:00:24. > :00:28.Hard to believe that's the last time will be dancing to the music. Hello,
:00:29. > :00:31.and welcome back for the last time this year to Jodrell Bank, where
:00:32. > :00:35.we'll try and bend the space time continuum to fit as many of your
:00:36. > :00:38.questions into our final 30 minutes of Stargazing. Joining us are once
:00:39. > :00:41.again Professor Brian Cox, GAIA scientist Professor Gerry Gilmore,
:00:42. > :00:44.The Sky at Night's Dr Chris Lintott, Associate Director of Jodrell Bank,
:00:45. > :00:47.Professor Tim O'Brien, and space scientist Dr. Maggie Aderin-Pocock,
:00:48. > :00:51.who is going to be joining Chris on The Sky At Night when the new series
:00:52. > :00:56.starts next month. Can I give you a drink to congratulate you? You
:00:57. > :01:01.always have tenuous connections to drinking here, but thank you for
:01:02. > :01:09.bringing Matin. Award-winning wine! -- that in. On the back it says that
:01:10. > :01:20.the Chardonnay goes with salmon in cream very well, and commentate
:01:21. > :01:31.she's, one of my favourites. -- Comte cheese. It goes very well with
:01:32. > :01:36.a 1 billion pixel camera as well. Nice to see you sipping wine on a 1
:01:37. > :01:40.billion pixel camera. We have loosened the requirements on the
:01:41. > :01:52.names we might be going to. Unlimited people, maybe a bit too
:01:53. > :01:56.much. We want to speak to one of the discoverers of the galaxy, and I
:01:57. > :02:04.mispronounced your name, because I can never announce that Polish name
:02:05. > :02:23.will stop you there? -- are you there? Hello, it is Chetnik. Who am
:02:24. > :02:26.I to impose a different pronunciation? But you are an
:02:27. > :02:32.enthusiast who has potentially discovered this galaxy? I've been an
:02:33. > :02:37.amateur astronomer since the age of six. And I think in every amateur's
:02:38. > :02:42.life, and any astronomers out there, they would always like to discover
:02:43. > :02:50.something, and I have wished this for many, many years, and for it to
:02:51. > :02:53.actually happen is just stunning, so exciting. Especially with all the
:02:54. > :03:01.information I'm hearing now about this new discovery. It is, just, at
:03:02. > :03:04.the beginning of the year, the first day of this year, I thought to
:03:05. > :03:16.myself, it's going to be a lucky year for me. And then, to suddenly
:03:17. > :03:20.find something very special. When people say it will be a lucky year,
:03:21. > :03:27.they don't think, I'm going to win a galaxy! That is what amateur
:03:28. > :03:33.astronomy is about, it's the one science where amateurs can make a
:03:34. > :03:36.difference. We talk about the amateurs who discover supernovas,
:03:37. > :03:44.but this is amateur astronomy on a cloudy night, and we have more data
:03:45. > :03:47.upon the site now. It's worth emphasising there are other
:03:48. > :03:52.discoveries to be made, and thereon more than 50 now. We put the best
:03:53. > :03:58.bait -- Best date back in. But if you went to the site, you could pick
:03:59. > :04:05.up more. Congratulations, an excellent story after a lifetime of
:04:06. > :04:11.stargazing. It is also nice to give the scientific societies and the
:04:12. > :04:17.scientific people something that will sort of help them in the future
:04:18. > :04:24.on future research. A lot of people saying it is nice to give something
:04:25. > :04:29.back. We have left the Lovell telescope pointing at the galaxy.
:04:30. > :04:35.Yes, he got no sleep last night. But well done, congratulations. I think
:04:36. > :04:45.it captures the spirit of astronomy, to emphasise it again. It was great.
:04:46. > :04:52.People were there a burly, ploughing through data to capture the images
:04:53. > :04:55.capturing the excitement. This is an object 40 billion light-years away,
:04:56. > :05:01.because the universe has stretched for 12 billion years that it takes
:05:02. > :05:05.to reach us, in terms of the light, so do think we can discover that as
:05:06. > :05:17.a civilisation -- to think we can discover. It proves that Einstein is
:05:18. > :05:21.right, the mass bend space-time. We talked a lot about the distant
:05:22. > :05:25.galaxy, because the early universe is kind of sexy, but the nearby
:05:26. > :05:31.galaxy we can see the bending of the light and we can wave at that nearby
:05:32. > :05:35.galaxy. The first guess, about 500 billion solar masses and we know
:05:36. > :05:39.that precisely by looking at how the lenses bend. So while Tim is doing
:05:40. > :05:44.observations, a lot of the scientists have created models of
:05:45. > :05:49.the lens, trying different combinations to work out how much
:05:50. > :05:56.mass there is. It's interesting because it exceeds the mass of the
:05:57. > :06:00.stars. It is a bad fact -- it is about a factor of six tenths. We
:06:01. > :06:09.will get the number precisely, although we don't have it now. That
:06:10. > :06:13.gravitational lensing technique measures the total mass, so it's not
:06:14. > :06:19.just visible mass, visible light, radio waves, infrared, so it's the
:06:20. > :06:24.total mass including dark matter and that's one of the best ways we have
:06:25. > :06:28.doing it, so that's about 25% of the mass of the universe in the dark
:06:29. > :06:32.matter. Only 5% of the universe 's stuff we know what it is, the stop
:06:33. > :06:40.the chairs are made of, what we are made of -- the stuff the chairs are
:06:41. > :06:46.made of. Lottie said there were nine green bottles. There was the offer
:06:47. > :07:03.of nine K9. Deep Space nine was suggested. It's all true. I still
:07:04. > :07:13.think Chetnik works. I think it works. Can we use the full first
:07:14. > :07:21.name, if you can remind us? This is the most distant radio Einstein, so
:07:22. > :07:26.if it turns out to be a full ring? That was only 3.5 hours worth of
:07:27. > :07:30.data, just as the programme started last night, and it is set. We
:07:31. > :07:38.tracked it right down to the horizon with the telescope is hitting the
:07:39. > :07:43.buffers, so we only have 3.5 hours. That picture we saw is a full but
:07:44. > :07:50.small area, and you can fill that up. We imagine, but we think so. The
:07:51. > :07:57.infrared images brighter on the other side, so the question is
:07:58. > :08:03.whether it goes round. It might end up in the textbooks, so if it does
:08:04. > :08:09.end up there, generations of students will be cursing us. There
:08:10. > :08:12.is almost certainly a black hole there, because it's so bright in the
:08:13. > :08:17.radio, but as the material spirals into the black hole, that's an
:08:18. > :08:26.efficient way to generate the radio waves. Do all galaxy -- galaxies
:08:27. > :08:31.have black holes? We even think that the black hole might come first, and
:08:32. > :08:36.it forms the galaxy around it. So that is central to the galaxy? If
:08:37. > :08:42.you look at the gravitational pull of a supermassive black hole, that
:08:43. > :08:48.might attract the stars, so therefore the stars are created
:08:49. > :08:52.around it. I could talk to Tim all day because the story of the object
:08:53. > :08:57.has been changing as the data came in, and you said over lunch that
:08:58. > :09:03.this is an unusual way of doing astronomy and very accelerated,
:09:04. > :09:06.because of this programme. If they'd come at a normal time and on the
:09:07. > :09:14.observation they would said they could fit it in the schedule, but in
:09:15. > :09:17.this we have to do it now, and it is something we have to get the image
:09:18. > :09:20.out by the time we have the programme, so it is unusual to be
:09:21. > :09:30.quite so pressured, so we did enjoy it even if it was quite pressured. I
:09:31. > :09:35.think the dire perspective is to find that this perspective of the
:09:36. > :09:40.galaxy but what it is designed to do is answer the question which is what
:09:41. > :09:44.is the connection between supermassive black holes and the
:09:45. > :09:48.galaxies around them. It is clear that supermassive black holes stop
:09:49. > :09:53.the galaxy 's growing late in their lives as they turn on and blow the
:09:54. > :09:57.gas away. But how these things happen early on, we don't know. But
:09:58. > :10:05.the Milky Way has a reasonable size of black hole at its heart, and we
:10:06. > :10:08.can study that detail, and we can compare the history of that black
:10:09. > :10:14.hole with a history of the oldest stars in the Milky Way and use it as
:10:15. > :10:18.a template. The other thing that GAIA will do is determine how the
:10:19. > :10:23.dark matter is distributed. The Milky Way property has ten times
:10:24. > :10:29.more dark matter than ordinarily, so the dark matter is a reality. We are
:10:30. > :10:34.on the top. But we don't know what the dark matter is. All we know is
:10:35. > :10:39.that it is probably related to elementary particles, and those
:10:40. > :10:42.elementary particles are probably related to the solutions of the
:10:43. > :10:47.really big questions in science, like white tie and goes in only one
:10:48. > :10:54.direction, why is the universe made of matter not antimatter -- like
:10:55. > :10:57.white time only goes. These things are probably the same families that
:10:58. > :11:02.make up the dark matter but we cannot find them in the
:11:03. > :11:09.accelerators. The only way we know to find them is to wave the dark
:11:10. > :11:12.matter. But GAIA will give us a high precision measurement which will
:11:13. > :11:18.tell as if the stop is lumpy, if they are moving slowly, if it is
:11:19. > :11:23.smooth, or whether it is both or there's something more complicated
:11:24. > :11:27.going on. You also get it from the background data which backs up that.
:11:28. > :11:31.It's interesting what you said. This is one of the intersections between
:11:32. > :11:38.particle physics, subatomic physics and cosmology and it's very
:11:39. > :11:44.exciting. It looks like the consensus is there. It's a great
:11:45. > :11:54.inspiration to kids. 95% of the universe is missing. And the other
:11:55. > :11:57.quarter is dark energy. We will go from those enormous questions to a
:11:58. > :12:01.more trivial one. Our intrepid metal canine explorer K9 has got one more
:12:02. > :12:04.space trivia question for us before he goes back to the galactic kennels
:12:05. > :12:05.for 11 months. It's probably actually a cupboard in Manchester
:12:06. > :12:24.somewhere. Here he is now. Good evening, master Dara. My name
:12:25. > :12:38.is K9. Here is your question. What does a spatula, a bag of tools and
:12:39. > :12:41.Gene Roddenberry have in common? Answer wisely, Master
:12:42. > :12:46.So what do they all have in common? Send your answers in the next fvie
:12:47. > :12:48.minutes via email - stargazing@bbc.co.uk, or by using
:12:49. > :12:52.hashtag #k9stargazing on social media, and we'll read some of the
:12:53. > :13:00.best out later, when K9 will explain all. We did interrupt the discussion
:13:01. > :13:16.on what 95% of reality is made of for that! It is wrong on many
:13:17. > :13:24.levels. Nine invader from Laura. Nine Bob said Maggie Hill. 99
:13:25. > :13:29.problems, but my galaxy 81 was one suggestion. That is my current
:13:30. > :13:37.favourite -- but my galaxy isn't one. Is there a limit to how big a
:13:38. > :13:41.galaxy can become? It's a difficult question, it's about how massive
:13:42. > :13:46.galaxy is. The of stuff it has will determine the gravity -- the amount
:13:47. > :13:52.of stuff. You can see galaxies hundreds and thousands of times. The
:13:53. > :13:58.simple answer is there is no limit at all, and in fact, if you wait a
:13:59. > :14:02.few more billions of years, holding your breath, the really dense parts
:14:03. > :14:07.of the universe, the superclusters, the things that cause these
:14:08. > :14:10.gravitational lenses, they are going through the process of galactic
:14:11. > :14:16.collision and that process will keep going, and eventually all of those
:14:17. > :14:22.tens of thousands of galaxies will merge into one single super galaxy.
:14:23. > :14:25.The central reasons -- regions are already weighing more than the Milky
:14:26. > :14:29.Way and they will get bigger again, so the whole show, in the Young ones
:14:30. > :14:40.-- long term, it will end up as a small number of mega galaxies.
:14:41. > :14:45.Another question on galaxies, what are the chance of that being another
:14:46. > :14:51.me somewhere in another galaxy presenting Stargazing on TV? If you
:14:52. > :14:56.are there, I hope you get a less stroppy co-presenter. Is there
:14:57. > :15:05.another parallel galaxy to this question marks it is a topic of huge
:15:06. > :15:09.speculation. It is recognition of how little we understand about
:15:10. > :15:15.fundamental questions of the universe. How decisions are made in
:15:16. > :15:22.quantum mechanics, do two universes come into existence. It's a cat dead
:15:23. > :15:27.in one and live in another? Most people would say, the reason we
:15:28. > :15:33.cannot answer these questions is we haven't got sophisticated enough
:15:34. > :15:40.physics yet. But other people would say there are multi-universes and
:15:41. > :15:44.potentially there is an infinite number of them. If you have an
:15:45. > :15:50.infinite number of them, everything will happen. Whether everything
:15:51. > :15:57.happens twice, is slightly less clear. Is the universe is infinite?
:15:58. > :16:02.We know it is bigger than this small place we can see. 90 billion
:16:03. > :16:11.light-years across at the moment. There is a lot of beyond that. The
:16:12. > :16:16.light from the edge of the universe has taken 40 billion years to reach
:16:17. > :16:22.us since the Big Bang. But we know it goes on beyond it. We don't know
:16:23. > :16:26.if it goes on for ever. It is weird to think of a universe that is not
:16:27. > :16:32.infinite. If it is not infinite, then it has two wrapper back on
:16:33. > :16:41.itself. Are the galaxies far apart between them and what is between
:16:42. > :16:48.them? Not very much. It is clustering things together so not
:16:49. > :16:53.much lies in between. The galaxies in eight big cluster are closer
:16:54. > :17:02.together than the stars within a galaxy. A galaxy is relatively
:17:03. > :17:13.crowded so we do see collisions between galaxies but not collisions
:17:14. > :17:21.of stars within a galaxy. So the sun may still be burning or not? That's
:17:22. > :17:29.right. Would you see the stars rearrange? You star formation so the
:17:30. > :17:39.gas does collide and it would cause a spectacular night sky. You would
:17:40. > :17:42.have two Milky Way is as well. I have seen a modelling of those
:17:43. > :17:48.things and it looks like the galaxies are dancing together. Being
:17:49. > :18:01.on a star on a colliding galaxy must be very interesting, and slightly
:18:02. > :18:06.scary. K9 answers on Twitter. All of them had galaxies named after them.
:18:07. > :18:15.All made of plastic! All from the same planet? Yes! Nothing says
:18:16. > :18:25.another one. What do they have in common? I know what happened to Gene
:18:26. > :18:35.Roddenberry after he died. It is this bachelor I am confused about.
:18:36. > :18:45.They are all lost in space. K9 explain it, please.
:18:46. > :18:52.The answer is they are all lost in space. Jean Roddenberry's Ashes were
:18:53. > :18:58.blasted into orbit on board a Pegasus rocket. This bachelor and
:18:59. > :19:04.tool bag were both lost during space walks. It was caught on camera by
:19:05. > :19:09.NASA and the tool bag was seen orbiting Earth right amateur
:19:10. > :19:21.astronomers. Until next time, farewell. Now we have dealt with
:19:22. > :19:27.that, let's act to reality. The tool bag was dropped by an astronaut who
:19:28. > :19:38.then watched it float away. We have that on video. There it goes. It is
:19:39. > :19:50.the flailing hand. Oh no, I am in space. It was ?100,000 worth of
:19:51. > :19:58.tools and NASA went for it and tried to track it for a while. You could
:19:59. > :20:08.follow it on a website. It is more space debris. There it went there.
:20:09. > :20:17.How it moved away from the space shuttle, you cannot throw something
:20:18. > :20:20.to hurt from the space shuttle? If you let go of it very carefully it
:20:21. > :20:29.would have stayed there and flown alongside. It is the way she pulled
:20:30. > :20:35.it out, she gave it some momentum. Could it physically drop out of
:20:36. > :20:41.orbit? I thought the 27,000 pounds, mutter components going that way,
:20:42. > :20:50.you would not make a dent in that? You will spiral in. A tiny
:20:51. > :20:59.up-and-down movement is decoupled. It will keep going until it hits the
:21:00. > :21:06.floor. It would burn up in the atmosphere most likely. Somebody
:21:07. > :21:15.else said it was 99, the ice cream galaxy. More Star Wars stuff. What
:21:16. > :21:22.will that galaxy look like, it will be different to the image we have
:21:23. > :21:32.got. It will still be there 11 billion years later presumably. It
:21:33. > :21:41.is a pretty good thing. Something that looks like it is in its early
:21:42. > :21:51.stages of turning into that, by now it is a dead galaxy. No new star
:21:52. > :21:58.formation? Know, the gases are dying and the old stars orbiting around
:21:59. > :22:10.each other and slowly sinking into the big black holes. There is a
:22:11. > :22:26.Rosetta. It is due to wake up? It wakes up on the 20th. And it lands
:22:27. > :22:31.later in the year in August? That is right. It has six different alarm
:22:32. > :22:38.clocks on it. They are sensible these space hardware guys. It will
:22:39. > :22:43.start waking up in a couple of weeks. Then it will have to look for
:22:44. > :22:46.this thing and then find out what it is like. Then hope it can actually
:22:47. > :22:55.land. It depends what the surface is like. It is exciting. How fast does
:22:56. > :23:04.the, to go? It is close to the escape velocity -- philosophy from
:23:05. > :23:11.the solar system. It has been bouncing around satellites. Been
:23:12. > :23:16.past the Earth several times, past Mars. It is really exciting. It is
:23:17. > :23:25.going to follow the comet all the way. There is so much for you to
:23:26. > :23:29.look forward to in 2014. This is what Mark Thomson is looking forward
:23:30. > :23:34.to in the night sky over the next 12 months. This is a quick guide the
:23:35. > :23:39.2014. The biggest planet, Jupiter will be
:23:40. > :23:44.visible for the next few weeks after passing closest to Earth on January
:23:45. > :23:47.the 5th. The first week in Mark is National astronomy week and this
:23:48. > :23:52.year is dedicated to Jupiter, so look out for events in your area. On
:23:53. > :23:58.the 8th of April, Mars will be at its closest to Earth. Rising into
:23:59. > :24:03.the sky from the south-east just after sunset, sitting in the middle
:24:04. > :24:07.of the constellation Virgo. On the 14th of April, it will make a
:24:08. > :24:12.beautiful sight lit sitting close to a full moon. Skip ahead to make the
:24:13. > :24:19.10th and it is the turn of Saturn, for even a medium sized telescope,
:24:20. > :24:23.it should look spectacular. Look to the south after funds -- sunset and
:24:24. > :24:28.it will rise in the constellation of Libra. On May 24 there is a chance
:24:29. > :24:33.we will be treated to the most spectacular meteor shower in a
:24:34. > :24:38.decade as we move through the trail of a comet and we could be in for as
:24:39. > :24:45.many 100 meteors per hour that night. Then on August the 18th,
:24:46. > :24:47.there is a chance to see two bright planets together, as Venus and
:24:48. > :24:53.Jupiter appeared to almost touch in the eastern sky just before sunrise.
:24:54. > :24:58.Moving on to December the 13th and 14th for the meteor shower. One of
:24:59. > :25:06.the best meteor shower 's all year. It is best viewed at the midnight
:25:07. > :25:11.from a dark location. The Geminids are always underrated.
:25:12. > :25:16.This is an image from this year's display. It is spectacular. We will
:25:17. > :25:25.put that there. But 2014 is going to be a fabulous year for
:25:26. > :25:31.astro-photography. This is Jupiter from the Canary Islands just a
:25:32. > :25:34.couple of days ago. We are already seeing the giant planet at its
:25:35. > :25:40.best. It is higher in the sky than it has been for decades. This is an
:25:41. > :25:46.image from this afternoon in Bristol. This is the sunspot that
:25:47. > :25:52.cause this projection we got so excited about. There is plenty to
:25:53. > :25:58.look out for and to help you find your way around the night sky in the
:25:59. > :26:02.next year, we have our calendar. We will be giving them out at parties
:26:03. > :26:06.around the country over the next few days and weeks. You can also
:26:07. > :26:15.download it and printed out from our website. It is all you need to know
:26:16. > :26:18.for 2014 Stargazing. I want to but something to the vote. Two people
:26:19. > :26:28.have suggested a particular name which we think will be a particular
:26:29. > :26:44.candidate. They have come up with the name, Ninestein. Obviously we
:26:45. > :26:59.can defer the decision, not baked in wine. But hands in the air for the
:27:00. > :27:08.latter? He gets enough credit. It is wonderful. And we can pronounce it.
:27:09. > :27:14.What is the most distant object that has been seen in the universe? We
:27:15. > :27:29.have seen galaxies in the first billion years after the Big Bang.
:27:30. > :27:34.85% of the way back. 380,000 years. The hydrogen in this room was
:27:35. > :27:41.created when the universe was three minutes old. So you are actually
:27:42. > :27:50.made of this stuff that is that old. Suddenly my back hurts. Next year we
:27:51. > :27:59.have a whole year of stuff, what are you looking forward to? GAIA. When
:28:00. > :28:03.will first images be coming in? They came in last night during your
:28:04. > :28:09.programme. But the first images will be seen by the public and we will be
:28:10. > :28:12.releasing those in July and possibly August. We will make it available
:28:13. > :28:23.for the public to go out with their telescopes. When is the first show?
:28:24. > :28:34.It is in February, BBC Four and it will be fabulous. We have had a
:28:35. > :28:40.great time. Thanks to Jodrell Bank for having us again. Astronomy, what
:28:41. > :28:50.a wonderful thing to do. If you are not already an amateur astronomer,
:28:51. > :28:55.the an amateur astronomer. That is the end of Stargazing the 2014. Lots
:28:56. > :29:01.on the website. Tune in on February the 9th on February the four for the
:29:02. > :29:02.new series of the sky at night. Thank you to all