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Welcome to Witness, our look back at history as told by the people who | :00:28. | :00:34. | |
were there. I'm in the very heart of London at the British library, which | :00:35. | :00:41. | |
is home to hundreds and hundreds of years of priceless manuscripts and | :00:42. | :00:46. | |
archive material. This month, we talked to a South African woman, | :00:47. | :00:51. | |
who, as a schoolgirl, organised an uprising. A survivor of a Second | :00:52. | :00:57. | |
World War massacre. And a footballer who scored the winning goal in a | :00:58. | :01:03. | |
World Cup. But first to China. It is 25 years since the massacre in | :01:04. | :01:08. | |
Tiananmen Square. This young man was just one of thousands who | :01:09. | :01:13. | |
demonstrated, protesting in the centre of Beijing, when the military | :01:14. | :01:18. | |
moved in. Nobody knows how many people were killed, injured or | :01:19. | :01:23. | |
arrested in the crackdown of June, 1989. He was just 18. Tiananmen | :01:24. | :01:33. | |
Square is designed to fit at least a couple of million people. It was | :01:34. | :01:38. | |
bumper`to`bumper full. You could feel at the time that something was | :01:39. | :01:42. | |
going on. You could see millions of ordinary citizens of Beijing | :01:43. | :01:46. | |
blocking army lorries from coming in. 10,000 Chinese troops have tried | :01:47. | :01:53. | |
to seize control of the centre of the king tonight `` Beijing tonight. | :01:54. | :02:02. | |
Their demands were for democracy, free press and an end to corruption. | :02:03. | :02:09. | |
It was the last year of my high school studies. Me and five others | :02:10. | :02:17. | |
of my classmates. We said, we are going, and we walked out. On the 4th | :02:18. | :02:23. | |
of June, Central television started to broadcast this ominous message | :02:24. | :02:32. | |
repeatedly for quite a few hours. Those citizens, please return to | :02:33. | :02:38. | |
your homes. The army and security forces are coming in to clear the | :02:39. | :02:42. | |
city centre. If you disobey this order, you will be responsible for | :02:43. | :02:49. | |
all of the consequences. Most people decided to stay where they were and | :02:50. | :02:54. | |
are then things started to unravel. I could hear this boom, boom, boom. | :02:55. | :03:07. | |
You could hear those sounds. And then you start to see people | :03:08. | :03:11. | |
bleeding, being carried to various hospitals around you, people crying | :03:12. | :03:20. | |
and shouting. I felt numb. It was beyond anybody's comprehension. You | :03:21. | :03:29. | |
focus your mind. You are trying to get to a place of safety. For a | :03:30. | :03:36. | |
moment, it could be behind a dumpster, a rubbish bin. I | :03:37. | :03:42. | |
eventually got home. My mother was worried sick and she locked the | :03:43. | :03:48. | |
doors and my brother and I were still pumped. We should find a | :03:49. | :03:53. | |
kitchen knife or something and go out and do something. She said, you | :03:54. | :03:59. | |
guys, don't be stupid. You cannot affect any change at this moment. | :04:00. | :04:05. | |
Nothing. News reader: In the daylight hours, more violence. A | :04:06. | :04:10. | |
sudden and steady volley from the troops. I remember sitting on the | :04:11. | :04:17. | |
sofa in the living room, hearing all of the scale is going on around us. | :04:18. | :04:23. | |
On the second day, while you could still hear sporadic firing, nobody | :04:24. | :04:30. | |
dared venture too far away. You sort of poke your head out. First out of | :04:31. | :04:33. | |
the alleyway and then the secondary road and then trying to see whatever | :04:34. | :04:44. | |
is going on. The first thing was littered worlds burned`out army | :04:45. | :04:51. | |
trucks. I even sought to armoured personnel carriers burned`out from | :04:52. | :04:55. | |
inside. Tangled bicycles that had been driven over by heavy vehicles. | :04:56. | :05:01. | |
I felt an utter sense of desperation and despair. I did not feel there | :05:02. | :05:10. | |
was a future. My father was in Canada. He was unable to apply for a | :05:11. | :05:15. | |
family reunion user for my mother and my brother and I, so I was very | :05:16. | :05:29. | |
fortunate at the time to leave. I'm taking you to the World Cup, | :05:30. | :05:34. | |
now. Not this year's World Cup but the 160 years ago and the man who | :05:35. | :05:40. | |
scored the winning goal. `` but the one that was 60 years ago. Back | :05:41. | :05:46. | |
then, he was a 23`year`old winger from Uruguay. Now, he is 87 but he | :05:47. | :05:51. | |
is still known as the man who made Brazil cry. TRANSLATION: I played | :05:52. | :06:04. | |
for Uruguay at the Maracana Stadium in 1950. We were the underdogs. | :06:05. | :06:11. | |
Brazil had been winning their matches by four, five, six goals. | :06:12. | :06:15. | |
The Brazilian papers had special editions ready with the headline: | :06:16. | :06:22. | |
Brazil! Champions of the world! They had built the huge Maracana Stadium | :06:23. | :06:25. | |
especially because they thought they would win the World Cup. We got | :06:26. | :06:30. | |
there three hours early because it was so full. When the Brazilian team | :06:31. | :06:38. | |
went out, they brought the house down. Their fans were already | :06:39. | :06:44. | |
jumping up and down with joy and if Brazil had one, it would have been a | :06:45. | :06:52. | |
carnival. `` if the deal had won the World Cup, it would have been a | :06:53. | :06:56. | |
carnival. I was just thinking about winning. I never like to lose a | :06:57. | :07:00. | |
football match. We knew that Brazil would press hard at the start but we | :07:01. | :07:05. | |
were ready for that. And we managed to keep it at 0`0 until half`time | :07:06. | :07:14. | |
will stop but then, Brazil got the ball to their forward. He shot and | :07:15. | :07:19. | |
our goalkeeper dived but he could not reach it. Then our captain | :07:20. | :07:28. | |
said, lads, we have got to go for it! We started to attack, attack, | :07:29. | :07:34. | |
attack! I passed the ball to my team`mate. He took a shot and put it | :07:35. | :07:44. | |
in the net. It was 1`1! Luckily, with 11 minutes to go, I got the | :07:45. | :07:51. | |
ball on the wing. And I went straight towards the goal. The | :07:52. | :07:55. | |
keeper left a little gap in the goal, so I had a split second to | :07:56. | :08:01. | |
decide whether to pass or shoot. I shot and it went to the left of the | :08:02. | :08:08. | |
keeper. He could not stop it and that was our second goal. It was | :08:09. | :08:15. | |
very beautiful, very exciting. It was the best goal I ever scored. The | :08:16. | :08:25. | |
stadium went cold. The fans stopped cheering and there was an enormous | :08:26. | :08:31. | |
silence. The Brazilian players went cold themselves. They did not look | :08:32. | :08:41. | |
like a team who needed to get a goal back. It stayed at 2`1. The referee | :08:42. | :08:48. | |
blew the whistle and we went mad with joy. We did a lap of honour and | :08:49. | :08:54. | |
we saw the Brazilians go off crying. Then we looked at the stands | :08:55. | :09:03. | |
and all of the fans were weeping. They had thought they were already | :09:04. | :09:08. | |
world champions but everything had gone wrong for them. Three people | :09:09. | :09:14. | |
have silenced the Maracana Stadium. The Pope, Frank Sinatra and me. It | :09:15. | :09:22. | |
was a heavy blow for Brazil and it still hurts them to this day. One | :09:23. | :09:28. | |
time, I went to Brazil and there was this young girl of 23 or 24 at | :09:29. | :09:34. | |
passport control, so I gave her my IDE. She asked if I was the man from | :09:35. | :09:39. | |
the Maracana Stadium. I said, yes, but that was a long time ago. She | :09:40. | :09:45. | |
said no, no, it still hurts us here. It seems Brazilians pass this | :09:46. | :09:55. | |
pain from generation to generation. We cannot show you a photograph of | :09:56. | :10:00. | |
our next witness in 1976 because the police raided her family's home and | :10:01. | :10:07. | |
took all of the photographs. She was a schoolgirl in Soweto when the | :10:08. | :10:11. | |
apartheid South African government decided that black schoolchildren | :10:12. | :10:18. | |
should be taught in Afrikaans. She helped organise what became known as | :10:19. | :10:27. | |
the Soweto uprising. I was 19 years old in a ladies high school, my | :10:28. | :10:34. | |
final year. Both of us had taken Afrikaans as a language but to take | :10:35. | :10:37. | |
it as a medium of instruction meant that every subject would then have | :10:38. | :10:42. | |
to be changed into Afrikaans, which we did not speak and our teachers | :10:43. | :10:46. | |
did not speak and essentially meant that we would fail by forcing us to | :10:47. | :10:51. | |
speak a language that was foreign to us and also was a language we | :10:52. | :10:57. | |
resented and hated as it represented everything that was meant to pull us | :10:58. | :11:03. | |
down. The 16th of June, when we heard at school on the day, we took | :11:04. | :11:07. | |
over the assembly. We were all going to converge and march to the | :11:08. | :11:16. | |
stadium. We then gave instructions and reminded each other of the rules | :11:17. | :11:22. | |
of the game. We were peaceful, we were not seeking confrontation in | :11:23. | :11:26. | |
any way. And when we marched, make sure that we are responsible for | :11:27. | :11:30. | |
somebody else, so you are holding somebody else's hand all the time. | :11:31. | :11:37. | |
So, it was very quiet. It was a cold day but you do not feel the cold | :11:38. | :11:44. | |
when you have such a big mission. As we marched, we began to hear word | :11:45. | :11:50. | |
that the police and then not only the police, actually there were | :11:51. | :11:57. | |
people from the Army... And in no time, Soweto was surrounded by the | :11:58. | :12:02. | |
Army. The first hour of the march, we had tear gas. We were beginning | :12:03. | :12:09. | |
to get scared. Then we began to hear the sound of the guns and it is a | :12:10. | :12:14. | |
horrible sound. It is the most horrible sound. Police were shooting | :12:15. | :12:21. | |
anything that was wearing a school uniform. It was like target | :12:22. | :12:26. | |
shooting. And we ducked and we would hide in the house of Soweto. Those | :12:27. | :12:31. | |
who were driving around in vehicles already had messages that two people | :12:32. | :12:40. | |
had died. And, scared as we were, somehow there was a readiness to | :12:41. | :12:48. | |
die. Certainly, that is the price that any of us would be willing to | :12:49. | :12:54. | |
pay. I was angry. I have never been so angry. I was ready to do | :12:55. | :13:03. | |
anything. I'm not surprised so many young people left and took up arms. | :13:04. | :13:09. | |
I was not sad. If I cried, I cried out of frustration and eight deep | :13:10. | :13:15. | |
anger. They took away our childhood. I think about my naivete that I | :13:16. | :13:18. | |
started with on that day. It ended that night. We ended that day | :13:19. | :13:31. | |
without these held a high. It felt good that I could still in the face | :13:32. | :13:35. | |
of such adversity hold my fist up and say power and get a response. To | :13:36. | :13:38. | |
us. Everyone knows that when you are a | :13:39. | :13:51. | |
teenager, you define ourselves by the clothes you wear and the music | :13:52. | :13:56. | |
you listen to. In the 1960s in Britain, many were either a mod or a | :13:57. | :14:06. | |
broker. In 1965, this man saw himself as a mod. The whole mod | :14:07. | :14:13. | |
theme started around 1958 or the 60s. Rock 'n roll and jazz reached | :14:14. | :14:21. | |
the UK and send people in slightly different directions. On one hand, | :14:22. | :14:27. | |
you had rockers following the American influence of rock and roll | :14:28. | :14:31. | |
and on the other you have modernists who followed modern jazz. The way | :14:32. | :14:42. | |
you dressed was an identifier. We so rockers as being greasy and | :14:43. | :14:47. | |
uneducated. There was always animosity. I remember once, a car | :14:48. | :14:57. | |
full of rockers cut me off on my scooter and I had to stop. They gave | :14:58. | :15:02. | |
me some wax and some cakes and laughed and jumped in their car and | :15:03. | :15:13. | |
drove off `` whacks and kicks. We grew up feeling oppressed by rockers | :15:14. | :15:18. | |
and I think that is what was behind the explosion of violence that took | :15:19. | :15:22. | |
place on 1964 over the bank holiday weekend. Even on the way down, we | :15:23. | :15:28. | |
were aware that there were more scooters going down and when we got | :15:29. | :15:34. | |
to the beach, there were many more of us than usual, more scooters than | :15:35. | :15:37. | |
usual and we were notably outnumbering the rockers. Somebody | :15:38. | :15:46. | |
had the idea of throwing a deck chair off onto the rockers below | :15:47. | :15:52. | |
them, that is probably where it first took off. The mods seemed to | :15:53. | :15:59. | |
break off in little groups and went off looking for trouble. Sporadic | :16:00. | :16:07. | |
fights broke up coming smashing windows and destruction. I seem to | :16:08. | :16:15. | |
recall many people being trapped on the beach. Brighton Beach is a mass | :16:16. | :16:35. | |
of stones. A policeman came out and kicked me on the ear. I guess I | :16:36. | :16:39. | |
could've been called a coward at the time because I did not start running | :16:40. | :16:46. | |
at police or anything. I paid good money for my outfits and I was not | :16:47. | :16:49. | |
going to risk getting them dirty. I felt at the time, isn't this great? | :16:50. | :16:55. | |
There are so many of us now, I can finally walk down the street where I | :16:56. | :17:00. | |
live and not worry about getting attacked by some greasy haired guy | :17:01. | :17:07. | |
in a leather jacket and his mates. Jeff Dexter who is quite a famous | :17:08. | :17:16. | |
early mod said, " When you are a mod, you are a mod all the way, from | :17:17. | :17:23. | |
your first mohair suit to win your hair turns grey". I have grey hair | :17:24. | :17:30. | |
now so I suppose I can say that is true. `` when. Half a century on and | :17:31. | :17:42. | |
still proud to be a mod. And why not? Let's go now to | :17:43. | :17:51. | |
Czechoslovakia. It is 1942, halfway through the Second World War. This | :17:52. | :17:57. | |
girl was 16 years old and a schoolgirl when her village was | :17:58. | :18:06. | |
singled out for reprisals by the Nazi occupiers after a high`profile | :18:07. | :18:10. | |
assassination. They filmed the uprising to use as propaganda and | :18:11. | :18:16. | |
the footage survived and is in the national archives in | :18:17. | :18:20. | |
Czechoslovakia. She takes us back to the 10th of June, 1942. TRANSLATION: | :18:21. | :18:29. | |
The Germans came to our house at 3:30am. They looked quite normal and | :18:30. | :18:36. | |
said, leave everything just as it is, you will just be taken for two | :18:37. | :18:47. | |
days to the school. But my father had been in World War I and knew | :18:48. | :18:49. | |
something was wrong and said God willing we should meet again, do not | :18:50. | :18:56. | |
forget God. I said, what are you talking about? We will be back in | :18:57. | :19:05. | |
two days. Attention, here is an official announcement. Your | :19:06. | :19:14. | |
refutable evidence has come to liked that this village aided and abetted | :19:15. | :19:22. | |
a. `` assassins. We have been occupied by the German army. The man | :19:23. | :19:32. | |
in charge was hard, awful. Our government in exile in England, | :19:33. | :19:36. | |
including the president decided that something must be done. They decided | :19:37. | :19:46. | |
to carry out an assassination. The funeral was on the 4th of June. At | :19:47. | :19:54. | |
the funeral, Hitler said that the people of Czechoslovakia should be | :19:55. | :19:57. | |
punished and that this sort of thing should not be tolerated and they | :19:58. | :20:02. | |
came up with an idea. To wipe out a village. They started shooting the | :20:03. | :20:17. | |
men at 7:00am. They brought in a cameraman from Prague so they could | :20:18. | :20:25. | |
show the world what they had done. They made a film with the village | :20:26. | :20:34. | |
already in flames. The church in blown up `` being. Then they | :20:35. | :20:48. | |
flattened it to the ground. 173 men were executed. There were around 300 | :20:49. | :20:56. | |
of us, women and children. They called us into one of the classrooms | :20:57. | :21:01. | |
at the school. We went in and they wrote our names in the register. An | :21:02. | :21:06. | |
officer talked with me and wanted to put me with the children but looked | :21:07. | :21:11. | |
again at my date of birth and that saved my life. I was put with the | :21:12. | :21:19. | |
women and not the children. This is the biggest tragedy of the whole | :21:20. | :21:23. | |
story. On the 3rd of July, it let them ride home. `` they. The cards | :21:24. | :21:31. | |
were stamped with the date coming the 5th of July but by that time, | :21:32. | :21:37. | |
the children were already dead. They massacred 82 children. We women were | :21:38. | :21:47. | |
sent on a slow train and arrived on the 14th of June at the | :21:48. | :21:53. | |
concentration camp. The whole three years I hope that I would see my | :21:54. | :21:56. | |
father again and that we would once again be a whole family. When I came | :21:57. | :22:02. | |
home, it was as much of a shock as when I had arrived at the camp. I | :22:03. | :22:07. | |
should have been glad that there was freedom and that the war was over | :22:08. | :22:10. | |
but how could I be glad when my father was dead? I returned to a | :22:11. | :22:17. | |
funeral, not a celebration that our Republic was free again. What an | :22:18. | :22:24. | |
extraordinary experience hearing that story. That is all from Witness | :22:25. | :22:32. | |
for this month, next month we will be bringing you the story of a boat | :22:33. | :22:36. | |
full of environmental activists that was sunk by French secret agents. | :22:37. | :22:43. | |
You can see all of these films at our website at the following link. | :22:44. | :22:53. | |
From the, for now, thanks for joining us `` from me. Hello. Well, | :22:54. | :23:14. | |
after a night with more thunderstorms across the country, we | :23:15. | :23:17. | |
are still going to be left with a lot of heat and humidity. They | :23:18. | :23:21. | |
continue to push their way northwards across the UK, producing | :23:22. | :23:22. |