:00:00. > :00:10.This is BBC World News Today. Hundreds of thousands of Syrian
:00:11. > :00:15.refugees are left exposed and at harm from a harsh Middle East
:00:16. > :00:19.winter. Amnesty criticises Europe's attempt to help the needy as
:00:20. > :00:26.pitiful. We have a special report from one refugee camp in bitterly
:00:27. > :00:30.cold Lebanon. The world's big powers have not been able to stop the war
:00:31. > :00:42.in Syria, perhaps that is not so surprising, but surely sorting out
:00:43. > :00:46.this problem should be much easier. 100,000 people pay their respects to
:00:47. > :00:49.Nelson Mandela as he lies in state but now his body is removed from
:00:50. > :00:54.public view, thousands who had missed out are disappointed.
:00:55. > :00:58.Concerns about stability in North Korea after the country's second
:00:59. > :01:02.most powerful figure is executed. If you can read any of these works, you
:01:03. > :01:05.will know it is Esperanto. We speak to a fluent Esperanto speaker who
:01:06. > :01:20.looks after an impressive collection of its literature.
:01:21. > :01:22.The suffering for Syrian refugees fleeing violence has been bad
:01:23. > :01:28.enough, now nature has heaped even more misery on them. Hundreds of
:01:29. > :01:31.thousands of Syrian refugees are facing an exceptionally harsh winter
:01:32. > :01:37.storm and freezing temperatures in the Middle East with no more than
:01:38. > :01:39.flimsy tents for shelter. Human rights organisation Amnesty
:01:40. > :01:45.International says Europe should hang its head in shame for failing
:01:46. > :01:50.to provide a safe haven. There are 6.5 million people displaced inside
:01:51. > :01:54.Syria. This is how the numbers of refugees stacks up. According to the
:01:55. > :01:57.UN Refugee Agency, 838,000 have fled to nearby Lebanon, living either in
:01:58. > :02:05.tented camps, unused buildings or with friends and family. More than
:02:06. > :02:13.560,000 Syrians are believed to be in Jordan. 540,000 have sought
:02:14. > :02:19.refuge in neighbouring Turkey. In Iraq, more than 200,000. Our Middle
:02:20. > :02:29.East editor Jeremy Bowen is in Lebanon where he spent the day with
:02:30. > :02:34.refugees in the Bekaa Valley. No working taps, Noel Wells, only
:02:35. > :02:38.snow. And then here collect it to melt it into water. However bad it
:02:39. > :02:47.gets here, their families still have to drink. An extended family of 20
:02:48. > :02:52.live here in a refugee settlement in the Northern Bekaa Valley. They have
:02:53. > :02:57.a small still but they do not have much would so they were bringing
:02:58. > :03:01.pieces of a plastic rug. The area around the store is quite warm but
:03:02. > :03:11.the fumes of burning plastic hang heavy in the air. This is no place
:03:12. > :03:16.to be a child. It is a much worst -- much worse place to be a baby. Two
:03:17. > :03:20.sisters in law and spend their days goes to the small stove with their
:03:21. > :03:27.newborn sons, around one-month-old. The babies have the cold. Their
:03:28. > :03:30.mothers are trying to breast-feed but it is hard because they are
:03:31. > :03:36.undernourished, living each day on one bowl of lentil soup. They mix
:03:37. > :03:42.some baby formula with the melted snow water. This baby was born
:03:43. > :03:48.without a hand and his mother says he was delivered by a midwife and
:03:49. > :03:55.has never been seen by a doctor. She has been told an operation could
:03:56. > :03:59.help them. He could probably have an operation but I don't have any money
:04:00. > :04:04.to take him. The family seem to share a lot of love but they are
:04:05. > :04:10.close to destitute. Because of the cold and lack of water, this is all
:04:11. > :04:14.that a bucket of melted snow mix. They have not watched for around two
:04:15. > :04:19.weeks. Most refugees in the Bekaa Valley live in informal settlements
:04:20. > :04:26.as the government does not allow the huge cans that have been built in
:04:27. > :04:29.Jordan. Aid is haphazard. In all the settlements there are children who
:04:30. > :04:34.have no shoes or a winter clothes. They often smiled but they look
:04:35. > :04:39.cold, undernourished and on the edge of the list. The world big powers
:04:40. > :04:43.have not been able to stop the War in Syria and perhaps that is not
:04:44. > :04:48.surprising but surely sorting out this problem should be much easier.
:04:49. > :04:54.What it needs most is a mixture of political will and money. The fact
:04:55. > :04:59.that these people are still living like this in the third year of this
:05:00. > :05:08.crisis suggests there is not enough of either. Big sums of money have
:05:09. > :05:12.been donated to help refugees but very little has reached here. These
:05:13. > :05:16.are resilient people and local aid workers say the camp is no better
:05:17. > :05:20.and no worse than others in the area. The humanitarian crisis caused
:05:21. > :05:34.by the Syrian war is growing and eventually. A bitter day was
:05:35. > :05:39.becoming another freezing night. The body of Nelson Mandela is no
:05:40. > :05:43.longer lying in state. Officials say an estimated 100,000 mourners filed
:05:44. > :05:50.past his body in the capital, Pretoria, the very place he was
:05:51. > :05:54.sworn in as Africa's first black President in 1994. Not everyone was
:05:55. > :05:57.able to view his body, many were turned away. Final preparations are
:05:58. > :06:07.now being made in his home village of Qunu for his funeral on Sunday.
:06:08. > :06:14.Huge disappointment for those who did not manage to see Nelson Mandela
:06:15. > :06:20.lying in state? That is right. Night has fallen here and you can see the
:06:21. > :06:24.Union Buildings floodlit behind me. This very imposing centre of
:06:25. > :06:28.government for South Africa and it was here during the day but tens of
:06:29. > :06:32.thousands of ordinary South Africans queued for the third day of this
:06:33. > :06:35.lying in state which is now over, and many thousands had to go home
:06:36. > :06:45.disappointed because they simply would not have reached it before
:06:46. > :06:51.because of the day. Most of the day was very dignified. Singing ebbing
:06:52. > :06:54.way to silence as people approached the point where they could look for
:06:55. > :06:58.the last time into the face of Nelson Mandela but that those denied
:06:59. > :07:05.the opportunity, there was of course frustration and sometimes anger.
:07:06. > :07:09.On the last day of lying in state, the patience of some was beginning
:07:10. > :07:15.to wear thin. They feared they would never get to pay their respects to
:07:16. > :07:26.their dead leader. A policeman called for calm. Then a gap was
:07:27. > :07:31.forced. The younger swept through. It was a brief moment of drama,
:07:32. > :07:36.could be contained by police. There were no serious injuries but all of
:07:37. > :07:40.this indicative of the powerful feelings evoked by the death of
:07:41. > :07:49.Nelson Mandela. APN that here transcends all divides. We wanted to
:07:50. > :07:55.maybe push inside so that we could be able to go and pay our last
:07:56. > :08:00.respects to him. A government minister acknowledged many would not
:08:01. > :08:03.get through. If the numbers are too big, there is nothing we can do
:08:04. > :08:10.about it. We do not have to apologise because that is the way
:08:11. > :08:14.the situation is. 500 miles to the south of his birthplace, the
:08:15. > :08:17.military practice their flyover Sunday's funeral. Preparations here
:08:18. > :08:27.are gathering pace. This is the convoy that will carry the body to
:08:28. > :08:32.its final resting place. Away from the formality of the state occasion,
:08:33. > :08:42.these ANC members remembering a man who was to them not a global icon
:08:43. > :08:46.but a local hero. There are small impromptu celebrations of Nelson
:08:47. > :08:50.Mandela's live in place across South Africa. Here in his home region, the
:08:51. > :09:00.sense of anticipation ahead of Sunday's funeral is particularly
:09:01. > :09:04.intense. This is one of the poorest parts of South Africa, the place of
:09:05. > :09:07.deep anger over government corruption, the failure to deliver
:09:08. > :09:11.on the promises of liberation. For people like this widowed mother of
:09:12. > :09:17.five children, Nelson Mandela is exempt from limb. Do you feel proud
:09:18. > :09:31.that he came from here, from this place? I am proud, so proud, she
:09:32. > :09:36.tells me. As the day ended, Nelson Mandela was leaving Pretoria.
:09:37. > :09:46.Tomorrow, the man who led South Africa to freedom will make the last
:09:47. > :09:49.journey to the place of his birth. Tomorrow, Saturday, but very
:09:50. > :09:55.poignant journey for Nelson Mandela's body will begin here in
:09:56. > :09:59.Pretoria when he is taken to be put on board that aircraft to take him
:10:00. > :10:06.from the airbase down to the Eastern Cape, all the way his grandson will
:10:07. > :10:12.be talking to the body of Nelson Mandela, telling him, according to
:10:13. > :10:16.tribal custom, exactly what is happening. He will be telling his
:10:17. > :10:21.grandfather, we are now going on a flight down to the Eastern Cape to
:10:22. > :10:24.begin your journey home to your homeland in Qunu for the
:10:25. > :10:31.preparations for the funeral on Sunday.
:10:32. > :10:34.There is international concern tonight about the stability of the
:10:35. > :10:37.secretive state of North Korea after the execution of the regime's second
:10:38. > :10:46.most powerful figures Jang Song Thaek. He was the uncle by marriage
:10:47. > :10:49.of the country's leader Kim Jong Un. It's reported he was shot by machine
:10:50. > :11:01.gun after being found guilty of treason. South Korea says it is in a
:11:02. > :11:05.heightened state of readiness. This is the man who sought to bring
:11:06. > :11:08.down the North Korean regime, the once powerful uncle of the country
:11:09. > :11:12.'s young ruler reinvented as a criminal and a coup leader. Facing
:11:13. > :11:18.this military court before his execution. His crimes of plotting to
:11:19. > :11:25.seize power, the most serious of North Korea could muster. His old
:11:26. > :11:28.influence and proximity to the North Korean ruling dynasty only
:11:29. > :11:35.underlines the message delivered with his death that no wonder, not
:11:36. > :11:40.even family, is immune. The state news agency described him as worse
:11:41. > :11:48.than a dog and a traitor to the nation for all ages. Who was the
:11:49. > :11:52.dead man? Jang Song Thaek was powerfully placed in North Korea's
:11:53. > :11:59.ruling grip. He was married for decades to the sister of the former
:12:00. > :12:05.ruler. He died two years ago, passing control to his young son. He
:12:06. > :12:12.is now a broadly purging all opposition. News of the execution
:12:13. > :12:18.told of a man responsible for all North Korea's ills, its corruption
:12:19. > :12:23.and economic failure. A despicable reformer, too close to China and a
:12:24. > :12:29.warning to all those who hoped for change. Just over 100 miles away
:12:30. > :12:32.here in the South Korean capital there is worry about what North
:12:33. > :12:36.Korea will look like without its elder statesman. Jang Sun Tech was
:12:37. > :12:42.seen as being too close to its leader to colour but there is a new
:12:43. > :12:52.generation of rising and it has just proved it will do whatever it takes
:12:53. > :12:56.to stay in power. He has to realise that once a terrorist stops, he has
:12:57. > :13:00.to bring home the goods. If people don't have jobs or security, who
:13:01. > :13:05.else has he to blame? Jang Sun Tech has already been edited out of
:13:06. > :13:10.official documentary is all stop his story rewritten by the countries
:13:11. > :13:14.powerful propaganda machine but many believe that story reveals far more
:13:15. > :13:25.about the fears and floors eating away at the heart of the regime.
:13:26. > :13:29.Tomorrow Egyptian authorities will announce the date of the referendum
:13:30. > :13:33.on the new constitution and after that they will be a period of 30 to
:13:34. > :13:39.90 days for either parliamentary or presidential elections to be held.
:13:40. > :13:45.Ever since the removable of Mohammed Mercy in July there have been a
:13:46. > :13:52.string of car bombs and attacks. Before we came on air, I spoke to an
:13:53. > :13:56.adviser to Egypt's interim President and I put it to him that a
:13:57. > :14:02.democratically elected President had been replaced by a military backed
:14:03. > :14:10.one. That is not a precise reading of what happens on the 30th of June.
:14:11. > :14:13.That was a fully fledged revolution by people who were against the
:14:14. > :14:18.fascism represented by the Muslim Brotherhood that came into power
:14:19. > :14:21.probably through the ballot boxes but intended to rule Egypt by
:14:22. > :14:27.confiscating the whole democratic process and that was very clear on
:14:28. > :14:36.November 2012 when we had the constitutional declaration of the
:14:37. > :14:42.Muslim brotherhood. You felt that justified the actions of the
:14:43. > :14:49.military in Egypt to intervene and remove those people from power? What
:14:50. > :14:53.has happened is that we had an impeachment process of a President
:14:54. > :14:58.in a very nonconventional way in a popular way that people came out
:14:59. > :15:02.onto the streets, asking this President to leave office and to
:15:03. > :15:08.have an early presidential election. I will not get into the
:15:09. > :15:12.figures with you because opponents say the figures were much smaller
:15:13. > :15:17.but even though we thought there was popular support for his removal,
:15:18. > :15:22.there is popular support in the country for him and the Muslim
:15:23. > :15:32.brotherhood movement. Can you afford to write them out of the script?
:15:33. > :15:37.this is not a precise estimate of their presence in Egypt's. They are
:15:38. > :15:45.one factor of the society and we would not say it goes beyond 5
:15:46. > :15:49.million of the population. That is a lot, can you ignore that? It is
:15:50. > :15:55.actually the other way round, we want them to not ignore the other 85
:15:56. > :16:02.million. They are the ones who are not including the Egyptian people.
:16:03. > :16:07.What they call anti-government demonstrations, we know they are
:16:08. > :16:13.anti-future demonstrations. The Egyptian people has tried to set
:16:14. > :16:17.clear road map to the future which is very democratic and having a
:16:18. > :16:20.constitutional start and having that in the way that the Muslim
:16:21. > :16:24.Brotherhood has tried to deprive the Egyptian people from having the
:16:25. > :16:29.dream of the Democratic progressives and state. Do you accent you have a
:16:30. > :16:33.PR problem. Look at the demonstrations we saw in support of
:16:34. > :16:40.Mohammed Morsi and in Alexandria we saw women as young as 15 given heavy
:16:41. > :16:43.prison sentences. They have now been allowed to leave prison but they say
:16:44. > :16:48.they were not doing anything wrong. That is not good for you. Let us
:16:49. > :16:52.agree that we have a propaganda machine that is taking typical
:16:53. > :16:58.events that could happen here in London, it happened here at the
:16:59. > :17:05.University of London. We have someone who wrote in chalk on the
:17:06. > :17:08.floor of that university and she was prosecuted for vandalism. If that is
:17:09. > :17:13.the same case that we have young ladies as long as -- as young as
:17:14. > :17:18.this land is -- as young as this youngster at the adversity of London
:17:19. > :17:22.doing vandalism and destroying private property and when they were
:17:23. > :17:25.prosecuted through a legal system that is exactly the same rationale
:17:26. > :17:29.that this young lady at the University of London has been
:17:30. > :17:35.prosecuted, we cannot say that it is an act of tyranny versus attack act
:17:36. > :17:40.of the rule of law and in both cases it was the rule of law. In Egypt's
:17:41. > :17:43.you now how to ask for three days notice if you want to carry out a
:17:44. > :17:49.protest against the government and you might not be given the
:17:50. > :17:53.commission. The demonstration law here in the UK asks you for six days
:17:54. > :17:58.for permission which is pretty much the case. In some cases you would
:17:59. > :18:02.not get permission in the UK. Are we comparing like with like? You have
:18:03. > :18:06.got hundreds of supporters and leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood in
:18:07. > :18:12.detention and you have human rights organisations say they have been
:18:13. > :18:18.arrested... More precisely we have leaders of that organisation
:18:19. > :18:21.instigating violence and acting violently and it is very clear and
:18:22. > :18:30.it has been declared by the public prosecutors. That was the adviser to
:18:31. > :18:33.Adly Mansour talking to me just before we came on air. Violent
:18:34. > :18:36.protests have erupted in Bangladesh after the execution of the Islamist
:18:37. > :18:40.opposition leader Abdul Kader Mullah on Thursday. At least three people
:18:41. > :18:45.were killed when demonstrators clashed with police and set fire to
:18:46. > :18:47.houses, shops and vehicles. Abdul Kader Mullah was hanged on Thursday,
:18:48. > :18:50.for war crimes committed during Bangladesh's war of independence
:18:51. > :18:53.from Pakistan in 1971. Despite the violence crowds also took to the
:18:54. > :18:57.streets of Dhaka, to express their support for the execution. Here's
:18:58. > :18:59.Andrew North in the capital Dhaka. Bangladesh on the edge. Islamist
:19:00. > :19:00.protesters on the streets of the capital. The police retaliate with
:19:01. > :19:04.massive force, wildly firing handguns and rubber pellets as they
:19:05. > :19:09.try to regain control. The Islamist came and they had sticks and
:19:10. > :19:17.petrol, this man said. They pulled me out of my car and burned it, look
:19:18. > :19:22.that is my car. Police water cannons were used to put out the fires of
:19:23. > :19:27.the demonstrators had already disappeared. Pop-up protests like
:19:28. > :19:30.this are a hallmark tactic. It is just after Friday prayers and
:19:31. > :19:35.already the kind of trouble that many feared has begun. Two cars have
:19:36. > :19:39.been set alight here and the police and the fire brigade are trying to
:19:40. > :19:43.put them out. Extra riot police are being brought in now. There is a
:19:44. > :19:49.sense that this could start to spread across the city. Clashes have
:19:50. > :19:54.already spread outside the capital. Several deaths and injuries have
:19:55. > :19:59.been reported. The violence was sparked by the execution of an
:20:00. > :20:04.Islamist leader, Abdul Kader Mullah. He was convicted for atrocities
:20:05. > :20:08.during the war of independence but during a much criticised trial the
:20:09. > :20:13.Islamist are calling for a strike this weekend. Bangladesh is braced
:20:14. > :20:16.for more violence and there are increasing doubts that elections
:20:17. > :20:23.promised for next month will happen on time.
:20:24. > :20:28.American media outlets are reporting that a former FBI agent who was
:20:29. > :20:32.believed to have been held in Iran for the last six years was working
:20:33. > :20:36.for the CIA on an unapproved mission. The US National Robert
:20:37. > :20:42.Leveson went missing during a business trip to Iran in 2007. The
:20:43. > :20:47.associated press foundation suggest that a team of analysts from the CIA
:20:48. > :20:51.with no authority to run spy operations paid him to gather
:20:52. > :20:57.intelligence for them. He has been missing for six years. The CIA has
:20:58. > :21:01.no comment on any claimed links between him and the American
:21:02. > :21:07.government but the report suggests that the CIA paid his family $2.5
:21:08. > :21:12.million to avoid a public lawsuit and disciplined ten veteran
:21:13. > :21:16.analysts. In 2010 his family was sent a video of him looking frail
:21:17. > :21:21.and asking the United States government for help. I have been
:21:22. > :21:31.held here for three and a half years. I am not in very good health.
:21:32. > :21:35.I am running very quickly out of diabetes medicine.
:21:36. > :21:39.Within the last our reporters have questions the White House official
:21:40. > :21:42.spokesman about this case and the spokesman stressed that he was not
:21:43. > :21:49.working for the US government at the time that it disappeared. Robert
:21:50. > :21:54.Leveson was not a US employee when he went missing in Iran. There is an
:21:55. > :21:58.ongoing investigation into his disappearance so I will not comment
:21:59. > :22:02.further about what he may or may not be doing in Iran. I will not fact
:22:03. > :22:07.check every reference made in the story that you speak of and we feel
:22:08. > :22:13.it was highly irresponsible to publish it and we urge the outlet is
:22:14. > :22:17.not to publish out of concerns for Robert Leveson's safety. I will also
:22:18. > :22:21.not say anything that will further harm our efforts to bring him home
:22:22. > :22:27.safe, which has been our goal for the years he has been missing. Since
:22:28. > :22:31.he disappeared the US government has vigorously pursued and continues to
:22:32. > :22:36.pursue all investigative leads, as we would with any American citizen
:22:37. > :22:44.missing or detained overseas. We continue to be focused on doing
:22:45. > :22:46.everything we can to bring Bob home safely to his family and this
:22:47. > :22:54.remains a top priority of the US government.
:22:55. > :22:58.If I said to you saluton, it's estimated that up to two million
:22:59. > :23:01.people around the world would know what I was saying. It means hello in
:23:02. > :23:05.Esperanto. It sounds a little like Spanish perhaps a touch like German,
:23:06. > :23:07.but it was the brainchild of a Polish linguist, Ludwig Zamenhof,
:23:08. > :23:10.who designed Esperanto in the 1870s to be a neutral, international
:23:11. > :23:14.language. This Sunday is Esperanto Book Day.
:23:15. > :23:17.So we are joined here to talk about Esperanto by Olga Kerziouk who is
:23:18. > :23:29.Curator for the Esperanto collections at the British library
:23:30. > :23:39.here in London. Hello. Cannes one. Oh, Cannes one, I
:23:40. > :23:45.can say that much! Why did you decide to learn this. I was born in
:23:46. > :23:55.the Ukraine and when I was 15 years old I got very interested in a book
:23:56. > :24:01.about a traveller who was blind and he travelled the world and I was
:24:02. > :24:06.absolutely excited about this and that is how I learnt about
:24:07. > :24:11.Esperanto. How easy is it to learn? It is very easy but you still need
:24:12. > :24:15.to put some effort, as with every language. One of the reasons that it
:24:16. > :24:30.is easy is that the words are similar if they denote the same
:24:31. > :24:35.thing. Let us look at this one word. They are all similar whether they
:24:36. > :24:41.mean cottage or house or mansion. It is very easy to learn because
:24:42. > :24:48.grammar is very easy. You learn the roots of words and you learn the
:24:49. > :24:53.system of prefixes and suffixes. How widespread is it? We think only 2
:24:54. > :24:57.million speak it globally. It is difficult to say because you cannot
:24:58. > :25:06.say, people started and then stop and then continue and we only know
:25:07. > :25:09.about people who are members of these international associations for
:25:10. > :25:13.Esperanto. Be honest, how many people have you sat down and gone to
:25:14. > :25:21.a restaurant or a club or something and started chatting to someone in
:25:22. > :25:27.Esperanto? Yes, well, some people have a star and you can see that
:25:28. > :25:31.they speak Esperanto. It was very popular in previous decades. I used
:25:32. > :25:37.to have a green star. You are not wearing it now! Yes, I forgot. It
:25:38. > :25:42.used to be more popular than now. I wanted to put it to you that
:25:43. > :25:48.basically English is Esperanto, it is the language of aviation and
:25:49. > :25:54.business, do you need Esperanto? Yes we need it because it is beautiful
:25:55. > :25:59.and easy and not everybody can spend years and years learning English.
:26:00. > :26:04.People do other jobs in their life and it is also if you care about
:26:05. > :26:13.linguistic justice. What is Esperanto Book Day? We don't have
:26:14. > :26:20.much time. The man who created Esperanto was the first poet and the
:26:21. > :26:26.first translator. So you have lots of books in the British library that
:26:27. > :26:32.have been translated into Esperanto? Yes, this book was originally
:26:33. > :26:36.written in Esperanto. It is translated into English from
:26:37. > :26:40.Esperanto. And just say happy birthday in Esperanto. Hello.
:26:41. > :28:09.Saluton. the rain is really swamping Scotland
:28:10. > :28:13.through the afternoon. That rain is on the move ended the evening it
:28:14. > :28:17.will push to the south and east and eventually clear the south-east by
:28:18. > :28:22.dawn on Sunday. A reasonable start for many but there is another area
:28:23. > :28:25.of rain are pushing up. It could bring it gusts up into the far north
:28:26. > :28:28.of Scotland.