:00:00. > :00:13.Welcome back to Jodrelll Bank Observatory and Stargazing Live.
:00:14. > :00:16.We are still buzzing from our chat with Britain's man in space,
:00:17. > :00:19.We'll have more on him, as he begins preparations
:00:20. > :00:22.Tonight, we'll investigate the safety of living in space.
:00:23. > :00:31.And reveal the science behind it - using this decrepit old tanker.
:00:32. > :00:33.Your results in our hunt for ecluesive spinning stars,
:00:34. > :00:36.We've had over 1 million classifications and we think
:00:37. > :00:39.And there's more from our wannabe spaceman, John Bishop.
:00:40. > :01:06.Tonight he has to survive electrocution and sufficiencation.
:01:07. > :01:28.That's nice. Not Stargazing weather out there. You played a blinder last
:01:29. > :01:33.night. Overnight more than 1 million viewer hits came from our search for
:01:34. > :01:37.Pulsars. It has had an exciting knock-on effect I'm probably not
:01:38. > :01:41.supposed to do this but this is the nerve centre of Jodrell Bank. We
:01:42. > :01:46.have an engineer, two astronomers looking at your results now. They
:01:47. > :01:51.are pointing the Lovell telescope at some of the candidate Pulsars you
:01:52. > :01:56.found. It is a great privilege. It is amazing we can say - we'll bore
:01:57. > :02:01.that for a moment. On your recommendation. We had an enormously
:02:02. > :02:04.exciting day yesterday. We spoke to Tim Peake on the International Space
:02:05. > :02:08.Station. It was a pleasure to see him so relaxed in his environment.
:02:09. > :02:13.Comfortable with it now. Spinning around. Water bubbles and gyroscope.
:02:14. > :02:18.Showing us the work he will do on his space walk Talking about relaxed
:02:19. > :02:26.in their environment and professional - John Bishop. We stuck
:02:27. > :02:30.him in a giant pool and made him o do the same spacewalk training Tim
:02:31. > :02:34.Peake had done. But what will he be doing tonight? Let's find out. Over
:02:35. > :02:41.to Liz. . We are in the training hall now. Filled with replicas of
:02:42. > :02:46.European-built hardware that's on the space station, including this
:02:47. > :02:50.beautiful Columbus Module over there a seven-metre long space lab that
:02:51. > :02:54.astronauts need to know inside out. Along this side of the training hall
:02:55. > :02:59.are rooms containing replicas of all the scientific equipment that's in
:03:00. > :03:05.that Columbus Module N this room we should find our trainee astronaut,
:03:06. > :03:07.Mr John Bishop on the Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System. -- in
:03:08. > :03:15.this room. Or the Mares much it is a mouthful.
:03:16. > :03:19.How is it going? . You look uncomfortable. My legs have been
:03:20. > :03:24.isolated. It is an uncomfortable machine. Olivier is measuring what
:03:25. > :03:29.is going on in specific muscles. Which part are you moving? It is to
:03:30. > :03:33.get my calf muscle, to seat strength and structure of it. Interesting
:03:34. > :03:38.stuff. So muscle strength is compromised in micro-gravity. If you
:03:39. > :03:42.look at the ultrasound of John Bishop's calf muscle, you can see
:03:43. > :03:49.the muscle architecture there. That changes in space. It affects muscle
:03:50. > :03:54.function. Now Mares mark 1 is up in space. Tim Peake will be testing it
:03:55. > :03:58.on the station but he sat in this chair where John is now, testing his
:03:59. > :04:01.muscles in earth, so he can compare how they work in space. Astronauts
:04:02. > :04:06.essentially become experiments themselves. As a trainee astronaut,
:04:07. > :04:10.John, how do you feel about becoming a human guinea pig as part of your
:04:11. > :04:13.mission? You know what, that's one of the things I have learned is
:04:14. > :04:18.their commitment is complete. When they go up every minute of their day
:04:19. > :04:22.is filled. Part of it is doing experiment like this that we can
:04:23. > :04:25.then apply back to Earth. You are all for T committed to the cause.
:04:26. > :04:31.Absolutely committed. Of course I am. So committed in fact that we are
:04:32. > :04:35.going to put his body through some more things later. You said you were
:04:36. > :04:39.willing, it is your own fault. We'll test how John's body and brain will
:04:40. > :04:41.react to an emergency on the station when there is a reduced supply of
:04:42. > :04:47.oxygen. when there is a reduced supply of
:04:48. > :04:52.going to be - well not starved but hungry for oxygen later who. You do
:04:53. > :04:56.you feel about that? Probably won't be the first time Make sure you join
:04:57. > :05:02.us in a couple of minutes to see how he gets on. He has lovely calfs. If
:05:03. > :05:06.you want a behind the scenes look at Stargazing or find out more in
:05:07. > :05:11.general with the science involved in this. Go to bbc.co.uk/stargazing and
:05:12. > :05:16.keep your questions coming in. Now Let's head outside to the dark
:05:17. > :05:21.fee.d the muddy field I'm calling t Lucie Green is there. Is it a good
:05:22. > :05:26.evening to look at the stars? You are not wrong about this being a
:05:27. > :05:30.muddy field now N any case I'm joined by Liverpool astronomical
:05:31. > :05:32.society. Despite the fact it is raining we have remained optimistic
:05:33. > :05:37.the weather might clear later and if that happens we are hoping to get a
:05:38. > :05:42.glimpse of a rare visitor to our skies, comet Catalina, which is
:05:43. > :05:47.moving along the handle of the Big Dipper over the next few days. Now,
:05:48. > :05:54.the comet isn't visible to the naked eye. You will need binoculars or a
:05:55. > :05:58.telescope to see T another treat is Jupiter rising after 10.30pm now. We
:05:59. > :06:03.managed to get a shot of it and three of its moons a few nights ago.
:06:04. > :06:07.If you want to see it, think of the fact you are seeing a gassant, a bit
:06:08. > :06:11.like Saturn but the biggest planet in the Solar System, two-and-a-half
:06:12. > :06:16.times as massive as all the other planets put together. Back to you.
:06:17. > :06:21.Astonishing planet, Jupiter. We have a model on a sphere and the
:06:22. > :06:26.ever-present red spot there. That has been there almost as long as we
:06:27. > :06:30.have been viewing it. It has. The records of Robert Huck the scientist
:06:31. > :06:40.in the 18th century seeing it. We know it has been there since the
:06:41. > :06:47.1650s. Possibly before. The wind speeds are up to 4 #r50,000 miles
:06:48. > :06:53.per hour in that storm. It seats in a remarkable colourful at Miss Free.
:06:54. > :06:59.Why is it red and the surroundings not. It depends on the compounds.
:07:00. > :07:03.The ammonium seems to cause the reddy colours. You get vapour, and
:07:04. > :07:08.it is thought you get the more bluey hazes. The white areas have sulphur
:07:09. > :07:12.in them. It is an interesting mixture of heavy elements, water,
:07:13. > :07:17.but primarily hydrogen and helium. We have an excellent question from a
:07:18. > :07:21.viewer who asks - will the giant red spot ever disappear? A good
:07:22. > :07:26.question. I will show you some photographs from the Hubble Space
:07:27. > :07:31.Telescope. Here they are. They are photographs taken just over a
:07:32. > :07:35.decade. This is from 1995. That's the red spot I remember when I were
:07:36. > :07:42.a lad. It is a big thing. You get about three Earths in there, to set
:07:43. > :07:45.the size of this system. In 2009, something interesting has happened.
:07:46. > :07:52.The same telescope. The Hubble, but the spot has shrunk. It has got more
:07:53. > :07:56.circular. Forward to 2014, it has shrunk again, got more circular,
:07:57. > :08:01.also getting more orange. Something dramatic is happening it that storm
:08:02. > :08:07.system. Which as I say has been there for 350 years or so and is
:08:08. > :08:12.happening dramatically fast. Is there a chance it'll stop? The red
:08:13. > :08:18.spot will disappear? We don't know. Most astronomers think not. They
:08:19. > :08:21.think for the foreseeable future it'll remain smaller, perhaps
:08:22. > :08:26.stabilise. It is a storm, it has to die out eventually. The reason we
:08:27. > :08:36.have weather here is we are close to the sun, the sun heats up the water
:08:37. > :08:43.and the air. That's not what happens upter. The planet itself is
:08:44. > :08:47.shrinking under the pressure of it. The atmosphere at the centre, the
:08:48. > :08:53.core which we think is rocky is millions of times, perhaps #1b 00
:08:54. > :08:58.millions of the atmospheric pressure on Earth. That heats up the inner
:08:59. > :09:02.regions. Uptier radiates about 70% more energy back into the Solar
:09:03. > :09:11.System than it receives from the sun which drives the violent weather. --
:09:12. > :09:16.upter. A new probe heading towards upter, the Juno probe -- heading
:09:17. > :09:21.towards Jupiter. Yes, it is going on 4th July this year. It is not
:09:22. > :09:27.interested in the moons, we are usually interested in the moons like
:09:28. > :09:32.Europia. But this will go to a Polar orbit around upiter, low around the
:09:33. > :09:38.clouds -- Jupiter. It is one of the big mysteries. When we got there
:09:39. > :09:42.with one of the first space probes, we found that Jupiter, we think, we
:09:43. > :09:48.know, had more heavy elements than it should do, given where it is. The
:09:49. > :09:51.rule of thumb in solar systems is the distribution of things like oxen
:09:52. > :09:58.and carbon changes, you get more as you go further out. Do we have a
:09:59. > :10:04.model of the creation? We have. We think when the Solar System formed,
:10:05. > :10:07.4.5 billion years ago, Jupiter may have formed further out, where they
:10:08. > :10:11.got the heavy elements, water, the oxygen in the water and migrated
:10:12. > :10:15.further in. Or another theory, it formed where we find it and swept up
:10:16. > :10:18.more water than it should have done. Really what we are doing here is
:10:19. > :10:21.looking in the history of the formation of the Solar System
:10:22. > :10:26.itself. I should say, interestingly, at the end of the mission, it is not
:10:27. > :10:31.very long, because it is very, very - there's huge powerful radiation in
:10:32. > :10:38.the place it'll orbit, a MiG magnetic field of Jupiter. The
:10:39. > :10:44.spacecraft will class a couple of years and crashed into Jupiter. --
:10:45. > :10:51.big, magnetic field. It'll crash into it. We don't want to to pollute
:10:52. > :10:54.it. Given the vast space, it is hard it imagine we are alone. We have
:10:55. > :10:58.been looking for extraterrestrial life. We have sent out messages to
:10:59. > :11:02.say hello. But we have not heard anything back. Of course that can
:11:03. > :11:06.mean there is nobody out there. But it could also mean they haven't
:11:07. > :11:09.heard us yet. If there are aliens out there and astronomers are
:11:10. > :11:17.looking towards us tonight, we might not be as easy to spot as we think.
:11:18. > :11:21.We've transformed the landscape, flooded the airwaves with electronic
:11:22. > :11:31.signals. And sent robot explorers out into the Solar System and
:11:32. > :11:37.beyond. As a species we like to think we are a big deal. Whilst we
:11:38. > :11:41.may rule the roost on this lump of rock, the galaxy is a big place. Any
:11:42. > :11:50.aliens we share it with may have other ideas about our level of
:11:51. > :11:56.advancement. This is the senior awe astronomers at the Search for Extra
:11:57. > :12:02.Terrestrial intelligence. Modern technology. It impresses us. Look at
:12:03. > :12:06.that, that skyline would impress Julius Caesar 2,000 years ago and
:12:07. > :12:12.probably imcress press people 100 years ago. Is it going to impress
:12:13. > :12:17.aliens? I don't think so. This would look like sand castles at the beach
:12:18. > :12:22.to them. Sett has a point. The universe is 13.8 billion years old.
:12:23. > :12:29.Only 200 years ago we hadn't invented the lightbulb. Here was
:12:30. > :12:33.light without fire. We may actually be quite a primitive species in
:12:34. > :12:42.galactic terms and this doesn't just hurt our pride. It also hurts our
:12:43. > :12:46.chances of other civilisations discovering we are here. Could
:12:47. > :12:50.aliens find us? It would be very hard. The only things we do that
:12:51. > :12:55.might reach out to the stars in a way they could find would be radio
:12:56. > :12:59.transmissions. By that I mean television, FM radio and mostly our
:13:00. > :13:03.radars. Believe it or not, it is possible that the radio and
:13:04. > :13:08.television signals we transmit can be detected from other planets.
:13:09. > :13:12.Well, there is a pretty major problem with aliens discovering us
:13:13. > :13:20.by this method -- one that's troubling this intelligent being.
:13:21. > :13:25.This is astronomer and St Johnstone FC fan, Dr Duncan Forgan If this
:13:26. > :13:30.football pitch was the galaxy, the Earth represented by this golf ball
:13:31. > :13:34.would be two two-thirds away from the centre. Just about here. The
:13:35. > :13:39.earth is emitting radiowaves that are spreading out into the Milky
:13:40. > :13:43.Way. But even though the waves travel fast, at the speed of light,
:13:44. > :13:46.they might have to travel a long way before reaching an alien. The
:13:47. > :13:50.radiowaves that have just been emitted by the Earth over there,
:13:51. > :13:58.would take 80,000 years to reach the edge of the gl axy over here. --
:13:59. > :14:00.galaxy. Now, we weren't building radio transmitters, 80,000 years
:14:01. > :14:05.ago. We were building prehistoric tools. So they won't see anything.
:14:06. > :14:11.At least not yet. So, how close to the Earth would aliens have to be to
:14:12. > :14:15.pick up our TV and radio signals in So humans started broadcasting
:14:16. > :14:19.radiowaves about 80 years ago. That means the signal has had a chance to
:14:20. > :14:24.travel about this far from our golf ball. Which is not a lot considering
:14:25. > :14:29.how big the galaxy is. Only the aliens in our own back yard stand a
:14:30. > :14:36.chance of detecting intelligent life on Earth. But are there aliens that
:14:37. > :14:39.close? So, we have lots of potentially candidate planets in the
:14:40. > :14:53.vicinity of the Earth. The closest one is about 16 light years away.
:14:54. > :14:55.This lucky planet. Gliese 832 C will just be receiving stuff from 1989.
:14:56. > :15:05.Good luck to them. The odds are against us being lucky
:15:06. > :15:13.enough to have intelligent aliens in our own backyard. But what about
:15:14. > :15:18.aliens further away? If they turn their telescopes on us, would they
:15:19. > :15:25.see anything strange about the third planet from this average yellow
:15:26. > :15:30.star? Professor Sarah is eager has spent her entire career looking out
:15:31. > :15:36.for alien life, so she has a pretty good idea what they might see if
:15:37. > :15:41.they looked back at us. It would be so hard for aliens to see Earth from
:15:42. > :15:45.far away. This is an image taken of Earth by the Voyager one spacecraft
:15:46. > :15:50.and 4 billion miles away. Earth seem so big when we are honoured but from
:15:51. > :15:56.afar, it is a pale blue dot, just a point of light. But if they do
:15:57. > :16:03.notice us, the light from that tiny blue dot could be revealing. From
:16:04. > :16:06.the dot of the pixel, aliens could tell a surprising amount. They would
:16:07. > :16:11.be able to see our atmosphere and they would be able to see oxygen and
:16:12. > :16:17.the presence of oxygen is highly suggestive of life on Earth. A
:16:18. > :16:22.glimpse of our blue pale dot maybe all it takes a aliens to realise the
:16:23. > :16:26.Earth is not a dead world and this could offer our own alien hunters
:16:27. > :16:33.some hope, because if we saw a planet out there are signifiers of
:16:34. > :16:42.life in the atmosphere, we would be pretty keen to check it out, so
:16:43. > :16:47.maybe they will too. The planet that Brian was talking about, Gliese
:16:48. > :16:53.832-c, this 60 light-years away, theoretically where there could only
:16:54. > :16:58.be intelligent life, but, Lucie, are there any other stars in our sky
:16:59. > :17:02.that could support life that we can see? Yes, we can and although it is
:17:03. > :17:11.cloudy, I can show you one because we filmed it last weekend, it is a
:17:12. > :17:15.star called Orionus Pi3, in the constellation of Orion and I will be
:17:16. > :17:19.talking about Orion later on and you can find it in the shield of Orion
:17:20. > :17:24.that he is holding in his left hand and it is the brightest star in the
:17:25. > :17:28.shield, and just like Gliese 832, it is a star that is relatively close
:17:29. > :17:34.to us and a star that is relatively similar to our own sun. So Orionus
:17:35. > :17:41.Pi3 is about 26 light-years away from us, but around 2,000 years ago,
:17:42. > :17:47.it was even closer, it was only 15,000 light years away. We haven't
:17:48. > :17:52.discovered any exoplanets around the star but because it is so similar to
:17:53. > :17:58.our own sun, it is a prime candidate for an earthlike planet. Back to
:17:59. > :18:02.you. We are joined again by Chris Lintott and Tim O'Brien, you are
:18:03. > :18:05.both astronomers, that the me is what astronomy is all about, you can
:18:06. > :18:09.see this little twinkling light and the more you know about it, the more
:18:10. > :18:14.magical it becomes, the idea that you are looking at a Sun like star
:18:15. > :18:18.with potentially planet surrounded. We know it is a Sun like star, so
:18:19. > :18:21.does it have planets and does it have on Earth and is there life? It
:18:22. > :18:26.keeps going, question after question. And we can try and answer
:18:27. > :18:32.one tonight, we won't get an answer but we can have a go, because if
:18:33. > :18:36.there was a civilisation on a planet around a Orionus Pi3, they may emit
:18:37. > :18:43.radio waves and if we had a big radio telescope, we could have a go,
:18:44. > :18:47.couldn't we? We are pointed right at the start we just discussed, we are
:18:48. > :18:52.collecting radio waves from that direction, so we have a receiver
:18:53. > :18:57.that is tuned into a sweet spot in the radio spectrum, where the
:18:58. > :19:00.galactic atmospheric noise is at a minimum. What we pick up mostly is
:19:01. > :19:08.cosmic background from that direction. It is the echo of the big
:19:09. > :19:13.bang, the sound from the origin of time. That is the Sound of White
:19:14. > :19:18.news, we would presume we would hear? We would expect to hear a
:19:19. > :19:23.hiss, just white noise. What would be a more interesting thing to hear?
:19:24. > :19:26.If there was a signal being sent from a planet around a bad start,
:19:27. > :19:32.the noise might go up and down in some pattern, blips and clicks
:19:33. > :19:38.within that spectrum --, planet around that star. You can see the
:19:39. > :19:47.Lovell telescope, it is pointing up their, -- there, into space and we
:19:48. > :19:52.can turn up the volume and listen to it. If we hear anything, it will
:19:53. > :19:59.ruin the plans for the rest of the show. The year we did this, we had
:20:00. > :20:03.to phone the Vatican! Varese is proper protocol for if we do
:20:04. > :20:13.discover alien life. -- there is a proper protocol. Get the Pope on the
:20:14. > :20:20.phone. So can we hear it? HISS.. It was a long shot, but
:20:21. > :20:22.interestingly, it links to what people do with pulsars, historically
:20:23. > :20:28.when the first pulsar was heard, it was an unusual periodic sound that
:20:29. > :20:34.they called LG M1, meaning little green man one, because one of the
:20:35. > :20:39.possible explanations was it was alien life form. When you find
:20:40. > :20:43.anything unusual, it is either aliens or astrophysics, so you win
:20:44. > :20:48.either way. Last night, we ask people to sort through radio data
:20:49. > :20:52.looking for pulsars, and we are looking for the unusual and the good
:20:53. > :20:57.news is people responded in droves, we had more than a million
:20:58. > :21:01.classification submitted through our website and we have taken those and
:21:02. > :21:07.got the best possible pulsars and we need your radio Tasca is. I think we
:21:08. > :21:11.should get off Orion, where we weren't hearing anything, and get to
:21:12. > :21:17.one of these candidates. If Kim can tell the telescope to move over to
:21:18. > :21:21.that, we have these two who have had no sleep at all, looking at the
:21:22. > :21:27.data. I love that you can stand here and say, right, move it. Let's say
:21:28. > :21:30.what is happening, this is remarkable. Because people watched
:21:31. > :21:34.the show last night and because they went to the website for classified
:21:35. > :21:38.data, we are moving one of the world's most powerful radio
:21:39. > :21:44.telescope there to look at things we think might give us a discovery to
:21:45. > :21:48.report on. We were so encouraged by yesterday that we hit the target and
:21:49. > :21:54.have put new data into the site, so if somebody goes to the Stargazing
:21:55. > :22:00.website ball goes to pulsarhunters.com, they may find new
:22:01. > :22:06.results. -- or ghosted. If they find lots of flashes of intense
:22:07. > :22:13.radiation. Where are we so far? The candidates, until we check them...
:22:14. > :22:16.We have got a handful of really good candidates and a lot of possibles,
:22:17. > :22:22.so we will work our way through them for the rest of the night and the
:22:23. > :22:26.Lovell telescope will be busy responding to people's data. Is it
:22:27. > :22:31.moving? That is science waiting to happen. We have new data up there,
:22:32. > :22:36.it is working, maybe four or five new discoveries. You will be looking
:22:37. > :22:39.at data that nobody has looked at, you will be looking perhaps after
:22:40. > :22:44.pulsar that nobody in human history has known existed. And if people
:22:45. > :22:49.don't look, we will never know they are there. And tomorrow night, when
:22:50. > :22:53.we get the results, we are joined by Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell, who first
:22:54. > :22:57.discovered pulsars. Yesterday, we spoke to Tim Peake but it wouldn't
:22:58. > :23:00.have been possible without the army of people who make sure the ISS
:23:01. > :23:05.space saver and in contact with Earth. On her way to Cologne, Liz
:23:06. > :23:09.went to meet some of them and a quick chat with the man himself --
:23:10. > :23:13.Space Station. This is the Space Station's European
:23:14. > :23:20.nerve centre, the equivalent of mission control in Houston. The
:23:21. > :23:27.Columbus control centre, better known as Col CC and for the next
:23:28. > :23:32.three months, it is Tim's HQ -- six months. These people are part of the
:23:33. > :23:36.European flight control team, Tim's eyes and ears on Earth 24-7. They
:23:37. > :23:40.know everything there is to know about his six-month mission and they
:23:41. > :23:44.are going to assist him and monitor every single one of his activities
:23:45. > :23:51.during that time. It is pretty much the closest thing to working on the
:23:52. > :23:55.ISS without getting on yourself. The flight control team here make up one
:23:56. > :24:04.of the five major mission controls around the team that operated the
:24:05. > :24:08.Space Station from the ground. Col CC looks at the European astronauts
:24:09. > :24:14.and the Columbus module, Europe's Spacelab. The Control Room is high
:24:15. > :24:20.security, only critical staff are allowed in. The court, the control
:24:21. > :24:27.system of Columbus, live system, power system. Flight collector
:24:28. > :24:32.catcher and her team are helping Tim prepare for his greatest challenge
:24:33. > :24:36.yet, a spacewalk, known here as an extravehicular activity or an EVA.
:24:37. > :24:40.We are super excited him that he has a chance to go outside the station
:24:41. > :24:48.and do the EVA, it is what every astronaut dreams about. What will
:24:49. > :24:51.your role be in the EVA? While it is taken care of by Houston, we have
:24:52. > :24:56.doctors that will observe Tim. This is the most physically demanding
:24:57. > :25:01.activity that he can do on board. Before the spacewalk was confirmed,
:25:02. > :25:05.Tim's schedule was already packed. So there is Tim Peake. This is his
:25:06. > :25:13.daily timeline. Every minute is accounted for by Mission director.
:25:14. > :25:17.Tim work about six o'clock GMT to have breakfast. I can see an
:25:18. > :25:22.exercise box. And then more EVA training and preparation.
:25:23. > :25:30.Today, the weekly conference with Tim is taking place. Good morning,
:25:31. > :25:34.Bertie, for conference. Good morning, Tim, and nice to see you
:25:35. > :25:38.all. He has spent the last few days carrying out an experiment about how
:25:39. > :25:44.blood behaves in micro-gravity and he has been testing his spacewalk
:25:45. > :25:49.suit. We have sent an EVA suit check out and it was successful. Yes,
:25:50. > :25:54.great news, very relieved the suit is up and running. Bertie has even
:25:55. > :25:57.found time for me to say a quick hello.
:25:58. > :26:02.Hi, Tim, it is Liz Bonnin, how are you? I have been looking at your
:26:03. > :26:08.timeline, you are a very busy man. Liz, good to talk to you. Yes, life
:26:09. > :26:11.on the station is great, it is busy but that is what we like and with
:26:12. > :26:17.the EVA next week, it adds extra tasks into the timeline. Best of
:26:18. > :26:20.luck with it, we will be watching, take care. Thanks very much to
:26:21. > :26:27.everyone there and I look forward to talking to you next week. Thanks.
:26:28. > :26:32.Bye-bye. He looks in great form, brilliant.
:26:33. > :26:39.And then it is on to the next job. Now, over the last couple of
:26:40. > :26:42.theories of Stargazing -- series of Stargazing, we have been covering
:26:43. > :26:47.the ESO's Rosetta mission, the first-ever attempt to land on a
:26:48. > :26:51.comet after a 10-year journey and they dropped the Philae lander onto
:26:52. > :26:58.a comet, 67P. With this is the Rosetta Project scientist Matt
:26:59. > :27:02.Taylor, what has happened? Well, it has been a heck of a year. Since we
:27:03. > :27:06.landed over a year ago, we have got the data back from the lander, we
:27:07. > :27:11.have uncovered things we were expecting things we weren't
:27:12. > :27:16.expecting. We found organic material on the comet, the stuff we have
:27:17. > :27:20.never seen. And you have a better idea of what happened. This is
:27:21. > :27:24.taking the telemetry from a number of items on-board, a particular
:27:25. > :27:28.magnetic field. We see where it bounced, where we think it bounced,
:27:29. > :27:31.where it clipped. This is based on the housekeeping data on board and
:27:32. > :27:40.then we ended up in this fantastic aerial. This is a model of 67P, the
:27:41. > :27:43.comet you are landing Philae on. Where are you landing? If this is
:27:44. > :27:49.the head, it skimmed a kilometre and ended up near the forehead. Nearly
:27:50. > :27:57.falling off? Yes, it was near the dark side of the comet. People will
:27:58. > :28:00.remember that, those tense hours and days, where is it, is it alive
:28:01. > :28:05.question what it doesn't look like it should be if you look at the
:28:06. > :28:10.animation. It is quite remarkable that it survived. It did something
:28:11. > :28:15.extra, more than we expected. This is ridiculous, that looks like it
:28:16. > :28:21.should break it. It went to sleep on the dark side and came back in June
:28:22. > :28:25.near perihelion. We haven't had a successful contact with it so maybe
:28:26. > :28:29.it did do something to it. Nevertheless, YouGov 60 hours of
:28:30. > :28:35.transmission from it. Yes, and this encapsulates the mission, we have
:28:36. > :28:39.the lander leg, 20 years old and in the background, the comet's surface.
:28:40. > :28:43.What did you think when you saw it, because people were pessimistic
:28:44. > :28:47.vision mark I always thought it would work but for me, it was very
:28:48. > :28:50.emotional, this was the culmination of all the effort to get the lander
:28:51. > :28:57.on the ground but it is important to note it is not just about this.
:28:58. > :29:02.Nevertheless, you discovered hydrocarbons, complex molecules on
:29:03. > :29:05.the comet itself. Yes, it gave us the ground zero level measurements,
:29:06. > :29:08.we had stuff from the orbiter indicating what we were measuring,
:29:09. > :29:13.but we had complex organics we hadn't seen before, we have detected
:29:14. > :29:16.formaldehyde but never got them from the surface, these are things that
:29:17. > :29:22.go towards the building blocks of life, the sugars and then put DNA,
:29:23. > :29:26.it is the ingredient for life. I've markedly to found that very
:29:27. > :29:30.exciting, this is primordial, as old as the universe itself but you're
:29:31. > :29:33.finding the building blocks for living organisms, so that must have
:29:34. > :29:40.been present when the comet formed for .6 billion years ago or so. Then
:29:41. > :29:44.we have this wonderful picture, the Rosetta is still there, sending
:29:45. > :29:50.information back. This is from August last year, perihelion. The
:29:51. > :29:53.most energy is being injected into it and causing this... The fantastic
:29:54. > :29:57.explosion, tonnes of material coming off the surface. What you don't get
:29:58. > :30:04.here, what you find on the ground, this tale is hundreds of thousands
:30:05. > :30:07.of kilometres. It is up to 2 million kilometres in length, the tale. The
:30:08. > :30:11.amateur astronomers are looking at this for us as well. And then we
:30:12. > :30:15.have a photograph which is remarkable, this is from the
:30:16. > :30:19.orbiter. From the 2nd of January, one of the latest images. It is a
:30:20. > :30:24.profile of the belly of the duck, if you like and what is nice if it is
:30:25. > :30:32.indicating a region that we have had a nice science result, add. It was
:30:33. > :30:39.published at 6.00pm. Fresh off the press, as it were. Looking at one of
:30:40. > :30:46.the key science images of Rosetta. How a comet works. Where does the
:30:47. > :30:52.gas come from and this result has identified, conclusively that we
:30:53. > :30:57.have water ice on the surface. It has seen undetected and unidentified
:30:58. > :31:01.ice on the surface - water ice. How will this mission end? We have nine
:31:02. > :31:04.months left. We will end in September. We will get clears and
:31:05. > :31:07.closer to the comet and carry out what we are calling a controlled
:31:08. > :31:13.impact of the surface. So we will, if you want, land Rosetta on the
:31:14. > :31:20.surface. . And even in the approach you will get better and better
:31:21. > :31:24.images? We are still planning how to do it. It is complicated to orbit
:31:25. > :31:29.around. The gravitational pull is nuts. As we get closer and clears
:31:30. > :31:33.we'll try to keep the images and data going. Terrific story. You will
:31:34. > :31:37.back next year with more information. Operationally that will
:31:38. > :31:42.be the end but science will rocket in. And a day to say goodbye to
:31:43. > :31:47.Rosetta. Tears shed but happy for the science. All this week, John
:31:48. > :31:52.Bishop is finding out how astronauts train for a trip into space. Crucial
:31:53. > :31:56.to that is managing to cope if the unexpected happens, like if the
:31:57. > :32:02.oxygen supply on the space station fails. Liz Bonnin is putting John
:32:03. > :32:07.through this procedure. Earlier we carried out a high poxy
:32:08. > :32:13.test with John. Where it means the body is being deprived of oxygen. We
:32:14. > :32:18.normally breathe 21%. We gave him 6.5%. Because of the air already in
:32:19. > :32:21.his lungs, the oxygen decreases gradually. But the effects are
:32:22. > :32:35.extreme. Please don't be alarmed. He was in good hands throughout.
:32:36. > :32:40.OK. The test has begun. You have been monitoring the statistics.
:32:41. > :32:44.And asking him to do tests. Put shapes into the ball. Write his name
:32:45. > :32:51.and telling the doctor how many numbers are on the card. Andreas
:32:52. > :33:01.Mogensen is here. Why do astronauts have to do this test? We need to
:33:02. > :33:05.learn to recognise the is imtochls hypoxia. It is important to
:33:06. > :33:10.recognise the symptoms and save yourself if it should happen. So far
:33:11. > :33:19.John is doing well. Writing his name perfectly, quick at reacting to the
:33:20. > :33:23.card numbers. So he's still pretty much focussing well. There is of
:33:24. > :33:30.course oxygen in his lungs. There will be a gradual decrease of oxygen
:33:31. > :33:33.in his system. You lose situational awareness and you don't realise it
:33:34. > :33:37.is happening, you don't recognise the need to do something to save
:33:38. > :33:40.yourself in this situation. We are looking for the percentage
:33:41. > :33:47.saturation in the blood. Normally we are about 100. Doctors start area
:33:48. > :33:56.worrying about 90%. We are going down to how low? About 70%, which is
:33:57. > :33:59.about the equivalent of Mont Blanc altitude without being acclimatised.
:34:00. > :34:03.He struggled a bit there. He took a little longer to find the hole for
:34:04. > :34:07.that shape. You can sense he is getting frustrated. Yes. That
:34:08. > :34:12.frustration builds up because you are so concentrated. You know you
:34:13. > :34:17.have to solve the task. I really want to help him. It seems such a
:34:18. > :34:21.simple task and look, he can not find the shape at all. He could do
:34:22. > :34:25.it a couple of minutes ago and now he can't. 72%. Dr, are you still
:34:26. > :34:33.happy with the performance? Everything OK? Happy. I want to give
:34:34. > :34:37.him a hug. I know I can't. John, we make oar short break. Write your
:34:38. > :34:39.name again, please. OK, he is writing his name with more
:34:40. > :34:54.difficulty. He can still write it. 69%
:34:55. > :34:59.saturation. We stop the test. Continue breathing
:35:00. > :35:06.regularly. Continue to breathe in and south. Nice deep breaths. We are
:35:07. > :35:13.going to let John recover. Give us your thumb, are you OK? Perfect. As
:35:14. > :35:18.you can see, he is doing well. Good job, amazing. Thank you. Here he is,
:35:19. > :35:23.fighting fit. Talk to your fans. I think they were worried. I'm well.
:35:24. > :35:28.Well I'm not. I'm sick, I have found out Arsenal has beaten Liverpool
:35:29. > :35:35.3-2. He is fine, clearly. Full analysis coming up. What are you
:35:36. > :35:42.like? . Recognise niece numbers? Thank you very much. To reassure
:35:43. > :35:51.you, John is fine and now can sort shapes. Next ladies and gentlemen,
:35:52. > :35:56.Orion, home to some of the stars in the galaxy and one of the things to
:35:57. > :36:00.spot in the night's guy. The best time to go out and spot it is
:36:01. > :36:04.between November and February and because Orion is a large and
:36:05. > :36:08.distinctive constellation people have been observing t navigating by
:36:09. > :36:14.it, even worshipping it for thousands of years. But I don't know
:36:15. > :36:26.if anybody realising quite how special Orion is. The stars in Orion
:36:27. > :36:29.are located between 1 and 8 million billion years from us. Tonight I
:36:30. > :36:34.want to bring it much closer to home. I want to share it and the
:36:35. > :36:37.stories of the stars within it with people who may never have looked up
:36:38. > :36:42.at the constellation before. Hidden in Orion, if you know where to look,
:36:43. > :36:51.are some of the chart-topping highlights of the night's sky. We
:36:52. > :36:56.have set up three telescopes and connected them to projectors to show
:36:57. > :37:01.some unsuspecting passers by. That's what our telescopes are picking up
:37:02. > :37:05.now. Orion's biggest treasures. Have you ever seen anything like that
:37:06. > :37:08.before? Not on the side of a building on a telescope In our city
:37:09. > :37:12.centre projection it is possible to pick out the main stars of the
:37:13. > :37:17.constellation. What do you look for when you are trying to find Orion?
:37:18. > :37:22.The belt Brilliant. From the three stars that make up Orion's belt, the
:37:23. > :37:26.five bright stars around it create the shape of his body with his
:37:27. > :37:33.right-hand raised, holding a club and the left hand holding a shield
:37:34. > :37:38.or a bow. There is a sword hanging from his belt. Can you see a body
:37:39. > :37:52.snool very loosely. What kind of stance do you think Orion is making?
:37:53. > :37:57.Like a party one. I think that's the 21st century interpretation of
:37:58. > :37:59.Orion. In Orion's sword you can see some of the newest stars in the
:38:00. > :38:00.universe. Orion. In Orion's sword you can see
:38:01. > :38:06.some of the newest stars in the universe. Come over here, this is a
:38:07. > :38:10.cloud of gas and dust, called a nub louse, where stars are being born.
:38:11. > :38:14.Even in the city centre our telescope can see surprising detail.
:38:15. > :38:19.All that gas and dust is being pulled together by gravity.
:38:20. > :38:27.New stars form when clumps get so big, dense and hot that they
:38:28. > :38:32.effectively burst into life. It is like a prism of colour. You can see
:38:33. > :38:36.all the different shades. It is a beautiful colour, isn't it? Now I
:38:37. > :38:40.can show you another screen that gives us an even better view into
:38:41. > :38:45.this nub louse and we can have a look at some of the stars.
:38:46. > :38:51.This is another live feed from the telescopes. A wonderful shot. Gather
:38:52. > :38:57.around. This is the view at the very heart of the Orion nebula. The four
:38:58. > :39:01.stars in the middle. They sort of make a wonkey square would you
:39:02. > :39:07.agree? It is called the trapezium cluster because of the shape it has.
:39:08. > :39:22.You can see they blue white in colour, hot stars. One of them which
:39:23. > :39:23.has a catchy name, that star is the hottest star you can pick up with
:39:24. > :39:31.the You need a telescope to make it out
:39:32. > :39:40.from the others around it but you can see it in the Orion nebula. It
:39:41. > :39:45.has a heat of 45,000 degrees Celsius. There is almost as much
:39:46. > :39:50.variety inner rye yob as there is in the rest of the sky. It goes to show
:39:51. > :39:53.that even the most familiar constellations could be packed full
:39:54. > :40:01.of hidden treasures, all within plain sight. ! Well, it is such a
:40:02. > :40:06.shame it is cloudy tonight and we about the can't get a view of Orion
:40:07. > :40:11.but last night after we went off air the skies cleared. So we remain
:40:12. > :40:15.hopeful. I have Liverpool astronomical society with me here
:40:16. > :40:19.and Ellie you have brought down one of your telescopes. I have to ask,
:40:20. > :40:24.does the weather put you off? Not exactly. I still love the view. Even
:40:25. > :40:29.though it is cloudy there is still hope it'll brighten up and you may
:40:30. > :40:35.be able to see some things. Worth persevering. . What is your
:40:36. > :40:42.favourite part of Orion? Probably the nebula. It is beautiful and
:40:43. > :40:46.where new stars are made My favourite part too. Even through
:40:47. > :40:50.binoculars, you get a great view. If you want to find out your chances of
:40:51. > :40:51.seeing it where you live. Here is John
:40:52. > :40:52.you want to find out your chances of seeing it where you live. Here is
:40:53. > :40:56.John with the weather. You will have to be patient if you
:40:57. > :40:59.want to see much of the night's sky over the next couple of nights.
:41:00. > :41:05.Overnight if you want to see Catalina comet or the last of Orion,
:41:06. > :41:08.northern parts of Scotlands. A mixture of rain and snow else where.
:41:09. > :41:11.For a glimpse of the space station and Tim Peake, better chances later
:41:12. > :41:14.on in the night after midnight. Things clearing up across Northern
:41:15. > :41:19.Ireland, too, but for the bulk of England and Wales, we keep a lot of
:41:20. > :41:23.cloud. Southern counties may see lengthier clear spells towards the
:41:24. > :41:26.end of night. Much better chances overall as we go through tomorrow
:41:27. > :41:33.night. There will be a few areas of cloud and wintry showers but clearer
:41:34. > :41:39.skies in general. If you want to see the Catalina comet I would bank on
:41:40. > :41:44.tomorrow night with the clear skies. If you are out stargazing you will
:41:45. > :41:49.need layers, it is going to be tonight. So to sum up: Cloudy
:41:50. > :41:54.tonight. A much better prospect for tomorrow night. It has stopped
:41:55. > :41:58.raining. The third step towards astronomy. Lots of you have been
:41:59. > :42:02.taking pictures, despite the weather, of Orion like this one from
:42:03. > :42:07.David, which I think is a beautiful picture. You can see the colours of
:42:08. > :42:14.the star-forming regions in the Orion nebula. And this from Geoff.
:42:15. > :42:21.You see the scale of the constellation of Orion, the majesty
:42:22. > :42:24.of it against the hills and one from Tim Peake, on the International
:42:25. > :42:25.Space Station. What is wonderful about this is your eyes have drawn
:42:26. > :42:28.to the lights on the surface about this is your eyes have drawn
:42:29. > :42:33.to the lights on the surface of the Earth. But lift your gaze above the
:42:34. > :42:37.atmosphere into space which is what Stargazing Live is all about and you
:42:38. > :42:42.see the constellation of Orion. I'm going to press a button. You
:42:43. > :42:45.will explain Y I'm going to shift 10,000 athleterings of air from
:42:46. > :42:50.either side of that steel drum. Let me explain T you saw actually with
:42:51. > :42:57.John Bishop the oxygen starvation demo. -- explain it. The challenge
:42:58. > :42:58.in space is to keep air inside the International Space Station
:42:59. > :43:03.essentially at one atmosphere pressure. What we thought we would
:43:04. > :43:08.do is we would show you what one atmosphere pressure can do. We are
:43:09. > :43:22.pumping the air out of that cylinder. All you have seen is the
:43:23. > :43:27.pressure of our atmosphere crushing that steel pressure which is about 3
:43:28. > :43:31.mm thick. We don't notice it usually, you see because we are used
:43:32. > :43:34.to it. That gives you some sense about how difficult spacecraft
:43:35. > :43:37.design it. Interestingly, not a great sense because that's the
:43:38. > :43:41.pressure difference between inside the space station and outside. There
:43:42. > :43:45.we have the vacuum inside atmospheric pressure outside. The
:43:46. > :43:49.space station it is the other way around but cylinders can withstand
:43:50. > :43:54.pressure on the inside pushing out, much better than they can withstand
:43:55. > :43:57.pressure on the outside pushing in. That steel thing is collapsing on
:43:58. > :43:59.pressure outside and vacuum inside. If it is the other way around, this
:44:00. > :44:08.is all they need. A fizzy drink if you heat it up has
:44:09. > :44:11.two atmosphere of pressure or more inside. The same pressure difference
:44:12. > :44:15.is there as there is between the outside and inside of that but
:44:16. > :44:20.because it is pushing out, like a spacecraft it can withstand T I
:44:21. > :44:25.should say the space station is about what, 3 millimetres thick, but
:44:26. > :44:30.of alminimum, roughly as thick of that, obviously strong enough to
:44:31. > :44:36.withstand. The lunar module on Apollo was a tenth of that. It was
:44:37. > :44:45.about three sheets of aluminium foil between the at troe noughts and
:44:46. > :44:50.space. It gives you sense of the strange counterintuitive nature of
:44:51. > :44:57.physics T can take more pressure pushing out than pushing in. I feel
:44:58. > :45:02.uncomfortable with this ten feet away with from me. In a amendment
:45:03. > :45:12.we'll hear about the latest about plans top land on the moon and
:45:13. > :45:17.possibly create a human... Oh. Am I a human shield. Can we get out of
:45:18. > :45:21.this fast? Let's hear about the challenge of working out about the
:45:22. > :45:26.long journey to get there. I'm out of here, bye.
:45:27. > :45:34.The 1980s. A decade when technology changed our lives forever. Filled
:45:35. > :45:42.with optimism, ambitious scientists look towards space travel as well.
:45:43. > :45:47.They created biosphere two, a living ecosystem, completely sealed from
:45:48. > :45:54.the outside world. A prototype for a human habitat on Mars. Amongst the
:45:55. > :46:00.aid volunteers who signed up for two years inside was Doctor Mark Nelson.
:46:01. > :46:04.In that little world, we had everything from an Amazon
:46:05. > :46:11.rainforest, savanna grassland with tropics and then we had a coral reef
:46:12. > :46:15.and a tropical ocean. But almost immediately, things started to go
:46:16. > :46:21.wrong. The crew could barely grow enough to eat and the oxygen started
:46:22. > :46:27.mysteriously disappearing. But the biggest problem was not
:46:28. > :46:34.technological. The fact that you are limited to seven other people is
:46:35. > :46:40.definitely a hardship. Under the strain of isolation, the crew
:46:41. > :46:49.started to fall apart. There were a couple of unpleasant events. Things
:46:50. > :46:52.got rather heated inside. Biosphere2 abandoned human experiments after
:46:53. > :46:57.just three years. If it had proved anything, it was a human -- that
:46:58. > :47:07.human relations were as delicate as the technology.
:47:08. > :47:16.This is the man Ulloa volcano in Hawaii. It is as close as it gets to
:47:17. > :47:20.a Martian landscape on earth. Here, professor Kim Grinstead is
:47:21. > :47:25.conducting an experiment to help select the right mix of crew for
:47:26. > :47:29.future space missions. Nasa is sending astronauts on a two and a
:47:30. > :47:34.half year to three year long mission to Mars and they want to make sure
:47:35. > :47:40.the human component of that system is working as well as the other
:47:41. > :47:44.components. She is putting a group of would-be human space settlers
:47:45. > :47:47.through their paces. Within the habitat, they have a very limited
:47:48. > :47:54.amount of space the six people and they are using water and eating food
:47:55. > :47:57.like they would on Mars, so the food is all freeze-dried and shelf stable
:47:58. > :48:02.and they try to use as little water as possible and that is because
:48:03. > :48:07.water is very hard to get on Mars. Six people have been here for three
:48:08. > :48:11.months so far. This is a very challenging mission for the crew.
:48:12. > :48:15.They don't get to interact directly with any other humans for an entire
:48:16. > :48:24.year and that is a real stressor. To add to the pressure, she gives them
:48:25. > :48:30.regular tests. Today, she wants to see how they will react to an
:48:31. > :48:37.emergency. Please be advised, do not move, you have had an accident. If
:48:38. > :48:43.one falls and cracks their helmet. On Mars, her spacesuit would rapidly
:48:44. > :48:49.lose oxygen. This is the medical officer, ...
:48:50. > :49:01.The crew must act quickly to save her.
:49:02. > :49:09.The crack is repaired with, you guessed it, gaffer tape. After
:49:10. > :49:18.checking she is not badly injured, she will be taken back to the
:49:19. > :49:25.habitat. The drill and their teamwork is a success. But it is as
:49:26. > :49:29.much a test of Kim's selection process as it is her crew. We look
:49:30. > :49:34.to people with thick skins, long fuses and an optimistic outlook. We
:49:35. > :49:37.like people who are easily entertained and I know that sounds
:49:38. > :49:40.trivial but if you are the kind of person who needs a wild weekend out
:49:41. > :49:46.clubbing to really be happy, you are not going to be happy in the
:49:47. > :49:52.habitat. Kim must then get the mix right. You want to make sure there
:49:53. > :49:56.is no isolation and there are no fault lines. You wouldn't want five
:49:57. > :50:00.Americans and one international crew member, that would isolate the
:50:01. > :50:03.international crew member. Similarly, let's imagine you have
:50:04. > :50:08.three men and three women. That is all great but what you really don't
:50:09. > :50:11.want is three female civilian scientists and three male military
:50:12. > :50:16.engineers, that is guaranteed to set up a fault line. Kim believes that
:50:17. > :50:21.this strategy will lead to a successful crew on a mission to
:50:22. > :50:25.Mars. And as it will take at least six months just to get there, there
:50:26. > :50:30.is a lot riding on this kind of experiment.
:50:31. > :50:34.Nasa says it is hoping to get people to Mars by the 2030s and plans by
:50:35. > :50:37.the European space agency and the Russian space and gypsy to land on
:50:38. > :50:46.the moon could help with that. ESA and Roscosmos want to send people to
:50:47. > :50:50.the moon's South Pole, one of the few areas that could prepare humans
:50:51. > :50:56.for a mission to the surface and possible settlement. Jan Woerner is
:50:57. > :51:02.a director-general of the European space agency, welcome to Stargazing.
:51:03. > :51:08.That plan for ESA and Roscosmos to send a robotic mission to the moon?
:51:09. > :51:12.We are planning together with Roscosmos to send Luna 27, or lunar
:51:13. > :51:16.resource, to the South pole of the moon, because the South Pole is a
:51:17. > :51:20.very interesting place. We sometimes talking about Pink Floyd and the
:51:21. > :51:25.dark side of the mood, but there is no dark side. The far side and the
:51:26. > :51:29.near side are bright and dark depending on the time. On the South
:51:30. > :51:33.Pole, we have a crater and inside the crater, it is permanently dark
:51:34. > :51:39.and outside, it is permanently bright, so we can use from the sun
:51:40. > :51:45.permanently at the one time and within the crater, we can look for
:51:46. > :51:49.water, because we expect water in ice, and there is ice on the South
:51:50. > :51:58.pole of the moon. How big is the crater? : that is, it is really
:51:59. > :52:01.huge. And in the context of human exploration, if we find water there,
:52:02. > :52:07.does it mean it will be a prime site for a human mission? Yes, for
:52:08. > :52:10.several reasons. Water is very important for human missions or any
:52:11. > :52:13.mission going further into the universe, because you need some
:52:14. > :52:18.propulsion. You cannot put all of the propulsion or fuel from the
:52:19. > :52:25.earth, it is too expensive, but if we find water on the moon, the
:52:26. > :52:29.contents of hydrogen and oxygen, we can produce hydrogen and oxygen and
:52:30. > :52:34.this is a perfect fuel for rockets, so we can use this even as a
:52:35. > :52:36.stepping stone for further travel. Are their psychological
:52:37. > :52:40.considerations? We watched a video that the choice of people being
:52:41. > :52:43.important, the isolation can affect them. In terms of where you place
:52:44. > :52:48.people on the moon, should they be able to see the Earth? That is a
:52:49. > :52:53.good point, the psychological point and especially if you go to Mars. If
:52:54. > :52:58.you look to the sky right now and you see Mars is a very small red
:52:59. > :53:03.dot, you would see in the other direction, the Earth is a very small
:53:04. > :53:06.pale blue dot only. If you go to Mars, this is a really psychological
:53:07. > :53:12.aspect but if you go to the moon, you will have very easy contact with
:53:13. > :53:18.transmission, normal transmission, so you can even have Skype to the
:53:19. > :53:22.moon, this is possible, but you are right, as soon as we go to the far
:53:23. > :53:27.side of the moon for a longer duration, we have this psychological
:53:28. > :53:30.effect as well. And the idea is not an Apollo type mission where you
:53:31. > :53:36.land and come back, the vision is to put a permanent base on the moon?
:53:37. > :53:39.And not only that, if we look to all missions so far, either to the moon
:53:40. > :53:44.or to Mars or whatever robotic missions, human missions, whenever
:53:45. > :53:47.they went to some place, they brought everything there and
:53:48. > :53:51.sometimes they brought something back, but they never used the
:53:52. > :53:56.material there. So the idea is to go to the moon and learn to use the
:53:57. > :54:01.material over there. We have moon soil over there and with that, we
:54:02. > :54:04.can build structures. We even intend to build a telescope on the far side
:54:05. > :54:07.of the moon or at least in the shadow of the crater, so the
:54:08. > :54:13.radiation which comes from the Earth is not disturbing the signal. And
:54:14. > :54:17.unlike the race to the moon in the 1960s, do you believe this can only
:54:18. > :54:20.be done as an international collaboration? It should be done as
:54:21. > :54:24.an international collaboration and it can also only be done as an
:54:25. > :54:29.international collaboration but at these times, where we have earthly
:54:30. > :54:34.crisis, space is always bridging these crisis. So even during the
:54:35. > :54:42.Ukraine crisis, we launched Russian and American and German and European
:54:43. > :54:48.astronauts from Kazakhstan. So space can bridge these earthly problems.
:54:49. > :54:52.So I suppose if we have the perverse Max Fricke public support and the
:54:53. > :54:57.will, we could do it now, but when do you use for see the beginnings of
:54:58. > :55:05.a base -- if we had the public support and the wheel. We have a
:55:06. > :55:08.European astronaut over their, Tim Peake, and the Space Station is
:55:09. > :55:12.excellent, we are doing research there for different purposes and the
:55:13. > :55:18.station will take about another ten years but we need also for future
:55:19. > :55:21.exploration, a plan. Exploration fascinates people and what we need
:55:22. > :55:27.in Europe is inspiration, motivation and more than just another new
:55:28. > :55:31.iPhone. Thank you very much. Earlier in the show, John Bishop enjoyed
:55:32. > :55:35.having his brain deprived of oxygen as part of astronaut training. Liz,
:55:36. > :55:42.we are just checking, John is still OK? Welcome back, Dara, John is
:55:43. > :55:46.absolutely fine. We are in a carbon copy of the Columbus module. Does
:55:47. > :55:50.this take you back, Andreas Kushi Mark certainly does, this is where I
:55:51. > :55:56.used to sleep. I used to hook my sleeping bag appear. John, you are
:55:57. > :56:04.fighting fit, back to normal. Described to me how that felt, now
:56:05. > :56:08.that you recall it? It was scary, the clamp on the nose made it scary
:56:09. > :56:12.but you just feel your cognitive powers starting to go and you just
:56:13. > :56:15.focus on what you are doing. It really does bring home what that
:56:16. > :56:19.would be like if you are on the Space Station and there is an
:56:20. > :56:24.emergency. I can't quite fathom how you would be able to get yourself
:56:25. > :56:28.out of that situation properly, it is a very difficult thing to deal
:56:29. > :56:31.with. Yes, you have to be aware of what is going on, you have to
:56:32. > :56:35.maintain your situational awareness and that is what this training is
:56:36. > :56:41.about, to give you a hint of how your body reacts. But you don't get
:56:42. > :56:46.very long, within minutes, you decrease in power. You are great for
:56:47. > :56:49.a while then deteriorated dramatically. You can't improve that
:56:50. > :56:56.this? You can't become more resilient? No, it is what we have
:56:57. > :57:00.pressure sensors that alert us to the pressure dropping and we have to
:57:01. > :57:05.react. Would you let him lead an emergency ventilation situation on
:57:06. > :57:12.the station? Sure. A couple of years more training, maybe. Just open the
:57:13. > :57:15.window! It is not over for you yet, tomorrow you face potentially the
:57:16. > :57:20.most challenging test, you are going to be spun around in short on
:57:21. > :57:24.centrifuge. Normally, astronauts train in centrifuges to get used to
:57:25. > :57:29.the G forces of launches and re-entries. This is different, it is
:57:30. > :57:32.testing how to keep the body in good condition for longer missions, to
:57:33. > :57:37.Mars, for example. Have you ever been spun in a centrifuge before?
:57:38. > :57:41.Who has? It is the one thing I am not looking forward to. If you can
:57:42. > :57:47.do the high proxy, you can do anything. You are a brave man. --
:57:48. > :57:51.hypoxia. Join us tomorrow for some more space training from the man
:57:52. > :57:52.himself. I for 1am looking forward to that. Albert Hughes asks
:57:53. > :57:57.Stargazing Live, you to that. Albert Hughes asks
:57:58. > :58:01.distance and years in billions, do you mean a million million or the
:58:02. > :58:07.new thousand million? Thousand million. That is it, we are back
:58:08. > :58:11.tomorrow, more from Tim Peake on the Space Station and plus asteroids,
:58:12. > :58:16.the danger they pose to have and what we should do. Then Miller, the
:58:17. > :58:19.actor and comedian, will help us examine gravity across the solar
:58:20. > :58:24.system by strapping himself to some giant helium filled balloons. Like a
:58:25. > :58:32.strange version of Up. Then join us at 9pm for a special edition on
:58:33. > :58:35.Friday where we are joined by Chris Hadfield, former commander of the
:58:36. > :58:40.International Space Station, veteran spacewalk. Goodbye the now.