America Remembers September 11th

Hello and welcome to Lower Manhattan in New York to this BBC

News coverage of the ceremonies being held to remember the nearly

3,000 people who died on September 11th 2001 on this, the tenth

anniversary of the terrorist attacks in the United States, a day

of infamy every bit as traumatic as the attacks on Pearl Harbour 60

years earlier. This 16 acres of prime real estate behind me is now

known as Ground Zero, but ten years ago, it was dominated by the twin

towers of the World Trade Center, the workplace of thousands of

people and a famous landmark of this world-famous city. Now,

relatives of those who died have gathered, together with President

Obama and former President George W Bush, for a ceremony to remember

loved ones and honour those who risked their lives to save them. On

a bright September morning, two passenger planes flew into the twin

towers. In Washington, another plane crashed into the Pentagon.

And in Pennsylvania, United Flight 93 was downed near the town of

Shanksville after the passengers fought back. It was a day which

changed America and the world, and has shaped global events for the

past decade. Today, here in New York, each of those moments will be

remembered with two minutes of silence. Readings and music will

accompany the naming of the dead. We'll also bring you coverage of

the ceremonies at the Pentagon - and at Shanksville. Ten years has

not dulled just how shocking these attacks were. The images were

horrific and harrowing. They still are. But it was a day that brought

out the best of humanity - extraordinary bravery and stunning

sacrifice. Before we join the ceremony, let us recollect what

unfolded on that terrible morning It has got to be a terrorist attack.

I can't tell you any more. I saw the plane hit the building. There

are people jumping out of windows. I have seen at least 14 people

Apology for the loss of subtitles for 57 seconds

jumping out of windows. I can't I went pretty deep. Nobody could be

Now we are looking at live pictures here at Ground Zero, the bagpipers

and drummers from the Fire Department of New York, the New

York Police Department and the Port Authority Police Department forming

up to start the ceremonial to mark the tenth anniversary. Of course,

the Fire Department of New York band are known throughout the world

for their service to their fallen brothers after the September 11th

attacks. They have played at over 450 funerals in a two Year period.

While we look at these pictures, let us bring in our North America

Editor Mark Mardell, who is with me at our vantage point overlooking

Ground Zero. The theme of today has been security and also for the past

ten years. Like you, I have covered lots of events where the president

is there. I have never seen security like this. I walked out of

Penn Station under the watchful eye of armed policemen. They have

closed off the whole of lower Manhattan to traffic. There is an

incredible threat. Al-Qaeda want to attack today, and that is what they

are concerned about. Of course, that underlines the central theme

of what we are talking about today, whether America is more secured ten

years on after the dreadful events that unfolded here? The simple

truth is that people at the time worried about a wave of attacks for

and that this would be a constant way of life in America, putting up

with terrible events. That has not happened. America has become a much

more secure society. When I started talking to Americans about what had

changed, I was looking for a philosophical answers. But they

were saying, look at security in airports and people on the street.

That is what they have noticed. 80 American troops have been injured

and three Afghans killed today in a truck bomb in Afghanistan. The war

over there is still going on. That is a direct consequence of 9/11.

suppose the American people have always known there was a risk to

them when they were travelling abroad, but they were somehow

inviolable while they were in the United States of America, and that

was punctured ten years ago. It was an amazing psychic shock. They had

never been an attack on the mainland since Pearl Harbor. It is

difficult for us to understand. We grew up against the background of

an IRA campaign. There was never loss of life on that scale, but we

were used to that sort of security. Americans were used to breezing

through airports. They thought they were safe while they were here, as

you say. It had such a huge impact on the psyche of the country.

me show you the pictures of people forming up on the platform. The

Brooklyn Youth Chorus will be performing the national anthem

shortly. You can see them lined up. It is hard to overstate the extent

of the security surrounding this event. We can see President Obama

and the first lady taking their place on the platform. They arrived

here a short time ago, and they have been speaking to family

members, accompanied by the former president George W Bush and his

wife. The ceremonial is set to start. There will be a two-minute

silence at 840 6am. Before that, we will hear the national anthem. The

two-minute silence will mark when the first plane struck the World

Trade Center, the start of something unimaginable for the

United States of America. It was an hour and a half in which

unbelievable things unfolded. But now we see the unfurling of the

Stars and Stripes, as the ceremonial prepares to begin. Mark,

I wanted to talk to you about the message that the president gave

yesterday. People thought maybe there would be a different tone

from Obama's predecessor, and yet he was quite firm. After 9/11, he

said the country had emerged stronger and Al-Qaeda were being

beaten. He said that after ten years of hard wars, it was a time

to bring troops home and begin nation-building at home. There was

a political message and a bit of a post, saying that since his time in

office, more Al-Qaeda leaders had been eliminated than during the

previous time under George Bush. He was saying, we got it right this

time. Let's listen in to the national anthem.

# Oh, say can you see, by the dawn's early light?

# What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming.

# Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight.

# O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming.

# And the rockers' red glare, the bombs bursting in air.

# Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there.

# O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave?

# O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

# O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave?

# O'er the land of the free and the # O say, does that star-spangled

banner yet wave? # O'er the land of the free and the

home of the brave?$$NEWLINE # On the shore dimly seen thro' the

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# O'er the land of the free and the Ten years have passed since a

perfect blue sky morning turned into the blackest of nights. Since

then, we have lived in sunshine and in shad shadow and although we can

never unsee what happened here, we can also see that children who lost

their parents have grown into young adults, grand grandchildren have

been born and good works and public service have taken root to honour

those we loved and lost. In all the years that Americans have looked to

these ceremonies we have shared both words and silences, the words

of writers and poets have helped express in our hearts. The silences

have given us a chance to reflect and remember. And in remembrance of

all those who died in New York in 1993 and 2001 at the Pentagon, and

in the fields near Shanksville Pennsylvania, please join in

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observing our first moment of God is our refuge and strength. A

very present help in trouble. Therefore, we will not fear, even

though the earth be removed, though the mountains be carried into the

midst of the sea. Though its waters roar and be troubled. Though the

mountains shake with its swelling. There is a river and streams shall

make glad the city of God. The holy place of the tabernacle of the most

high. God is in the midst of her, she shall not be moved. God shall

help her, just at the break of dawn. The nations raged, the kingdoms

were moved, he uttered his voice, the earth melted. The Lord of hosts

is with us. The God of Jacob is our refuge. Come behold the works of

the Lord, who has made des hraeugss in the earth. He makes wars cease

to the end of the earth. He breaks the bow and cuts the spear in two.

He burns the chariot in fire. Be still and know that I am God. I

will be exalted among the nations, exalted in the earths. The Lord of

hosts is with us, the God of Jacob They were our neighbours, our

friends, our husbands, wives, brothers, sisters, children and

parents. They were the ones who rushed in to help. 2,983 innocent

men, women and children. We have asked their families to come here,

to speak the names out loud, to remind each of us of a person we

lost in New York, in Washington, and Pennsylvania. They each had a

face, a story, a life cut short from under them. As we listen, let

us recall the words of Shakespeare, let us not measure our sorrow by

their worth, for then it will have Gordon McCannel Aamoth. Maria Rose

Abad. Edelmiro (Ed) Abad. Andrew Anthony Abate. Vincent Abate.

Laurence Christopher Abel. William F. Abrahamson. Richard Anthony

Aceto. Heinrich B. Ackermann. Paul Andrew Acquaviva. Donald L. Adams.

Shannon Lewis Adams. Stephen Adams. Patrick Adams. Ignatius Adanga.

Christy A. Addamo. My beloved son Joshua Todd Aaron, we miss you and

love you forever. You are always in our hearts. My sister, we love you

and miss you, you are always in our hearts.

Terence E. STUDIO: There are going to be 167 pairs of people who will

stand there like these people are now, relatives of those who lost

their lives, remembering the nearly 3,000 people who perished ten years

ago. While that goes on, let me introduce you to the former US

assistant Secretary of State for public affairs, PJ Crowley with us.

I want to ask you as an American what today means to you? Well, it's

a profound day and to see how the site has been rebuilt and, not just

rebuilt, but rebuilt while embracing the history of this

tragic day, I think it's remarkable. It's achieved that kind of very

difficult balance of how to continue to advance, while

remembering the time in 102 minutes where 3,000 people perished. You go

back at various times of where we are now, seven minutes to 9.00, the

hijacking of Flight 77 begins, every moment in this almost mad

hour and a half that did change America, and did change kind of

global policy in a way. Well, yes, but the encouraging news is up to a

point. Certainly, bin Laden through this attack tried to change US

policy, and it did, but not necessarily in ways that he

intended and ten years on the most encouraging thing is to see what's

happening, the transitions in the Arab world and Islamic world where

al-Qaeda's a spectator and not pursuing the bin Laden tried to

advance through this attack. you an optimist when you look at

what's happening in the Arab spring? To some extent the legacy

of 9/11 is not yet written. It really has been ten years, much has

happened. The safe haven bin Laden enjoyed to be able to plot and

execute this attack, that's been eliminated and there has been

relentless pressure on his network culminating in his killing earlier

this year. The international community has come together and

recognised this is a global challenge, not just a challenge for

the United States or Britain or the west. There have been costly

missteps along the way, certainly Iraq is probably an example of

where whatever has been achieved there come at too high a cost and

in fact, for a period of time it actually advanced al-Qaeda's

narrative of being at war. We recovered from that. We are

unwinding those two wars, but the most encouraging thing is what's

happening here here in a sense the Islamic world is taking back a

religion itself was hijacked ten years ago. Wasn't there a danger,

or hasn't it been one of the effects maybe of maybe, less in

Afghanistan, certainly Iraq, it's radicalised a lot of people

thinking there is some kind of holy war being waged by the west, by the

United States against Islam and therefore, we may not choose it but

if we have to pick sides we will pick sides of those people, on the

side of those people fighting America, al-Qaeda? Five years ago I

think that was the situation. Ten years on you are seeing a steady

decline in the popularity of al- Qaeda in the key population within

the Islamic world. Now that has not translated into a restoration of

opinion visavis the United States. There will be people who will try

to exploit that gap going forward. Even with the death of bin Laden

there are elements of al-Qaeda, - particularly afillates in Yemen,

Somalia that are still very dangerous. I want to spin back to

ten years ago, was it clear to you what needed to happen after these

terrible, terrible events of here in New York and Shanksville and the

Pentagon? Ten years ago I was in a building maybe three blocks from

here when the first plane hit the North Tower. The rumour first was

traffic helicopter or something like that, the moment the second

plane hit, having served at the White House during the time we saw

reported attacks on the Embassies in East Africa, the bombing of the

USS Cole in Yemen, I knew exactly who was responsible for this and

despite entreaties by the Clinton administration and Bush

administration for the Taliban to turn over bin Laden which they did

not, the first and most decisive action was to eliminate the safe

haven that bin Laden had exploited to his advantage, that has helped a

lot. Other things have happened here have advanced the point where

perhaps ten years on al-Qaeda could not necessarily pull off today the

attack that it did ten years ago but it's still very dangerous and

it's still the potential to harm the United States, harm the west

and risk the same - you know, similar kind of overreaction,

that's what we all have to remember and countries like Britain,

countries like Israel that have lived with terrorists for a long

time, they understand this balance that you learn from attacks, but

you don't fundamentally change who you are. But that was something

that - that has changed something in America, hasn't it, in a sense

that until these attacks America thought it was inviable on its own

territory, not since pearl harbour had it come under attack, and since

since - people were able to attack on US soil? The United States

learned a lesson that Europe had already learned, that terrorism had

become a fact of life and was something that you had to deal with,

to try to disrupt and defeat and manage while continuing to hold on

to what your values and your way of life at its precious. The United

States has tried very hard to do that. It's a very difficult balance

to accomplish, but we learned on September 11th what other countries

already knew. Yes, security is different today but I think we have

held on to what's important. Thank you very much. Well, another three

minutes to go until the next moment of silence. Let's go to a firehouse

near to here and my colleague is there.

Thank you. I am here at the Firemens Memorial. 343 men and

women died trying to save people in the attacks and there are thousands

of firemen here today honouring their fallen colleagues. I am

joined now by the deputy commissioner of the New York Fire

Department. Thank you very much for coming in. You were in the World

Trade Center trying to save people from the attacks. What do you

remember of that morning and what happened to you? Well, I remember

every moment of the day. We responded to the North Tower of the

World Trade Center, we responded right away. We weren't that far

away, about a mile away and we arrived at the North Tower of the

World Trade Center and just as I was about to get my orders, the

second plane hit the South Tower. Now we realised that we were under

attack, before we even went to work. You began to make your way down the

tower and what happened? We made it up to the 27th floor and the South

Tower collapsed. So, we decided that our mission was no longer

workable and we started heading down the stairs and on our way down

we saw a woman in distress. We stopped to save her, we started

carrying her down the stairs, which slowed our escape and we didn't

make it out of the building. We got to the 4th floor and the North

Tower collapsed with us still inside. Josephine Harris, an

elderly lady who you rescued, other people were running past but you

got her out. You think trying to save her saved your own life?

you could draw that conclusion. We had to be a lot faster in order to

survive and I am not sure we would have been that fast. So we kind of

had to be where we were. She collapsed on the 4th floor. It's

almost she took a stand and was yelling at us to leave her and we

weren't going to do that. So, that's where the building collapsed,

Only 20 people survived from inside the towers from when the building

collapsed, and you were one of them. Do you look back and think, I could

so easily have been one of those who did not get out, like one of

your colleagues? Oh, yeah. We were at the memorial service yesterday

at St Patrick's cathedral. My wife broke down when she saw the 343

flags going past. She said, I am so glad you are not a flag. It is very

powerful. There were so many people lost that day. It is humbling to

know I am still walking in this earth. The memorial is a pale and

the first responders are not invited to the World Trade Center.

Has that caused some unhappiness? Well, we approach this similar to a

line of duty at a funeral. They could not fit everybody there.

Through it is better to be with all our fellow firefighters and honour

those who we lost. This is a good place for us to be. Thank you.

As he said, there will be around 6000 firefighters from all over the

world, from Britain, New Zealand, all coming here to remember the 343

men and women from the fire- fighting force who died in the

attacks on the World Trade Center. There is only a minute or so until

9.03, the moment when Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower of the

World Trade Center, impacting on the 78th floor. 65 people were on

board that plane, which had taken off from Boston Logan Airport, en

route to Los Angeles. The 9/11 Commission report into that

hijacking can tin -- concluded that it began very soon after take-off.

So there will be another moment of silence to mark that moment. The

hijackers used knives and the threat of a bomb to subdue

passengers. Two pilots were killed in flight and a member of the crew

was stabbed in that hijacking. We see the young people there, reading

out the names of their family members. After the moment of

silence, we will hear from President George W Bush. And after

that, from Peter Negron, who lost his father, who worked on the 88th

floor of the North Tower. Peter was 11 years old at the time. And the

President Lincoln not only understood the heartbreak of his

country, he also understood the cost of sacrifice, and reached out

to console those in sorrow. In the fall of 1864, he learnt that a

widow had lost five sons in the civil war. And he wrote her this

letter. "dear Madam, I have been shown in the files of the War

Department a statement of the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts,

that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously in

the field of battle. I feel how weak and fruitless must be any

words of mine which could attempt to beguile you from the grief of a

loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the

consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they

died to save. I pray that our heavenly Father may assuage the

anguish of your bereavement and leave you only the cherished memory

of the loved and lost and the solemn pride that must be yours to

replace a costly a sacrifice upon the altar or freedom. Yours very

sincerely and respectfully, Abraham Warm applause for President Bush as

he appeared at the rostrum. My name is Peter Negron. My father worked

on the 88th floor of the World Trade Center. I was 13 when I stood

here in 2003 and read a poem about how much I wanted to break down and

cry. Since then, I have stopped crying, but I have not stopped

missing my dad. He was awesome. My brother had just turned two when he

passed. I have tried to teach him all the things my father taught me.

How to catch a baseball, how to ride a bike and to work hard in

school. My dad always said how important it was. Since 9/11, my

mother, brother and I moved to Florida. I got a job and I rode

into college. I wish my dad had been there to teach me to drive,

ask a girl out on a date and see me graduate from high school. And 100

other things I can't even begin to name. He worked in an environmental

department and cared about the earth and our future. I know he

wanted to make a difference. I admire him for that, and I would

have liked to talk to him about such things. I have decided to

become a forensic scientists. I hope that I can make my father

proud of the young men my brother and I have become. I miss you so

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MUSIC: "Sarabande" from Bach's That was Yo-Yo Ma, performing

Sarabande from bath's First Suite for Cello Solo -- Barker's First

Suite for Cello Solo. We saw the president and some of the families

leaving the stage. Now the honour guard ceremonially opens the family

entrance, and families can then start to enter the memorial Plaza.

The president will be at the North memorial hall. That sits in the

footprint of the North Tower, formerly No. 1 World Trade Center.

As you look at the names there, which are at waist height, they are

lit from underneath. The names have been carved out and at night, they

will be lit so that you can see the names of the people 24 hours a day

as a mark of respect to those who died. The waterfall cascades down

all four sides of the pool and then flows into an inner void. But here

with us now in our position overlooking Ground Zero, I am

joined by Detective Don Sadowy. You were the chief investigator of the

World Trade Center bombing in 1993. I was a leading investigator rather

than the chief. I found a mangled piece of chassis frame that

contained the confidential number which led to the arrest of the

individuals who bombed the World Trade Center in 1993. Where were

you in 2001? In 2001, I had recently retired from the NYPD bomb

squad. I was employed by Merrill Lynch as a security supervisor,

which is right here in this complex. My office was on the second floor

across the way from the North Tower. After the first plane hit, nobody

knew specifically what was going on at that moment. I knew people

across the way and I had people over there from 1993, so I

volunteered to go across the street and find out what had happened.

When I went into the building, I volunteered to go upstairs and help

evacuate people. I came down and then eventually came a point when I

had to go back across the street and tell the people I worked for at

Merrill Lynch how bad this really was. As I exited the North Tower,

the South Tower began to collapse. We ran for our lives literally, and

I was fortunate enough to make it underneath a fire truck which was

underneath what used to be the pedestrian walkway on the north

side by the North Tower. I dove under the truck and two other

individuals who tried to make it to the truck with me were killed as

the building came down. At that point, I was badly wounded and I

could not see anything or walk. So I crawl inside the trapped and

hoped I would be found later on. But the thing that really

overwhelmed me was the gigantic cement cloud that rose up. Then

there was another collapse, and I lost consciousness completely.

described a scene of hell. It was like nothing I have ever seen

before. The noise was incredibly loud. It sounded like a mountain

collapsing or a locomotive coming at you. The debris came down so

fast in a wave. It looked like a tidal wave. It swallowed up people

and vehicles and buildings. It was just incredible. It was the

scariest moment of my life. At a certain point, I realised I was the

only one in my group that was still alive. And a lot of things go

through your head. I remembered at all the things I had done by choice,

including being a member of the bomb squad. Now I am a civilian.

How ironic that I will die in this collapse. I slowly lost

consciousness with the next collapse, because it could not

breathe. As suffocated slowly. I said some prayers. I was prepared

to meet my Maker. I lost consciousness with the next

collapse. I don't know how long I was there. I lost track of time for

the next three days. I was actually found by accident when they would

try to see if they could salvage that Reid, the firemen. And my body

fell out and they noticed my hand moved, that I was not just another

dead body to step over. Some firemen picked me up and carried me

away down the street somewhere down here. I could not see anything. I

was temporarily blind. I remember how good it was to hear another

human voice to tell me I was going to be OK. From there, I was taken

to various locations for medical What a traumatic and moving story

you have just told of what happened to you, but how long do you think

you were unconscious for? How long were you in there before they

stumbled across you? I don't think it was a very long time. I can't

give you an actual time, but I remember the North Tower when they

were traging me away -- dragging me away had not collapsed yet, so it

may be it was an hour, less than an hour, but I remember being carried

away and I was taken down to the high school behind us by the water

and there was an emergency medical treatment centre set up there in

the lobby of the high school and just before I was brought there the

North Tower collapsed. You must think I am alive because of one

split second decision I made to to dive under the truck rather than

keep on running? It was, it was a split second decision but when I

came out of that lobby of the North Tower I was already walking out

into the roadway, which is pretty wide, as you have seen, I knew when

I heard the collapse beginning if I was to go back I would be running

into the debris falling and I am a middle-aged man out of shape, I am

not fooling anybody. I wasn't going to be able to run across the road

up to the world financial centre, so I scanned to the left and right

and saw that fire truck underneath the walkway and thought it might

offer me some hope of surviving, because the debris would have to

hit that before it hit me. Finally, I want to ask you this, what does

today mean to you watching people gathering around the footprint of

the North Tower, looking out for the names of their loved ones?

is the first time I am actually seeing this and it's very

impressive to me. I think that they've done a wonderful job in

creating this memorial. I think it will offer some hope, some closure

and peace to the families who never were able to recover a body of

their loved one and people still struggle with that, but I think

they've done a wonderful job with it. I think it's a very moving

ceremony here this morning. I hope it brings some peace to some of the

families and the loved ones who have lost people. I am very

impressed by it. I feel very - at first I came here this morning I

felt rather numb, but I feel very much at peace being back here ten

years later and seeing this for the first time. You look a little

emotional yourself. Um... Yeah. I think of my friends that were

killed. I keep them in my heart and keep them alive with their spirit.

Thank you so much for being with us and sharing your recollections of

the day and being with us here on this momentous occasion of the 10th

anniversary, I am really grateful to you. It's been very good to talk

to you. Thank you so much. Great pleasure talking to you. Let us

take you now to the Pentagon, I want to show you the pictures there.

About ten years ago Flight 77 was 20 minutes away from the Pentagon.

That was, of course, another occasion when well over 100 people

lost their lives, those people who were on board and those who were in

the Pentagon. We saw earlier Donald Rumsfeld at the Pentagon and he

actually went missing for a period where people were trying to contact

him and the reason they couldn't contact the Secretary of State,

Donald Rumsfeld, was because he was busy helping people try to lift

them to safety and was a stretcher- bearer for a short period when the

vice-president was anxiously trying to seek out the Defence Secretary,

so he had gone to help some of his fallen colleagues who had died when

the Pentagon was struck by Flight Let us take you now to Shanksville

as well, United Flight 93 crashed there. You will remember the the

scenes of that crater in the ground and people puzzled initially in the

hours after 9/11, what had happened? Where was that plane

destined for? It's believed it had been - it was going to be targeted

on Washington, the capital, it's second plane to attack the capital.

But by the time Flight 93 had taken off word had started to spread of

the other hijackings and so the passengers on board Flight 93 and

the cockpit records record the screams and crashes and passengers

are heard shouting "let's get them" and this was the scene where the

passengers bravely fought back and although they weren't able to brick

down the plane -- bring the plane down safely they were able to stop

it descending on the capital Washington DC. So, that's the scene

in Shanksville there. We saw President Bush. Let us go back to

Ground Zero as relatives for the first time are allowed to go in and

see and find the names of their loved ones carved in bronze at

waist height by the cascading pools, the footprint of the North Tower

and the South Tower and the water continually pours down in this very

impressive memorial that covers some eight acres of a 16-acre World

Trade Center site. From our position here overlooking

this, and we look down on the family members starting to gather

and starting to look out the names of their loved ones I am joined by

Philip Zelikow, he has been the executive director of the 9/11

Commission. I guess this day means that enormous amount, we heard a

moment ago, I don't know whether you heard the interview, I was

talking to a former bomb disposal expert who managed to survive

against the odds, he said today might bring closure for me and some

people I lost. These anniversaries are always arbitrary in a way, but

they give us a time where we carve out a moment for reflection about

what's gone before and they're healthy. We need to take a moment

to reflect and this is a magnificent setting for it. What

has changed? What has changed in the last ten years? Well, so many

things, of course, on surface level, so many things for the people who

were directly harmed and impacted by this terrible tragedy. But in a

way the world became a little more tightly knit together. Americans

were shocked by the realisation that a handful of zealots in one of

the most impoverished countries on earth could reach out and do this

kind of damage to their country, that in a way they were connected

to events in a remote country most of them had never heard of. That

kind of connection of Americans to the rest of the world and the rest

of the world to the Americans is kind of a mark of the globalised

world we live in today, that's changed. The sense of connection,

not only through things like violence or financial turmoil, but

the connections we now experience every day in a way as part of the

9/11 era. In Britain we grew up with the threat of IRA attacks on

the mainland and there were other problems as well. In the United

States a sense of security went that day, didn't it? Yes, Americans

have lived under the shadow of nuclear danger during the Cold War

but it had a certain abstract quality. Even when Britain suffered

the IRA attacks it never suffered an attack even one 10th of the

magnitude of this one. This attack killed as many people as were

killed in far away Pearl Harbour. No one had ever experienced an

assault of this kind in their own life Times really, on the continent

of the country. It's a trauma. People come to terms with a mass

trauma like this according to their lives in all kind of ways. They

develop an understanding of what it means for them. But in a way I

think the country in many ways is emotionally stronger now than it

was. It's a more resill resilient country than it was, sadder in a

way by the realisation that we can be harmed, but more able now to

cope with new tragedies that are going to be part of this

generation's experience. I want to ask you this, who was to blame for

the mistakes that led up to 9/11? Were there intelligence failures,

did people take the eye off the ball, did people underestimate the

dangers al-Qaeda posed, was there nothing that could have been done?

Absolutely always you have to begin these conversations by remembering

that the people to blame are the mass murderers who deliberately

targeted thousands of innocents as the outlet for their rage. That

point is well made. All right. Beyond that you can point fingers

at this or that operational miscues that shows up in the stark light of

hindsight. One of the things we said in our report is ironically

people used the expression 20-20 hindsight but in reality hindsight

blinds because the path of what could have been is so brightly lit

afterwards that the path of what really was possible to people at

the time is cast even more deeply in the shadow. So, yes there are

operational miscues. Yes, you could look back and say why did we let

al-Qaeda hit us again and again from their sanctuary in Afghanistan

and not do anything serious about the problem in Afghanistan? So you

can point to failures of policy or operational miscues. But I think

it's important on a day like today to step back and not use this as an

occasion for more finger pointing. And not for finger pointing, let me

ask this question, what I am asking there is in a leadup to events of

2001, after after after 2001 were mistakes made in the sense that

perhaps the response of the United States, you think of Iraq, enforced

interrogation techniques, that made things worse, made people think

that maybe the United States was engaged in some holy war against

Islam? I think a lot of the people involved in that would acknowledge

that mistakes were made. What happens when a country suffers a

tremendous shock like this is it responds with everything that it

has at hand. There wasn't time to really deliberate at length on how

to respond. You can fault people that after the initial surge of

response in the late months of 2001, early 2002, that they didn't pause

and reflect and maybe temper some of the things that they were doing.

I think we did some things that were excessive, and over time we

have started to correct more of that but let me make a comment in

this way. Every family knows in a time of extreme crisis, of

wrenching stress, you are going to see both the worst and the best

brought out. We look back on the stories of all these wars and so on,

partly because we want to learn from the human qualities that

surface in these moments of great trauma. We saw a lot of the worst

and best about our own society, whether the worst could be

symbolised by Abu Graib or the best - the best coming from armed forces,

let's use this occasion to think about what we have learned about

ourselves. What we learned about what we are capable of in tragic

ways, but also the know billity that surfaced in so many ways on

this day. I want to talk about that as well, because if the worst of

humanity was on show in the actions that took place that led to the

bombing of the World Trade Center, the explosion, the planes crashing

into the World Trade Center and at the Pentagon, the best of humanity

was on show, wasn't it, in the hours and minutes after after wards

where New Yorkers came together and other people came together to do

their best to help. The tragedy itself, I mean, you have these

images, as I investigated and poured through the evidence of a

tragedy of this kind, you know, the firefighters still carrying their

50lbs of equipment, climbing stairs, even though they knew the situation

was chaotic and dangerous, in the hope that maybe somehow they could

find someone to still help and losing their lives as a result of

that. You have images like that so captured. So many of the first

responders who lost their lives were people who simply rushed to

the scene as volunteers. They knew that - they weren't even on duty

but they thought their help might be needed. That kind of response

actually has marked all the last ten years. I have spent time in

Afghanistan and Iraq and you see the kind of daily quiet

professionalism of so many people and you see some of the noble

qualities that this tragedy has summoned forth. I think there are

many people in the UK who have been part of that too. And who have

exhibited many of these qualities, both in Britain and overseas.

Coming over here and reading the testimony of some of the people who

were involved in it, the extraordinary stories. A story of a

Cornish man, he was 62, he was head of security at Morgan Stanley, he

was heard singing sing Celtic ballads escorting people down there

is a madness in that image, and yet probably it kept people sane. The

fact there was this guy, I am Of the people who could

theoretically have been evacuated, more than 90% of them were saved.

They were evacuated safely or with the help of the first responders.

Almost all the people who could have been saved were saved due to

some of the heroism that morning. That is a wonderful illustration

you give, to because beyond the superficial courage, there is that

extra dimension of human spirit, belting out that Ballard. That

somehow reminds us of our humanity. Philip Zelikow, thank you so much.

It has been fascinating talking to you. Your reflections on a personal

level and a political level about what unfolded and what has changed

since then have been fascinating. Those names are continuing to be

read out and people are embracing as they look at the family names of

loved ones and seeing those names carved for the first time into the

bronze around those reflecting pools that reflect the footprints

of the North and South Tower. Let us take you to the Pentagon as well,

where the national anthem is being played. The vice-president, Joe

Biden, is in attendance there to mark the occasion when Flight 77

crashed into the Pentagon. # O'er the ramparts we watched,

were so gallantly streaming. # And the rockers' red glare, the

bombs bursting in air. # Gave proof thro' the night that

our flag was still there. # O say, does that star-spangled

banner yet wave? # O'er the land of the free and the

Let us go now to our correspondent, Adam Brookes, who is there at the

Pentagon. Adam, described the scene of Washington DC today? Well,

Washington is a city that is still feeling the pain of 9/11 on a daily

basis. This is a city where the campaign in Afghanistan was

conceived and launched, the campaign in Iraq was conceived and

launched. This is the city where the injured come back from those

wars to hospital. It is a city where people live and breathe

America's involvement in the world and its involvement in these

difficult Expeditionary wars even ten years on. This morning in the

Pentagon, the ceremony is quite low-key. It will be quite brief.

There will be lots of silence, remembering the moment when

American Airlines flight 77 crashed into the west wall of the Pentagon

and remembering the 125 people who died inside the building and the 64

who died on the plane itself. This is slightly different to what

happened in New York. This was an attack on a military institution.

That institution responded in the way that military is do. It's

sorted itself out, it stood up and rebuilt very fast and remembered is

dead, and it got on with business. As I say, perhaps the most telling

thing about the memory of 9/11 in Washington is the way that it is

live doubt every day among your friends and neighbours, who are

still fighting these wards and fighting counter-terrorism. Yes,

and there was the extraordinary story of what unfolded afterwards,

when the vice-president Dick Cheney was desperately tried to find

Donald Rumsfeld. And Donald Rumsfeld was not to be found

because he was out there, try to help people as a part-time

structure bear? There is an extraordinary image of rums felt at

that moment, dishevelled, angry, his hair everywhere, carrying

people from the site of the attack. As you say, his senior staff came

up to him and put their hands on his shoulder and said Mr Secretary,

we think you may be needed elsewhere. And they led him away

from the site of the attack back into the Pentagon. Much of the

building remained functioning. It was only a localised part of the

building that was directly affected. There was smoke and stink

throughout all the five rings of the Pentagon's vast office complex.

But the next day and the day after, the building was up and running

again, and people were already considering in the operations rooms

and suites that surround the Secretary of Defence, how America

would respond to this and what tools of power were available to go

after people who had perpetrated this. Soon afterwards, in

conjunction with the CIA and US Special Operations Command, the

campaign in Afghanistan was launched. Much happened since. And

it is not over. I live next to a hospital in the northern part of

Washington DC. Every day, I see young men and women without eyes,

without hands, covered in Burns, picking their way through the

Washington community. Those are the men and women fighting the wars

which were a direct response to 9/11. Thank you very much. We will

prepare for the moment's silence in Tenterden -- at the Pentagon and

# Through many dangers, twirls and snares.

# I have already come. # It is grace that has brought me

safe thus far. # And Grace will lead me home.

# The Lord has promised good to me. # His word my hopes secures.

# He will my shield and portion # Amazing grace, how sweet the

sound. # I once was lost, but now and

found. Ladies and gentlemen, the chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Michael Mullen.

Let's bring you back here to New York. The address is now being made

by James Smith, a retired police officer. Since that time, Patricia

has grown and blossomed into a lovely 12-year-old, the very

picture of her mother, with her mom's smile and sense of adventure.

Our family has grown. Patricia now has two little brothers to share

her zest for life. Five years ago, we looked back and gave words to

our sorrow. Today, we choose to remember and share the jury that

was brought to all of us. We vowed that she will always live in our

hearts. Mom, I am proud to be your daughter. You will always be my

hero and I am proud of New York # Well, the sun is surely sinking

down, but the moon is slowly rising. # So this old world must still be

spinning round, and I still love you.

# So close your eyes, you can close your eyes, it's all right.

# I don't know no love songs and I can't sing the blues any more.

# But I can sing this song and you can sing this song when I'm gone.

# It won't be long before another day, we gonna have a good time.

# And no one's gonna take that time away. You can stay as long as you

# So close your eyes, you can close your eyes, it's all right.

# I don't know no love songs and I can't sing the blues any more.

# But I can sing this song and you The wonderful music of James Taylor

there, warmly applauded by the audience, and is the Westside

Highway. It would normally be streaming with traffic on a Sunday

morning. Today, it is given over to those commemorating the tenth

anniversary and their loved ones who died in the attacks ten years

ago. I am joined now by Clifford Russell, whose brother Stephen was

in the twin towers. He was a firefighter. What does today mean

to you? Being back at this place in the fashion of the way it has been

redesigned, to me, it does not seem like they should have done this.

The time I spent down here, it was more Joan -- more than just the

look of it, it was the smell of it. It was the sense of community, of

love and everybody becoming one. Here, I don't know. But I have been

back here since 2002, and I only live a few miles away. Are you

finding today difficult? Yeah, It's hard for me to not think about

my brother, the reason why I am here, the absolute magnificent

response of our fire department, police department and emergency

responders. Clifford, tell me what happened to your brother. They were

actually out on a call on the westside highway and the plane hit

the first building and they were already out so they only lost five

guys for that reason. So they came up the highway with ladder 20 and

engine 55 was his and they got out and spent a long time in the first

building, I think it was well over an hour and never came out. It was

the second one to fall. The first one to get hit. They found his body

with six others on October 21st. We found out about it on October 22nd.

Quite a time elapsed. Yeah, my father used to mark off the days on

the calendar with a magic marker and as days started wanning, he

started losing hope, although you never give up hope, he always

thought he was walking around somewhere with amnesia or is in

another state, every window sill, everything dusty, absolutely

incredible. That must have been a terrible ordeal to live through, in

your gut you probably knew the worst had happened but that little

part of the brain that clings to hope. You never would have told me

he wasn't alive. I always had a big room for him downstairs somewhere

that they were walking around trying to figure a way out because

it was such a mess of structure and there was so much infrastructure

underneath that it could be possible. I want to ask you about

your son. My son! This is a fellow who graduated with high marks and

turned around and took my brother's spot in his firehouse, I saw him go

out the door this morning around 7.00am, they got a call. I was

leaving to come here, so he is working right now. So your son is

in I think the bed? The same situation that my brother was in

and well received, as well. I am sure. So he is lying in what was

his uncle's bed? Pretty much. you proud? Yeah. Ridiculously so. I

just - I still can't believe it. I just walked in there today and

there he is. What does today mean to him, do you think? I think him

becoming a firefighter as opposed to doing so many other things he

could have done speaks for itself. I mean, what does he think about

it? Like I said, he became a firefighter. I think this is his

way of answering it. He is going to spend the next 20 years of his life

doing what - it's going to take him 20 years to wear it off. You don't

get rid of it, you can't move away from it. You can more to Florida, I

could move to Great Britain, you cannot get away from this.

Everybody knows about it. Everybody speaks about it. Reporting here

from New York to BBC world news, correct? So, it's not like

something very local. Does it help that the - you feel the world is

with you? I feel very alone a lot. I know I am not the same I used to

be before 2001. But that said, I am actually as we speak reinventing

myself every day, paying close attention to everything, because it

may not be there tomorrow. Clifford Russell, grateful to you. Thank you

very much and good luck with the future for you and your son as a

firefighter carrying on where your brother left off. Thank you very

much indeed for being with us here on BBC News. Thank you. Good luck

to you, thank you so much. Thank you.

Let's take you back to the reading of the names as they go on. A list

John DiFato Vincent F. DiFazio Carl DiFranco Donald J. DiFranco Debra

Ann DiMartino Stephen P. Dimino William J. My brother cryster in

Newton. My sister, Lisa, Kathy, I can't believe it's been ten years

since I have seen your smile or heard your voice. God called all

his angels on 9/11 and you are one of the angels he had chosen. You

will forever be in our hearts. God also choose daddy on that day five

years later. I would like to thank everybody who did the memorial, it

was very beautiful. Thank you. I love you, Kathy. Anthony DiOnisio

George DiPasquale Joseph DiPilato Douglas Frank DiStefano Ramzi A.

Doany John J. Doherty Melissa C. Doi Brendan Dolan Neil Dollard

James Joseph Domanico Benilda Pascua Domingo Charles (Carlos)

Dominguez Geronimo (Jerome) Mark And my father, love never dies, me

and my mum and Grandma we love you so much and miss you. Our beloved

father Laurence Davidson, you would be so proud of your granddaughters.

We love you. Kevin W. Donnelly Jacqueline

Donovan. STUDIO: The reading of all those names,

let's take to you Shanksville in Pennsylvania, where the ceremony is

already under way. The ABC's Josh Elliot is there for us. Describe

We seem to have lost our link there to Shanksville in Pennsylvania. But

the ceremony took place and let's listen to the names being read out

of those who died in Shanksville, the 40 people aboard United 93.

Apology for the loss of subtitles for 57 seconds

Joseph De Luca. Patrick Joseph Andrew Garcia.

Apology for the loss of subtitles for 57 seconds

STUDIO:: That was the scene there in Shanksville Pennsylvania,

commemorating the 40 people who lost their lives on United 93. Here

at the World Trade Center site of Ground Zero they're reading the

names of the people who perished ten years ago, the people who were

on American American Airlines Flight 11, the 60 people on United

Flight 175, and in a moment there will be another moment's silence to

mark the time when the South Tower fell. Let's listen back in to the

reading of names here. Moy brother Michael David Deal, you are loved

Apology for the loss of subtitles for 57 seconds

John W. Farrell Terrence Patrick Farrell John G. Farrell Capt.

Joseph Farrelly .Thomas P. Farrelly Syed Abdul Fatha Christopher

Faughnan Wendy R. Faulkner Shannon M. Fava Bernard D. Favuzza Robert

Fazio Ronald C. Fazio. My family's loved one who we miss and love very

much, Joan wreu Jones. My amazing father, we love and miss you so

Apology for the loss of subtitles for 57 seconds

very much. Keep watching over us Today, as you look over the walls

of remembrance, we want to share with you the words of the poet Mary

Lee Hall, who wrote "turn again to life. If I should die and leave you

here awhile, be not like others sore undone, who keep long vigil by

the sullen dusk, for my sake, turn again to life and smile. Nerving

thy heart and trembling hand to do something to comfort other hearts

benign. Complete these dear unfinished tasks of mind, and I put

Apology for the loss of subtitles for 57 seconds

May God bless those heroes we lost on September 11th, the brave men

and women who responded so courageously, the heroes we have

lost since that day defending our freedom and the men and women today

who risk their lives here and abroad to defend our freedom. No

words cried out so fully from the broken heart of our nation as those

of a poem called The Names. It was written by the United States poet

laureate Billy Collins. He wrote it a year after the attacks and

dedicated it simply to those who died and to their survivors. Its

last verse reads as follows: "names etched on the head of a pin, one

names spanning a bridge, another undergoing a tunnel. A blue name

needled into the skin. Names of citizens, mothers and fathers, the

bright-eyed daughter, the quicksand. Alphabet of names in a green field.

Names in the small tracks of birds. Names lifted from a hat or balanced

on the tip of the tongue. Names wheeled in the dim warehouse of

memory. So many names, there is barely room on the walls of the

Lee S Fehling. Peter Feidelberg. Alan D Feinberg. Rosa Maria

Feliciano. Edward T Fergus. George Ferguson. By Joseph Ferguson.

Fernandez. Judy H Fernandez. Elisa Giselle Ferraina. Anne Marie

Sallerin Ferreira. Robert John Ferris. And with great honour and

even greater sadness, my aunt, Cathy, American Airlines attendant

on flight 11. We miss you and love you. And my father, Thomas. We love

and miss you, Daddy. David Francis Ferrugio. Louis V Fersini. Michael

David Ferugio. Bradley James Fetchet. Jennifer Louise Fialko.

Kristen Fiedel. Samuel Fields. Michael Bradley Finnegan. Timothy J

Finnerty. Michael Curtis Fiore. Stephen J Fiorelli. Paul M Fiori.

John Fiorito. Lt John R Fischer. Andrew Fisher. Bennett Lawson

Fisher. And my uncle, Gerald Thomas. We miss you more than words could

ever describe. My brother-in-law, Thomas -- Timothy. We miss and love

you always. Well, these are very moving,

emotional readings of the names continuing. So many names to be

read out. I am joined here by Martin Dunn, former editor-in-chief

of the New York Daily News. Thank you for being with us. It is still

emotional, ten years on? It is still very emotional. I find it

amazing how the City still has wounds so deep. Obviously

understandably. This was a city whose confidence was totally rocked

and self-belief was destroyed by the attacks that happened ten years

ago. Even though you secret regeneration around here, you see

wonderful new buildings coming up and you see people moving to the

downtown area of New York, but these guys are never really totally

going to heal. Has New York bounced back? It has. I happen to live six

or seven blocks north of here, and I have seen a huge resurgence and

regeneration of this particular area of New York. It is worth

saying that a lot of people thought this part of New York might just

die and become toxic, no one would want to live here or have

businesses based here. Absolutely. For at least five years after the

attack, this was a pretty desolate area. But the population in the

last five years has doubled in this area. Restaurants open all the time.

Businesses moved down here. You see wonderful buildings going up. That

is a part of the healing process. In the back of your mind, there is

always that little doubt about what may happen here in New York after

what happened ten years ago. that self-confidence and brashness

of New Yorkers which we lugged around the world was dented? It was

dented, irreparably so. I think a lot of it has come back. There is a

lot of self-belief and confidence. But at the back of your mind, there

is always that slight worry. The fact that for ten years, we have

not had an attack and the police department have thwarted many

potential attacks, has given people a lot of confidence. But there will

always be that slight worry in the back of people's minds, who

previously thought that New York was unassailable. It was one of the

most beloved cities in the world. The thought that it could be

attacked was a terrible Dent for the New York psyche. It is now

starting to come back, but there will always be that doubt at the

back of people's minds. I have been here for the past few days and

looked at the ramping up of security following this latest

threat. New Yorkers accept it. They are not fighting against it. They

know they have to go through these security checkpoints. And at

airports, they know it is not the same easy way it was to board a

flight to San Francisco. That's right. You will see armed guards in

Grand Central and Penn Station on the subway is when you are

travelling around. A huge amount of credit has to go to Ray Kelly and

the New York Police Department for the way they have changed our

perception of the police. It used to be a law-and-order organisation.

Now it is very much a counter- terrorism organisation as well. I

think that has given people a security blanket. It is something

we never thought we needed, but the fact that Ray Kelly has brought in

people from the CIA and he has put 1000 cops on to counter-terrorism

duties, helps give New Yorkers a sense of confidence and belief.

Thank you. Our broadcasters going to end soon

on this day of remembrance, a day of reflection. And once again for

New Yorkers, a day of resilience. Let's listen and again to the

reading of the names of those who Pamela Gaff. Ervin Vincent

Gailliard. Deanna L Galante. Grace Galante. Anthony Edward Gallagher.

Daniel James Gallagher. John Patrick Gallagher. And my uncle, we

love and miss you. Take care of mom for me. And our son, Edward Thomas

Fergus junior. Ed, Dad, your wife, your children and your three

sisters, we all miss you and love you. We will never forget you.

E Gallo. Vincenzo Gallucci. Thomas Edward Galvin. Giovanna (Genni)

Gambale. Thomas Gambino. Giann F Gamboa. Peter J Ganci. Claude

Michael Gann. Lt Charles William Garbarini. Cesar Garcia. David

Garcia. Jorge Luis Morron Garcia. Juan Garcia. Marlyn C Garcia.

This reading of the names of those who died, part of the rhythm now of