:00:10. > :00:17.Tonight we have great news. Stargazing viewers may have made a
:00:18. > :00:20.genuinely significant scientific discovery. Thousands of you have
:00:21. > :00:29.been hunting for pulsars - or elusive spinning stars. We will be
:00:30. > :00:33.listening to some of the new once you have found with the giant is
:00:34. > :00:39.behind us and also to not what it is like a walk on the moon, Ben Miller
:00:40. > :00:40.will join us to find out with the help of a few balloons. We have more
:00:41. > :00:47.from bridge in space Tim Peake about life in orbit. And the final part of
:00:48. > :00:49.astronaut training for Tim Peake wannabe John Bishop. So far we've
:00:50. > :00:56.nearly drowned him, starved him of oxygen and tonight he has to cope
:00:57. > :00:57.with the dreaded centrifuge. I'm lie, he's Dara O Briain and this is
:00:58. > :01:17.Stargazing Live. Welcome back to this beautiful clear
:01:18. > :01:26.night at Jodrell Bank Observatory, my goodness, we are all counting
:01:27. > :01:26.down to the historic my goodness, we are all counting
:01:27. > :01:30.show we will get a snapshot of ordinary life on the International
:01:31. > :01:32.Space Station. A genuinely significant discovery, that is not
:01:33. > :01:37.the usual kind of television, you may say that we would say that, but
:01:38. > :01:41.we have been speaking to a fantastic team of scientists today, we are
:01:42. > :01:46.excited about the thing you have found, we are talking about pulsars,
:01:47. > :01:53.we have one of the astronomy grates with us, the discoverer of pulsars,
:01:54. > :01:58.to discuss that discovery. If you have anything to ask, send us your
:01:59. > :02:06.questions, and if you would like to get their behind-the-scenes look,
:02:07. > :02:09.the usual addresses on screen out. It's also a great night to get out
:02:10. > :02:11.and start looking up at the stars - Lucie is out in our Dark Field
:02:12. > :02:14.now... I'm joined here by astronomers from the University of
:02:15. > :02:19.Manchester, and I know that you said it is a clear night but it is just
:02:20. > :02:22.clouded over! Just five minutes ago we had a fantastic view of Comet
:02:23. > :02:31.Catalina, near the star allocate, in the handle of the plough, but the
:02:32. > :02:35.clouds have come in. We are optimistic. This evening we will be
:02:36. > :02:40.looking at the future of the sun through our telescopes, back to you
:02:41. > :02:46.in the studio. First, this week has been all about astronaut Tim Peake.
:02:47. > :02:50.Tomorrow, we will bring his been all about astronaut Tim Peake.
:02:51. > :02:57.ever spacewalk, and we will be been all about astronaut Tim Peake.
:02:58. > :03:00.joined by Chris Hadfield. To give us an idea of the kind of training
:03:01. > :03:02.Tim's been through - Liz Bonnin has been at the European Space Agency's
:03:03. > :03:04.Astronaut Training Centre in Cologne with John Bishop - setting him a
:03:05. > :03:07.series of astronaut tests... She should be preparing John for his
:03:08. > :03:14.latest and last mission. It could well be the end of him! LAUGHTER
:03:15. > :03:17.Welcome to Envihab, at the German Aerospace Centre, state-of-the-art
:03:18. > :03:22.medical research facility, I am so excited to show you this, we speak
:03:23. > :03:26.about ground-breaking signs on Stargazing all of the time and this
:03:27. > :03:32.could be the game change that is needed for long duration manned
:03:33. > :03:37.missions to space. This is the short arm human centrifuge, and over here,
:03:38. > :03:42.training astronaut for the week, lying in one of its arms, about to
:03:43. > :03:46.do his last training exercises. This was the one you were dreading the
:03:47. > :03:57.most. Not looking forward to it, I do not even like the waltzer! I get
:03:58. > :04:02.motion sickness! Your mentor, Agnes Morgenstern, he he has been your
:04:03. > :04:07.always, and he is going to help you. You train them to get used to rocket
:04:08. > :04:13.launches and re-entrance. We go up to about 8G, that is to simulate an
:04:14. > :04:19.uncontrolled ballistic re-entry, that is when you are plummeting
:04:20. > :04:22.towards the ground. What does that feel like? You are pressed into your
:04:23. > :04:28.seat with eight times your own body weight, more than 700 kilograms of
:04:29. > :04:34.weight, it is like a cow sitting on your chest! 1G on earth, this
:04:35. > :04:37.machine can go from zero to 60, in 30 seconds, and when you were told
:04:38. > :04:43.you were doing this, what kind of Jeans were you thinking about?
:04:44. > :04:49.Re-entry is 3.5, four, at this is different, it is a different
:04:50. > :04:52.machine. -- what kind of G. This is reminiscent of what fighter pilots
:04:53. > :04:55.go through, the G-force passes from your head to your feet, there is a
:04:56. > :05:02.chance you could pass out through lack of blood to your brain.
:05:03. > :05:09.Thanks! LAUGHTER It is difficult to breathe but there
:05:10. > :05:13.is no danger of passing out. This herd has got to go over your head,
:05:14. > :05:17.the flashing lights can cause fits blackout, but there is a camera in
:05:18. > :05:28.there, so we are keeping a close eye on you, and so we are ready for
:05:29. > :05:32.this, John, are you ready? -- hood. This is so much fun! LAUGHTER
:05:33. > :05:35.You wanted to be an astronaut! He would join a very select set of
:05:36. > :05:38.people who have been in a centrifuge for the purpose of this programme.
:05:39. > :05:44.What is interesting, astronaut Andreas was eight G, he looked
:05:45. > :05:48.exactly the same as he does at 1G. Where is asked... Me, in particular!
:05:49. > :05:58.LAUGHTER That is about 5.5, if I remember...
:05:59. > :05:58.Five, coming straight through... It pulls the blood out of you and you
:05:59. > :06:06.Five, coming straight through... It would faint at that point. That is
:06:07. > :06:08.my excuse for that face! Back in October last year, we had our
:06:09. > :06:14.closest approach in nearly a decade from a major asteroid of
:06:15. > :06:20.earth-threatening size. What became known as the 'Halloween Asteroid' -
:06:21. > :06:20.this spookily skull-shaped thing - loomed out of deep space
:06:21. > :06:22.this spookily skull-shaped thing - 31st. And it was just the latest in
:06:23. > :06:26.a long line of close encounters. And one day, whether we like it or not,
:06:27. > :06:28.something very big is going to be on a collision course with earth -
:06:29. > :06:34.doing a lot of damage...unless we do something about it. VOICEOVER: It
:06:35. > :06:41.came without warning... A ten tonne rock, on a collision course with
:06:42. > :06:45.Earth... Nearly a thousand people have been injured by debris
:06:46. > :06:47.Earth... Nearly a thousand people flying glass after a media shot
:06:48. > :06:51.across the sky in Russia, sending fireballs crashing to. With the
:06:52. > :06:56.power of 13 nuclear bombs, it was a warning shot from space, telling of
:06:57. > :07:01.an earth-shattering disaster waiting to terror the world apart. --
:07:02. > :07:14.sending fireballs crashing to earth. What if next time it was bigger? Are
:07:15. > :07:22.we ready? Alex Gibbs is the nightwatchman, his job is to look
:07:23. > :07:26.we ready? Alex Gibbs is the out for asteroids that written our
:07:27. > :07:31.planet. As the sun sets, his watch at the Catalina sky survey telescope
:07:32. > :07:35.begins. The asteroids we look for really do pose a threat to the
:07:36. > :07:41.Earth, and we are interested in those over a certain size that could
:07:42. > :07:51.do damage. Catalina is among a global network of asteroid spotting
:07:52. > :07:52.telescopes, and here we have a live image coming back
:07:53. > :07:57.telescopes, and here we have a live spots that move in successive
:07:58. > :08:02.photographs. Four hours, there is nothing. But just after midnight, as
:08:03. > :08:10.we are filming, Alex spots something. -- for hours. Here we go,
:08:11. > :08:13.this object is moving faster than quite a lot of the stuff that we
:08:14. > :08:21.see, it looks interesting, it is almost definitely a near Earth
:08:22. > :08:23.asteroid. Brand-new discovery, Alex is keen to launch a well rehearsed
:08:24. > :08:26.procedure. I'm going to send this to the Minor Planet Centre, so that
:08:27. > :08:31.other observers around the world can follow it up. First step in
:08:32. > :08:39.assessing the threat to Earth. If the risk is higher, the next call is
:08:40. > :08:45.to Nasa. Scientists will calculate the impact site... The US president
:08:46. > :08:50.will be informed, and if necessary, orders are given to evacuate. What
:08:51. > :08:55.is the assessment tonight? Are we doomed(!) in my opinion this
:08:56. > :09:00.asteroid is quite small, robbery in the order of the few metres at most,
:09:01. > :09:09.maybe ten, small enough that even if it hit the Earth, it would burn out.
:09:10. > :09:17.For now, we are safe... What if it was bigger? And heading towards
:09:18. > :09:25.Earth? One ingenious solution takes some rather surprising inspiration!
:09:26. > :09:32.It might not look it, but this is a serious demonstration of how this
:09:33. > :09:38.professor plans to save the world. Essentially, the gas and the
:09:39. > :09:44.particles injected from the extinguisher were propelling the
:09:45. > :09:53.person. And that is the same principle that we want to use to
:09:54. > :09:57.deflect an asteroid. -- ejected. Using lasers in his laboratory at
:09:58. > :10:03.the University of Strathclyde, Max is going to test the theory. This is
:10:04. > :10:13.a sample of meteorite, made from the same material as an asteroid. It is
:10:14. > :10:22.suspended in front of a superpowered laser. And we will try to vaporise
:10:23. > :10:29.part of the meteorite. It will be like a rocket engine. It is heated
:10:30. > :10:37.up to 3000 degrees, creating a gas jet, a bit like a fire extinguisher.
:10:38. > :10:40.The jet of gas expands in one direction, the meteorite in space
:10:41. > :10:44.would move any opposite direction, changing trajectory. Thus saving the
:10:45. > :10:56.world from a catastrophic impact. Max's dream is one of a handful of
:10:57. > :11:00.serious projects. Like Nasa's planned to crash into
:11:01. > :11:03.serious projects. Like Nasa's 2022, to see if they cannot it off
:11:04. > :11:09.course. It is all a long way from becoming a reality. So, in the
:11:10. > :11:12.meantime, we rely upon Alex! And his early warning system.
:11:13. > :11:21.STUDIO: The Halloween Asteroid that we did not see until three weeks
:11:22. > :11:28.before... Interesting object, looking at this series of still
:11:29. > :11:33.images, it is actually a dead comet nucleus, we talked about Rosetta
:11:34. > :11:36.yesterday, this was a nucleus, we talked about Rosetta
:11:37. > :11:40.the solar system for 4.6 billion years, the interesting thing is that
:11:41. > :11:44.we did not see it, it came up at an angle, essentially, not one of those
:11:45. > :11:47.that we had seen in the surveys, taking us by surprise, when you plot
:11:48. > :11:52.its orbit, I can show you... taking us by surprise, when you plot
:11:53. > :11:56.show you what its orbit is, it is very inclined, to the plane of the
:11:57. > :11:59.solar system, it would have got knocked out of the plane by
:12:00. > :12:05.interaction with a planet that went past Jupiter, at some point. That is
:12:06. > :12:08.why we did not see it. We can calculate where it has been and
:12:09. > :12:13.where it is going to be in the future, it came passed in 1975, we
:12:14. > :12:19.found out, and we did not see it. Will it come past again? That is a
:12:20. > :12:21.40 year orbital period, yes, we know this one is not a danger but it will
:12:22. > :12:28.come back. It is about this one is not a danger but it will
:12:29. > :12:35.circumference... So that is about as big as the famous impact into
:12:36. > :12:40.busker, in Russia, in 1908... That flattened about five miles of
:12:41. > :12:44.forest. -- Tunguska. Even something 20 metres in the conference, if it
:12:45. > :12:48.hits a city at the right angle, it would pretty much wiped out a city,
:12:49. > :12:54.they are dangerous things. This is one of the reasons why, for space
:12:55. > :12:58.travel, for astronomy, this is very important, this is a real danger. If
:12:59. > :13:03.you calculate the big risk to civil as Asian, that is not
:13:04. > :13:08.self-inflicted, then asteroid impact, at some point, is one of
:13:09. > :13:11.them, and that is why, as you say, people like Tim Peake are learning
:13:12. > :13:16.to be engineers, to live and work in space, it is there will be
:13:17. > :13:18.to be engineers, to live and work in we can say this in certainty, it may
:13:19. > :13:25.be in 1000 years, but there will be a time when we have got to deal with
:13:26. > :13:30.something bigger than that. Ben Miller has joined us in the
:13:31. > :13:37.Darkfield. Actor, comedian, and fan of all things space! Thank you for
:13:38. > :13:44.joining us. Exciting to be here! Clouds are coming and going. When we
:13:45. > :13:51.first interested in space? Child of the late 60s, man walked on the
:13:52. > :13:58.moon, Apollo... 15, 16... I remember one of my first memories is seeing
:13:59. > :14:00.the body on the moon! I felt like I had... Not only had we gone to the
:14:01. > :14:04.moon, we had taken had... Not only had we gone to the
:14:05. > :14:09.moon! Seeing the footprints on the surface of the moon now, so
:14:10. > :14:13.exciting, will we ever go back? Of course we will, we must build the
:14:14. > :14:18.space rockets of the future, we will tell reform the moon, it will be
:14:19. > :14:22.amazing! Nearest neighbour, we should not forget about it, but we
:14:23. > :14:26.will be talking about the future of our son, and there is a magnificent
:14:27. > :14:30.object, when you look at it through a specialist solar filter, it really
:14:31. > :14:36.comes to life. Perhaps you can tell me something about the sun, it is...
:14:37. > :14:39.This is something that fascinates me, and I know that you are an
:14:40. > :14:44.expert, it gets much hotter and much colder over periods of hundreds of
:14:45. > :14:49.years. What is going on? It does vary a lot, sometimes it is cooler,
:14:50. > :14:50.sometimes it is hotter, depends upon the wavelength of light. It all
:14:51. > :15:05.comes down to the magnetic field. And PM and flow of the size and
:15:06. > :15:09.complexity, marvellous object. ISS it possible to predict if it will
:15:10. > :15:14.get hotter or colder in the future? Hard to predict but we're working on
:15:15. > :15:25.that but one question I get asked ISS how the sun ISS going to die or,
:15:26. > :15:28.will it end up shining forever? I have joined friends from the
:15:29. > :15:33.Chipping Norton amateur astronomy group to reveal how the story of the
:15:34. > :15:38.sun can be written in the night sky. We will look for objects telling us
:15:39. > :15:46.about the stages of the life of his son, from its past and its present
:15:47. > :15:54.and also looking into the future. The son was born four and a half
:15:55. > :15:57.billion years ago in a cloud of gas and dust and I have challenged Alex
:15:58. > :16:05.to usurp telescope to show us one of these nebula. How are you getting
:16:06. > :16:09.on? I am surprised because it is so windy, I was expecting the stars to
:16:10. > :16:14.be all over the place and this is what I have got, this six minute
:16:15. > :16:20.exposure. That is stunning, this is a star-forming, one of the many you
:16:21. > :16:26.can see in the night sky? You can find the nebula to the east of
:16:27. > :16:31.Orion. It is incredible to think that the sun started off this way.
:16:32. > :16:39.That is right. Our part of the universe would have looked like this
:16:40. > :16:43.for .5 billion years ago? Birth is just the first chapter in the life
:16:44. > :16:49.of the star, the Sunnis in the prime of its life, like 90% of the stars
:16:50. > :16:56.we can see. -- the sun is. One, which looks like a son, seen from
:16:57. > :17:01.outer space, is called Sirius and that is what you are looking at?
:17:02. > :17:05.Sirius is always at the foot and to the left of Orion, one of the
:17:06. > :17:12.easiest stars to find. The naked eye is fantastic, pair of binoculars, it
:17:13. > :17:19.will knock your socks off. What I love about ten to is that a twinkle
:17:20. > :17:23.is more than most stars. It goes, it sentiments, it has these flashes of
:17:24. > :17:30.colour. It looks like a diamond sparkling in the sky. Stars like
:17:31. > :17:35.Sirius and the sun spend the vast majority of their life in this
:17:36. > :17:38.middle stage. But to reveal their future, I have asked our astronomers
:17:39. > :17:45.to find a star that has reached old age. How are you getting on? Fine.
:17:46. > :17:53.It is a bright start towards Orion, very easy to find. Aldebaran has
:17:54. > :17:59.used up much of its fuel, Andy Serkis has cooled down, it has
:18:00. > :18:02.become a Red Giant. The colour really stands out through this
:18:03. > :18:08.eyepiece. It is very distinctive to look at, very orange, very
:18:09. > :18:14.attractive star. It is nice to look up but the star and think about the
:18:15. > :18:20.sun becoming this time of object when it approaches the end of its
:18:21. > :18:25.life. Our sun will become a Red Giant as the surface cools. Then, in
:18:26. > :18:33.around five billion years or so from now, it will start to die. Looking
:18:34. > :18:35.this far into the future is the hardest, the sun will end its days
:18:36. > :18:40.as a glowing ball of carbon and oxygen, about the size of the Earth,
:18:41. > :18:51.simply fading as it cools down. It will become a White Dwarf. What will
:18:52. > :18:58.it look like Ben? -- then? Hello. Happy started the white -- spotted
:18:59. > :19:05.your White Dwarf? Yes, have a go. Look carefully. There are none too
:19:06. > :19:12.stars, the bright one is tempted, the one like the sun, but next to
:19:13. > :19:22.it, only visible thanks to a filter, there is a smaller, faint White
:19:23. > :19:25.Dwarf called Sirius B. We can see the remnant of a star and think that
:19:26. > :19:31.is what is quite a become of the sun, that is fascinating to watch
:19:32. > :19:34.and have a look at in the night sky. There you have it, our sun will
:19:35. > :19:41.become dwarf in around 5 billion years. But White Dwarves themselves
:19:42. > :19:45.can take aliens or trillions of years to cool down and completely
:19:46. > :19:53.fade away and that feels like the sun will shine forever.
:19:54. > :20:05.In look to the future. Want to ask, have you ever seen a dead star in
:20:06. > :20:07.the night sky? How poetic! That reminds me of David Bowie. They are
:20:08. > :20:12.hard to find. I want to show you one of them. We have collided again, the
:20:13. > :20:25.cloud has just come over but earlier we captured a White Dwarf. , Cron
:20:26. > :20:30.two! White Dwarves what the sun will become in five billion years. These
:20:31. > :20:38.are the fading embers of stars and work with tricky to use but. This is
:20:39. > :20:46.to the west of Orion. -- to spot. Question, I thought all stars ended
:20:47. > :20:53.in a supernova. They were the famous stars but only the biggest ones die
:20:54. > :20:55.out this way but our sun is not big enough to produce a supernova, the
:20:56. > :20:59.court will collapse of the outer layers explode into the solar system
:21:00. > :21:05.but there was one of them we saw a couple of years ago in the Cigar
:21:06. > :21:12.galaxy spotted by chance during a break in the clouds. By students at
:21:13. > :21:17.the London University. And the supernova star is so bright, you can
:21:18. > :21:23.see it on the right-hand side of the Cigar galaxy and this one star
:21:24. > :21:29.outshone all of the others. How long does a supernova last? It just
:21:30. > :21:33.happened during a break in the clouds, they then will fade away
:21:34. > :21:39.over weeks and months. Imagine that, a break in the clouds. Could this
:21:40. > :21:46.ever happen? I will keep their fingers crossed! Thank you, we have
:21:47. > :21:48.a correction, extra live television, I said that the Halloween Asteroid
:21:49. > :21:54.was 20 metres in I said that the Halloween Asteroid
:21:55. > :22:00.is actually over one kilometre! That means that it was the side of an
:22:01. > :22:04.asteroid that would be a small country threat, rather than just a
:22:05. > :22:12.city. Just to reassure you... Don't have nightmares! Letters lift the
:22:13. > :22:19.mood! Everybody has been looking for a pulsar, this is the year five
:22:20. > :22:23.class at Harrogate Academy in Stockton-On-Tees and they have been
:22:24. > :22:29.doing searches for pulsars. It was not long ago that nobody knew that
:22:30. > :22:36.pulsars existed, that is until our next guest discovered the first one.
:22:37. > :22:40.One of the biggest names in astronomy, Jocelyn Bell-Burnell. How
:22:41. > :22:46.did you make that discovery? By accident. The classic way of making
:22:47. > :22:55.any discovery, also with hard work and some luck also. What were you
:22:56. > :22:58.looking for? I was supposed to be looking for quasars, which were very
:22:59. > :23:01.new, the hot, sexy topic and we did not know many of them so I was
:23:02. > :23:06.supposed to be finding one of them and I did but amongst all of that
:23:07. > :23:12.signal from the radio telescope was a tiny signal that did not make
:23:13. > :23:15.sense. We have some video of that telescope, that you build with your
:23:16. > :23:23.own hands? Along with half a dozen others. It took us two years. It
:23:24. > :23:28.covers an area of 57 tennis courts. What you said about the chance
:23:29. > :23:33.discovery, serendipity is one of the most valuable tools in science, if
:23:34. > :23:40.you pay attention. You see this regular radio pulse, what is your
:23:41. > :23:47.first reaction? Something is wrong. With your tools? Something mundane?
:23:48. > :23:51.You have to start with the mundane, you have to make sure you are not
:23:52. > :24:00.falling into some silly trap and shouting with enthusiasm, and that
:24:01. > :24:06.it really is cosmic. How long did it take you to realise this was a new
:24:07. > :24:12.astrophysical object, a pulsar? We had one month checking things out
:24:13. > :24:15.and at the end, I found a second and if you mix it, the third and fourth
:24:16. > :24:21.and that makes you think, is this some kind of new Star? Was predicted
:24:22. > :24:26.theoretically or where people waiting for an example? It was known
:24:27. > :24:32.the stars are very small, ten miles across. It is extreme in heart to
:24:33. > :24:37.see something that small garden space, people had not reckoned on is
:24:38. > :24:42.they a very strong magnetic fields and a sweep radio waves around the
:24:43. > :24:48.sky, like a lighthouse and each time it shined across the Earth, but had
:24:49. > :24:54.a pulse. What was the period of the one that you could see? Just over
:24:55. > :24:58.one second. The fastest I find was one quarter of the second but we
:24:59. > :25:06.know that some gold 700 times every second. You say that, ten miles, 20
:25:07. > :25:11.kilometres across, this is what our viewers have been looking for? These
:25:12. > :25:19.exotic objects. We discovered many of them, thousands in the sky, what
:25:20. > :25:22.is the interest today? They are of interest for several reasons. They
:25:23. > :25:27.way millions and millions of tonnes, in one ball ten miles across, that
:25:28. > :25:33.is very tense and the physics of that is in itself interesting. They
:25:34. > :25:39.are also very useful cox, they keep spending and since they have been
:25:40. > :25:43.found we have been able to test Einstein 's Theory of Relativity
:25:44. > :25:48.because these are very good clocks. The ones that are particularly
:25:49. > :25:54.reliable, we can look at for gravitational radiation, ripples in
:25:55. > :25:58.space time because they will bob in the ripples and you can see that.
:25:59. > :26:05.Gravitational waves. If the pulsar the ripples and you can see that.
:26:06. > :26:10.is close to another star you can test theories of gravity with the
:26:11. > :26:15.signal again. Up to now, the theories of Einstein are doing very
:26:16. > :26:20.nicely so far! And 101 years old, the Theory of Relativity. Each one
:26:21. > :26:26.is distinctive. Are they like landmarks in space? They are like
:26:27. > :26:31.navigation beacons, each has its own flash rate and its own pattern of
:26:32. > :26:36.clashes. When we travel through the Galaxy, in spaceships, we will not,
:26:37. > :26:40.but when people do, they will use these things like navigation
:26:41. > :26:44.beacons, we get the fix on several and think, we are here. We will not
:26:45. > :26:49.review will be discovered, we will talk about that later, but the holy
:26:50. > :26:54.Grail would be to find pulsars going around other objects? With a black
:26:55. > :27:00.hole would be the ultimate? That would be good, and in a triple
:27:01. > :27:04.system would also be good but all stars that are orbiting others,
:27:05. > :27:12.there is a lot of physics in that and information to be extracted. We
:27:13. > :27:18.don't have a triple system? We do. One pulsar going around another and
:27:19. > :27:22.going around another? Going around another star and the peril of them
:27:23. > :27:27.is going around another star. I see! And the question is, does this
:27:28. > :27:32.pulsars and the White Dwarf, do they behave the same way in the gravity
:27:33. > :27:36.of the Star? It is called the principle of equivalence. And by
:27:37. > :27:44.what we have discovered, that is later on... It is actually exciting,
:27:45. > :27:50.this is not television hyperbole! We have been catching up with Tim Peake
:27:51. > :27:53.on-board the International Space Station and write down his over
:27:54. > :27:58.South Atlantic, since we started this programme on Tuesday, he has
:27:59. > :28:02.circled the planet 32 times. He has a very busy schedule carrying out
:28:03. > :28:07.experiments and this week he has been preparing for his spacewalk
:28:08. > :28:15.tomorrow but also found time to send us some specially recorded messages.
:28:16. > :28:25.Good morning, it is Saturday morning at 730 yeah. I have just woken up.
:28:26. > :28:25.Time to get breakfast and start cleaning the station, it is this
:28:26. > :28:33.morning's job. Breakfast this morning. Scrambled eggs. Tim Peake
:28:34. > :28:40.cannot just put his pan on the hop, but of the food is dehydrated, so
:28:41. > :28:46.just add water. In five minutes that will be ready to eat. Even though it
:28:47. > :28:54.is not fine cuisine, eating is a lot more fun in microgravity.
:28:55. > :29:02.Like the rest of us, news morning routine involves a quick wash and a
:29:03. > :29:06.bathroom break. Unlike the rest of us, that involves some pretty
:29:07. > :29:14.specialist equipment. How do you go to the toilet in space? It really is
:29:15. > :29:18.quite simple... Here is the tube that you go in, you take off the
:29:19. > :29:27.cap, U-turn on the phone, the air flow keeps everything going down the
:29:28. > :29:29.pipe, and also... My number two, the air flow does the same thing, simple
:29:30. > :29:34.as that! I really hope that tube has been cleaned since it was last used!
:29:35. > :29:38.It is not all experiments and spacewalking on the International
:29:39. > :29:42.Space Station, in the vacuum of space there is a vacuum cleaner!
:29:43. > :29:47.Dust will either float around indefinitely or clog up the station
:29:48. > :29:55.filters, and so team has got to do his fair share of the chores.
:29:56. > :29:59.I reckon after all of that cleaning, it is time for a copy break, let's
:30:00. > :30:12.go! -- coffee. The coffee packet is filled with
:30:13. > :30:23.nice hot water, we need a little plastic straw. Insert the straw,
:30:24. > :30:28.take off the cap... And drink! After a productive morning, it is time to
:30:29. > :30:37.unwind. By far the best thing about being in space, is the view of
:30:38. > :30:43.planet Earth, let's take a look. STUDIO: When Tim launched into space
:30:44. > :30:46.on December 15 he was momentarily exposed to three times normal
:30:47. > :30:49.gravity, his arms and legs felt three times their normal weight on
:30:50. > :30:53.earth, ever since then, he has weighed nothing, of course, and
:30:54. > :30:57.finding out how that is affecting his body is an essential part of the
:30:58. > :31:06.research that he is doing in the space station. Research on the
:31:07. > :31:13.ground aims to make space travel less arduous on the body. But the
:31:14. > :31:19.only way to do that is understand how and why it punishes us, and then
:31:20. > :31:21.try to stop it happening. Over in Cologne, Liz Bonnin is at one such
:31:22. > :31:27.facility, the German Space Agency's 'ENVIHAB'. And she is about to offer
:31:28. > :31:27.the services of John Bishop for the advancement of
:31:28. > :31:32.to this short arm human centric views test. I'm doing OK. Are you
:31:33. > :31:38.ready for this? I think so. OK, start it, we have a doctor
:31:39. > :31:42.monitoring his vital statistics, technicians making sure everything
:31:43. > :31:46.is going to go smoothly, the lead technician is here, he's in control
:31:47. > :31:51.of the test to date. It will take 45 seconds to get up to where we need
:31:52. > :31:57.him too. I can feel myself getting drawn down, the pressure is going to
:31:58. > :32:02.my legs and my feet... Make sure you keep your head very still, are you
:32:03. > :32:09.feeling all right? Yes, I am getting a sensation of almost standing up.
:32:10. > :32:14.Why does he feel that? Because the balancing system, that balances
:32:15. > :32:19.towards the feed, this is felt as the same as standing up. Please do
:32:20. > :32:24.not try to stand up, that would not be a good idea! I can feel pressure
:32:25. > :32:32.into my back as well. That is centrifugal force for you! LAUGHTER
:32:33. > :32:37.Not too bad so far? Not so bad. You are doing brilliantly. We have
:32:38. > :32:44.already reached 2G, and we are 30 seconds into this phase, we are
:32:45. > :32:47.doing brilliantly. The idea, in the future, is that machines like this
:32:48. > :32:51.will go into space with the astronauts. Yes, and counteract the
:32:52. > :32:56.effects of microgravity on the muscles, so you would get doses of
:32:57. > :33:02.hypergravity, exercising as you would spin around, what kind of Gee,
:33:03. > :33:05.do we need to get to for that to happen? Between 1G, and 2G, to get
:33:06. > :33:12.up to that, what this would be the individual. It seems to be between
:33:13. > :33:16.1G, and 2G. This is the research you are carrying out, does this mean
:33:17. > :33:20.that this data will help in the research? Yes, it will give us
:33:21. > :33:27.information about different behaviours. Are you really going to
:33:28. > :33:31.be sending a comedian into space(!) at the very least tonight you are
:33:32. > :33:39.contributing to science! He has made it! Trying to take my mind of what
:33:40. > :33:47.is happening. You have a smile on your face, that is a bonus. Do not
:33:48. > :33:48.move your head! And I felt it, immediately, you feel a massive
:33:49. > :33:54.rush, and everything comes to your head... That has told you, you were
:33:55. > :34:00.told to keep still! That was close... One minute left at 2G, you
:34:01. > :34:07.have got this, you have got it. Well done. How long would astronauts have
:34:08. > :34:10.to train? Our idea is to have 20 minutes, nowadays, they are training
:34:11. > :34:14.to and a half hours, we can reduce this to 20 minutes. That would
:34:15. > :34:17.reduce the amount of time they must exercise, but you could make a
:34:18. > :34:24.bespoke machine, punching in your details determined on what number of
:34:25. > :34:31.GU can withstand. That would be for each astronaut. -- G. Yes, that
:34:32. > :34:36.could happen. Incredible, how far are we from making this area Lizzie?
:34:37. > :34:38.At the moment we are at the beginning, scratching the surface,
:34:39. > :34:45.we must find an answer within the next five years. Not a long time for
:34:46. > :34:50.research? We have to make sure that the data is valid, Nasa may be
:34:51. > :34:56.designing the spaceship around this centrifuge. How are you feeling? I
:34:57. > :34:59.can feel pressure along my spine, and in my neck... But it is OK...
:35:00. > :35:04.You have now completed three and in my neck... But it is OK...
:35:05. > :35:10.minutes, at 2G, and we are beginning to slow it down, how does it feel? I
:35:11. > :35:14.feel it now. I feel it... It is like my own brain is catching up with my
:35:15. > :35:18.body and meeting it on the way back! That is a beautiful way to describe
:35:19. > :35:23.it! Are you feeling like you are going in a different direction? Yes,
:35:24. > :35:30.completely. The fluids in the balancing system are adapted to that
:35:31. > :35:35.spin, if you stop, it is still swirling around, and you have a kind
:35:36. > :35:42.of vortex. Let's go in and see him, a big thumbs up, delighted to see
:35:43. > :35:47.that! There was a bag for any eventuality... (!) he did not have
:35:48. > :35:50.to use it, rate news. Is in here... INAUDIBLE
:35:51. > :36:00.I did not want to be showing everyone me dinner! Well done, you
:36:01. > :36:05.have made it! Knowing what 2G, feels like, you think he would be able to
:36:06. > :36:09.exercise during that? I can really appreciate how it changes your body,
:36:10. > :36:17.you need if you goes of this, but I can see that you can move on and
:36:18. > :36:19.exercise. Would you go higher, now that you know...? Of course I would!
:36:20. > :36:24.That was your final Astronaut Training Centre is a completed, come
:36:25. > :36:30.back to us to get the final verdict to find out if John Bishop has the
:36:31. > :36:40.right stuff to go to space! STUDIO: Well done, John, you did not vomit,
:36:41. > :36:48.you win! LAUGHTER We are still out here,
:36:49. > :36:48.unfortunately, it has clouded over, two minutes ago it snowed on us! We
:36:49. > :36:51.unfortunately, it has clouded over, cannot show you any stars at the
:36:52. > :36:55.moment, but there is something I can show you which does not need good
:36:56. > :37:01.weather, something I have on my phone, this is a prototype messaging
:37:02. > :37:05.service, Whispering Stars, I hold up my phone and move it around, and
:37:06. > :37:10.there is an arrow which point me towards a star that has a message
:37:11. > :37:14.for me... If you want to use this service and send people messages,
:37:15. > :37:19.head over to the website and click on the appropriate button --
:37:20. > :37:24.corresponding button and see if you can see the message I have left for
:37:25. > :37:24.corresponding button and see if you you. The message on my phone says,
:37:25. > :37:27.corresponding button and see if you don't forget about the planets. That
:37:28. > :37:34.is right, this is a great time for planets. We had an amazing view of
:37:35. > :37:37.the planet Venus this afternoon, that was during the daytime, we
:37:38. > :37:41.often forget that we can do it in the daytime. And then later on we
:37:42. > :37:44.have the line-up of the five planet closest to us in the dawn sky. What
:37:45. > :37:48.one planet we cannot see so easily from you, a special planet, but we
:37:49. > :37:52.know somebody who can, and that is Tim Peake.
:37:53. > :38:00.The most amazing thing about being on board the International Space
:38:01. > :38:03.Station is the view of panic error -- the view of Janet Earth, every
:38:04. > :38:11.time I looked out I see something unexpected and completely different.
:38:12. > :38:18.Thunderstorms over planet Earth. -- the view of planet Earth. Lights on
:38:19. > :38:21.the cities, thunderstorms, and by daytime, magnificent cloud
:38:22. > :38:27.formations. Whole weather systems that are covering vast areas of the
:38:28. > :38:32.globe. It is truly stunning and truly beautiful.
:38:33. > :38:39.STUDIO: All week we have been attempting demonstrations to look at
:38:40. > :38:46.the physics of space exploration, proper science. Proper science! The
:38:47. > :38:53.gyroscope shed, we had a tanker... There it is... Collapsing in a
:38:54. > :38:58.vacuum! Today we are exploring gravity with the help of Ben Miller
:38:59. > :39:04.and these helium balloons! LAUGHTER Looking very comfortable... I should
:39:05. > :39:08.explain what we are trying to do here, we are... We have helium
:39:09. > :39:17.balloons, essentially, we can see what an astronaut on Mars could
:39:18. > :39:26.actually do. The jumping is amazing! Apart from the slight wedgie
:39:27. > :39:37.effect... That is really good! I think I want a go! LAUGHTER
:39:38. > :39:44.There is a points to this! LAUGHTER The point is, when the Mars Rover
:39:45. > :39:47.goes and lands on Mars, built in Britain, by the way, the chassis of
:39:48. > :39:52.the Rover, it must dig down below the Martian service, to look for
:39:53. > :39:58.life which may exist below the surface, digging on Mars is
:39:59. > :40:01.difficult... Echoes, as Ben will demonstrate, it gives you do not
:40:02. > :40:04.have the weight, you have only half the weight, you can see... You
:40:05. > :40:11.cannot apply the force downwards on the drill... LAUGHTER
:40:12. > :40:21.Or on the shovel, to get through the surface, it means it is a terrific
:40:22. > :40:29.engineering challenge... LAUGHTER If only we had this man on Mars!
:40:30. > :40:32.LAUGHTER We would be absolutely fine!
:40:33. > :40:39.LAUGHTER We could have a really great act!
:40:40. > :40:44.That is actually really liked! People will be able to do a
:40:45. > :40:49.piggyback, important in space! All week we have been asking you to find
:40:50. > :40:54.new pulsars, extraordinarily dense spinning stars... I'm doing this
:40:55. > :40:55.really seriously!... Here is a story about how pulsars can be such
:40:56. > :41:11.essential tools for astronomers. VOICEOVER: Smartphones and Wi-Fi,
:41:12. > :41:14.online shopping and microwave meals. These technologies have shaped the
:41:15. > :41:24.world, where would we be without them? Greenbank, West Virginia, that
:41:25. > :41:31.is where. It is a nice, quiet, simple life. Very little crime, not
:41:32. > :41:38.a lot to do. This is not a town that time forgot, it has just turned its
:41:39. > :41:44.bank on modern technology. No microwave, no cell phone, no Wi-Fi.
:41:45. > :41:47.For folks that visit here, sometimes they break out in hives and rashes
:41:48. > :41:52.because they are not comfortable without being connected. -- it has
:41:53. > :41:56.turned its back on modern technology. The time warp existence
:41:57. > :42:04.is because of this. The Greenbank telescope. It is the largest movable
:42:05. > :42:07.structure on the planet. It is so sensitive that the town-macro boss
:42:08. > :42:16.residents have to live in total radio silence. -- Green Bank. It is
:42:17. > :42:22.all to help Professor Scott Ransom. Scott is searching for a whole new
:42:23. > :42:25.way to observe the universe. Everything we know about the
:42:26. > :42:29.universe we have found out so far using the electromagnetic spectrum,
:42:30. > :42:35.just like liked that your eyes can see. Light reveals stars, galaxies,
:42:36. > :42:45.universe teeming with wonderful objects. But there is more, we win
:42:46. > :42:53.over 96% of the universe is invisible. For now, at least. Scott
:42:54. > :43:00.wants to reveal it. Not by waves of light, but with mysterious waves
:43:01. > :43:06.that no one has detected before. Gravitational waves. If we can start
:43:07. > :43:06.measuring gravitational waves and Gravitational waves. If we can start
:43:07. > :43:14.doing astronomy with them, it is looking at the universe in a whole
:43:15. > :43:19.different way. Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time. Nobody
:43:20. > :43:26.knows for sure that they exist. We do know that massive object, like
:43:27. > :43:29.black holes, distort space time. It is thought that massive things
:43:30. > :43:38.moving will create waves in space time.
:43:39. > :43:39.These gravitational think are coming from many different
:43:40. > :43:43.sources throughout the universe, they are flowing through us, through
:43:44. > :43:47.the Earth, through the solar system, that means our bodies and a tiny --
:43:48. > :43:54.at a tiny level are being stretched and compressed. These movements are
:43:55. > :43:57.small, under the nucleus of an atom. So there are effects are easily
:43:58. > :44:07.drowned out by electronic interference. -- so their effects.
:44:08. > :44:10.To search for them, Scott needs an enforcer to keep the airwaves clean
:44:11. > :44:16.in Greenbank, and that enforcer is Chuck. I am looking for unknown
:44:17. > :44:22.radio signals. Something that is screwing up the data, it is our job
:44:23. > :44:28.to figure out what it is. -- Green Bank. And if it is something that we
:44:29. > :44:30.can fix, we found a heater in a doghouse that was causing
:44:31. > :44:36.interference, all kinds of things can cause problems.
:44:37. > :44:44.If Chuck can help keep the airwaves clear, and help tune into these
:44:45. > :44:49.mystery swathes, it might reveal but we have never seen before. Like
:44:50. > :44:54.directly observing the inside of a black hole. Or detecting dark
:44:55. > :45:00.matter. The invisible stuff that makes up much of the universe. But
:45:01. > :45:07.to find gravitational waves, Scott must play detective. He is trying to
:45:08. > :45:15.observe their tiny but potentially measurable effects on pulsars. That
:45:16. > :45:22.sound you can hear is a pulsar and we can measure with high precision
:45:23. > :45:26.the rate at which it is rotating and that lets us do the science with it.
:45:27. > :45:30.You are listening to light waves from a spinning pulsar, converted to
:45:31. > :45:36.sign. The tone does not change unless something disturbs the
:45:37. > :45:43.pulsar. Like a ripple in space time. The gravitational waves, moving
:45:44. > :45:48.through space, compress space time and that causes a change in the
:45:49. > :45:57.tone, much like if I have a tuning fork, the Doppler effect causes the
:45:58. > :46:03.change in its tone, like this. If Scott can spot a pitch change in the
:46:04. > :46:11.pulsars he is monitoring... He will have detected a ripple in space
:46:12. > :46:14.time. For the very first time, he will have proved that gravitational
:46:15. > :46:20.waves exist, but he cannot do this alone. As long as the observatory is
:46:21. > :46:27.here, that is a good thing for the community. For the sake of science,
:46:28. > :46:30.we can do without cellphones. It will be such an historic discovery,
:46:31. > :46:34.people around the world are racing to beat Scott and the good people of
:46:35. > :46:43.Green Bank. Using everything from giant lasers to space probes. The
:46:44. > :46:47.first detection of gravitational waves will definitely get the Nobel
:46:48. > :47:00.Prize so I am hoping we will be the first but who knows? Were joined by
:47:01. > :47:08.Tim O'Brien, Chris and Jocelyn Bell-Burnell. People are trying to
:47:09. > :47:13.beat the observatory, and one is Jodrell Bank? Were all hunting for
:47:14. > :47:18.gravitational waves and to be the first to get there. Let us look at
:47:19. > :47:23.the scientific discoveries we have made. We announced this at the
:47:24. > :47:29.start, an incredible thing has been discovered? We did not know this
:47:30. > :47:35.would work but the Stargazing Live audience have come through once
:47:36. > :47:36.would work but the Stargazing Live again, we have looked at 3 million
:47:37. > :47:40.separate observations across hundreds of thousands of parts of
:47:41. > :47:44.the sky and we have found a good handful of pulsars were things we
:47:45. > :47:51.think might be pulsars and we have been using the telescope to follow
:47:52. > :47:56.up on this. A handful of pulsars? That would be very heavy material
:47:57. > :48:00.indeed! There is lots more work to do and we have started to put the
:48:01. > :48:05.results on the website but I thought we would talk about one particular
:48:06. > :48:09.discovery that we have been able to confirm using the telescopes. This
:48:10. > :48:13.is what we started looking at life on the television? Reset the
:48:14. > :48:18.telescope turning and this busy pulsar we have got the results from
:48:19. > :48:26.and it did turn out to be a pulsar. We looked at the data overnight and
:48:27. > :48:30.this is a pulsar. This is how it appeared on the website, this is
:48:31. > :48:34.data from a survey done by a telescope in Germany, there are
:48:35. > :48:39.pulses, that could be anything, somebody's mobile phone, another
:48:40. > :48:47.source but we looked at this with the Lovell Telescope and let us
:48:48. > :48:51.see... This is 30 minutes of observation, the pulses arriving in
:48:52. > :49:01.this sequence and we can turn this into a signed. That is the sound of
:49:02. > :49:03.a pulsar? This is the new pulsar that viewers discovered. We should
:49:04. > :49:13.just visualise this because this is a star of the size of a city? 1.5
:49:14. > :49:19.times the size of the sun. And that is the spinning red? About 30 times
:49:20. > :49:26.every second and that buzz that you can hear is the sound. That is
:49:27. > :49:30.pretty fast and the reason is that we know that this pulsar is in a
:49:31. > :49:35.binary system so it is in orbit around something else and we know
:49:36. > :49:40.that because that's tone has been changing over the time that we have
:49:41. > :49:42.had the observation so we had the archive of observations from last
:49:43. > :49:51.night and that spin rate has slightly changed. Five millionths of
:49:52. > :49:54.a second. It seems to be moving. From the observation people looked
:49:55. > :49:58.at and the observation from last night. Do we know what it is moving
:49:59. > :50:06.around? The likely candidates are the dead remnants of a partner star,
:50:07. > :50:12.either a White Dwarf, or it would be another neutron star, it is right on
:50:13. > :50:17.the border and with the properties we know about today, we cannot tell
:50:18. > :50:21.you which it is but what the team will do is watch this thing
:50:22. > :50:28.continuing around its orbit and once we have got the orbit we can work
:50:29. > :50:33.out the mass. We spoke earlier about the system, these global systems
:50:34. > :50:37.which are fascinating objects and also for
:50:38. > :50:42.which are fascinating objects and Relativity. Quite an exciting
:50:43. > :50:47.discovery, but are not many of them but can you give us some sense of
:50:48. > :50:51.what the system is like? We know all about 2500 pulsars but only a couple
:50:52. > :51:03.of hundred that are in binary systems. This one feels different,
:51:04. > :51:07.what strikes me is when we saw the Jodrell data stacking up, like Joy
:51:08. > :51:15.division cover... It has a very sharp cut-off point, that particular
:51:16. > :51:23.pulsar, slow rise and then donk! It is unusual. I do not know what this
:51:24. > :51:26.is telling us. This has definitely got structure, it has got three
:51:27. > :51:28.different peaks. If we use the Lighthouse
:51:29. > :51:33.different peaks. If we use the light keeps flashing when it goes
:51:34. > :51:37.past us and we're seeing some structure around the thing that is
:51:38. > :51:44.emitting that light, right down at the pulsar level. We have the
:51:45. > :51:50.distance measured? We do. We actually have a map. We look at
:51:51. > :51:55.where these pulses are arriving in different parts of the radio
:51:56. > :52:00.spectrum and that is the sun and the Milky Way and we can add the pulsar
:52:01. > :52:10.to that, it is 18,000 light years away, the green dot, out in the
:52:11. > :52:17.Perseus spiral. This is about 20 kilometres across! 18,000 light
:52:18. > :52:24.years away! We actually have the people who discovered this? There
:52:25. > :52:32.are quite a few of them and the names run the website of some of the
:52:33. > :52:40.first, we have got them. We have the Flynn family, are you excited? Very!
:52:41. > :52:49.How many would you look through? Hundreds! It does take a while to
:52:50. > :52:54.find these things! This is very serious stuff! Did you have any
:52:55. > :53:02.sense that this was going to be something big? Did it stand out? No,
:53:03. > :53:08.there were loads, we could not find any until nine! How did you feel? We
:53:09. > :53:13.spoke yesterday about this and when you look at data, you find something
:53:14. > :53:18.and for a moment, for a few hours, you were the only people on Earth
:53:19. > :53:25.and in human history to know about the existence of that thing. How did
:53:26. > :53:35.that make you feel? Really excited! We have a smaller problem, I'll be
:53:36. > :53:49.going to name it after Neeve or after Aidan? We decided to name it
:53:50. > :53:55.after one of the guinea pigs! So... So it shall be called O-M. It is
:53:56. > :54:01.good we had that committee meeting! That is the level at which these
:54:02. > :54:07.things happen! He named his after his guinea pigs! Well done to the
:54:08. > :54:16.family. This is a genuinely exciting discovery? It is really good. We
:54:17. > :54:22.don't know just how good it will be, we only have these few observations,
:54:23. > :54:26.it might turn out to be great. You will not tell anyone precisely where
:54:27. > :54:38.it is? People want to make sure they can get all the information first.
:54:39. > :54:38.The other thing, especially these other candidates that we think are
:54:39. > :54:42.promising, these possible pulsars, if they are true, another thing we
:54:43. > :54:46.have shown is that there is a lot more in this data that most
:54:47. > :54:52.astronomers had anticipated. This will go on? Were used to skimming
:54:53. > :54:55.off the top of his observations and looking for the brighter ones but if
:54:56. > :55:01.there are extra pulsar is in that noise, we will make more of an
:55:02. > :55:06.array. Someone else who needs to be things -- congratulated after
:55:07. > :55:11.arduous work at the Astronaut Training Centre, it is John Bishop.
:55:12. > :55:15.Is he ready for space? I think he is, he survived three days of
:55:16. > :55:22.astronaut training and this, I have to say city! I have loved this, I
:55:23. > :55:27.have gained a real appreciation of the commitment that the astronauts
:55:28. > :55:31.go in for but also the commitment of everyone around them, and the level
:55:32. > :55:40.of science going on every day. What surprised you the most? That they
:55:41. > :55:48.had a suit to fit me! Somewhere between an astronaut and a
:55:49. > :55:54.ghostbuster, I feel like! I think just the whole amenity, it is one of
:55:55. > :55:58.those things, people going into the Space Station, it is out of this
:55:59. > :56:02.world, obviously, but all the way down, at every level, people are
:56:03. > :56:07.contribute in. The amount of things they think of, no stone is left
:56:08. > :56:14.unturned. How do you think he has done? Brilliantly, really well. We
:56:15. > :56:23.even have something for you to complete that suit! Your own little
:56:24. > :56:27.personal patch! That is my patch? It even has a microphone on it! You are
:56:28. > :56:31.personal patch! That is my patch? It officially part of the gang. You
:56:32. > :56:35.have done so incredibly well. Yes, I am so proud of you. Some of those
:56:36. > :56:44.things were very hard, but well done. He is on the crew for the next
:56:45. > :56:50.mission? It does not matter! This is me dressing up for my no doubt! We
:56:51. > :56:55.have had an amazing time. Over the next three days we will see just how
:56:56. > :56:58.much goes into getting an astronaut ready for space and we have also
:56:59. > :57:02.seen the extraordinary amount of science that takes place, science
:57:03. > :57:05.football ultimately contribute to the success of long-term space
:57:06. > :57:11.exploration, missions that are just within our grasp and it has been a
:57:12. > :57:16.privilege to meet you and play with John Bishop, it has been great fun,
:57:17. > :57:23.good night from us! Take care. Thank you very much. And to everyone there
:57:24. > :57:29.at the German Aerospace Centre. And that has cost you ?40 because he
:57:30. > :57:39.survived! Yes! To all of the guests because -- Tim O'Brien, Lucie Green,
:57:40. > :57:47.need, Aden and the guinea pigs! Very complicated name! Yes. Pulsar O-M.
:57:48. > :57:59.That is all we have time for. OK, I must say, I am very excited about
:58:00. > :57:59.this discovery. How long will we be trawling through these results? Four
:58:00. > :58:05.months at least. We have done six years of work in done two days, the
:58:06. > :58:10.team will be very busy. And it helped to train all of these
:58:11. > :58:13.computer algorithms so we will be better at finding pulsars. And you
:58:14. > :58:21.have got some new PHD students, there! Definitely! Thank you all
:58:22. > :58:22.again, tomorrow, the first ever there! Definitely! Thank you all
:58:23. > :58:27.spacewalk for Tim Peake, we will watch all seven hours and we will
:58:28. > :58:29.bring you the highlights from nine o'clock tomorrow on BBC Two. Until
:58:30. > :59:02.then, goodbye! So, no-one pays tax here?
:59:03. > :59:06.No-one pays taxes.