > :41:40.navigating to Alderney. Tristan, nice to meet you. Alderney is 50
:41:41. > :41:46.miles from England, and just three miles across, so it will make for a
:41:47. > :41:49.small target as night falls. Before we can think about finding the
:41:50. > :41:56.island, we need to think exactly where the boat is. We are not using
:41:57. > :42:01.GPS, radar, any modern gizmos. I have even had my phone taken of me.
:42:02. > :42:05.With the sun setting, we better make a start. To calculate position on
:42:06. > :42:11.Earth, we need to work out which area of the night sky we are under.
:42:12. > :42:17.And Polaris, the star always due north, is the perfect place to
:42:18. > :42:22.start. If you're standing on the North Pole, the star directly above
:42:23. > :42:26.your head would be Polaris, and if you travel south, that star gets
:42:27. > :42:30.steadily lower and lower, and if you reach the equator, it will be on the
:42:31. > :42:34.horizon. We are halfway between the equator and the North Pole, so we
:42:35. > :42:40.should expect the North Star to be halfway between the horizon and
:42:41. > :42:44.directly above. Tristan uses the sextant to measure Polaris and give
:42:45. > :42:49.us the latitude, how far north or south we are. But what about East or
:42:50. > :42:54.West? That is trickier. Unlike Polaris, all the other stars move
:42:55. > :43:02.around the sky through the night. Tristan sets his sights on Vega, so
:43:03. > :43:09.we can work out how long that -- how far along the path it is. Timing is
:43:10. > :43:20.critical. Now! Like every star, the timing of the path is predicted.
:43:21. > :43:23.That is 59 degrees and 47 minutes. Its position at any moment depends
:43:24. > :43:32.on how far east or west you are, the longitudinal. The time now is for 30
:43:33. > :43:35.a.m. And 50 seconds. Now we know the longitudinal attitude, we can
:43:36. > :43:42.pinpoint where we are on the map, so we can tell what direction Alderney
:43:43. > :43:46.should be. -- 4.30am. We are about five miles from land, so we can
:43:47. > :43:52.pretty much say it is five miles due south. It is a pretty creepy
:43:53. > :43:56.experience heading into the darkness. I can barely see anything
:43:57. > :44:03.ahead of me. We are having to put our faith completely in the stars.
:44:04. > :44:08.The signpost now is the star due south at this time of night. If we
:44:09. > :44:14.look up, you can see Pegasus. If we look at the bottom left-hand star,
:44:15. > :44:19.that is very close to the North Star, so that's a good one to follow
:44:20. > :44:25.now. We sail into the darkness were a couple of hours and the stars
:44:26. > :44:29.constantly move on, so once again, it's time to realign the sites.
:44:30. > :44:38.Judging by where Polaris is, we properly need to head for the group
:44:39. > :44:42.of stars called Cetus. If we look at that group of stars, and you lower
:44:43. > :44:47.your gaze to the horizon, what do you see? I can see a clump of
:44:48. > :44:55.lights, where I am confident that that is Alderney. Looks good to me.
:44:56. > :44:59.The constellation known as the sea monster is currently south of us,
:45:00. > :45:03.and it is guiding us in. One hour later, out of the inky blackness, we
:45:04. > :45:12.see the shape of Alderney. We have made it. You can see where the Pope
:45:13. > :45:17.kisses the ground. I can feel it coming on. We have travelled well
:45:18. > :45:21.over 50 miles and managed to hit a small target using just the stars to
:45:22. > :45:25.navigate by, but unfortunately, it has turned cloudy, so no way I can
:45:26. > :45:38.enjoy a nice dark skies that Alderney has to offer. I guess it is
:45:39. > :45:43.time for bed. Navigating by the stars seems archaic, but the
:45:44. > :45:54.commander of the space shuttle navigates by the stars as well.
:45:55. > :46:03.Let's play guess the planet. That is Mars. Has the biggest volcano in the
:46:04. > :46:09.solar system. Next one, what do we have there? That is Mercury. No way
:46:10. > :46:13.would we have had pictures like this without messenger being in orbit.
:46:14. > :46:21.What is fascinating is in these permanently shadowed craters,
:46:22. > :46:27.Mercury only presents one place, you can get zones that are so cold, you
:46:28. > :46:35.can get water and ice mixed in with the pebbles. There is water on
:46:36. > :46:46.Mercury, frozen solid. And planet you cannot recognise easily?
:46:47. > :46:52.Neptune. Nobody has ever seen this planet. This has been worked out by
:46:53. > :47:01.a team of scientists at Exeter University. This is remarkable, it
:47:02. > :47:08.is a genuine simulation. A planet we have never seen. This is how they
:47:09. > :47:12.did it. Planets beyond our solar system are
:47:13. > :47:17.very far away and we have little hope of imaging verse surfaces. So
:47:18. > :47:22.finding anything out about what these worlds are like, might seem
:47:23. > :47:27.like an impossible task. But a team of planet hunters at Exeter
:47:28. > :47:31.University are gearing up to do just that. With a new technique that may
:47:32. > :47:42.one day help us identify another habitable Earth. Planets can be
:47:43. > :47:47.detected by the almost imperceptible dip they cause as they pass in front
:47:48. > :47:52.of their staff. And that is all of the scientists have to work with.
:47:53. > :48:03.But with some ingenious methods they are beginning to construct these
:48:04. > :48:06.distant worlds. This stock has been working on one of the current
:48:07. > :48:14.planets. Orbiting around a star 150 light years away. When I started
:48:15. > :48:24.there was only one planet we could study the atmosphere of. This is an
:48:25. > :48:31.image of the host star. David measures precisely how the light
:48:32. > :48:34.from the host star changes as this iris filters it through its
:48:35. > :48:43.atmosphere. Starlight is made up of many different colours. And by
:48:44. > :48:48.analysing the colours that are absorbed by the planet's atmosphere
:48:49. > :48:53.when it passes across the star, David can work out what is in the
:48:54. > :49:06.atmosphere and even how thick it is. Unfortunately, it does not sound
:49:07. > :49:16.very welcoming. It looks quite alien, it is mainly made of hydrogen
:49:17. > :49:19.and helium. They have also detected sodium in the atmosphere and not a
:49:20. > :49:24.place that could support life as we know it. But even if they found
:49:25. > :49:29.oxygen and nitrogen, an earthlike atmosphere, to predict if it could
:49:30. > :49:36.be habitable we have to see how the atmosphere behaves. And that is how
:49:37. > :49:41.David was Makro Collie comes in. We are trying to interpret these
:49:42. > :49:47.observations of these climates. To do this Nathan's team have
:49:48. > :49:52.reconstruct did its atmosphere in the most sophisticated climate
:49:53. > :50:00.prediction model around. The Met Office's model of planet Earth. This
:50:01. > :50:08.brings the planet to life. This is the night side facing away from the
:50:09. > :50:13.start. This is the heart day side, temperatures of a few thousand
:50:14. > :50:21.degrees. And the arrows represent the wind flying past, incredibly
:50:22. > :50:25.fast. With this model we can dive through its atmosphere and it
:50:26. > :50:34.reveals 3000 miles down there are even stormy conditions. Very violent
:50:35. > :50:43.region, and nastier place to be, for a human anyway. Although this might
:50:44. > :50:48.not be the earthlike than it we are looking for, Nathan hopes modelling
:50:49. > :50:51.its atmosphere will help the search. Models like this can make a
:50:52. > :50:55.contribution in trying to find an alert analogue or an alert to win
:50:56. > :51:06.and trying to understand that atmosphere. -- and Earth twin. You
:51:07. > :51:14.can see the behaviour of the fluids? The model predicts there is an
:51:15. > :51:22.equatorial band, so a Jetstream at the equator. Also a couple of
:51:23. > :51:36.storms, that is Jupiter's red spot. This is orbiting around what we call
:51:37. > :51:42.a K star. But it is the M stars that are the most common in the galaxy.
:51:43. > :51:47.What these models have shown is that does not preclude the existence of
:51:48. > :51:53.life potentially on these planets. These storms distribute the heat
:51:54. > :51:59.around the planet. So we can add myth about 75% of the stars in the
:52:00. > :52:09.galaxy could support life. But this cannot support life? Know it also
:52:10. > :52:16.has silicon rain, so it rains glace. If you do last 20 years ago, perhaps
:52:17. > :52:23.ten years ago, we did not know about the other solar systems in the
:52:24. > :52:29.galaxy. Now we have over 1000 planets beyond the solar system
:52:30. > :52:34.confirmed. Many of them looking at a planet as it passes across the
:52:35. > :52:37.star. This is an encyclopaedia of the planets passing by. The most
:52:38. > :52:42.interesting than it is, the most interesting candidates are the 12
:52:43. > :52:48.planets that have been found and are most likely to be second earths.
:52:49. > :52:56.They are in what is called the habitable zone of the staff. We can
:52:57. > :53:02.also tell about the gases within the atmosphere? We can look at the
:53:03. > :53:08.atmosphere to ask questions such as is their oxygen in the atmosphere?
:53:09. > :53:14.Carbon dioxide, so the likes of Venus, it's atmosphere is too dense.
:53:15. > :53:21.But we can look for industrial pollutants in the atmosphere. If you
:53:22. > :53:27.found CFC which are not created naturally. You would know there is
:53:28. > :53:36.industrial civilisation. We're not far away from being able to do that.
:53:37. > :53:45.For the final time, we are crossing over to Liz who has been circling
:53:46. > :53:54.the skies in Norway. We are still admiring the aurora borealis. It has
:53:55. > :54:02.changed quite a lot? Yes, it has actually hit now. I am not landing
:54:03. > :54:13.now. This could burst into a multicoloured ray of light? This is
:54:14. > :54:22.the beginning of it. It is changing by the second. Do Rohrer occur
:54:23. > :54:27.regularly? There is always something there, whether it be a faint glow up
:54:28. > :54:32.to a full-blown display like we are going to get now. As we're looking
:54:33. > :54:42.at this appear, there is the equivalent happening in the South?
:54:43. > :54:50.Yes, in the southern Oval as well. We have been sending our hunters out
:54:51. > :54:57.to get us some pictures. This was captured in Tasmania several hours
:54:58. > :55:02.ago. It is beautiful. Seven hours ago then, that would have been
:55:03. > :55:07.manifesting itself appear, the equivalent of it somewhere in the
:55:08. > :55:14.zone? Yes, the northern zone as well. So many questions from viewers
:55:15. > :55:20.about the nature of this. Someone asking, are they identical in
:55:21. > :55:26.appearance? As one happens up here, the exact same patterns and
:55:27. > :55:31.features, happens down there? If you are standing the same distance, yes
:55:32. > :55:37.that is what would happen. When it comes to them being mirrored image
:55:38. > :55:42.of each others, one is mirroring the other in shape and position? It was
:55:43. > :55:48.thought for a long time that was the case, but in 2002 a couple of NASA
:55:49. > :55:52.spacecraft by chance just imaged both ovals so they were able to
:55:53. > :55:57.compared them. There are subtle differences. When things come from
:55:58. > :56:01.the solar wind it can make both ovals move in opposite directions.
:56:02. > :56:07.On the regions of maximum at liberty in the ovals tilt towards the dawn
:56:08. > :56:13.side of the Earth as well. It is nearly time for us to say goodbye,
:56:14. > :56:17.but it has been glorious. We are still waiting for changes in
:56:18. > :56:25.colours. It has been an ambitious mission over the last three nights
:56:26. > :56:29.and a privilege to observe this. We were lucky when we were on the
:56:30. > :56:35.ground? Extremely lucky, I have known people who waited two weeks
:56:36. > :56:40.and saw nothing at all. There is so much to learn, but somewhere in the
:56:41. > :56:45.not too distant future, not only will we be able to admire this, we
:56:46. > :56:50.will have learned enough to say exactly what is going on at that
:56:51. > :56:54.moment in time. VAT for me is thrilling and it brings home are
:56:55. > :56:59.intrinsic relationship with our start. That is it from us. We will
:57:00. > :57:07.keep rolling until the end of the show. It has been an honour to be
:57:08. > :57:14.part of this live from 30,000 feet. It is good night from northern
:57:15. > :57:21.Norway. I don't know what to say without being hyperbolic. We knew it
:57:22. > :57:32.was a gamble and we knew we could not get nothing. Mark, how are you
:57:33. > :57:37.getting on? We have had a wonderful evening, the
:57:38. > :57:42.unforgettable human constellation. A Milky Way projection the size of a
:57:43. > :57:47.house and there is a simulator somewhere. Not forgetting the
:57:48. > :57:52.wonderful clear skies, we have seen beautiful images are planets and
:57:53. > :57:55.beautiful images of galaxies. These guys are going to be here for some
:57:56. > :58:04.time yet so I am going to join the party. So from me and everyone here,
:58:05. > :58:16.goodbye. Rebecca, some names coming in. Nine Jodrell Scope, I like that.
:58:17. > :58:24.We will be discussing this in a moment. Thank you for all of you who
:58:25. > :58:30.have taken part. What a wonderful way to finish the series. Let's take
:58:31. > :58:36.a last look at those images captured from the Ark ticks circle. It is
:58:37. > :58:40.incredible. Thanks to all of our viewers who have sent in
:58:41. > :58:49.photographs, or just watching at home. The show may be over for
:58:50. > :58:56.another year, joiners in two minutes per K9's space tributes. The first
:58:57. > :59:02.time we made this programme four years ago was to encourage you to
:59:03. > :59:07.look up and go outside. We have described the planets, the space
:59:08. > :59:13.probes orbiting the planets, let your imagination fly and we will see
:59:14. > :59:22.you next year. Also in two minutes as well.