:00:00. > :00:09.Good evening it's Stargazing Live 2014 and the weather is perfect.
:00:10. > :00:14.Tonight we bring you one of the great spectacles of nature. These
:00:15. > :00:16.are the famous Northern Lights, the Aurora borealis, one of the most
:00:17. > :00:21.beautiful sights in the solar system. For the next hour, we're
:00:22. > :00:25.taking you Aurora hunting, live from your own arm chair. Look at these
:00:26. > :00:29.extraordinary images of Saturn, the woman responsible for them is here
:00:30. > :00:31.at Jodrell Jodrell Bank. Well as all that, we're looking at the most
:00:32. > :00:35.extreme weather across the solar system with a live weather report
:00:36. > :00:40.from Mars and the very latest from Venus, Mercury and even from the
:00:41. > :00:42.surface of the sun. I'm Brian Cox. He's Dara O'Briain and this is
:00:43. > :01:16.Stargazing Live. Lovely, welcome to Jodrell Bank
:01:17. > :01:22.Observatory in Cheshire, our usual home as ever, as well as an
:01:23. > :01:26.ambitious hunt for live Aurora, we have incredible things lined up for
:01:27. > :01:30.you. It's a rare privilege to meet just one astronaut, tomorrow night
:01:31. > :01:38.we have two generations of astronauts in the studio, icons from
:01:39. > :01:41.two eras of space travel. Apollo seven's Walt Cunningham will tell us
:01:42. > :01:45.what the pioneering days of exploration were really like. And
:01:46. > :01:49.fresh from his mission aboard the International Space Station, we've
:01:50. > :01:54.got noted David Bowie fan, Commander Chris Hadfield, on living in space
:01:55. > :02:00.long-term. Whoa. Dara is off to find out what
:02:01. > :02:05.intergalactic travel feels like and what makes astronauts weightless.
:02:06. > :02:10.Brian investigates what could power a starship. And how we know what the
:02:11. > :02:14.Milky Way looks like. Plus we're asking for your help over the course
:02:15. > :02:21.of the next three nights to discover previously unknown galaxies. If
:02:22. > :02:25.intergalactic travel makes it look like your squashed head, I'm not
:02:26. > :02:29.doing it. I genuinely thought I would look cooler. This year we take
:02:30. > :02:36.on our enemies, the clouds. Though it is bute fli clear -- beautifully
:02:37. > :02:41.clear here tonight, last year they stopped any attempt to stargaze. So
:02:42. > :02:46.Mark has gone somewhere different. Where are you? Hello, the south and
:02:47. > :02:50.east of the country with well known for having the best chances of clear
:02:51. > :02:58.skies. I decided to come back to my local astronomy patch. I'm at
:02:59. > :03:02.canning heath in north Norfolk. I'm join by the astronomy society. We've
:03:03. > :03:05.driven across the country this morning and we've almost struck
:03:06. > :03:08.gold. We've had wonderful clear skies earlier on this evening. You
:03:09. > :03:11.can just about still see Jupiter over my shoulder. We took this
:03:12. > :03:16.footage earlier on this evening. It's a little windy now. This shows
:03:17. > :03:21.features in the clouds of Jupiter. Those features have been carved by
:03:22. > :03:26.some really extreme space weather. The belts are the example of high
:03:27. > :03:29.speed winds across the planet. There are fantastic astrophotographers
:03:30. > :03:33.amongst you. We want to see your pictures. Please upload them to our
:03:34. > :03:36.photo group websites. I'll be back later in the show to show you which
:03:37. > :03:41.planets can be seen in the sky tonight, for now, back to the boys
:03:42. > :03:46.in the studio. It's all ready and -- it's already an historical
:03:47. > :03:50.Stargazing Live, because it features actual stars. We're here to answer
:03:51. > :03:56.your questions as well. If there's anything you want to know about
:03:57. > :03:59.Aurora or Saturn send her your questions. The addresses are on the
:04:00. > :04:01.screen right now. Over the next three nights, we're going on the
:04:02. > :04:05.hunt for the elusive Northern Lights, with the aim of bringing
:04:06. > :04:10.this emto you live on -- bringing them to you live on camera. That
:04:11. > :04:13.sounds easy. Why is it the first time anybody's done this? It's never
:04:14. > :04:19.been done before as far as we're aware on live television. One thing
:04:20. > :04:25.is the equipment. We filmed during Wonders of the Solar System. These
:04:26. > :04:27.were filmed in the usual way with an SLR camera and a timelapse. Now we
:04:28. > :04:32.have cameras that are sensitive enough to do that live, in real
:04:33. > :04:36.time. That's what we hope to do. The second thing is the Aurora are not
:04:37. > :04:40.very well understood. Notoriously hard to predict. It's hard to
:04:41. > :04:43.predict whether they'll appear at all and how to predict where you
:04:44. > :04:47.should look for them. There is a general idea that we have that,
:04:48. > :04:54.well, there's a particular region. This is Dara's fantastic rotating
:04:55. > :05:01.hol sphere. -- holosphere. Your massive, glowing ball. Very fond of
:05:02. > :05:05.the glowing ball. There's Africa. There's Europe. This is the Arctic
:05:06. > :05:10.Circle and where we think it will occur. This is why we have sent Liz
:05:11. > :05:21.here to the very north of Norway to Tromso. Liz, are you there? I am
:05:22. > :05:25.here. Welcome to the research facility. We're about 200 miles
:05:26. > :05:29.inside the Arctic Circle. We're much closer to the magnetic North Pole.
:05:30. > :05:33.This time of year it's pretty much this dark 24 hours a day, marking it
:05:34. > :05:37.perfect to go -- making it perfect to go hunting the Aurora borealis.
:05:38. > :05:43.As luck would have it, look at what's going on behind me. What do
:05:44. > :05:47.you make of this? Oh! How fantastic is that. That is incredible. That's
:05:48. > :05:53.beautiful. That's beautiful. When we filmed it in 2010, it didn't look
:05:54. > :05:58.like that. What you did see were the plumes rising up from the mountains.
:05:59. > :06:01.There's an old Norse myth about it being spirits suspended between the
:06:02. > :06:05.earth and heaven. It being loos like it raises -- rises up from the
:06:06. > :06:08.mountains. You're in a science research facility at the moment, but
:06:09. > :06:12.the clouds have cleared and it's there. Yeah, remarkable. Fantastic.
:06:13. > :06:18.Congratulations Liz, more of this, please.
:06:19. > :06:21.We'll do our very best for you. You can't believe how excited we were.
:06:22. > :06:25.It's been completely overcast all day. About half an hour ago, as we
:06:26. > :06:30.were setting up our positions and cameras and rehearsing, the cloud
:06:31. > :06:33.cover opened up to reveal the stars and this incredible, wide arc of
:06:34. > :06:38.green light stretching from the mountain behind me, all the way over
:06:39. > :06:42.our heads to the other horizon. It has a lot of structure to it as
:06:43. > :06:45.well. We will keep our cameras trained on this spectacle for the
:06:46. > :06:51.show and beyond, of course. We will also show you what's going on here
:06:52. > :06:56.at Ice cap. Scientists here study the Aurora by making their own. Make
:06:57. > :07:00.sure you come back to us soon. This is just wonderfully exciting for us.
:07:01. > :07:05.Fantastic. Probably more than we expected to a certain extent, you
:07:06. > :07:10.can see structure, not just a glow. Beautiful. Fabulous. Let's get to a
:07:11. > :07:13.fundamental question, what causes the Northern Lights? They're all
:07:14. > :07:20.linked back to the weather, not just here, but on the sun. We switch to a
:07:21. > :07:26.view of the sun here, the sun isn't as uniform when you look at it. It's
:07:27. > :07:30.a boiling mass, varieties of temperature and magnetic field. This
:07:31. > :07:34.image was taken last week. The surface is roughly at 6,000 degrees
:07:35. > :07:39.Celsius. Fairly uniform. You have bright spots on the sun, which are
:07:40. > :07:43.1,000 or 2,000 degrees hotter. They're activity. The sun throws out
:07:44. > :07:49.something called a solar wind, which is charged particles, so pro tons
:07:50. > :07:58.and electrons. It throws them out very fast and a lot of them, five
:07:59. > :08:03.billion tons an hour. We are sitting in the stream of this? Yes, we have
:08:04. > :08:07.a magnetic field on earth. The sun has a magnetic field. This solar
:08:08. > :08:11.wind, especially when the sun is active, can carry the magnetic field
:08:12. > :08:16.of the sun to the earth. It distorts the earth's magnetic field. It
:08:17. > :08:21.stretches it out. This is the night side of the sun. Tromso is there.
:08:22. > :08:25.The magnetic field is stretched out. It gets stretched and stretched
:08:26. > :08:29.until it snaps back. That accelerates the charged particles
:08:30. > :08:32.down towards the poles. The charged particles, like a particle
:08:33. > :08:36.accelerator, smash into the atoms in the upper atmosphere and make them
:08:37. > :08:40.glow. You see that glow. That beautiful glow behind Liz is a
:08:41. > :08:46.direct representation of our connection with our star, with the
:08:47. > :08:49.sun. It's the sun reaching out over 90 million miles and affect ING
:08:50. > :08:56.Directly the atmosphere of earth. It's beautiful. This shot is a shot
:08:57. > :09:00.from last week from the sun, a 360 degree view from the sun. We have an
:09:01. > :09:04.even more up to date view here. This is over the last few days actually,
:09:05. > :09:12.going onto this morning. The sun is very active at the moment. You see
:09:13. > :09:18.those are actually flares that you can see. These are Coronal Mass
:09:19. > :09:21.Ejections. They cause the wind to become stronger, faster and
:09:22. > :09:25.stimulate the Aurora. It shows the sun is extremely active at the
:09:26. > :09:31.moment. We're not the only planet that enjoys aurorae. We have a view
:09:32. > :09:35.of Jupiter. If we spin it down, as we tilt it forward, that's the pole
:09:36. > :09:40.on Jupiter, and they have an Aurora as well. So beautiful. Jupiter has a
:09:41. > :09:44.very strong magnetic field of its own. There's a moon in particular
:09:45. > :09:49.which is the most volcanic body in the solar system. That's spraying
:09:50. > :09:55.material, particles out. They are caught by Jupiter's magnetic field,
:09:56. > :10:03.accelerated and down to the poles. Then there's Saturn. This is taken
:10:04. > :10:08.by the Casini satellite. This is the glowing atmosphere of Saturn being
:10:09. > :10:12.bombarded by the solar wind of the sun. They were taken by Casini. We
:10:13. > :10:15.will talk to Carolyn Porco in a moment. First, here is a look at how
:10:16. > :10:26.pictures from missions like Casini have inspired us.
:10:27. > :10:32.In 1979 Voyager arrived at Jupiter. I must have noticed that in
:10:33. > :10:39.television or a newspaper. I was 11 years old. I was so fascinated that
:10:40. > :10:44.I wrote wrote to NASA. In 1981 they wrote back and sent me these
:10:45. > :10:51.pictures. These are Voyager at Jupiter. They also included some
:10:52. > :11:02.pictures from Saturn. This is the kind of thing that makes a
:11:03. > :11:09.scientist. Voyager's images inspired scientists to send a more powerful
:11:10. > :11:18.camera into space. Three... Two... One... And liftoff. On 15th October,
:11:19. > :11:25.1997, the Casini space craft was launched. Its final destination was
:11:26. > :11:33.Saturn. Seven years later, it passed through Saturn's rings and made it
:11:34. > :11:42.into orbit. Ever since, it's been sending back the most astonishing
:11:43. > :11:48.images of this extraordinary planet. But these photos aren't just
:11:49. > :11:52.beautiful, they're scientific observations.
:11:53. > :12:03.They've shown us Saturn's rings, 300,000 kilometres across. But as
:12:04. > :12:10.little as a few metres thick. They contain chunks of ice and rock. Some
:12:11. > :12:17.as small as a grain of sand. On its moons, they've revealed huge foun
:12:18. > :12:23.tins of ice and giant lakes of methane, the first liquid found on
:12:24. > :12:27.the surface away from earth. Casini is still up there today and a
:12:28. > :12:32.few months ago, it took the opportunity to turn around and look
:12:33. > :12:37.back at where it came from. So on 19th July, 2013, while I was
:12:38. > :12:47.in America, I joined people across the planet to take part in earth's
:12:48. > :12:52.ultimate self-portrait. So it's just after 3. 30pm in Salt Lake City
:12:53. > :12:56.Utah, and a billion miles in that direction, so just over the trees
:12:57. > :13:01.next to that little cloud, there is a space craft, Casini. At the
:13:02. > :13:07.moment, it's angled so its camera is point ING Directly at us -- pointing
:13:08. > :13:11.directly at us. It will take a photograph of earth suspended in the
:13:12. > :13:20.rings of Saturn. It will open its shutter in 18 minutes' time. If we
:13:21. > :13:25.wave now, then the photons of light will travel and we will be in one of
:13:26. > :13:31.the most iconic photos of human history. I think we should wave. I'm
:13:32. > :13:42.going to wave. We can say hello. Say "Hello Saturn!" Here is that picture
:13:43. > :13:47.and here is Carolyn Porco. Thanks for joining us. Thanks for having
:13:48. > :13:51.me. The day the earth smiled, why did you do it? This is the day the
:13:52. > :13:55.earth smiled. I wanted to take a picture of the earth from the orbit
:13:56. > :13:58.of Saturn, ever since I was made the imaging team leader for the Casini
:13:59. > :14:05.mission because I had been involved in the first Voyager one pale blue
:14:06. > :14:09.dot. I wanted to make it better. I wanted to invite everyone across the
:14:10. > :14:13.globe to participate in this interplanetary photo shoot and just
:14:14. > :14:17.take the moment to think about how lucky we are to live on such a
:14:18. > :14:27.beautiful planet. The pale blue dot is the iconic image. This is your
:14:28. > :14:30.pale blue dot. That's a zoom in. That is the earth. Everybody should
:14:31. > :14:36.know when they look at this picture, this is a moment frozen in time,
:14:37. > :14:40.when people around the globe, including you took time out to smile
:14:41. > :14:45.and celebrate life on the pale blue dot. It's a wonderful thing because
:14:46. > :14:48.we're all in that picture, all of humanity. We're all there. It
:14:49. > :14:51.represents how far we've come in the exploration of the solar system.
:14:52. > :14:57.Risk of embarrassing you here, you've had a hell of a career, by
:14:58. > :15:01.the way. You worked on Voyager, you were part of the imaging team or
:15:02. > :15:05.working on the imaging coming back on the rings on Voyager and then
:15:06. > :15:09.Casini, which is impressive in itself. But how much of a difference
:15:10. > :15:13.was it from the images you'd got used to working with from Voyager to
:15:14. > :15:17.the step up from Casini? You have to understand, those of us who studied
:15:18. > :15:21.rings and that's just one example, we were looking at the same pictures
:15:22. > :15:27.for 23 years before Casini got in orbit around Saturn. It was like
:15:28. > :15:31.having eye surgery. These structures you were so familiar with became so
:15:32. > :15:36.clear and beautiful. This whole mission has just been a God send.
:15:37. > :15:38.It's been, I think, the most scientificically productive mission
:15:39. > :15:50.we've ever had. This is an image, I think the first colour image from
:15:51. > :15:54.Casini. This is a model here. It is not just beautiful pictures, the
:15:55. > :16:00.camera takes beautiful pictures. This is the first one taken by
:16:01. > :16:04.Cassini. Of Saturn. A year and a half before we got into orbit and I
:16:05. > :16:11.can tell you that it was stunning. This is Titan. This is Saturn and it
:16:12. > :16:18.was our destination in space and it was in our minds for 14 years. Your
:16:19. > :16:24.main science interest was the river system. When you see the Cassini
:16:25. > :16:29.image of the rings, it is unbelievable. Restructure, we did
:16:30. > :16:35.not know what caused it before we had Cassini. This is the shadow of
:16:36. > :16:46.the Moon that slipped onto the rings. How can something integrate
:16:47. > :16:54.and delegates exist like this? You are looking at the B ring. There are
:16:55. > :17:01.not many satellite residences. This is where the moons go round and
:17:02. > :17:05.gravitationally affects it? That is not going on here. It goes on in the
:17:06. > :17:11.a ring, but here there is such a dense system of particles that they
:17:12. > :17:15.have their own gravitational attraction and it leads to waves in
:17:16. > :17:27.the rings, and allows us to study it better. What we have learned is that
:17:28. > :17:33.there are other discs and they work in a similar way. That is why we
:17:34. > :17:38.wanted to study Saturn's rings because they are a textbook in how
:17:39. > :17:48.solar systems are formed. They help us to understand the dynamics of the
:17:49. > :17:55.stars and material in galaxies. Your main research interest was the rings
:17:56. > :17:58.but there is also intense weather on Saturn. It is a big planet and you
:17:59. > :18:04.get the weather. There is this picture which shows the development
:18:05. > :18:12.of a storm of the type that only happens once every 30 years. These
:18:13. > :18:16.storms are corrupt like volcanoes. You do not see them for 29 years and
:18:17. > :18:22.then there they are. There is a lot of power in this. Cassini was there
:18:23. > :18:29.to witness the evolution of the storm. It was lightning and
:18:30. > :18:39.thunder, and we got to hear it and observe it. It was just a real
:18:40. > :18:42.excitement to understand. There are a number of different questions. A
:18:43. > :18:52.number of people have written in about this. What about the Hexagon?
:18:53. > :19:01.The polar Hexagon. If we post a feature on this, we get lots of hits
:19:02. > :19:05.on our website. It has nothing to do with Crystal energy and in fact, it
:19:06. > :19:13.is not that weird. It is a very stable jet stream that has waves in
:19:14. > :19:18.it and is not unlike our... If we look at our jet stream, it is
:19:19. > :19:27.chaotic. This is looking down at the poll, it is real data. You can see
:19:28. > :19:44.the undulations in our jet stream. At any one moment, there are four or
:19:45. > :19:47.five. Look at the amplitude in that. Saturn is more regular. There is no
:19:48. > :19:53.landscape and it is less complicated. We are not really sure,
:19:54. > :20:02.it it could be just the circumstances on Saturn. This is
:20:03. > :20:06.right on the pole? Yes, it is. I chose these colours because it looks
:20:07. > :20:10.so beautiful, like a rose. It is like of a rose. It is like VI of how
:20:11. > :20:15.McCain on the Earth. From here to here is 1200 miles though a bit
:20:16. > :20:18.bigger than our home against. You will join us later and I know there
:20:19. > :20:27.will be lots of questions on Back to Earth. These storms are a natural
:20:28. > :20:32.occurrence but there are building blocks and there is a recipe that
:20:33. > :20:37.needs to be followed. Let's start with the naked rock that is floating
:20:38. > :20:44.in space. Like mercury, the closest planet to the sun. Here are the most
:20:45. > :20:56.extreme temperature differences anywhere in our solar system. Mine
:20:57. > :21:07.is night, and 450 by day. That is not what we would call weather.
:21:08. > :21:15.Wind, rain, thunder storms... Nothing on Mercury moves. For that,
:21:16. > :21:23.you need to add an atmosphere. Any gas will do. There is helium and
:21:24. > :21:32.hydrogen on Neptune. Oxygen and nitrogen on Earth. All hold in place
:21:33. > :21:39.by the firm grip of the planet's gravitational pull. Atmosphere alone
:21:40. > :21:44.will not give you weather. You need heat as well. If you are close
:21:45. > :21:50.enough, you can get that from the sun. Of course, the Equator will
:21:51. > :21:56.warm the most, and the atmosphere here will rise, drawing the cooler
:21:57. > :22:07.gases down from the polls to replace it. All at once, you have winds.
:22:08. > :22:13.Further out in the solar system the sun's heat is feeble. Beyond Mars,
:22:14. > :22:19.you need a different source of heat to create weather. A molten core
:22:20. > :22:25.like the gas giant of Jupiter will do. It reaches temperatures of
:22:26. > :22:35.24,000 Celsius and sends out wins of boiling gases to meet the planet's
:22:36. > :22:39.freezing exterior. In Neptune, immense convection currents drive
:22:40. > :22:44.winds of 1500 miles an hour. That is not the end of it. You can whisk
:22:45. > :22:49.things up even more with a bit of planetary spin. Wind will be
:22:50. > :22:54.diverted, making jet streams that circle the planet. There are
:22:55. > :23:07.cyclones, how McCain is and great vortices like this. -- how McCain
:23:08. > :23:13.'s. Like this, the great red spot. When things are on the move, the
:23:14. > :23:17.right mix of temperatures can force gases to become liquids. You will
:23:18. > :23:22.get clouds which means rain. Not just water. How about torrential
:23:23. > :23:32.suffering acid? That happens on Venus. -- sulphuric acid. With rain
:23:33. > :23:40.comes lightning. On Jupiter it is ten times more powerful than
:23:41. > :23:47.anything recorded on Earth. On other planets weather reaches extremes
:23:48. > :23:52.that we never see on Earth. But studying them can help us find out
:23:53. > :24:01.more about our own. We have the most complex weather in the solar system.
:24:02. > :24:12.This is an image of the surface of Mars. It allows us to see a weather
:24:13. > :24:17.report. There are wins that move. We have lots of weather stations there.
:24:18. > :24:25.We have Curiosity. This is for today. Because of the movement of
:24:26. > :24:30.winds, we get dust storms as the wind moves south. This is remarkable
:24:31. > :24:33.because when I was born we had not landed on the surface of Mars and
:24:34. > :24:42.now we have weather stations wrote it is fantastic. Larger storms will
:24:43. > :24:49.appear. We have mostly clear skies with a few ice clouds arriving in
:24:50. > :24:54.the afternoon. Temperatures have reached a high of -36 degrees and
:24:55. > :25:03.will drop to -88 overnight. Tomorrow will be warmer. I see a new career!
:25:04. > :25:07.The thing about stargazing is after the show has finished, go outside
:25:08. > :25:12.and the skies are beautifully clear. You can look at these planets
:25:13. > :25:16.and let your imagination roam and imagine the weather on the surface
:25:17. > :25:23.of Mars. Mark is here to tell us where and when you can find Mars and
:25:24. > :25:28.the other planets. There are a few planets visible in the skies this
:25:29. > :25:32.month. You can see plenty of skies overhead but you will need to adjust
:25:33. > :25:36.your sleep pattern to see the planets. I am here with the
:25:37. > :25:40.knowledge Astronomical Society. What you enjoy about looking at the
:25:41. > :25:45.planets? For me, the biggest challenge is to capture surface
:25:46. > :25:51.detail on the planets. It is demanding but worthwhile. We have
:25:52. > :25:56.seen some wonderful detail on Jupiter, but Mars can be seen as
:25:57. > :25:59.well. This is what it will look like through an amateur telescope. It
:26:00. > :26:07.rises in the east at midnight in January. We are treated to another
:26:08. > :26:11.gas giant if you can get up at 3am. It is one of my personal favourites
:26:12. > :26:15.and it is the planet Saturn. This is what it looks like. I took it a few
:26:16. > :26:20.days ago and I never tire at looking at the planet. There are stargazing
:26:21. > :26:24.planets going on up and down the country. Take a look at our website
:26:25. > :26:33.to find an event near you. I may see you there. Yes, please go and see
:26:34. > :26:39.the planets for yourselves. They are all out in the sky. Liz Bolling
:26:40. > :26:45.brought some incredible footage already. Let's go to Norway and see
:26:46. > :26:54.whether we are getting even more of a show. Thank you very much. We are
:26:55. > :27:00.still enjoying the most spectacular light show from the Aurora
:27:01. > :27:05.borealis, the Northern Lights. Incredible shifting patterns and
:27:06. > :27:09.intensities. An intense green colour in a massive art over our heads. We
:27:10. > :27:13.cannot believe how lucky we have been because for the whole day it
:27:14. > :27:17.has been overcast. It is only in the last half an hour have the clouds
:27:18. > :27:22.opened up. We have been treated to the most amazing surprise. That is
:27:23. > :27:32.part of the thrill of hunting Aurora borealis. That makes them not always
:27:33. > :27:36.be difficult to study. Scientists here have been trying to unravel the
:27:37. > :27:41.inner workings of the Northern Lights and how they affect us on
:27:42. > :27:45.Earth. They do not just wait for Aurora but they can make their own
:27:46. > :27:56.as well. This is the latest chapter in trying to discover the secrets of
:27:57. > :28:00.Aurora in Norway. The Northern Lights are steeped in folklore.
:28:01. > :28:05.Legend has it that they were created by a magical fox sweeping his tail
:28:06. > :28:14.across the sky. Or that they were firestorms caused by angry gods.
:28:15. > :28:23.Some people even told their children they could not play outside unless
:28:24. > :28:31.they wore hats. Some people believe that if they whistled they could
:28:32. > :28:35.summon Aurora. It is surprising how recently we started to understand
:28:36. > :28:42.what really causes Aurora, and it all began as a controversial fringe
:28:43. > :28:49.theory. At the beginning of the 20th century, a Norwegian scientist was
:28:50. > :28:55.investigating the Earth's magnetic field and noticed that the needle on
:28:56. > :29:01.his compass went haywire when Aurora appeared. He theorised that an
:29:02. > :29:08.electrical storm was occurring. He tested it in his laboratory. He
:29:09. > :29:12.fired a beam of charged particles at a small magnetic sphere and saw that
:29:13. > :29:16.it was channelled towards the poles where it made the egg glow just like
:29:17. > :29:23.the Aurora about the polls of the Earth. -- Aurora glow. He suggested
:29:24. > :29:28.that a similar beam of electrical charge must be hitting the Earth and
:29:29. > :29:37.that it came from the sun, 93,000 miles away. It was a radical theory
:29:38. > :29:43.that was almost unanimously disregarded by the scientific
:29:44. > :29:49.community as nonsense. Only light, they argued, could travel through
:29:50. > :29:57.the emptiness of space. When the scientist died, his baby remained
:29:58. > :29:59.ridiculed, but 60 years later, a satellite detected electrical
:30:00. > :30:05.current is high in the atmosphere just as he predicted. They are
:30:06. > :30:10.called Birkeland currents and we know that they are caused by
:30:11. > :30:15.particles from the solar winds. A century after his ground-breaking
:30:16. > :30:20.discovery, he was hailed as one of Norway's greatest scientists and he
:30:21. > :30:25.is something of a national hero. We still don't completely understand
:30:26. > :30:34.the science of aurorae. The work continues in places like Icecap. The
:30:35. > :30:40.experiments here aren't confined to a lab. Scientists study artificial
:30:41. > :30:48.aurorae, which they create high up in the ionosphere by heating the
:30:49. > :30:54.air. From the control room, the lead scientist activates a bank of 144
:30:55. > :30:58.high-powered radar transmitters which focus a thousand megawatts of
:30:59. > :31:05.energy onto one point, 200 kilometres up in the sky. All that
:31:06. > :31:15.energy heats that patch of air so much, it glows, just like an Aurora.
:31:16. > :31:20.Special wide-angled camera monitor the night sky and the artificial
:31:21. > :31:24.Aurora appears as an orange circle pulsing on and off in the middle of
:31:25. > :31:30.a screen. Is that the Aurora there? Yeah,
:31:31. > :31:40.yeah. It's a little dot. That's it. It's about 40 kilometres in die
:31:41. > :31:44.yamer to, in fact. That is -- diameter, in fact. That is
:31:45. > :31:48.incredible. Being able to create aurorae on demand means the
:31:49. > :31:52.scientists can easily study their effects on us, for example, how they
:31:53. > :31:57.interfere with satellite communications. Tonight we are
:31:58. > :32:01.looking at satellite signals from the Russian navigation satellites.
:32:02. > :32:07.We're going to be producing irregularities that will affect the
:32:08. > :32:14.satellite signals. With the Aurora in place, researchers can send test
:32:15. > :32:18.signals in the sat lite and detect any -- satellite and detect any
:32:19. > :32:22.interference. People often talk about how dangerous aroara are for
:32:23. > :32:28.technology, is it definitely something that needs more research?
:32:29. > :32:32.Yeah, think so. -- I think so. If satellite navigation is used for
:32:33. > :32:40.precise navigation in the Arctic regions, we need to understand the
:32:41. > :32:46.effects of the ionosphere better. With me is Ian McCree. We can't
:32:47. > :32:52.believe our luck here. This is very special as well, because we're
:32:53. > :32:55.filming the Aurora in realtime using our specialist cameras. We're being
:32:56. > :33:00.treated to a very good light show, aren't we? We're very lucky. It
:33:01. > :33:06.gives you a sense of how dynamic it is, how it's moved and changed. The
:33:07. > :33:12.Aurora is a culmination of a lot of solar activity, some of which can be
:33:13. > :33:15.quite harmful to us. Can these charged particles damage our
:33:16. > :33:20.technology? Yeah, this ecan. The earth's atmosphere is filled with
:33:21. > :33:23.these charged particle. The dangerer is that they can then penetrate
:33:24. > :33:28.things like space craft, satellites, get into the control circuitry and
:33:29. > :33:32.threaten communications and control. Can they also create difficulties on
:33:33. > :33:37.the ground? They can, yes. What you're seeing up in the night sky
:33:38. > :33:41.there is the flow of an electric current. It's flowing over our
:33:42. > :33:44.heads, which we will try -- which will try to induce a current in the
:33:45. > :33:49.ground. When that finds a good conductor, like a power grid or
:33:50. > :33:53.pipeline, it will jump into that and try to flow through it. The poster
:33:54. > :34:01.child of that damage was an event in Canada in 1989, where there was a
:34:02. > :34:10.big solar flare, followed by Aurora's as far south as you can
:34:11. > :34:13.imagine. Completely knocked out the power. As
:34:14. > :34:18.well as the charged particles, the wind is spewing out other radiation
:34:19. > :34:24.during solar storms. How can they effect us? Big solar flares produce
:34:25. > :34:27.a lot of X-rays. That can be a danger to high flying aircraft. So,
:34:28. > :34:34.again I'm talking about the big events here, not ones like this. Not
:34:35. > :34:41.aircraft flying everywhere? The main concern for solar events is with
:34:42. > :34:47.polar routes, because the earth's magnetic field shows us some
:34:48. > :34:51.shielding for low latitude. But high latitude it is like a gateway
:34:52. > :34:54.through which the particles can find their way into the earth's
:34:55. > :34:57.environment. Something to be thinking about a bit more. It's
:34:58. > :35:01.something people are becoming more aware of. Thank you so much, Ian.
:35:02. > :35:06.You know, solar storms on the scale of the one in 1989, they don't
:35:07. > :35:10.happen very often. But we are ever more reliant on technology, which
:35:11. > :35:14.means forecasting solar storms is something people are thinking about
:35:15. > :35:20.a lot more. Can I leave you with these incredible images for a
:35:21. > :35:24.moment. See you in a bit. They're very nice. I wish I'd pushed
:35:25. > :35:29.harder when I said we should be the ones to go to Tromso. You are
:35:30. > :35:34.possibly right. It's interesting saying it's just not why I a pretty
:35:35. > :35:46.face. You're looking at -- not just a pretty face. You're looking at
:35:47. > :35:54.curbents -- occurents. -- currets. -- currents. There was a Carrington
:35:55. > :36:03.flare, they are one in a thousand years event, but they show the
:36:04. > :36:07.connection. The solar wind blew Mars away. That wind was strong enough to
:36:08. > :36:10.take the atmosphere off into space. Aren't rain bows we're watching,
:36:11. > :36:16.they're a physical region of space, you could fly through an Aurora?
:36:17. > :36:20.Yes, a rainbow is just light, rain drops acting as prisms. Here you
:36:21. > :36:23.have the glow of the atmosphere. The atmosphere itself is glowing because
:36:24. > :36:27.of the energy of these particles hitting the molecules and at Toms in
:36:28. > :36:30.the atmosphere. Now, we come to a part in the show where you get to do
:36:31. > :36:35.something, our interactive online challenge. A couple of years ago,
:36:36. > :36:39.you discovered a new planet and last year, you explored the surface of
:36:40. > :36:43.Mars from your living room. This year, our challenge relates to
:36:44. > :36:48.something key to the work done here at Jodrell Bank. Do you think the
:36:49. > :36:55.war is going on? We can only pray for peace. Yes! 300 billion galaxies
:36:56. > :37:02.in the observable universe, it is the task: Find galaxies that we've
:37:03. > :37:06.not yet discovered. An object the size of the Milky Way and we want
:37:07. > :37:10.you to find it. Hundreds of billions, even up to a trillion
:37:11. > :37:13.stars in these islands, these galaxies. There are some that we
:37:14. > :37:18.can't see. They're obscured. We are going to ask you to find them. That
:37:19. > :37:28.sounds tricky. Using techniques developed here. Yes. We are going to
:37:29. > :37:32.invite Professor Tim back to Stargazing Live again. Welcome back
:37:33. > :37:36.to the show. How will viewers discover undiscovered galaxies?
:37:37. > :37:40.We're using an incredible natural effect called gravitational lensing.
:37:41. > :37:45.It was predicted by Einstein nearly 100 years ago. He suggested that
:37:46. > :37:50.mass basically bends space, it curves it so that light doesn't
:37:51. > :37:56.travel in straight lines, it bends around objects. Which is a
:37:57. > :38:01.remarkable idea. We're talking about the curvature of space and time. I
:38:02. > :38:04.have a demonstration. These are galaxies way off the distant
:38:05. > :38:09.universe. Maybe so far away the light has taken ten billion years to
:38:10. > :38:16.reach us. I have any lens here. If I put it in front of the screen
:38:17. > :38:21.there... Yeah, yeah. The lens is like a galaxy between us and the
:38:22. > :38:27.distant galaxies. The light is bent around it by the curvature. The
:38:28. > :38:31.galaxy bends space which bends the path of the light towards us. We
:38:32. > :38:37.shouldn't see the galaxies, but the light comes to us. These galaxies
:38:38. > :38:41.could be very distant, faint. This distorts them and brightens them as
:38:42. > :38:46.well. If we look at it again, closely, you can see a very strange
:38:47. > :38:58.things happens here. Get it in the right place and you get... There.
:38:59. > :39:05.There! That's an Einstein ring, where you are lined up between the
:39:06. > :39:11.lens and the galaxy. The light is bent round. Thank you very much.
:39:12. > :39:14.This sounds like an abstract piece of physics, so you may be wondering
:39:15. > :39:18.how it's possible for you to get involved. Chris is going to explain
:39:19. > :39:24.to us. How will it work? We want people to go to a website, there's a
:39:25. > :39:30.link on the Stargazing website as well. We have put up 40,000 images
:39:31. > :39:34.of galaxies and no-one has looked at these images before. We have
:39:35. > :39:38.selected galaxies which we think have a good chance of lensing
:39:39. > :39:41.distant objects. We want you to sort through the images. We need about
:39:42. > :39:46.half a million images to be viewed in the next 48 hours, here's an
:39:47. > :39:49.example of one. You have a lensing galaxy, the yellow blob in the
:39:50. > :39:54.centre. If you can see that arc there, that's the lens. Look for
:39:55. > :40:00.things like that. That is the light from a distant galaxy, billions of
:40:01. > :40:03.light years away. The light from the blue curve there has taken seven
:40:04. > :40:06.billion years to reach us. This is the glimpse of the early universe we
:40:07. > :40:15.get because of the lens. We might find unusual stuff, there are
:40:16. > :40:19.clusters. A cluster of galaxies? You're looking at the curvature of
:40:20. > :40:22.the fabric of the universe here. The curvature of space time. We get a
:40:23. > :40:27.glimpse of the distant universe and we get a chance to do physics. We
:40:28. > :40:33.get a chance to weigh the galaxies. We can work out how much the light
:40:34. > :40:39.is bent and how much stuff is in that cluster. Can people join in? Go
:40:40. > :40:45.to the website. Click here and it will take you a minute to get going.
:40:46. > :40:49.Then you see an image that no-one has seen. You're seeing light that's
:40:50. > :40:54.journeyed for eight, nine, ten billion years. Yeah to be captured
:40:55. > :40:57.by a telescope, recorded by our cameras and put on the website for
:40:58. > :41:01.you. It's a very human task, this pattern recognition is something
:41:02. > :41:03.that people are really good at. We know computers can't find these
:41:04. > :41:08.things. The key thing is people shouldn't be put off. It sounds
:41:09. > :41:11.technical. But you can discover galaxies very simply. To our website
:41:12. > :41:15.and find the link to your website and we can process the images. Do
:41:16. > :41:23.you get naming rights, mining rights, do you get to own the
:41:24. > :41:33.galaxy? Yeah, but you have to get to the galaxy yourself. If two people
:41:34. > :41:38.find it, they can have 50 billion star galaxies each. Mark now? He's
:41:39. > :41:42.out under the stars. I'm not sure if the weather has been kind, but the
:41:43. > :41:49.opportunity of discovering your own galaxy is exciting. This is footage
:41:50. > :42:03.from just half an hour ago of the And romeda galaxy. Even at 2. 5
:42:04. > :42:07.million miles away. The Milky Way make up the majority of the stars in
:42:08. > :42:11.our night sky. But one star is particularly close to us and visible
:42:12. > :42:19.in the daytime sky. It is our own spectacular sun.
:42:20. > :42:23.Every day, and almost every location on the planet, our sun puts on one
:42:24. > :42:26.of the most dramatic displays in the natural world. Sun rise, it's a
:42:27. > :42:31.breath taking sight that we all too often completely ignore. And for
:42:32. > :42:34.amateur astronomers, the rival of the sun needn't be a sign to pack up
:42:35. > :42:39.the telescope, if we know how to observe it, it can be a fascinating
:42:40. > :42:43.target. It's vitally important you always observe the sun safely. Never
:42:44. > :42:49.look directly at it with the naked eye, you can cause permanent damage.
:42:50. > :42:55.With relatively cheap sciment, you -- equipment you can unlock our
:42:56. > :42:59.star's secrets. The simplest and safest way is with a pair of these.
:43:00. > :43:06.These aren't ordinary sun glasses. They're normally used for observing
:43:07. > :43:10.solar eclipses. These just cost ?3. Always check there's no damage to
:43:11. > :43:15.the lenses. Pop them on and you can simply look directly at the sun.
:43:16. > :43:20.Straight away you get a sense that the sun is a living body. I can see
:43:21. > :43:27.some dark patches. There's a large one about 7pm. These are the sun
:43:28. > :43:32.spots. They look really fascinating. Here, viewed by satellite, these
:43:33. > :43:36.spots are places where vast magnetic fields punch through the visible
:43:37. > :43:40.surface. They're darker because they're cooler, though they're still
:43:41. > :43:48.well over 3,000 degrees. It's amazing that for just ?3 I can look
:43:49. > :43:53.at the surface of a star. The sun has many more visual treats in
:43:54. > :43:58.store. Though to see them, we need to get the toys out. We need a
:43:59. > :44:02.telescope. Remember safety is paramount, don't just point the
:44:03. > :44:06.telescope at the sun and tick a peep through it. If you have a finder
:44:07. > :44:12.scope, leave the finder cap on, or take it off because it still focuses
:44:13. > :44:17.the sun's light. There are a number of safe ways a standard telescope
:44:18. > :44:25.can be apt daed. This is a white light filter, but one of these will
:44:26. > :44:32.cost you about 60 quid. Again, make sure you've checked the filter isn't
:44:33. > :44:37.scratched and off you go. Oh, wow! Viewed like this, suddenly a grainy
:44:38. > :44:41.texture becomes visible on the sun. This is actually the surface
:44:42. > :44:45.churning as energy convects outwards from the core. It takes about a
:44:46. > :44:49.million years for the heat to transfer from inside the sun to the
:44:50. > :44:53.surface, and then it takes just eight-and-a-half or just under that
:44:54. > :44:59.for it to reach us here on earth. That's stunning. My favourite solar
:45:00. > :45:08.spectacle needs more than your standard astronomy kit. Seeing it is
:45:09. > :45:16.an experience I would like to share so I have come to Wiltshire to show
:45:17. > :45:20.people a special telescope. This is a hydrogen telescope. It is mid
:45:21. > :45:27.range but similar items cost ?500 so it is fairly serious, but I promise
:45:28. > :45:32.you, if you look at the sun through this then you will never see the sun
:45:33. > :45:37.in the same way. This is a very special solar telescope. You should
:45:38. > :45:47.be able to see a red desk. That is the sunrise. Unlike a normal
:45:48. > :45:53.telescope, these telescopes filter out red light. The red light
:45:54. > :46:02.filtered by hydrogen atoms at 20,000 degrees. This shows us not be sun's
:46:03. > :46:10.service but the atmosphere is. Can you see some stringy bits? They are
:46:11. > :46:19.dates of the sun being taken off the service by the magnetic field. --
:46:20. > :46:26.the field. Have you ever seen the sun? Never! A few years ago, you did
:46:27. > :46:32.not need to spend tens of thousands of pounds. Today's technology gives
:46:33. > :46:35.you a real chance to get outside and explore the hidden life of our
:46:36. > :46:41.nearest star and it is an experience you will never forget. Yes, any
:46:42. > :46:46.reports we do about looking at the sun has to do have safety warnings.
:46:47. > :46:53.There is a risk of blinding yourself. I prefer an old trick of
:46:54. > :47:02.taking one of these, a phone, and downloading the application. There
:47:03. > :47:11.is a NASA app. You can see the sun there. Let me hold it so you can see
:47:12. > :47:18.a clear image. It's looks like a flare. You can see the sun twist up
:47:19. > :47:24.and snap back and reconfigure and throw in this intense solar flare.
:47:25. > :47:28.Anyway, let's go back to lives for one last time and look at the
:47:29. > :47:39.spectacular Aurora and the effects that the objections are having in
:47:40. > :47:44.Norway. Thank you very much. We were told that the sun is in a solar
:47:45. > :47:49.maximum in an 11 year cycle. It has been good to night, having not, Ian?
:47:50. > :47:54.We were lucky because it was cloudy. It is not just how active the sun
:47:55. > :47:58.is, there are lots of other factors. Tell me the science behind the
:47:59. > :48:05.colours because this is an intense vivid green. What does the green
:48:06. > :48:09.mean? That spectacle is going on 100 kilometres above our heads that
:48:10. > :48:14.there is air up there. We are looking at the interaction of the
:48:15. > :48:18.air and the molecules of oxygen and nitrogen that make up the upper
:48:19. > :48:24.atmosphere. The green light is coming from the oxygen. As the
:48:25. > :48:28.particles come in, they give a kick to the particles of the upper
:48:29. > :48:33.atmosphere and the electrons are raised to hire energy levels. They
:48:34. > :48:41.are excited but they do not like to be excited. They give out a photon
:48:42. > :48:46.of light and that colour of the photon is characteristic of the
:48:47. > :48:55.amount of energy giving up. Are they energetic particles? Yes, there are
:48:56. > :49:01.more energetic ones but not tonight. There are different types of
:49:02. > :49:06.colours. We have a time-lapse of all the different colours. There are
:49:07. > :49:13.purples and blues and some red. What is the red? That is atomic oxygen.
:49:14. > :49:18.The colour tells us that it is less energetic and the electrons are
:49:19. > :49:25.getting a smaller kick from the particles from Aurora. What about
:49:26. > :49:31.the pinks and blues? This time we are looking at nitrogen, particles
:49:32. > :49:35.in the nitrogen. So essentially, when we are looking at Aurora, we
:49:36. > :49:40.are seeing the gas particles getting rid of the energy they do not want?
:49:41. > :49:45.That is a nice way of putting it. It is Aurora dumping its excess
:49:46. > :49:53.energy. It has been a good night, has it not? You are welcome.
:49:54. > :49:58.Tomorrow night we are going to get away from any risk of cloud cover
:49:59. > :50:06.obscuring our view, and also, light pollution. Over the mountains there
:50:07. > :50:10.is some light pollution from Tromso. On our mission we are going to carry
:50:11. > :50:16.out a world first. We are transmitting live from an aeroplane
:50:17. > :50:20.at an altitude of 30,000 feet. We have cameras rigged on the plane and
:50:21. > :50:25.we have the technology to broadcast live, and we are going on the hunt
:50:26. > :50:29.for Aurora borealis. We will see you tomorrow and I will leave you with
:50:30. > :50:39.beautiful images of the Aurora. See you soon. Thank you, lives. Shooting
:50:40. > :50:44.the Aurora life from an aeroplane will give us a different
:50:45. > :50:50.perspective, away from the light pollution. We were very lucky. We
:50:51. > :50:54.saw the clouds rolling in at that stage. We may have a tiny window
:50:55. > :50:59.with this. Earlier in the show we told you about the weather on Mars.
:51:00. > :51:05.Now for more about the Martian climate. When Nasser launched their
:51:06. > :51:11.latest probe, I jumped at the chance to attend the launch. We started
:51:12. > :51:16.sending spacecraft to Mars in the 1960s so we know a thing or two
:51:17. > :51:22.about the weather on the red planet already. For example, we know that
:51:23. > :51:28.the temperature can arrange from -150 Celsius at the poles to 20
:51:29. > :51:34.degrees on the equator. There are dust devils as high as Mount
:51:35. > :51:39.Everest. As we ultimately prepared to send people to Mars, the big
:51:40. > :51:51.question is why has the atmosphere all but disappeared? This professor
:51:52. > :51:59.is the man in charge of the mission. What we are trying to do is
:52:00. > :52:06.find out whether the solar wind and the solar light stripped away the
:52:07. > :52:11.atmosphere. If it goes to plan that is why we are going half 1 million
:52:12. > :52:17.miles to find out. It has taken a team of 39 scientists and engineers
:52:18. > :52:24.over ten years to build. It weighs 2.5 tonnes and carries nine
:52:25. > :52:32.scientific instruments all focused on one thing. Analysing Mars's
:52:33. > :52:39.disappearing atmosphere. It will take ten months to get to Mars. One
:52:40. > :52:45.of the weakest challenges is getting it off the launch pad. To date, only
:52:46. > :52:53.half of Mars missions have made it so there is a lot at stake. You are
:52:54. > :52:56.taking a delicate piece of equipment out of an incredibly controlled
:52:57. > :53:00.building and you have placed it on top of a giant firework,
:53:01. > :53:03.essentially. This must be nerve wracking. Mentally and emotionally
:53:04. > :53:08.you have you prepare yourself for that possibility. My colleague said
:53:09. > :53:15.that this business is not for the faint-hearted. What happens if it
:53:16. > :53:22.goes wrong? I do not want to think about it. I do not think I have the
:53:23. > :53:24.heart to do it again. To better understand the risks, I caught up
:53:25. > :53:30.with a man who has seen more launches than ever. He has been the
:53:31. > :53:38.voice of more than 100 countdowns. Five, four, three, two, one. This is
:53:39. > :53:49.the voice of George and he knows what can go wrong. Thunderstorms are
:53:50. > :53:54.the biggest concern. If you launch a rocket, the plume coming out of the
:53:55. > :53:59.rocket, if it goes up into a cloud that is charged, the discharge will
:54:00. > :54:06.occur through the rocket and it can destroy the rocket. We have had that
:54:07. > :54:19.happen in 1967. We lost a rocket because that is what happened. I
:54:20. > :54:25.have been told that the best place to watch the launch is at a local
:54:26. > :54:31.beach. It is a genuinely nerve wracking experience. There are a
:54:32. > :54:38.huge number of people here and we set up for hours in advance. It is
:54:39. > :55:04.really nerve wracking. Five, four, three, two, one. Main engines start.
:55:05. > :55:12.Lift off! Wow! There it goes. Looking good, still 100% rate of
:55:13. > :55:18.thrust. Still looking good. It is so loud and it is 3.5 miles away. We
:55:19. > :55:29.can only presume that all has gone well and it is on its way. That is
:55:30. > :55:38.an incredible thing to watch, a joy to watch. I mean, it is so physical.
:55:39. > :55:46.The sheer power that is required. You know they are going really far
:55:47. > :55:52.and they are not coming back! I cannot imagine, if I had ten years
:55:53. > :55:57.of work, seeing that go. It must've been petrified. It makes it really
:55:58. > :56:02.personal but it also lends this feeling of imagining you are sober
:56:03. > :56:06.pig. You have created something and it is going out there and it is not
:56:07. > :56:12.coming back. That mission was going to Mars. Mars is interesting because
:56:13. > :56:17.we think about life on Mars. Was there life on Mars? Could there
:56:18. > :56:24.still be life on Mars? On Saturn there may still be life present. Not
:56:25. > :56:29.on the planet but on the moons. I know there is one moon that is very
:56:30. > :56:36.dear to you. There it is. There is Titan in the background. It is
:56:37. > :56:39.Titan. The two most interesting moons in the solar system are right
:56:40. > :56:47.there. We have found that this tiny little moon, which is no bigger than
:56:48. > :56:52.great Britain... I mean, look at this! This is not meant to be a
:56:53. > :56:59.threat by the way! It is not a threat by the way! It is not alive
:57:00. > :57:06.image! It is a tiny world. This southern portion, this South Pole,
:57:07. > :57:15.it is circumscribed by mountains. It is warm, incredibly warm,
:57:16. > :57:20.comparatively speaking. The heat is there. There are the tiger stripes.
:57:21. > :57:31.That is what we affectionately call them. We have found that there are
:57:32. > :57:42.100 visors. We have counted. There is water vapour that has organics in
:57:43. > :57:45.it. This is frozen water. There are frozen water droplets, as you can
:57:46. > :57:49.see in the pictures. Other instruments can detect vapour
:57:50. > :57:58.accompanying this. That has organic materials in it. We think this could
:57:59. > :58:06.be a habitat for life? It could be. It might be inhabited. It might be
:58:07. > :58:13.snowing microbes. This is a conversation we need to extend were
:58:14. > :58:22.me go to back to the Earth. I hope to be there Sunday. It is utterly
:58:23. > :58:26.beautiful. What better demonstration of the reason we do stargazing life.
:58:27. > :58:32.You can go outside into your garden. There are clear skies in
:58:33. > :58:38.Manchester, you can look at Saturn, and you can dream of standing there,
:58:39. > :58:41.looking at life below the surface. Time is against us. You can go
:58:42. > :58:48.online and look at the hidden galaxy. We have astronauts on
:58:49. > :58:51.tomorrow. We will see you for back to the Earth in a second.