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Wanted for questioning - one teenager from the UK high street. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:14 | |
On trial - their stuff. Captured! | 0:00:14 | 0:00:18 | |
Name - Samantha. Age - 14. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:20 | |
Wearing - jeans. | 0:00:20 | 0:00:24 | |
So, Samantha, how many pairs of jeans do you own? | 0:00:24 | 0:00:29 | |
I've got too many to count, to be honest. | 0:00:29 | 0:00:32 | |
I'm in skinnies at the moment, cos all my friends have got skinnies, | 0:00:32 | 0:00:34 | |
but I've got lights, I've got darks, I've got cropped, I've got ripped - I've got everything, really. | 0:00:34 | 0:00:40 | |
Quite a wardrobe! And lots of countries helped make each pair. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:44 | |
Ready for question one? | 0:00:44 | 0:00:47 | |
Globalisation? | 0:00:54 | 0:00:56 | |
Yes, | 0:00:56 | 0:00:57 | |
now click and drag the icon to find out how jeans play a part in this. | 0:00:57 | 0:01:02 | |
When you spend your cash on a new pair of jeans, the chances are they were designed in Europe, | 0:01:04 | 0:01:10 | |
the cotton was grown and picked in the USA, shipped to India to be cut, | 0:01:10 | 0:01:14 | |
dyed, textured, stitched, riveted, zipped, tagged and stickered. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:18 | |
The buttons might come from China, the thread from Turkey or the zips from Africa. | 0:01:18 | 0:01:22 | |
Boxed up, the jeans are sent around the world. | 0:01:22 | 0:01:26 | |
All this travel, not great for the environment! | 0:01:26 | 0:01:29 | |
But increased productivity can help cut poverty in less wealthy countries. | 0:01:29 | 0:01:34 | |
And global competition makes prices lower. | 0:01:34 | 0:01:36 | |
So, this is globalisation. | 0:01:36 | 0:01:38 | |
But are we all winners? | 0:01:38 | 0:01:40 | |
So what do you think, Samantha? | 0:01:42 | 0:01:44 | |
I was really surprised. I thought it was only one or two countries that made them. | 0:01:44 | 0:01:48 | |
Well, that's globalisation for you. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:51 | |
But of course it can take its toll on the environment. | 0:01:51 | 0:01:55 | |
6,000? | 0:02:04 | 0:02:06 | |
Yes, a staggering amount! | 0:02:06 | 0:02:08 | |
Now click to find out what other ingredients go into a pair of jeans. | 0:02:08 | 0:02:12 | |
For one pair of jeans, you may need the following... | 0:02:14 | 0:02:17 | |
Thirsty cotton plants and a handful of workers. | 0:02:17 | 0:02:20 | |
6,000 litres of water - that's like flushing the loo 450 times. | 0:02:20 | 0:02:25 | |
Pesticide and fertiliser - kills bugs and helps cotton grow. | 0:02:25 | 0:02:29 | |
Once it's picked and processed, add one vat of dye to get them blue. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:34 | |
For a worn look, sandblast with silica - can cause lung disease if inhaled. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:39 | |
For a vintage look, add a splash of chemicals and bleaches. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:43 | |
Perhaps a dash of formaldehyde to keep them wrinkle-free - also used to preserve corpses. | 0:02:43 | 0:02:49 | |
-Serve with a trendy label. -Mmm, delicious! -But is it? | 0:02:49 | 0:02:51 | |
All our clothes have some impact on workers and the environment. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:56 | |
But does our appetite for changing fashion make it worse? | 0:02:56 | 0:02:59 | |
What do you think about all those ingredients? | 0:03:02 | 0:03:04 | |
I thought that it was really nasty, to be honest, because I really feel sorry | 0:03:04 | 0:03:09 | |
for the workers who have to suffer all the nasty chemicals every single day. | 0:03:09 | 0:03:14 | |
Well, many companies protect their workers, so it's safe. | 0:03:14 | 0:03:17 | |
India? | 0:03:23 | 0:03:24 | |
Yes. Click to find out why it's India. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:28 | |
We're hooked on denim jeans. | 0:03:30 | 0:03:32 | |
Three pairs are sold each second in the UK. | 0:03:32 | 0:03:36 | |
And we import 50 million kilos of denim from around the world in a year. | 0:03:36 | 0:03:41 | |
We can't get enough of jeans, because they're easy on our pockets. | 0:03:41 | 0:03:44 | |
But at what cost to the people who made them? | 0:03:44 | 0:03:47 | |
There's always been an ugly side to fashion. | 0:03:47 | 0:03:49 | |
In the past, workers here were forced into long hours in sweatshops. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:55 | |
But as fashion became big news, | 0:03:55 | 0:03:57 | |
globalisation meant companies could cash in by moving their factories | 0:03:57 | 0:04:02 | |
to developing countries, like India, where the workforce is big and the costs are low. | 0:04:02 | 0:04:07 | |
Today, India is one of the largest exporters of textiles in the world. | 0:04:07 | 0:04:12 | |
It means the economy is booming, with lots of people getting rich. | 0:04:12 | 0:04:16 | |
But millions of people in India are still very poor - living on less than £1 a day. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:23 | |
And the young are often the group most affected by poverty, | 0:04:23 | 0:04:26 | |
with about 13 million children work illegally in India, | 0:04:26 | 0:04:29 | |
sometimes in clothes factories like this one. Conditions can be hard. | 0:04:29 | 0:04:34 | |
They often work long hours, even eat, sleep and live in the factory. | 0:04:34 | 0:04:39 | |
It sounds tough, but many children don't have a choice. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:42 | |
So a child working might keep a family from going hungry. | 0:04:47 | 0:04:51 | |
The Indian government and charities are working hard to improve things for these children. | 0:04:51 | 0:04:55 | |
We should stop buying these cheap clothes, right? Well, maybe not. | 0:04:55 | 0:05:00 | |
If we boycott those stores that we like shopping in, | 0:05:00 | 0:05:03 | |
what we're actually going to do is mean that people | 0:05:03 | 0:05:06 | |
will lose their jobs and their livelihoods. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:08 | |
So, this is complicated. | 0:05:08 | 0:05:12 | |
If we stop spending, the poor could get poorer. | 0:05:12 | 0:05:15 | |
But if adults got a decent wage, children might not have to work. | 0:05:15 | 0:05:19 | |
So what can we do, as shoppers? | 0:05:19 | 0:05:22 | |
We've got lots of power here actually, as consumers, | 0:05:22 | 0:05:26 | |
because we matter to the companies, so what's important is | 0:05:26 | 0:05:29 | |
for us as consumers, to put pressure on them to do the right thing. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:33 | |
Many of our shops are signed up to ethical codes. Do you know which ones? | 0:05:33 | 0:05:38 | |
And would you be willing to pay more for your jeans if it meant fair wages for workers? | 0:05:38 | 0:05:44 | |
Would you, Samantha? | 0:05:44 | 0:05:47 | |
Erm, I... Kind of. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:50 | |
Cos I wouldn't really want to, because I don't really have a lot of pocket money. | 0:05:50 | 0:05:55 | |
But then again, if it means the kids wouldn't have to work as much, | 0:05:55 | 0:05:58 | |
I think I might probably buy more expensive jeans. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:04 | |
Well, it's also down to our shops to source from ethical suppliers. | 0:06:04 | 0:06:08 | |
Thanks, Samantha, you're released. | 0:06:08 | 0:06:10 | |
Wanted for questioning - one teenager from the UK high street. | 0:06:16 | 0:06:20 | |
On trial - their stuff. Captured! | 0:06:20 | 0:06:25 | |
Name - Shane. Age - 16. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:27 | |
In his wallet - cash. | 0:06:27 | 0:06:31 | |
How much cash have you got on you? | 0:06:31 | 0:06:34 | |
-Millions. -Nice. | 0:06:34 | 0:06:36 | |
Have you got a bank account too? | 0:06:36 | 0:06:38 | |
I do, but I'm not sure how much is in it, to be honest with you. | 0:06:38 | 0:06:40 | |
Well, your savings in a bank grow with interest. | 0:06:40 | 0:06:43 | |
Ready for question one? | 0:06:43 | 0:06:45 | |
The Bank of England. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:51 | |
Correct. Click and drag the first icon to find out | 0:06:51 | 0:06:55 | |
how the rate affects spending habits. | 0:06:55 | 0:06:57 | |
Interest rate - what is it? | 0:07:00 | 0:07:02 | |
If you borrow cash from a bank, you have to pay the money back, | 0:07:02 | 0:07:06 | |
plus a little extra, called interest. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:08 | |
But if you save money in a bank, then the bank pays you interest, for effectively borrowing your cash. | 0:07:08 | 0:07:15 | |
The rate of interest can affect our spending habits. | 0:07:15 | 0:07:18 | |
If the rate is low, we borrow and spend. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:22 | |
If the rate is high, we save. | 0:07:22 | 0:07:24 | |
So who decides the interest rate? | 0:07:24 | 0:07:27 | |
Well, the banks do, | 0:07:27 | 0:07:29 | |
based on the rate set by the Bank of England, the UK's central bank. | 0:07:29 | 0:07:34 | |
So the Bank can use the interest rate to control the flow of money... | 0:07:34 | 0:07:39 | |
..and keep our economy stable. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:44 | |
Are you more of a spender or a saver, Shane? | 0:07:46 | 0:07:49 | |
Both really - I like to save so I can spend a lot. | 0:07:49 | 0:07:53 | |
It lends it to other people. | 0:08:01 | 0:08:02 | |
Correct. Play the next film to find out | 0:08:02 | 0:08:05 | |
how banks make money from customers like you. | 0:08:05 | 0:08:08 | |
Instead of storing it under the bed, most of us put money in the bank. | 0:08:11 | 0:08:15 | |
So what does the bank do with our cash? | 0:08:15 | 0:08:18 | |
Well, it puts it in a big pot with everyone else's money. | 0:08:18 | 0:08:20 | |
But it doesn't stay there. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:23 | |
Our money is lent out to other people as interest payments and loans. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:27 | |
And how does a bank make a profit? | 0:08:27 | 0:08:29 | |
It pays less interest to customers like you | 0:08:29 | 0:08:32 | |
than it charges its borrowers, and it keeps the difference. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:36 | |
Money makes money. Sounds like a piece of cake, doesn't it? | 0:08:36 | 0:08:39 | |
But sometimes banks run into trouble. | 0:08:39 | 0:08:42 | |
The banks' bank, The Bank of England, keeps a look out. | 0:08:42 | 0:08:45 | |
It can give banks emergency loans, so the flow of lending and borrowing doesn't dry up. | 0:08:45 | 0:08:50 | |
It also prints our banknotes. There are about two billion notes in circulation - | 0:08:50 | 0:08:55 | |
in our pockets, tills, safes and banks. | 0:08:55 | 0:08:57 | |
And maybe even under the bed. | 0:08:57 | 0:09:01 | |
Two billion bank notes - plenty to go round, you'd think. | 0:09:02 | 0:09:07 | |
I'm actually quite surprised by it. Cos in a recession people say money is hard to come by, and hard to get, | 0:09:07 | 0:09:11 | |
but with two billion about, it doesn't really make sense. | 0:09:11 | 0:09:14 | |
Yes, good point. But in a recession, the flow of money slows. | 0:09:14 | 0:09:19 | |
Two years? | 0:09:26 | 0:09:28 | |
Unlucky - it's six months. | 0:09:28 | 0:09:31 | |
Now click to find out about global recession. | 0:09:31 | 0:09:34 | |
Recession - what's it all about? | 0:09:37 | 0:09:39 | |
Well, we're officially in recession when our economic activity slows down over six months. | 0:09:39 | 0:09:44 | |
This activity is measured by the GDP - that's Gross Domestic Product. | 0:09:44 | 0:09:48 | |
Yeah, it might sound boring. But hang on, it's pretty important. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:53 | |
The GDP tells us how healthy our economy is | 0:09:53 | 0:09:56 | |
by measuring the value of all the stuff we make and supply in the UK. | 0:09:56 | 0:10:00 | |
The more stuff we buy, the more we make. | 0:10:00 | 0:10:03 | |
But in a recession, this activity slows down. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:06 | |
Companies make less money so can't afford as many staff. | 0:10:06 | 0:10:10 | |
So unemployment rises. | 0:10:10 | 0:10:12 | |
If you are out of work, you'll probably spend less. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:15 | |
Even if you do have a job, you're likely to be more careful. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:21 | |
It's a vicious circle. Less work means less money to spend. | 0:10:21 | 0:10:25 | |
Less spending means less demand for products, which means less work. | 0:10:25 | 0:10:29 | |
Round and round it goes. Things could get tricky if you have a mortgage. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:33 | |
A mortgage is a loan you take out to buy a house and pay off gradually. | 0:10:33 | 0:10:37 | |
If you earn less and can't keep up payments, you could lose your house. | 0:10:37 | 0:10:41 | |
In a global economy like ours, problems in one country can have a ripple effect. | 0:10:41 | 0:10:47 | |
Two organisations try to limit the damage of a global money crisis. | 0:10:47 | 0:10:51 | |
The G20, a group of the world's biggest economies that club together. | 0:10:51 | 0:10:56 | |
But not everyone's in the club. And the International Monetary Fund, | 0:10:56 | 0:10:59 | |
which can lend money to its member countries. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:02 | |
In 2007, some American banks were too risky with their lending. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:07 | |
They lent money they didn't have, and what's worse, to people who couldn't pay it back. | 0:11:07 | 0:11:11 | |
This got the banks into trouble. | 0:11:11 | 0:11:13 | |
The problems quickly spread to other banks around the world, | 0:11:13 | 0:11:17 | |
reducing how much people could borrow and spend. | 0:11:17 | 0:11:22 | |
This led to global recession. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:25 | |
In the UK, some banks were affected so badly they collapsed. | 0:11:25 | 0:11:29 | |
Taxpayers' money was used to keep them in business | 0:11:29 | 0:11:31 | |
or "bail" them out. Was that the right thing to do? | 0:11:31 | 0:11:36 | |
Do you think the banks should have been bailed out, Shane? | 0:11:36 | 0:11:39 | |
Yeah and no. Yeah, because it's the sort of helpful thing to do | 0:11:39 | 0:11:42 | |
to help each other out, and no, because, | 0:11:42 | 0:11:44 | |
if the banks have been silly enough to lend money out without really caring, | 0:11:44 | 0:11:49 | |
then if you bail them out, they're just going to carry on doing the same thing. | 0:11:49 | 0:11:53 | |
A hard decision. Even world leaders couldn't agree. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:55 | |
Thanks, Shane! You're released. | 0:11:55 | 0:11:57 | |
Wanted for questioning - one teenager from the UK high street. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:06 | |
On trial - their stuff. | 0:12:06 | 0:12:08 | |
Captured! | 0:12:08 | 0:12:10 | |
Name - Manpreet. Age - 16. | 0:12:10 | 0:12:15 | |
In his pocket - mobile phone. | 0:12:15 | 0:12:18 | |
How often do you get a new phone, Manpreet? | 0:12:18 | 0:12:21 | |
I probably get a new phone every year or so, | 0:12:21 | 0:12:24 | |
but compared to my friends, that's nothing - | 0:12:24 | 0:12:27 | |
they get it every five months, they always want the latest thing. | 0:12:27 | 0:12:30 | |
Everyone likes to have brand-new technology. | 0:12:30 | 0:12:34 | |
Now, ready for a question? | 0:12:34 | 0:12:36 | |
65 million, I think... | 0:12:44 | 0:12:48 | |
It's actually 30 million, but that's still a lot. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:52 | |
To find out what happens when you chuck your old phone, click and drag the first icon. | 0:12:52 | 0:12:57 | |
Keeping up with fashion means we change our mobiles as often as our hairstyles. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:03 | |
That's 30 million new phones a year in the UK. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:07 | |
What happens when you discard your mobile for a slicker model? | 0:13:07 | 0:13:10 | |
When we chuck 'em, our phones are sorted into electronic waste, or e-waste, and often sent illegally | 0:13:10 | 0:13:17 | |
to Asia or Africa, forming "e-mountains" | 0:13:17 | 0:13:20 | |
at makeshift recycling plants. | 0:13:20 | 0:13:22 | |
They're burnt by workers to extract precious metals, releasing deadly toxins. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:27 | |
Should we stop buying so many phones? | 0:13:27 | 0:13:29 | |
Or crack down on illegal dumping? | 0:13:29 | 0:13:31 | |
The United Nations has come up with a solution. | 0:13:31 | 0:13:35 | |
It wants to allow this e-waste trade to continue, | 0:13:35 | 0:13:38 | |
but train people how to extract the metals safely | 0:13:38 | 0:13:41 | |
and effectively, so that more metals can be recycled for money. | 0:13:41 | 0:13:46 | |
Do you recycle old phones, Manpreet? | 0:13:46 | 0:13:50 | |
Unfortunately, no, I just tend to leave it in a shoebox or something. | 0:13:50 | 0:13:55 | |
Tut-tut. The metals in your phone can be valuable and used again. | 0:13:55 | 0:13:59 | |
An African mine. | 0:14:08 | 0:14:10 | |
Yes. Now click to find out how demand for precious metals | 0:14:10 | 0:14:14 | |
-is linked to a deadly conflict in Africa. -OK. | 0:14:14 | 0:14:18 | |
A mobile phone contains more than 45 chemical elements from all over the world. | 0:14:20 | 0:14:25 | |
Some phones include metals | 0:14:25 | 0:14:27 | |
from Africa's Democratic Republic of Congo. | 0:14:27 | 0:14:29 | |
Tungsten - that's what makes your phone vibrate. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:32 | |
Tantalum - it stores electricity. | 0:14:32 | 0:14:35 | |
No sound without it. | 0:14:35 | 0:14:36 | |
Tin - helps make the circuit board. | 0:14:36 | 0:14:39 | |
And a bit of bling. Gold coats the wires. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:42 | |
These minerals start life peacefully in the deep, dark mine. | 0:14:42 | 0:14:45 | |
But on the surface, DRC has a long, troubled history of war. | 0:14:45 | 0:14:49 | |
And the minerals play a part in it. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:52 | |
The deadliest war since World War Two took place in DRC from 1998 to 2003. So there's peace now? | 0:14:52 | 0:15:00 | |
Don't bet on it. | 0:15:00 | 0:15:01 | |
The government's army is still fighting rebel soldiers. | 0:15:01 | 0:15:04 | |
In war, normal economic practices | 0:15:04 | 0:15:06 | |
get shot to pieces. | 0:15:06 | 0:15:07 | |
In DRC, that meant companies left, scared of the violence, leaving local miners unprotected. | 0:15:07 | 0:15:15 | |
In swept the armed rebels, who took control of the mines, mafia-style. | 0:15:15 | 0:15:19 | |
These rebels terrorised the locals and forced poor miners to pay them tax. | 0:15:19 | 0:15:25 | |
The gangs then smuggle the minerals out the country for extra cash. | 0:15:25 | 0:15:30 | |
So what can be done? | 0:15:30 | 0:15:31 | |
DRC's government has taken action and banned mining in three provinces. | 0:15:31 | 0:15:36 | |
But mining makes up more than a quarter | 0:15:36 | 0:15:38 | |
of the DRC's economic output, so they need a long-term solution. | 0:15:38 | 0:15:43 | |
They could nationalise the mines, so the state owns them. | 0:15:43 | 0:15:47 | |
Or persuade companies that had left to come back, raising tax. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:51 | |
Or organise workers into cooperatives for protection. | 0:15:51 | 0:15:55 | |
But to add to the pile of problems, mineral resources in the DRC will run out soon. | 0:15:55 | 0:16:01 | |
What will they do then? | 0:16:01 | 0:16:02 | |
Western governments are doing something too - | 0:16:02 | 0:16:05 | |
writing new laws, so mobile phone companies take responsibility for where components come from. | 0:16:05 | 0:16:11 | |
It's a step in the right direction. | 0:16:11 | 0:16:13 | |
But there are no easy solutions to bring stability to the DRC and its people. | 0:16:13 | 0:16:18 | |
What did you think of that film? | 0:16:20 | 0:16:22 | |
I was quite shocked, because, like, people are suffering just for, | 0:16:22 | 0:16:27 | |
just for something silly like a mobile phone, | 0:16:27 | 0:16:29 | |
Well, now I've got a more positive story for you, also from Africa. | 0:16:29 | 0:16:34 | |
Is this true or false? | 0:16:34 | 0:16:37 | |
-True? -Yes! | 0:16:41 | 0:16:44 | |
Now click to find out about a revolutionary new phone service. | 0:16:44 | 0:16:48 | |
Did you know, a lack of bank accounts in Kenya has slowed its economy? | 0:16:50 | 0:16:55 | |
But now that's changing, thanks to aid money and the mobile phone! | 0:16:55 | 0:16:59 | |
Only 19% of Kenyans have a bank account, but 70% have a mobile. | 0:16:59 | 0:17:04 | |
Not just to gossip! In 2007, a new service was set up with aid money. | 0:17:04 | 0:17:10 | |
Now people can load money onto their phone and, with a simple text, | 0:17:10 | 0:17:14 | |
send money to someone else's phone, hundreds of miles away | 0:17:14 | 0:17:18 | |
or in the local supermarket. | 0:17:18 | 0:17:20 | |
It's really changing people's lives and boosting Kenya's economy. | 0:17:20 | 0:17:26 | |
Does it surprise you aid money helped pay for this technology? | 0:17:26 | 0:17:30 | |
Yeah, that kind of did surprise me actually, because I thought that was, like, I thought that aid money | 0:17:30 | 0:17:35 | |
was supposed to be towards, like, food and, like, to help towards poverty. | 0:17:35 | 0:17:40 | |
Well, this does help to reduce poverty in a different kind of way. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:45 | |
Thanks, Manpreet! You're released. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:47 | |
Wanted for questioning - one teenager from the UK high street. | 0:17:52 | 0:17:56 | |
On trial - their stuff. | 0:17:56 | 0:17:58 | |
Captured! | 0:17:58 | 0:18:01 | |
Name - Sophie. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:02 | |
Age - 14. | 0:18:02 | 0:18:05 | |
In her hand bag - make-up. | 0:18:05 | 0:18:08 | |
So, Sophie, what kind of make-up do you like buying? | 0:18:08 | 0:18:12 | |
I like buying eye shadow, and, if so, | 0:18:12 | 0:18:15 | |
I like buying illuminous pink or sparkly brown, because I think it makes me look nice. | 0:18:15 | 0:18:20 | |
You're not the only one. | 0:18:20 | 0:18:22 | |
Beauty is big business worldwide. | 0:18:22 | 0:18:24 | |
Prepare for a question. | 0:18:24 | 0:18:26 | |
China? | 0:18:29 | 0:18:32 | |
Yes. To find out why China's beauty market is booming, | 0:18:32 | 0:18:36 | |
click the top icon. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:37 | |
Every year, we use more and more make up, mascara and moisturiser to make ourselves look and feel better. | 0:18:40 | 0:18:46 | |
It's the norm, right? Not for everyone. | 0:18:46 | 0:18:49 | |
While the West was full of long-haired hippies, China was a make-up desert. | 0:18:49 | 0:18:53 | |
When the communist leader Chairman Mao came to power, he banned anything that stunk of perfume, | 0:18:53 | 0:18:58 | |
covered up pimples or made hair change colour, | 0:18:58 | 0:19:01 | |
saying they were too decadent for a country of revolutionary workers. | 0:19:01 | 0:19:06 | |
A world of no lip gloss or hair products? | 0:19:06 | 0:19:09 | |
Hard to imagine here, where there's big money in an industry | 0:19:09 | 0:19:13 | |
aimed at making us look...beautiful? | 0:19:13 | 0:19:15 | |
But fast forward a few decades, and China has an £11 billion beauty market. | 0:19:15 | 0:19:20 | |
How on earth did that happen? | 0:19:20 | 0:19:22 | |
Chairman Mao died in 1976. | 0:19:22 | 0:19:25 | |
The doors slowly opened to the world's economy, sending make-up brands wild with excitement. | 0:19:25 | 0:19:31 | |
A billion new customers with more lips than America and Europe combined. | 0:19:31 | 0:19:36 | |
That means money - and lots of it. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:38 | |
Right now, the urban Chinese are among the world's biggest consumers of beauty products. | 0:19:38 | 0:19:43 | |
In the cities, they're gobbling up luxury goods as fast as they can get them, | 0:19:43 | 0:19:48 | |
although it's a very different story in rural China, where hundreds of millions still live in poverty. | 0:19:48 | 0:19:54 | |
But as Chinese demand grows, global brands are changing for new tastes. | 0:19:54 | 0:20:00 | |
Using ingredients like black sesame and ginseng. | 0:20:00 | 0:20:03 | |
The doors don't just swing one way. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:05 | |
The Chinese make lots of things that the rest of the world wants to buy. | 0:20:05 | 0:20:09 | |
That's partly why the country's wealth is rising so fast. | 0:20:09 | 0:20:12 | |
China isn't just a top shopper in beauty products. | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
The country now has a huge buying power full stop. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:17 | |
It's changing the shape of the global economy. | 0:20:17 | 0:20:20 | |
Do you know, China is on track to overtake America as the world's global economic superpower? | 0:20:22 | 0:20:28 | |
-Quite a thought! -Well, I've only heard about rich people in China, | 0:20:28 | 0:20:32 | |
but for the poor people, it's quite sad that they can't buy make-up. | 0:20:32 | 0:20:36 | |
Yes, there's a big gap between the rich urban Chinese and the rural poor. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:41 | |
Coal? | 0:20:47 | 0:20:48 | |
There's no coal in your lippie. | 0:20:48 | 0:20:50 | |
But there are other surprising ingredients. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:53 | |
Click to find out. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:55 | |
One lipstick can be made up of over 25 ingredients, from all over the world. | 0:20:57 | 0:21:02 | |
It might include petroleum jelly, from oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:06 | |
Collagen, the stuff celebs inject to get rid of wrinkles, which comes from the skin of Australian cows. | 0:21:06 | 0:21:12 | |
Palm oil, farmed by plantation workers in Indonesia. | 0:21:12 | 0:21:16 | |
And natural ingredients like American aloe vera... | 0:21:16 | 0:21:19 | |
..Chinese beeswax... | 0:21:21 | 0:21:22 | |
and cocoa butter from farms in Africa's Cote d'Ivoire. | 0:21:22 | 0:21:26 | |
Some farmers of natural products like these | 0:21:26 | 0:21:28 | |
are protected by fair trade schemes, so get better working conditions, | 0:21:28 | 0:21:32 | |
training and a fair price guarantee. | 0:21:32 | 0:21:34 | |
The first fair trade beauty products arrived in the UK in 2009, | 0:21:34 | 0:21:39 | |
and 140 products now bear the hallmark. Do yours? | 0:21:39 | 0:21:43 | |
So, Sophie, do you buy fair trade? | 0:21:44 | 0:21:48 | |
I would buy fair trade chocolate, but I've never heard about fair trade make-up. | 0:21:48 | 0:21:53 | |
Aren't they more expensive? | 0:21:53 | 0:21:54 | |
That's true - fair trade can cost more. It's your choice. | 0:21:54 | 0:21:59 | |
Inflation? | 0:22:04 | 0:22:05 | |
Well done. Click to find out how inflation works. | 0:22:05 | 0:22:09 | |
Inflation affects how much money you spend on something. | 0:22:12 | 0:22:17 | |
If your parents bought posh perfume in 1980, it cost £19. | 0:22:17 | 0:22:21 | |
But now it's £60. Why? | 0:22:21 | 0:22:23 | |
Ingredient costs might have increased or workers' wages gone up. | 0:22:23 | 0:22:28 | |
Or, if we're feeling flush, we start buying more, so there's less to go round. | 0:22:28 | 0:22:32 | |
The less of something there is, the more valuable it is. | 0:22:32 | 0:22:36 | |
But imagine if the price kept going up and up uncontrollably! | 0:22:36 | 0:22:39 | |
-In steps the Bank of England, to make it more expensive to borrow cash. -Thank you! | 0:22:39 | 0:22:45 | |
So we all have to tighten our belts. | 0:22:45 | 0:22:47 | |
Demand for perfume decreases, there is a bigger supply, and the price goes down. | 0:22:47 | 0:22:52 | |
Did you know the bank could impact the cost of things we buy? | 0:22:53 | 0:22:57 | |
No, that's quite surprising. I thought it was the shops that made up the prices. | 0:22:57 | 0:23:01 | |
Well, now you know! | 0:23:01 | 0:23:02 | |
Thanks, Sophie! You're released. | 0:23:02 | 0:23:05 | |
Wanted for questioning - one teenager from the UK high street. | 0:23:10 | 0:23:14 | |
On trial - their stuff. | 0:23:14 | 0:23:17 | |
Captured! Name - Jack. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:20 | |
Age - 16. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:24 | |
In his pocket - cigarettes. | 0:23:24 | 0:23:26 | |
You know it's illegal to buy cigarettes at your age, Jack? | 0:23:26 | 0:23:29 | |
You have to be 18. | 0:23:29 | 0:23:31 | |
Yeah, I don't really buy them for myself - | 0:23:31 | 0:23:33 | |
I kind of, like, nick them off my mates. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:35 | |
And it's a filthy habit and also very dangerous to your health. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:40 | |
Yeah, I know that, but I don't smoke all the time. | 0:23:40 | 0:23:43 | |
I'm what's called a social smoker. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:45 | |
Question one coming up. | 0:23:45 | 0:23:47 | |
-75%. -Correct. | 0:23:54 | 0:23:57 | |
Now to find out why cigarettes are taxed so heavily, click and drag the top icon. | 0:23:57 | 0:24:01 | |
When people buy a pack of cigarettes, about 75% of the money goes straight to the government. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:09 | |
The rate is set in the budget by the UK's money keeper, the Chancellor of the Exchequer. | 0:24:09 | 0:24:14 | |
Britain has one of the highest tax levels in the world for cigarettes, | 0:24:14 | 0:24:17 | |
allowing the government to raise £10 billion in tax each year. | 0:24:17 | 0:24:22 | |
Sounds a lot, doesn't it? But it doesn't meet the costs. | 0:24:22 | 0:24:25 | |
Britain's annual smoking bill is £13.5 billion. | 0:24:25 | 0:24:30 | |
Health is the big expense - | 0:24:30 | 0:24:31 | |
treating sickly smokers. | 0:24:31 | 0:24:34 | |
Also days off work and loss of productivity. | 0:24:34 | 0:24:37 | |
And we have to pay to clean up butts and fire damage. | 0:24:37 | 0:24:40 | |
In fact, every cigarette smoked costs the country 6.5 pence. | 0:24:40 | 0:24:45 | |
So should smokers have to cough up even more in tax? | 0:24:45 | 0:24:49 | |
So, Jack, should smokers have to pay more in tax? | 0:24:50 | 0:24:53 | |
Yeah, I guess it's only fair, but some people might not be able to afford it. | 0:24:53 | 0:24:57 | |
Well, then, more people will be forced to kick the habit. | 0:24:57 | 0:25:01 | |
Better for people's health and our economy. | 0:25:01 | 0:25:04 | |
The black market. | 0:25:11 | 0:25:13 | |
Yes. Now play the film to find out about cigarette smuggling. | 0:25:13 | 0:25:17 | |
Cigarettes are one of the world's most widely smuggled products, | 0:25:20 | 0:25:23 | |
with one in every ten trafficked by criminal gangs. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:26 | |
Many are well-known brands, snuck past border police to dodge tax. | 0:25:26 | 0:25:30 | |
Cheap cigarettes! But at whose expense? | 0:25:30 | 0:25:34 | |
Governments worldwide lose out on billions in tax, | 0:25:34 | 0:25:36 | |
money that could help pay for hospitals, health and housing. | 0:25:36 | 0:25:39 | |
Counterfeit crime is big business too, | 0:25:39 | 0:25:41 | |
with fake branded cigarettes often stuffed full of cheap poisons, then smuggled worldwide for big profit. | 0:25:41 | 0:25:48 | |
Even more dangerous to smoke than normal. | 0:25:48 | 0:25:50 | |
It calls for a worldwide crackdown. | 0:25:50 | 0:25:52 | |
But how do you police such a global crime? | 0:25:52 | 0:25:56 | |
It's a big problem, with one in every ten cigarettes sold on the black market. | 0:25:58 | 0:26:02 | |
I never realised how big it was and, yeah, I have seen some fake cigarettes brands around. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:08 | |
Well, it's illegal and comes at a cost to us all. | 0:26:08 | 0:26:12 | |
500 billion. | 0:26:18 | 0:26:20 | |
Right. It's a huge figure. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:23 | |
Now find out how governments worldwide are tackling this. | 0:26:23 | 0:26:26 | |
It's the fight of the century. | 0:26:29 | 0:26:32 | |
On one side, the rich and powerful tobacco industry. | 0:26:32 | 0:26:34 | |
On the other, governments with power to make laws. | 0:26:34 | 0:26:38 | |
Once, tobacco companies had free rein to advertise, | 0:26:38 | 0:26:41 | |
spending billions each year on ads to tempt us. And it worked! | 0:26:41 | 0:26:45 | |
Up went sales and profits. | 0:26:45 | 0:26:46 | |
But in the last decades, there's been a government clampdown. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:49 | |
In Britain, we have banned all tobacco advertising, | 0:26:49 | 0:26:53 | |
outlawed tobacco sponsorship, | 0:26:53 | 0:26:55 | |
made health warnings on packs compulsory, | 0:26:55 | 0:26:58 | |
raised the legal age to buy cigarettes to 18, | 0:26:58 | 0:27:00 | |
and banned smoking in public places. | 0:27:00 | 0:27:03 | |
The government has fought hard and is winning. | 0:27:03 | 0:27:06 | |
Fewer people smoke, and cigarette sales are down. | 0:27:06 | 0:27:10 | |
It's not just the British government that's acted. | 0:27:10 | 0:27:13 | |
The European Union launched a campaign that kick-started control laws across Europe. | 0:27:15 | 0:27:19 | |
There's also a global push led by WHO, | 0:27:21 | 0:27:23 | |
which created a worldwide guide for tougher tobacco laws. | 0:27:23 | 0:27:27 | |
But in many poorer parts of the world, laws are still lax, | 0:27:27 | 0:27:32 | |
and cigarette companies are free to advertise and attract new smokers. | 0:27:32 | 0:27:37 | |
So smoking in these countries is on the rise, causing spiralling health problems | 0:27:37 | 0:27:42 | |
and an expensive habit for people already on the poverty line. | 0:27:42 | 0:27:45 | |
The thing is, tighter regulation isn't in every country's interests. | 0:27:45 | 0:27:49 | |
Some, like Malawi, depend on growing tobacco to make money. | 0:27:49 | 0:27:54 | |
Others don't want to lose out on high tax and aid gifts donated by rich tobacco companies. | 0:27:54 | 0:28:00 | |
The figures for smoking are scary. | 0:28:00 | 0:28:03 | |
There are 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, | 0:28:03 | 0:28:06 | |
and tobacco kills one in ten adults globally. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:10 | |
And the cost to the world economy? | 0:28:10 | 0:28:12 | |
500 billion each year. | 0:28:12 | 0:28:14 | |
Yet tobacco companies continue to reap huge profits. | 0:28:14 | 0:28:18 | |
But just how far should governments go in regulating things that are bad for us? | 0:28:18 | 0:28:22 | |
Or should it be personal choice? | 0:28:22 | 0:28:25 | |
It's the same dilemma with alcohol and even fast food. | 0:28:25 | 0:28:28 | |
It's a never-ending tussle between industry, government and us. | 0:28:28 | 0:28:32 | |
So, Jack, should there be tougher regulations against smoking worldwide? | 0:28:34 | 0:28:38 | |
I do think it's a personal choice, but I disagree with more poorer countries | 0:28:38 | 0:28:43 | |
that can't even afford food and yet they're spending money on cigarettes. | 0:28:43 | 0:28:48 | |
So will you now quit this nasty habit? | 0:28:48 | 0:28:51 | |
It's difficult. I'll think about it. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:53 | |
Thanks, Jack! You're released. | 0:28:53 | 0:28:55 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:28:59 | 0:29:02 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:29:02 | 0:29:05 |