0:00:00 > 0:00:03The team looks back at the big meteorological events of 2017
0:00:03 > 0:00:10and things are not quite as they seem.
0:00:10 > 0:00:17This time, we have come to a winter wonderland.Or have we? Look very
0:00:17 > 0:00:21closely in the next half-hour, because all is not as it seems.
0:00:21 > 0:00:28So...Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow. Welcome to Weather World!
0:00:28 > 0:00:39Also on the programme, 2017's the storms. -- biggest. Tropical
0:00:39 > 0:00:45deluges, floods that carry a house and everything in it. Stay from the
0:00:45 > 0:00:51storm, near impossible escapes. -- safe. And even record rain cannot
0:00:51 > 0:00:56stop another wildfire crisis in California.Humber, west or
0:00:56 > 0:01:01south-west, five or six...Plus, we celebrate 150 years of the shipping
0:01:01 > 0:01:05forecast. Its distinctive tones loved by sailors and landlubbers
0:01:05 > 0:01:15alike.And weather, not as we know it. I will be taking a deeper look
0:01:15 > 0:01:21into space weather and the impact it can have here on earth.
0:01:32 > 0:01:39This time on the Weather World, we are having some fun. We have come to
0:01:39 > 0:01:43a company in Gloucestershire, Snow Business, which the 35 years has
0:01:43 > 0:01:47been making real and fake snow on demand.It is mostly for film and
0:01:47 > 0:01:51television. They are the biggest winter effects company in the world.
0:01:51 > 0:01:54Some of their work includes the James Bond films and Star Wars.
0:01:54 > 0:01:57Later I will be looking at the materials they use to make this
0:01:57 > 0:02:02note.I am often meet Darcy, the owner, and he is going to show me
0:02:02 > 0:02:06how you create a wintry scene.We've got a fairly green scene now, but we
0:02:06 > 0:02:10are going to transform it into something more white and wintry. I
0:02:10 > 0:02:14can't wait to see what it will look like stop power we going do this?We
0:02:14 > 0:02:20have a brand-new machine, we have some specially torn paper which
0:02:20 > 0:02:24locks together, we spray it with water so it sticks to anything it
0:02:24 > 0:02:27lands on. We can transform this into a winter scene.Let's get started,
0:02:27 > 0:02:31then.
0:02:39 > 0:02:46MUSIC.
0:02:48 > 0:02:54This looks amazing. It is as if we have stepped in to Narnia. How do
0:02:54 > 0:03:00you create the illusion of falling snow?For that, we have a special
0:03:00 > 0:03:06machine, which mixes without to create snowflakes.Wow! I feel like
0:03:06 > 0:03:13I am in a snowstorm in Lapland. So, creating this kind of snow is a
0:03:13 > 0:03:17really big isn't as. In fact, you other world leaders in winter
0:03:17 > 0:03:22effects. How you get into this? Purely by chance. I worked for a
0:03:22 > 0:03:26company which made paper and a film company came along wanting a lovely,
0:03:26 > 0:03:30biodegradable snow. And they got us to make paper snow. It turned out
0:03:30 > 0:03:35quite well.So, this is artificial snow. And a little bit later on we
0:03:35 > 0:03:41are going to see a look at how they also make real snow here as well.
0:03:41 > 0:03:47This is real snow. But there is still something unusual here. Our
0:03:47 > 0:03:51weather review of the year begins in January on Greek island beaches.
0:03:51 > 0:03:57Rarely does Arctic weather on this scale reach so far deep into Europe.
0:03:57 > 0:04:01And the bitter temperatures brought fears for migrants, at camps such as
0:04:01 > 0:04:05this one in Serbia, with calls for them to be moved to warmer
0:04:05 > 0:04:11conditions. Then disaster in Italy. 29 people killed in the deadliest
0:04:11 > 0:04:15avalanche year in a century. Amazingly, some survived. Rescued
0:04:15 > 0:04:22more than two days later. February in the UK, and storm Doris blows in,
0:04:22 > 0:04:29with high winds and some lucky escapes. And here is another
0:04:29 > 0:04:36remarkable escape. This improved, as a mudslide churns up the debris of
0:04:36 > 0:04:41what was once somebody's home, a woman emerges. Slowly she is able to
0:04:41 > 0:04:45scramble her way to help. But the flooding here did claim the lives of
0:04:45 > 0:04:51about 100 people in the first few months of the year. Disaster in
0:04:51 > 0:04:54Colombia in April. Torrential rain sends a mudslide into the town of
0:04:54 > 0:05:01Mocoa. More than 250 died here. In Chile in January, a different
0:05:01 > 0:05:06problem. Drought, heat, strong winds, then fire. This was the turn
0:05:06 > 0:05:11of Santa Olga, destroyed by wildfires, said to be the worst in
0:05:11 > 0:05:20the country's modern history. Severe drought hit Africa. This was
0:05:20 > 0:05:24Somalia, where disaster was declared in February. Millions across east
0:05:24 > 0:05:28Africa started the year facing starvation and famine. In
0:05:28 > 0:05:34California, after years of drought, a remarkable transformation took
0:05:34 > 0:05:38place. Flooding rain from a succession of winter storms all but
0:05:38 > 0:05:44obliterated the drought. So much water so quickly that car swallowing
0:05:44 > 0:05:50sinkholes appeared. Any hope that the soaking start to the year would
0:05:50 > 0:05:54offer long-term relief went up in flames, as we will see later in the
0:05:54 > 0:05:59programme. We often showed pictures of the
0:05:59 > 0:06:03aurora borealis, or the Northern light. This is the southern
0:06:03 > 0:06:06hemisphere equivalent, the aurora australis, putting on a spectacular
0:06:06 > 0:06:12display of New Zealand in May. -- above. When and where we see the
0:06:12 > 0:06:16light depends on the behaviour of the sun, and trying to predict what
0:06:16 > 0:06:19the sun will be has created an emerging area of science, space
0:06:19 > 0:06:22weather. Matt Taylor has been finding out. Imagine a few hours
0:06:22 > 0:06:25without traffic lights or your smartphone. Sounds appealing,
0:06:25 > 0:06:29doesn't it? Add to that trains, flights, your weekly shop, even
0:06:29 > 0:06:33money. And not just flowers. Potentially days, weeks or even
0:06:33 > 0:06:37months. It could become a reality. It is all down to the impact that
0:06:37 > 0:06:41space weather could have on things like this. Satellites shown here at
0:06:41 > 0:06:51the science Museum in London. To the purists, space weather is not
0:06:51 > 0:06:55strictly meteorology, but it is driven by the same thing, and that
0:06:55 > 0:06:58is the sun. In this case it is all about coronal mass ejections and
0:06:58 > 0:07:05solar flares. To tell us about those I am joined by Professor Tim Aubry,
0:07:05 > 0:07:08from the Imperial College London. Professor, tell us more about what
0:07:08 > 0:07:11solar flares and coronal mass ejection is our?Most of us think of
0:07:11 > 0:07:15the sun is a fairly boring yellow globe in the sky. But as we study at
0:07:15 > 0:07:19more we realise it is a dynamic objects. Solar flares are enormous
0:07:19 > 0:07:22releases of energy from the sun. They accelerate particles to high
0:07:22 > 0:07:25energies which can arrive at the and damage satellites, and they also
0:07:25 > 0:07:28released enormous amount of energy and coronal mass ejection is. This
0:07:28 > 0:07:32matter floods out through the solar system and can arrive at the and
0:07:32 > 0:07:40impact us on.You are the head of a mission investigating the sun?It is
0:07:40 > 0:07:44called Solar orbit, being built by the ESA at the moment. We will be
0:07:44 > 0:07:48close -- be going closer to the sun than ever before, by seven Mercury.
0:07:48 > 0:07:52Will be measuring what comes off the summer and travels past a spacecraft
0:07:52 > 0:07:55on its way towards the out.And it is the magnetic deals which are
0:07:55 > 0:07:59important when it comes to impact on outcome isn't it?Yes. At Imperial
0:07:59 > 0:08:02College London building the incident which will measure those magnetic
0:08:02 > 0:08:06fields in space, and when those fields arrive at the out and
0:08:06 > 0:08:09interact with the was Mac magnetic yield, and it is those interactions
0:08:09 > 0:08:12which dried things like the aurora and geomagnetic storms.Will this
0:08:12 > 0:08:16help is ultimately for car space weather?Solar orbit to itself not a
0:08:16 > 0:08:19space weather mission but it is designed to study the fundamental
0:08:19 > 0:08:23physics of what is going on in the sun and into planetary space and by
0:08:23 > 0:08:26understanding that that we hope to do better space weather forecasting
0:08:26 > 0:08:30in the future.Thank you. We will find out later in the programme a
0:08:30 > 0:08:33bit more about forecasting space weather and the impact it can have
0:08:33 > 0:08:36here on earth. At the start of the programme I
0:08:36 > 0:08:41said, look very closely this time on Whether World, because all is not as
0:08:41 > 0:08:45it seems. It might look like I have entered an icy cave, but there isn't
0:08:45 > 0:08:49any ice in here. And none of this is real. It is another fake wintry
0:08:49 > 0:08:55environment. Paul is here to tell us how they made this. What materials
0:08:55 > 0:08:59have you used?We use a lot of different materials here. Plastic,
0:08:59 > 0:09:06paraffin wax, recycled packaging material, litter as well. With LED
0:09:06 > 0:09:09lighting we can bring it all together and give you the fact that
0:09:09 > 0:09:13you see here.The materials that are used to make something look wintry
0:09:13 > 0:09:18in film and television, they have evolved over time, haven't they?In
0:09:18 > 0:09:22the very early days of black and white film they didn't have any
0:09:22 > 0:09:25other materials at all. They had to wait for it to snow. That was
0:09:25 > 0:09:29time-consuming, and it was also dangerous. Three members died from
0:09:29 > 0:09:33the cold while they were filming. That wasn't good. Later they baronet
0:09:33 > 0:09:37with different materials. Moral and Hardy used painted cornflakes, which
0:09:37 > 0:09:42was effective. Either time we got to with them was -- Wizard of Oz, they
0:09:42 > 0:09:46were using spaces. Obviously that is really bad, but they didn't know it
0:09:46 > 0:09:49was dangerous at the time.You are things which I did for the
0:09:49 > 0:09:53environment and good for people. What are the good materials going
0:09:53 > 0:09:56forward?We are developing materials like this, which is a glitter, which
0:09:56 > 0:10:01is made from cellulose. So within a couple of weeks or so that will
0:10:01 > 0:10:05biodegrade. Now, normal glitter, which has been banned in cosmetic
0:10:05 > 0:10:08use by the government, would just wash off your body when you come
0:10:08 > 0:10:12back from your festival, down the drain and out to see where it gets
0:10:12 > 0:10:15eaten by plankton and fish and unfortunately by us again. This has
0:10:15 > 0:10:20-- this is gone in a week or two.It has the texture of icing sugar but
0:10:20 > 0:10:24you can see the glitter. What else are you using?We are using things
0:10:24 > 0:10:27like this, which is part of frost. This is pure cellulose. You could
0:10:27 > 0:10:31eat it if you wanted to, though it wouldn't taste nice. Once that
0:10:31 > 0:10:34washes into the soil that completely biodegrade. It is no more harmful to
0:10:34 > 0:10:37the environment then leaves.Of course, the least harmful thing to
0:10:37 > 0:10:41the environment is real snow. We haven't had much of that yet, but it
0:10:41 > 0:10:46can be made on demand, and will be finding out about that later on.
0:10:46 > 0:10:51Now, from snow to extreme heat. Our weather review of the year continues
0:10:51 > 0:10:58with a scorching summer in southern Europe. Wildfires that it houses
0:10:58 > 0:11:01being evacuated from campsites in France, spending the night on
0:11:01 > 0:11:06beaches near St Tropez. Portugal in June, and a catastrophic forest fire
0:11:06 > 0:11:10kills more than 50 people. It is the country's worst disaster for more
0:11:10 > 0:11:15than a quarter of a century. When a flashlight rages through a major
0:11:15 > 0:11:20city, disaster strikes. In August, a massive downpour sends muddy water
0:11:20 > 0:11:25surging through the streets of Sierra Leone in West Africa. And
0:11:25 > 0:11:29then a mountainside collapses in an avalanche of mud, burying whole
0:11:29 > 0:11:32communities as they slept. Hundreds of people killed, thousands losing
0:11:32 > 0:11:39their homes. Now, more snow, and your BBC Weather
0:11:39 > 0:11:43Watcher pictures of the wintry weather which swept across the UK in
0:11:43 > 0:11:48early December. The most widespread December snow since 2010. You can
0:11:48 > 0:11:54become a BBC Weather Watcher by signing up at the BBC website.
0:11:54 > 0:12:01Still to come on Weather World, we had to the Alps to discover how
0:12:01 > 0:12:04sometimes, the old ways are still the best, especially when it comes
0:12:04 > 0:12:13to predicting an avalanche. This time on Weather World, Sarah
0:12:13 > 0:12:17and I are looking at how they make so for the film intelligent
0:12:17 > 0:12:20industry. We have seen fake snow, the material they use, but now this
0:12:20 > 0:12:24is real snow. This may look like something which came from the
0:12:24 > 0:12:32clouds, but actually, it came from this metal box.
0:12:32 > 0:12:36Darcy, explain to me how we are about to make real some inside this
0:12:36 > 0:12:44box, then?The box is a cryogenic chamber. Water, compressed air, and
0:12:44 > 0:12:49the water is smashed into tiny, tiny pieces. We also fire liquid
0:12:49 > 0:12:53nitrogen. So the smashed water is like a cloud inside a box, with
0:12:53 > 0:12:56liquid nitrogen, freezing it down to minus 20. So it falls like snow
0:12:56 > 0:13:02inside the box.Wonderful. Let's close these doors and get started.
0:13:19 > 0:13:24So this has been turning away for about 90 minutes now. Shall we crank
0:13:24 > 0:13:31open the doors and have a look at the snow inside? Wow, check this
0:13:31 > 0:13:37out! Look at that snow. I can tell you, that is soft and fluffy and
0:13:37 > 0:13:42freezing cold. It feels just like real snow.Is it the same? It's
0:13:42 > 0:13:47exactly the same as real snow.Once you've made it all how do you
0:13:47 > 0:13:51transported to the film set?We initially shovel it into a roughage
0:13:51 > 0:13:55rated truck and reset the tablature at the perfect Abbey Church you keep
0:13:55 > 0:14:01it in top condition. -- we set the temperature.The people want to use
0:14:01 > 0:14:06real or fake snow?They want to use real but fake snow is faster. You
0:14:06 > 0:14:14can lie in this all day and you won't get an ammonia. -- pneumonia.
0:14:14 > 0:14:20Thank you so much for showing us how this is no is manufactured here. For
0:14:20 > 0:14:26now, where is Nick? Heavy snow in February led to avalanches in
0:14:26 > 0:14:29Afghanistan and the French Alps, both resulting in several
0:14:29 > 0:14:35fatalities. Sarah travelled to Austria where heavy snow has meant
0:14:35 > 0:14:38predicting avalanches is especially important.
0:14:38 > 0:14:42Every year hundreds and thousands of people descend here to the Alps
0:14:42 > 0:14:46looking for someone to fund, but for the thrill seekers and especially
0:14:46 > 0:14:57those who like to go off path, avalanches are big threat. The main
0:14:57 > 0:15:00methods of detection date back decades and is not a computer in
0:15:00 > 0:15:07sight.I put the shovel on the top and I pound like 30 times with
0:15:07 > 0:15:11different intensity.
0:15:17 > 0:15:26Now, here we can see the first crack. After the 27th time of
0:15:26 > 0:15:31pounding...You are saying it took quite a few times for you to pound
0:15:31 > 0:15:36this and get this crack? If it had been fewer times you would have
0:15:36 > 0:15:42said, don't ski here?Yes.They are concerned about two key danger
0:15:42 > 0:15:46patterns for avalanches. A weak ground level layer and forecast
0:15:46 > 0:15:54winds leaving fresh powder around. But this team is a 1-piece skiers
0:15:54 > 0:15:58are protected.They have the avalanche barriers, they have in the
0:15:58 > 0:16:05morning there avalanche commission who is opening the runs or
0:16:05 > 0:16:10completely closing them if it's unsafe.Off piste skiers and
0:16:10 > 0:16:16snowboarders are most at risk. There are high-tech agents that can help
0:16:16 > 0:16:20save anyone caught up in an avalanche, but the low tech tools
0:16:20 > 0:16:25keep people away from danger in the first place.
0:16:25 > 0:16:30Some of the biggest weather headlines of 2017 came during a
0:16:30 > 0:16:36record-breaking Atlantic hurricane season. Texas, in August, where
0:16:36 > 0:16:41Harvey becomes the first major hurricane to hit the USA in nearly
0:16:41 > 0:16:4812 years. Scientists have estimated Harvey dropped 127 billion tons of
0:16:48 > 0:16:55water, no other tropical cyclone has produced so much rain in the USA.
0:16:55 > 0:17:00Hurricane Irma is next, slamming into the Caribbean.It's getting
0:17:00 > 0:17:06really intense now.More than 100 people are known to have died as a
0:17:06 > 0:17:11result of that. It is September and there is another category five
0:17:11 > 0:17:15hurricane in the Caribbean, Maria.
0:17:20 > 0:17:23With ten consecutive hurricanes, this was one of the costliest
0:17:23 > 0:17:30Atlantic season is on record. August and a typhoon slammed into China
0:17:30 > 0:17:33with the same terrifying mix of district winds and torrential rain
0:17:33 > 0:17:38as a hurricane. The Pacific typhoon season was much less to -- less
0:17:38 > 0:17:44active than normal, but there were still several powerful systems,
0:17:44 > 0:17:50including this one in Vietnam in November. But the cyclone's every
0:17:50 > 0:17:55twist and turn his tract minute by minute. Debbie G major went on for
0:17:55 > 0:18:01months, causing the worst floods in decades -- the deluge went on. And
0:18:01 > 0:18:05eastern state in India is hit hardest. In total millions of people
0:18:05 > 0:18:09are forced from their homes and more than 1000 are killed. This is what
0:18:09 > 0:18:13is left behind after a flash flood in Pakistan's most populous city,
0:18:13 > 0:18:18Karachi. The monsoon rains give much-needed water for crops they
0:18:18 > 0:18:22always come with a human cost. In September the weather in space
0:18:22 > 0:18:27was as the Malta was as it was on earth. So much so that it led to
0:18:27 > 0:18:31radio blackouts. Nassar recorded the biggest solar flare for a decade,
0:18:31 > 0:18:36but why should a flair have such an impact? -- NASA.
0:18:36 > 0:18:40We went to Cambridge to get the answer. Antarctica is a brilliant
0:18:40 > 0:18:46place to observe space?It is. It's very radio quiet, so we can pick up
0:18:46 > 0:18:50radio signals in the Antarctic which we can't do elsewhere. We detect a
0:18:50 > 0:18:54special radio waves and those charged particles pose a risk of
0:18:54 > 0:18:59damage to satellites. In fact they are called killer electrons because
0:18:59 > 0:19:03they've been known to kill spacecraft in the past.One of the
0:19:03 > 0:19:08largest solar flare is ever to be witnessed was an event named after
0:19:08 > 0:19:12the British astronomer who observed it in 1859. He sketched what he saw
0:19:12 > 0:19:17on the sun, Telegraph systems went haywire worldwide. Scientists have
0:19:17 > 0:19:22estimated that something similar today could cost billions or
0:19:22 > 0:19:26trillions, given now increasing reliance on satellite technology.
0:19:26 > 0:19:30Colour-coded here, you can see the radiation belts, the regions of high
0:19:30 > 0:19:35energy charged particles, electrons, that are trapped in the Earth's
0:19:35 > 0:19:43magnetic field. The GPS satellites fly pretty much through the heart of
0:19:43 > 0:19:47this radiation belts, where the radiation is most intense. Ideally
0:19:47 > 0:19:51you want satellites to be stationed in between the belts?Is the gap
0:19:51 > 0:19:54between inner and outer belt where the radiation is lower, there are
0:19:54 > 0:19:58periods where that region gets filled with high energy charged
0:19:58 > 0:20:01particles and that's a high risk period. And that can have a big
0:20:01 > 0:20:06impact on daily life here on Earth? Well, if you think that we rely more
0:20:06 > 0:20:11and more on our satellites for mobile phones, for TV, for internet,
0:20:11 > 0:20:16for all kinds of communications, banking, that kind of stuff, it's
0:20:16 > 0:20:20really important major part of our life in the modern world.So next
0:20:20 > 0:20:24time you gazed skywards or pick up your smartphone, just think how
0:20:24 > 0:20:27seemingly small changes in the sun could cause sudden and drastic
0:20:27 > 0:20:31changes to the way you live your life.
0:20:31 > 0:20:35November marked 150 years of the shipping forecast.The shipping
0:20:35 > 0:20:42forecast for the next 12 hours. Produced by the Met Office on behalf
0:20:42 > 0:20:46of the maritime and coastguard agency, it's believed to be the
0:20:46 > 0:20:52longest running forecast of its kind in the world. That crucial forecast
0:20:52 > 0:20:56data is produced daily here at the Met Office.There was just a feeling
0:20:56 > 0:21:01that there was too much risk of loss of life...I was shown the first
0:21:01 > 0:21:05weather charts from under 50 years ago.What they did rather cleverly
0:21:05 > 0:21:10was basically put pins through the paper, the kind of sea just about
0:21:10 > 0:21:14this little pinpricks here that meant they were also looking at the
0:21:14 > 0:21:18same information in the same place. You can see how they had a change
0:21:18 > 0:21:22from these maps the very detailed maps. It was known as the storm
0:21:22 > 0:21:27warning service, but then was known as a shipping forecast.The shipping
0:21:27 > 0:21:33forecast is not just for mariners but it also listens to buy hundreds
0:21:33 > 0:21:41of thousands of us every on Radio 4. Occasional rain, good, occasionally
0:21:41 > 0:21:44moderate...That the flavour of the bulletin which is all past four
0:21:44 > 0:21:50times a day. At 5:20am it needs to be exactly nine minutes long, so on
0:21:50 > 0:21:54a calm day I can take my time in describing the weather conditions
0:21:54 > 0:21:58for the 31 different sea areas, whereas on a stormy day I have to
0:21:58 > 0:22:02speak much quicker in order to fit all that information into the same
0:22:02 > 0:22:06minute window. Storm warnings in October as the
0:22:06 > 0:22:13remnants of hurricane Ophelia hit Ireland in the UK. Ophelia was the
0:22:13 > 0:22:17easternmost major hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic. This roof
0:22:17 > 0:22:21was ripped from the roof in Ireland. The government here called the
0:22:21 > 0:22:27situation national emergency. And Ophelia had a stranger side to it,
0:22:27 > 0:22:31turning the sky and eerie orange because of Saharan dust swept up on
0:22:31 > 0:22:37its path to the UK. But when it comes to air pollution, this is just
0:22:37 > 0:22:43about as bad as it gets. In November, Delhi, and the smog so
0:22:43 > 0:22:47thick and toxic it is set to produce a text of equivalent to 50
0:22:47 > 0:22:53cigarettes a day. In the USA, more tropical rain and flooding and this
0:22:53 > 0:22:57remarkable view Opera House being swept along the river in New
0:22:57 > 0:23:04Hampshire, of tropical storm Philip heading -- to the east coast of the
0:23:04 > 0:23:09US. But in California, fire, as months of hot and dry weather
0:23:09 > 0:23:15followed last week -- last winter's record rain, creating wildfire
0:23:15 > 0:23:20crisis. In December fires hit the south near Los Angeles. The largest
0:23:20 > 0:23:26burning an area the size of New York. In the UK, Storm Caroline
0:23:26 > 0:23:29arrived. Scotland bears the brunt with winds of up to 90 kilometres
0:23:29 > 0:23:34per hour, but cold air that follows is felt across the UK, blanketing
0:23:34 > 0:23:39large areas of snow. The most in seven years. Not everyone is a fan
0:23:39 > 0:23:43of snow. But if it is the very first time you've seen it we can't help
0:23:43 > 0:23:49but be excited, even if you are a dog. Truffle, the Yorkshire cocker
0:23:49 > 0:23:53spaniel puppy, trying to get to grips with the white stuff. And
0:23:53 > 0:23:58that's it for this time from our Weather World Winter Wonderland.
0:23:58 > 0:24:03The highlights from our previous programmes, go to our website.
0:24:03 > 0:24:07There's one thing I want to know about fake and real snow. Which is
0:24:07 > 0:24:10the best for a snowball fight? Let's find out!
0:24:10 > 0:24:15Bring it on! OK.
0:24:18 > 0:24:24They are quite hard! Yours are harder!
0:24:24 > 0:24:30Come on! You aren't even trying! That's right in my ear!
0:24:30 > 0:24:35I got you back! You deserved that one.
0:24:35 > 0:24:38Sorry, that must have hurt.