Browse content similar to 06/02/2016. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
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Hello and welcome to Witness, with me, Tania Beckett. I'm back at the | :00:30. | :00:36. | |
British library in London for our first programme of 2016. Throughout | :00:37. | :00:42. | |
the year, we will be bringing you remarkable personal stories from | :00:43. | :00:46. | |
history. This month we will hear from a Cuban who saw the Dell Castro | :00:47. | :00:52. | |
arrived triumphant in Havana. A museum director whose treasures were | :00:53. | :00:57. | |
destroyed by the Taliban. And the Hungarian who invented the | :00:58. | :01:00. | |
bestselling puzzle in history. But first it is 50 years this month | :01:01. | :01:05. | |
since tragedy struck the US space agency NASA. In 1986, the spatial | :01:06. | :01:14. | |
Challenger exploded shortly after launch. Six astronauts and a teacher | :01:15. | :01:21. | |
were killed. Our first Witness, Barbara Morgan, was another teacher | :01:22. | :01:25. | |
who trained alongside the Cure orange team. My husband and I were | :01:26. | :01:29. | |
sitting on the sofa watching the news and President Reagan came on | :01:30. | :01:33. | |
and made the announcement, it quite remarkable. Today I'm directing NASA | :01:34. | :01:40. | |
to begin a search and to Jews as the first Citizen passenger in the | :01:41. | :01:44. | |
history of our space programme one of America's finest, a teacher -- to | :01:45. | :01:51. | |
choose. My husband, a writer, I will always remember jumped up | :01:52. | :01:54. | |
immediately and said, why teacher, why not a writer? I laughed and I | :01:55. | :01:59. | |
said I thought the teacher would be the perfect choice. Kristin was | :02:00. | :02:03. | |
chosen as the teacher in space, I was lucky to be able to be her back | :02:04. | :02:08. | |
up. Crystal was like the girl next door, she had an effervescent smile, | :02:09. | :02:12. | |
she was very intelligent and just soaking it all in. We spent six | :02:13. | :02:17. | |
months of training at the Johnson space centre with the Challenger | :02:18. | :02:21. | |
crew. Some of our favourite training was in the simulators to learn what | :02:22. | :02:25. | |
it was like to be weightless. We didn't stop laughing that entire | :02:26. | :02:29. | |
flight. Launch day was January the 28th. We had been at the Kennedy | :02:30. | :02:36. | |
Space centre for a few days and the crew had been spending their time in | :02:37. | :02:39. | |
crew quarters going through the last minute work on preparations for the | :02:40. | :02:44. | |
flight. That morning it was a very cold morning. Of course we had | :02:45. | :02:49. | |
school children all over the country watching. There were 100 kids from | :02:50. | :02:55. | |
her son's School. All of the families and friends. I remember I | :02:56. | :03:01. | |
was so excited, I so wanted to be with them. I was waving and I'm sure | :03:02. | :03:07. | |
I was jumping up and down. I was cheering them on, so happy for them | :03:08. | :03:11. | |
and wanted to be with them. We have main engine start. Four, three, two, | :03:12. | :03:19. | |
one and lift off. Liftoff of the 25th space shuttle mission and it | :03:20. | :03:25. | |
has cleared of the tower. Very soon into the launch, things didn't look | :03:26. | :03:33. | |
right. There wasn't one trail going up, all of a sudden there were a | :03:34. | :03:37. | |
couple, that looked very different from the launch that Christa and I | :03:38. | :03:41. | |
had watched a couple of months earlier. Then at some point you | :03:42. | :03:44. | |
realise that something has gone terribly wrong. Flight controllers | :03:45. | :03:50. | |
here looking very carefully at the situation. Obviously a major | :03:51. | :03:59. | |
malfunction. We all went to crew quarters, where we were awaiting | :04:00. | :04:03. | |
word and helping the families. It was a really tough situation. | :04:04. | :04:16. | |
In September I went back to the classroom and I taught for many more | :04:17. | :04:26. | |
years. In 1998, many, many years later, NASA asked me to apply for | :04:27. | :04:30. | |
the astronaut office, the astronaut programme. At that point I left | :04:31. | :04:35. | |
teaching and went and served as an astronaut for ten years. One of the | :04:36. | :04:42. | |
wonderful legacies of the Challenger is the educational programme that | :04:43. | :04:46. | |
the families of the Challenger crew members got together and created, | :04:47. | :04:55. | |
where young people for themselves experienced the joy and wonder of | :04:56. | :05:00. | |
spaceflight and space exploration. It's called the Challenger centre | :05:01. | :05:04. | |
for space science education. That's why the Challenger crew were going | :05:05. | :05:09. | |
into space, they were going to explore and discover and experience | :05:10. | :05:13. | |
for all of us and to keep that future wide open for all other. The | :05:14. | :05:17. | |
American astronaut Barbara Morgan there. Now to the discovery of a | :05:18. | :05:24. | |
disease which affects millions around the world. Our next Witnees, | :05:25. | :05:31. | |
looks at the story of the first patient to be diagnosed with | :05:32. | :05:37. | |
Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's was a doctor, a physician in the | :05:38. | :05:44. | |
psychiatric hospital in Frankfurt in 1888. He was a test from the idea | :05:45. | :05:50. | |
that psychiatric diseases are like other diseases, diseases of the | :05:51. | :05:59. | |
body, in this case of the brain. I have to find a place where I can | :06:00. | :06:07. | |
prove this. The first case actually was produced Dita, she was 51, she | :06:08. | :06:14. | |
lived here in Frankfurt. -- Augusto Dita. She was a normal housewife. | :06:15. | :06:23. | |
Suddenly in 1901 she got jealous and then she got forgetful and was also | :06:24. | :06:36. | |
very loud and cried. Alois Alzheimer said, that is my case. He wrote a | :06:37. | :06:37. | |
very detailed case history of how time, but this file had been and | :06:38. | :06:48. | |
nobody knew exactly where it could be. I am the former director of the | :06:49. | :06:58. | |
same psychiatric hospital in Frankfurt. We went into the archives | :06:59. | :07:03. | |
and suddenly we found this file laying somewhere, and that was the | :07:04. | :07:11. | |
file of Auguste Deter. The file must have laid there for about 70 years | :07:12. | :07:16. | |
or even more. And nobody detected it. It was a wonderful feeling to | :07:17. | :07:25. | |
have these files in our hands. All these questions are documented by | :07:26. | :07:34. | |
himself within this file, with his handwriting. She sits on the bed | :07:35. | :07:39. | |
with a helpless expression. " What is your name? Auguste. What is your | :07:40. | :07:47. | |
husband's name? Auguste, I think. She looked as if she didn't | :07:48. | :07:51. | |
understand the question. I showed her a pencil, a pen, a purse, key, | :07:52. | :07:57. | |
diary and cigar, all identified correctly. When she has to write Mrs | :07:58. | :08:03. | |
Auguste D, she writes Mrs, and we must repeat the other words because | :08:04. | :08:08. | |
she forgets them. The patient is not able to progress in writing and | :08:09. | :08:10. | |
repeats," I have lost myself". She lived very long, about five | :08:11. | :08:22. | |
years or even more. Was kept very well in the hospital and when she | :08:23. | :08:26. | |
died, the brain had been examined immediately after her death. | :08:27. | :08:34. | |
Consignment did many slices and we can still look through the | :08:35. | :08:38. | |
microscope and see, and that is the most important sign of what he found | :08:39. | :08:45. | |
within the brain of Auguste. -- outside. The reason of this disease, | :08:46. | :08:54. | |
of this dementia, is the position of flags and new of eyes. We still | :08:55. | :08:59. | |
think this is the reason for the disease. Unfortunately we have many, | :09:00. | :09:06. | |
many affected persons worldwide. And we did not yet find the | :09:07. | :09:13. | |
corresponding therapy, but we hope in the following years this will | :09:14. | :09:21. | |
take place. Doctor Conrad Murray there. Next to the invention of the | :09:22. | :09:27. | |
bestselling puzzle in history. The fiendishly difficult Rubiks cube. We | :09:28. | :09:33. | |
have been to Budapest to meet the man responsible for a global craze | :09:34. | :09:34. | |
in the nineteen eighties. The cute is a very special object. | :09:35. | :09:55. | |
It's a toy, it's a puzzle. I prefer to call it a piece of art -- the | :09:56. | :10:00. | |
cube. It's a construction. It's an educational tool. It is many | :10:01. | :10:08. | |
things. I was lecturing architecture and | :10:09. | :10:11. | |
construction. And for the students, the best way to teach them is to | :10:12. | :10:16. | |
show them what to do. I was interested about to create something | :10:17. | :10:23. | |
what is mobile, simple and contains some kind of task. And finally I | :10:24. | :10:33. | |
fell in love with the cube is a form because it has very special | :10:34. | :10:34. | |
qualities. After I did it and it was working | :10:35. | :10:47. | |
nicely, my prototypes, I think if I like something then somebody else | :10:48. | :10:53. | |
will like it as well. I thought," If we can produce it cheaply then it is | :10:54. | :11:02. | |
possible for something to happen". I wasn't dreaming about success, I | :11:03. | :11:05. | |
wasn't dreaming about numbers or figures. I had a feeling I could | :11:06. | :11:12. | |
share what I have done. It will be good. Firstly we started to sell in | :11:13. | :11:23. | |
Hungary. The big boom or change started in the 80s when we step into | :11:24. | :11:30. | |
the world market, at first in New York but all of the other tradeshows | :11:31. | :11:41. | |
and toy shows. And in three years, that was the golden age of the cube, | :11:42. | :11:48. | |
the first big boom, and in that time, we sold more than 100 million | :11:49. | :11:56. | |
cubes. We generated some income for me, but I was not expecting such | :11:57. | :12:01. | |
figures -- it's generated. I felt it was some kind of... When you win a | :12:02. | :12:06. | |
lottery, or you find money on the street. | :12:07. | :12:14. | |
Competitions... I can say it is some kind of side-effect. It wasn't | :12:15. | :12:21. | |
something he was targeting. My average time was one minute. I was | :12:22. | :12:27. | |
over 30 already and the best age to do it successfully is under 20. It | :12:28. | :12:36. | |
helps to understand the 3-dimensional movements, to exercise | :12:37. | :12:45. | |
our mind, to imagine something, to understand that if I change the | :12:46. | :12:49. | |
elements of the movements the result will not be the same. The progress | :12:50. | :12:55. | |
is not a continuous line, but we go further and then a little bit back | :12:56. | :13:01. | |
and forward again. We need many times to destroy something to | :13:02. | :13:03. | |
achieve progress. Happy cubing. I was always a very | :13:04. | :13:21. | |
happy cuber, just not always gave very successful one. You can watch | :13:22. | :13:27. | |
Witness every month on the BBC News Channel or you can catch up with | :13:28. | :13:32. | |
over 1000 radio programmes on our online archive. Just go to the | :13:33. | :13:39. | |
website. In January 1959, Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro | :13:40. | :13:41. | |
marched triumphantly into the streets of Havana. Carlos has never | :13:42. | :13:47. | |
forgotten the moment that changed the history of Cuba and the whole of | :13:48. | :13:48. | |
Latin America. On January the eighth, 1959, I was | :13:49. | :14:00. | |
standing on this corner as hundreds of Cubans were welcoming Fidel | :14:01. | :14:06. | |
Castro. And I was very excited, very optimistic. I thought these guys | :14:07. | :14:10. | |
were going to change Cuba in a positive way. But Easter dominated | :14:11. | :14:23. | |
Cuban politics until 1958. He was considered a guy who really enforce | :14:24. | :14:27. | |
the law for the benefit of American companies -- Batista. He and his | :14:28. | :14:33. | |
cabinet got $200,000 a month from the mafia to let them do whatever | :14:34. | :14:38. | |
they wanted to do about casinos, prostitution. My father was a | :14:39. | :14:47. | |
well-known politician who had opposed Batista from the beginning, | :14:48. | :14:51. | |
and I was a young high school student influenced by my father's | :14:52. | :14:57. | |
ideas. At that time, the Batista police could ease the chill you for | :14:58. | :15:01. | |
something as simple as participating in a strike -- could kill you. In | :15:02. | :15:10. | |
1958, I remember following the advance of the revolutionary forces | :15:11. | :15:11. | |
on shortwave radio. At the end of 1958, the | :15:12. | :15:27. | |
revolutionary movement called for some sort of strike, so it was a | :15:28. | :15:33. | |
very bad Christmas in Cuba. Because there were no celebrations, nobody | :15:34. | :15:37. | |
was going out, there were no parties. So on December 31, we went | :15:38. | :15:44. | |
to bed early. We didn't even wait for the New Year. And sometime | :15:45. | :15:49. | |
around three o'clock or four o'clock in the morning, I heard the phone | :15:50. | :15:54. | |
ring. My father woke up, and he said, he spoke obviously, and then | :15:55. | :16:01. | |
turned to all of us who had woken up and said, Batista has left. With | :16:02. | :16:07. | |
Batista in-flight to the Dominican Republic, this celebration turns to | :16:08. | :16:19. | |
rebel acts. Martial law is imposed. Most of the military installation | :16:20. | :16:25. | |
facilities in Havana were taken away. The guy surrendered. Fidel | :16:26. | :16:39. | |
Castro took eight days to arrive in Havana. He arrived in Havana in | :16:40. | :16:48. | |
January that eighth. Some of my friends started to criticise the | :16:49. | :16:52. | |
revolution, that it was too radical. They started to criticise the | :16:53. | :16:59. | |
presence of the commonest is. Between 1959 and 1961, all my | :17:00. | :17:09. | |
friends at school, all my cousins, all my uncles and aunts, left. My | :17:10. | :17:16. | |
sense in those years when the revolutionaries took over, | :17:17. | :17:20. | |
initially, I expected things to go well. I didn't expect the United | :17:21. | :17:25. | |
States to take such a hard line in Cuba. I knew there was going to be a | :17:26. | :17:31. | |
negative reaction. But I didn't expect things to turn around so | :17:32. | :17:33. | |
badly. Carlos Cuba. And finally to Afghanistan, a | :17:34. | :17:45. | |
country that many now associate with war. But it is also one that has | :17:46. | :17:49. | |
produced great civilisations, and great art. However, these treasures | :17:50. | :17:54. | |
where and anything to the Taliban regime. -- another. Annex guest was | :17:55. | :18:01. | |
working at the National Museum in trouble in 2001 when the Taliban | :18:02. | :18:05. | |
came to visit -- Kabul. The museum director still proudly | :18:06. | :22:04. | |
working at the Kabul Museum. That is all from Witness this month. We will | :22:05. | :22:08. | |
be back in February with more stories of our times told the people | :22:09. | :22:12. | |
who were there. But for now, from me and the rest of the Obama team, | :22:13. | :22:14. | |
goodbye. -- Witness team. Weather warnings are being | :22:15. | :22:36. | |
kept under close review. They may well be escalated through | :22:37. | :22:40. | |
Saturday morning, | :22:41. | :22:44. |