11/02/2016 BBC News at Ten


11/02/2016

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Tonight at Ten, the scientific breakthrough which provides

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a completely new way of looking at the universe.

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We have detected gravitational waves.

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The waves were caused by the collision of two black holes

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It's a discovery that will change astronomy.

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Gravational waves provide a completely new way of looking

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The ability to detect them has the potential

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After decades of searching, it's confirmation of a theory first

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put forward by Albert Einstein a hundred years ago.

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We'll have details of the discovery, we'll explain what it means, and how

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it will change our understanding of the universe. Also tonight.

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Junior doctors in England say they will not back down,

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after ministers decide to force through the terms of a controversial

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Kenya has missed a deadline to prove it has taken decisive action against

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cheating in athletics. We will have an exclusive report.

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Two young Syrian boys - now in Turkey - tell us about life

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under Islamic State, and the terror they witnessed.

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And the exotic world of Bosch - we look at a major new exhibition

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Later on BBC London: A year more in charge for London's top policeman

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- but it falls short of the offer he wanted.

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And we meet the cool thinking bystander, who tripped up

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Scientists have been celebrating what they say is one of the biggest

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discoveries of the past hundred years, providing a completely

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For the first time, scientists have found solid evidence

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for the existence of gravitational waves, confirming a theory first put

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forward by Albert Einstein a century ago.

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They say it's the culmination of decades of searching

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and could ultimately offer an all-encompassing explanation

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for the universe as we know it, as our science editor

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There is so much that is mysterious about the universe, but occasionally

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there are genuine breakthroughs in understanding, and this one hinges

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on the fate of two black holes in distance -based that drew closer

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together and then collided with massive violence, triggering what

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are called gravitational waves, which for 100 years have just been a

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theory but have now been confirmed. We have detected gravitational

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waves. We did it! APPLAUSE

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It's a landmark discovery and in a packed news conference in

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Washington, scientists unveiled a simulation of the sound of those

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black holes colliding. That is the chirp we have been looking for. That

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is one of the beautiful things about this, we will not only see the

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universe, we will be listening to it. It was Albert Einstein 100 years

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ago who first suggested that waves of gravity are rippling through the

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universe, triggered by huge events like distant stars exploding. These

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waves radiate out at the speed of light, stretching and squeezing

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space as they raced through, and when one of them reaches us it

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exerts a tiny force, jolting the Earth away from the sun by a minute

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amount, barely the size of an atom. So why does this discovery matter?

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Well, it not only proves that Einstein was right, it also opens up

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an entirely new way to look at space. Until now, our knowledge of

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the skies have come from light waves and radio waves. Now, with

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gravitational waves as well, black holes might become far clearer to

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us, as might neutron stars, which are giant songs that have collapsed.

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And astronomers should also see much deeper into the universe, further

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back in time, even to when it all began with the Big Bang. The

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discovery was made with two vast detectors in opposite corners of the

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United States, pipes four kilometres long carrying laser beam is

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sensitive enough to pick up the ripples from space. But for years it

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was a struggle. When we filmed back in 2003, the instruments were

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confused by the rumble of trains nearby. But after a major upgrade

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they cracked it and among those describing this is a massive

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advances Stephen Hawking. Gravitational waves provide a

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completely new way of looking at the universe. The ability to detect them

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has the potential to revolutionise astronomy. It has taken decades to

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plan and then build the technology to make this possible, with help

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from America, Britain and the rest of Britain -- Europe. These black

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holes actually spiralled down over 1 billion years ago and the signal has

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been travelling to us since then and we turned on our detectors at just

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the right time to detect it arriving. So 50 years of effort are

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paying off, as gravitational waves open up a remarkable new view of the

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heavens, and it is just starting. It's not just the remarkable

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discovery we are talking about, but what it leads to? Suddenly your

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window has opened on the universe in a way that no one expected. We have

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to rewind 400 years, when Galileo took his first look through the

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telescopes and saw things in the heavens which nobody conceived off.

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That is where we are now. Much of the universe is dark. It doesn't

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emit light. You can't see it in the normal way. So gravitational waves

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as a new route to looking at the universe may suddenly stumble across

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all kinds of surprises and that puts this discovery in the top rank of

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scientific achievements, up there with discovering the Higgs boson,

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that famous particle, unravelling the code of DNA. What is left

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scientists incredibly excited as they do since they have started a

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new era of expression. David Sugarman. -- exploration. David

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Shipman. The government has decided to impose

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the terms of a new contract on thousands of junior

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doctors in England. The Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt

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said he'd been left with no choice following the failure to reach

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agreement on new working practices. But doctors' leaders have

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promised to fight on. The British Medical Association says

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the new contract is flawed and it accused ministers of alienating

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a generation of junior doctors. Our health editor Hugh

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Pym has more details. Junior doctors gathering outside

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the Department of Health showed what they felt about the decision

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to impose a new contract. While the Health Secretary argued

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that even after many government concessions, their union had

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refused to compromise. I've actually chosen a version

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of the contract that has moved a long way to address the concerns

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that they and the BMA raised, big reductions in the maximum hours

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they can be asked to work, the number of nights they can be

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asked to work in a row, Big safety constraints, to make sure

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they don't get overtired. A big improvement in fact

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on what the arrangements He said he had taken his cue

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from this man, the government's chief negotiator, a leading

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hospital chief executive. I have to conclude that we have

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reached the end of the road of negotiations now and therefore

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have advised the Secretary of State that we in the health service

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now should not continue with the disruptions that come

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from the uncertainty, and that we need to bring

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the matter to a close. The new junior doctors contract

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will apply from August. It will see basic pay rise 13.5%,

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but there will be cuts 40,000 doctors will be affected

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as they move jobs as part of their training, about 75%

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within the first year. The government has decided to impose

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the terms of a new contract Trade Union the BMA will now

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consider its options, including further industrial action. We were

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always hoping the government wouldn't come to way position but

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unfortunately they have taken this is very damaging course of action.

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What we need to do is talk to our membership and the what doctors

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across this country think is the right thing to do. One doctor told

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me some colleagues would quit, which she claimed would compromise patient

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safety. There's a shortage of doctors within the NHS under current

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conditions. This contract is going to make it worse. There are not

:09:24.:09:28.

going to be enough doctors to look after patients safely. Some would

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say that is scaremongering. I would say it is reality and we need to

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face up to it. As junior doctors demonstrate this evening there is

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speculation about another set of talks involving the medical

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profession, this time the consultants, and whether they will

:09:42.:09:43.

reach a deal or stall without any agreement. There was talk also of

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doctors resigning and moving to Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland,

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where there are no plans to change the current contracts. For now, the

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campaign momentum doesn't look like slowing.

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Our political editor Laura Kuenssberg is in

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We have seen the anger of junior doctors, not least in Whitehall

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behind you, what can you tell us about the political reasoning of

:10:09.:10:12.

this decision? That the government claims this new contract is

:10:13.:10:15.

essential to improving services at the weekend. That is hotly disputed,

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but ministers say that was in the Conservative manifesto at the

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general election and that is what voters chose. Second of all, they

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feel the BMA left them with no choice because the negotiations

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ended up hitting a brick wall. There was no further they could go in the

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talks. And thirdly they hope, and hope is the active word there, that

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once the new contracts start to come in that junior doctors may actually

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feel the terms and conditions in the end were not as bad as they feared

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and they can just get on with it, really. But it is a really big risk.

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Not just because this has already aggravated even further the

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thousands and thousands of medics around England, who are already

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really fed up with this and working in NHS that is already under

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pressure, but there is a wider political risk as well because for a

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long time the Tories have really had to sweat to be seen as a political

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party that can be trusted and believed on the NHS. David Cameron

:11:14.:11:17.

has spent a lot of political capital trying to show the NHS is safe in

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his hands. If this dispute becomes even more bitter, drags on for a

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long time with us and worse industrial action and patients feel

:11:27.:11:31.

they are starting to suffer, who will voters really blame? Will they

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blamed the doctors, or the politicians? Only the public can

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answer that in the weeks and months to come. Laura Kuenssberg in

:11:44.:11:47.

Westminster. The head of Google in the UK says

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he understands public anger over reports of the company's

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tax payments. But he insisted that Google paid

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corporation tax at 20 per cent, like other firms

:11:57.:11:59.

operating in the UK. Critics have complained that

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a payment of ?130 million in back taxes for a 10-year

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period was far too small. Our economics editor

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Kamal Ahmed has the story. Google, a company that likes to help

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us answer questions. It's a search powerhouse that makes

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billions of pounds of profit Today, it appeared to have a little

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difficulty answering this question - For Matt Brittin, Google's head

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of Europe, it wasn't that simple. Can you tell me what you get paid,

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please, Mr Brittin? I don't have the figure,

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but I will happily provide it. You don't know what you

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get paid, Mr Brittin? A bit of knock-about maybe,

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but MPs insisted it showed just how out of touch the

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technology giant is. Mr Brittin seemed on surer ground

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when defending Google's settlement We're paying the tax the HMRC

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believes is the highest They can't settle unless we're

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paying the tax fully, based on the facts, and we can't pay

:12:49.:12:51.

more than we're required to under the tax system, because there is no

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legal mechanism to do that. So we're in the spotlight,

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and I understand why, but we're paying the amount of tax

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we've been asked to pay. Here at Google's HQ in central

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London, I'm told they're pretty The company has stuck steadfastly

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to the argument that it is an American company that

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pays its taxes in America. There was actually a rather more

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interesting witness before MPs today - that was the UK

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tax authority, HMRC. Could they convince a sceptical

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public that this was not The key question for that tax

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collector, did Google We don't get outmanoeuvred by these

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big firms, we make them If I'm honest, I would like to see

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more recognition of that. We have a fine set of tax inspectors

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who do an extremely good job. Google says it wants

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to see a simpler tax code. At the moment it runs

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to thousands of pages. We have to have confidence that

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they're not getting But I think we need a process

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in place which reassures the public. Mr Brittin was still being thrown

:14:02.:14:12.

questions as he left the inquiry. But for now, the technology company

:14:13.:14:15.

decided it had said quite enough. The World Anti-Doping Agency has

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said tonight that Kenya has missed a deadline to prove that it's taking

:14:20.:14:30.

decisive action to fight cheating in athletics, following a spate

:14:31.:14:33.

of positive drug tests. The country will now be put

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on a watch-list and could face a ban BBC News has heard evidence

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of doping from Kenyan athletes and allegations of corruption

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levelled at sporting officials. Our sports editor Dan Roan has been

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to the town of Iten, where Kenya's elite runners train,

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and sent this exclusive report. It's one of sport's

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most unique settings. Iten, nestled in the Rift Valley,

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home to Kenya's champions. For decades, this small town has

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provided a high-altitude training base to thousands of world-class

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athletes, many of whom have gone on to establish their country

:15:09.:15:11.

as the dominant force Kenya's prowess was underlined

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at the World Championships in Beijing last year when it

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topped the medal table. 1,500 metres winner Asbel Kiprop

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claiming one of his team's seven Back in Iten, he is now in training

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for the Rio Olympics, but doping has cast a shadow

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over his country's preparations. 40 Kenyan athletes have been banned

:15:38.:15:39.

to cheating in the last five years, and Kiprop told me of

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the damage it's doing. It is a disgrace, especially

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to the sport and ourselves It is a disgrace to hard-working

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athletes when an athlete is found to have used

:15:50.:15:55.

performance-enhancing drugs. The BBC has obtained previously

:15:56.:15:58.

unseen secretly-filmed footage of an athlete receiving an injection

:15:59.:16:04.

from a doctor. We cannot verify what substance was,

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but the athlete, who doesn't want to be identified,

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told me it was a banned substance. Have you used performance-enhancing

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drugs? In Kenya, most people are using,

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so if you don't use, you will just be training,

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training, training all year. In November, athletes staged

:16:27.:16:32.

a protest in Nairobi against the sport's leaders

:16:33.:16:35.

amid corruption allegations. This week, officials had to deny

:16:36.:16:38.

new accusations of extortion, but we spoke to another athlete

:16:39.:16:40.

who said he had been blackmailed by members of the sport's governing

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body after he failed a drugs test. TRANSLATION: They asked me

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for 500,000 shillings. I said I couldn't afford to pay,

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so they told me I would receive The governing body said it couldn't

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comment as it's under investigation by the International Athletics

:16:56.:17:02.

Federation, but did ask those Kenya's now at serious risk

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of being dragged into the doping Another of the sport's powerhouse

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nations, Russia, has already been banned from international

:17:11.:17:17.

competition because of state-sponsored cheating,

:17:18.:17:18.

and now the spotlight Ill voters blame? The doctors or the

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politicians? Only the public can answer that in the weeks and the

:17:33.:17:33.

months to come. WADA has lost patience, confirming

:17:34.:17:39.

Kenya failed to meet a dead line to confirm it was meeting a process to

:17:40.:17:44.

clear cheating. The consequences could be severe.

:17:45.:17:49.

I think that is the biggest threat right now, that Kenya would be

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Yes. meet the expectations.

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agreeing the need for legislation and funding for a new national

:18:03.:18:05.

anti-doping agency to finally become operational.

:18:06.:18:07.

This is taken to the highest level, so Kenya is serious,

:18:08.:18:16.

and the Kenyan athletes you'll see will be running clean.

:18:17.:18:18.

In a country of limited resources, the temptation to take short cuts

:18:19.:18:21.

is obvious, and the cost of educating and testing

:18:22.:18:23.

Authorities insist that cheating is not systemic,

:18:24.:18:27.

but at a time when sporting integrity is under scrutiny

:18:28.:18:29.

like never before, Kenya is in a race against time to prove

:18:30.:18:32.

More evidence has come to light of the harsh and brutal conditions

:18:33.:18:43.

for Iraqi and Syrian children trapped in areas controlled

:18:44.:18:46.

Two boys who recently managed to flee the violence in Syria

:18:47.:18:50.

say they witnessed executions and were taught to fight

:18:51.:18:52.

They've been speaking to our Middle East correspondent

:18:53.:18:55.

This is how you put on a suicide vest.

:18:56.:19:08.

He and 10-year-old Ahmed learned it at school -

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TRANSLATION: They show this video on the mobile phones

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They were not guilty but they were slaughtered

:19:27.:19:30.

Now they're in Turkey but three months

:19:31.:19:34.

ago, the boys lived in IS-controlled Syria.

:19:35.:19:35.

There, they witnessed killing close at hand.

:19:36.:19:39.

TRANSLATION: Sometimes they would bring as many as six

:19:40.:19:41.

They would call us by loudspeaker to come and watch.

:19:42.:19:51.

TRANSLATION: Once, they brought two men and put them in the middle

:19:52.:19:54.

Who was it that they killed, do you know?

:19:55.:20:01.

TRANSLATION: Yes, they were our neighbours.

:20:02.:20:03.

brainwash us. but they were from the top

:20:04.:20:19.

They say things like suicide bombings are good for

:20:20.:20:22.

us, or when you grow up, you will become Isis fighters.

:20:23.:20:26.

They don't care whether children live or die.

:20:27.:20:32.

Children are a priority for the Islamic State.

:20:33.:20:35.

Even the youngest are trained in Sharia law.

:20:36.:20:38.

IS is attempting to radicalise a generation, as this

:20:39.:20:42.

A teacher from inside says that the jihadists are

:20:43.:21:02.

TRANSLATION: They have changed some subjects.

:21:03.:21:08.

In geography, there were Iraqi and Syrian borders in all

:21:09.:21:11.

But in their books, the borders of the Islamic State go

:21:12.:21:16.

from the Atlantic to China and from Africa to Azerbaijan.

:21:17.:21:23.

The boys escaped IS but thousands remain in their grip.

:21:24.:21:25.

Small hands that know how to fire a Kalashnikov.

:21:26.:21:28.

For the Islamic State, they are the next generation

:21:29.:21:31.

Quentin Sommerville, BBC News, Istanbul.

:21:32.:21:42.

Once again this week share prices in Europe have fallen

:21:43.:21:45.

sharply because of continued concerns about the health

:21:46.:21:47.

Shares in many leading banks tumbled and the FTSE 100 index was down

:21:48.:21:51.

The price of oil hit a new low of $30 dollars a barrel

:21:52.:21:57.

seen as an indication of weakening global demand.

:21:58.:22:04.

Our Economics Correspondent Andrew Verity is here.

:22:05.:22:11.

Falls? The concern is the global slowdown. What has been bothering

:22:12.:22:20.

the markets, they have been wobbling, is whether the Central

:22:21.:22:24.

Banks can do much about it? If they have the tools to tackle it? Today

:22:25.:22:29.

we heard from the Swedish Central Bank, that it would slash interest

:22:30.:22:33.

rates. But the problem being that they are already negative. To

:22:34.:22:38.

illustrate that: If you lent me money, you might expect interest

:22:39.:22:42.

rate back for it. But the negative interest rates mean that you lent me

:22:43.:22:46.

money, I charged for the privilege of lending it. The Swedish Central

:22:47.:22:51.

Bank is saying to the commercial banks, you can put the money here if

:22:52.:22:56.

you like, it is safe but I would rather you lend it out, so I will

:22:57.:23:00.

charge you if you leave the money with me. So the negative interest

:23:01.:23:05.

rate is not doing the job. The market traders are worried with low

:23:06.:23:09.

interest rates, the banks will find it hard to make money. So the bank

:23:10.:23:13.

shares are hammered but the interest rates have been negative on deposits

:23:14.:23:19.

in the eurozone and subsidies and it has not done the job. There has been

:23:20.:23:25.

no big pick-up. There is a fear, it may be irrational. If the global

:23:26.:23:30.

slowdown gets worse, they could keep on administering the strong economic

:23:31.:23:33.

medicine, and the patient still would not get up.

:23:34.:23:37.

The footballer Adam Johnson has been sacked by Sunderland after pleading

:23:38.:23:41.

guilty to one count of sexual activity with a child and one

:23:42.:23:44.

was terminated hours after he was dropped

:23:45.:23:49.

for Saturday's Premier League match against Manchester United.

:23:50.:23:51.

He will stand trial on Friday on two further counts of sexual activity

:23:52.:23:54.

David Cameron's attempted renegotiation of the UK's links

:23:55.:24:01.

with the European Union remains in a 'fragile' state

:24:02.:24:03.

according to Donald Tusk the president of the European

:24:04.:24:05.

He was speaking with a week to go to the summit where the deal

:24:06.:24:11.

is meant to be finalised ahead of a referendum

:24:12.:24:13.

Tonight in the latest of our reports on the road

:24:14.:24:17.

to the summit our Special Correspondent Allan Little considers

:24:18.:24:19.

how Britain's trading history with its European neighbours

:24:20.:24:21.

has shaped the political relationship which is has proved

:24:22.:24:23.

Not long ago it was teeming with merchant ships,

:24:24.:24:35.

The last of the great cranes, this one is called Titan,

:24:36.:24:41.

are a forlorn reminder of a lost age, when Britain was locked

:24:42.:24:44.

into a thriving trade with its empire.

:24:45.:24:49.

We hauled wool and dried fruit from Australia through here.

:24:50.:24:52.

In return, Britain sold to the Empire goods manufactured

:24:53.:25:05.

As these economic powerhouses went into what turned out to be terminal

:25:06.:25:11.

decline, Britain turned through 180 degrees.

:25:12.:25:16.

It had always faced west, to the wide open seas.

:25:17.:25:19.

And now, for the first time, it put the old empire to its back

:25:20.:25:23.

and turned its face to the East to try to embrace

:25:24.:25:26.

That transition sucked the economic life out of the great ports cities

:25:27.:25:33.

Like Glasgow, Liverpool's famous waterfront recalls

:25:34.:25:40.

But the pool of European markets drew Britain's centre of gravity

:25:41.:25:48.

Liverpool did not disappear overnight after 1973

:25:49.:26:02.

but it was economically stagnant and politically unstable parts

:26:03.:26:04.

of the world compared to Western Europe where there

:26:05.:26:06.

A different economy has thrived in the age of Europe.

:26:07.:26:14.

High-quality, high-tech, precision engineering,

:26:15.:26:20.

Gescamp is a Spanish owned company in County Durham which makes

:26:21.:26:26.

All the equipment that we use is supplied from Europe.

:26:27.:26:35.

Our suppliers of materials come from Europe and we export a large

:26:36.:26:38.

proportion of what we make here to mainland Europe.

:26:39.:26:44.

Would leaving the EU threaten all this?

:26:45.:26:46.

Out campaigners say emphatically not, that nations can and do trade

:26:47.:26:50.

freely with Europe from outside the EU.

:26:51.:26:58.

To see how Britain's mercantile economy has shifted,

:26:59.:27:00.

This container port barely existed in 1973.

:27:01.:27:07.

The visual contrast with Liverpool and Glasgow could not be starker.

:27:08.:27:16.

The great weight of Britain's trade is now in the south and east.

:27:17.:27:19.

Europe, above all, has pulled it here.

:27:20.:27:21.

For Britain, the European club has really always been about trade,

:27:22.:27:25.

about the wealth creating potential of all this.

:27:26.:27:29.

That is not so for the European nations across the water.

:27:30.:27:32.

Almost all of them have suffered within living memory

:27:33.:27:35.

the humiliations of military defeat, of foreign occupation and a fascist

:27:36.:27:38.

For them, the European process has been driven by the need to turn

:27:39.:27:44.

It has been about securing democracy, about banishing war,

:27:45.:27:52.

it has been about national redemption.

:27:53.:27:55.

That has just never been so for Britain.

:27:56.:27:58.

Across the water, ever closer union has, from the start,

:27:59.:28:01.

The nation state was seen as being insufficient.

:28:02.:28:08.

Nationalism was bad because that was what happened

:28:09.:28:15.

So they had to come up with some solutions that would be

:28:16.:28:17.

about the nation state, supranational solutions.

:28:18.:28:22.

Britain has embraced the economic change that EU

:28:23.:28:24.

But it has never much liked the political ambitions that

:28:25.:28:29.

For the water that separates Britain from Europe is also a border

:28:30.:28:34.

between two quite different historical experiences.

:28:35.:28:35.

Two quite different ways of thinking about the EU and what it is for.

:28:36.:28:39.

Alan Little, BBC News, on Southampton Water.

:28:40.:28:47.

The Dutch painter Hieronymous van Aken

:28:48.:28:49.

better known as Hieronymous Bosch produced some of the most exotic

:28:50.:28:52.

To mark the 500th anniversary of his death many of his most

:28:53.:28:57.

startling works have been gathered for the first time

:28:58.:28:59.

Our Arts Correspondent David Sillito has been along to take a look.

:29:00.:29:17.

Bosch is telling us about good and evil.

:29:18.:29:20.

He was a master of the weird and strange.

:29:21.:29:28.

Hieronymous Bosch, this exhibition is a homecoming for paintings

:29:29.:29:30.

scattered across the world and here in his hometown you can see

:29:31.:29:34.

The view from the cathedral has barely changed in 500 years.

:29:35.:29:45.

And this eerie image, locals recognise it but to see it,

:29:46.:29:49.

you have to take a boat under the city.

:29:50.:29:53.

Because a lot of dead soldiers were buried here in the water,

:29:54.:30:07.

This market square, the buildings have changed but it is still

:30:08.:30:21.

the medieval landscape he would recognise.

:30:22.:30:25.

This is his old house, he is everywhere but there is one

:30:26.:30:28.

Which is what makes this so extraordinary.

:30:29.:30:39.

This, The Haywain, has come back for the first time

:30:40.:30:44.

I am walking across that market square where he lived and worked

:30:45.:30:53.

But what is certain is that 15 years of coaxing and cajolling the world's

:30:54.:31:16.

great galleries has paid off, and if we're ever going

:31:17.:31:20.

to understand the strange Mr Bosch, it is going to be here.

:31:21.:31:31.

Newsnight is coming up on BBC Two, here's Emily.

:31:32.:31:35.

Tonight the Health Secretary tells us that there is no north to the new

:31:36.:31:43.

to the new contract for junior doctors, he is imposing.

:31:44.:31:45.

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