12/04/2012 BBC Wales Today


12/04/2012

Similar Content

Browse content similar to 12/04/2012. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!

Transcript


LineFromTo

Welcome to Wales Today. Our top story tonight. Warren Gatland at

:00:03.:00:06.

the beach home in New Zealand where he fell from a ladder. Concerns

:00:06.:00:09.

about his recovery in time for Wales' summer tour. He'll need

:00:09.:00:13.

surgery next week after shattering bones in both heels. It's a very

:00:13.:00:19.

strong bone when it's intact. It's like an egg. As soon as there's a

:00:19.:00:23.

break in it, it's like a Crunchie chocolate bar inside. Also in the

:00:23.:00:33.
:00:33.:00:34.

programme. Parents and children are camping out tonight in a protest to

:00:34.:00:44.
:00:44.:00:45.

save this dry ski slope from closing.

:00:45.:00:48.

Campaigning from the classroom, as Nick Clegg defends a big drop in

:00:48.:00:55.

the number of Lib Dem candidates for the local elections.

:00:55.:00:57.

Preserving a rare wetland. The campaign to raise �300,000 to save

:00:58.:01:02.

it from developers. And the remains of Swansea's once

:01:02.:01:06.

great copper industry. Now new research to find out more about

:01:06.:01:15.

Copperopolis. Good evening. Wales coach Warren

:01:15.:01:18.

Gatland is to undergo surgery after falling from a ladder at his beach

:01:18.:01:21.

home in New Zealand. The 48-year- old is in leg casts after

:01:22.:01:26.

shattering both his heels. There are concerns about his recovery in

:01:26.:01:31.

time for Wales' summer tour. Claire's here. What more do we

:01:31.:01:34.

know? Warren Gatland fell whilst cleaning

:01:34.:01:37.

windows on Easter Monday when he lost his balance and fell 10 feet

:01:38.:01:41.

onto concrete. Doctors have told him he needs urgent surgery to

:01:41.:01:46.

reconstruct his right heel. Back home, the Welsh Rugby Union say

:01:46.:01:49.

they are confident he will have recovered in time to take charge of

:01:49.:01:52.

Wales' three Test tour to Australia in June, but Rob Howley will take

:01:52.:01:56.

day to day charge of the coaching team during his absence. Ashleigh

:01:56.:02:06.
:02:06.:02:12.

Crowter has the story. The warren Gatland seaside family treat --

:02:12.:02:16.

retreat in New Zealand is the perfect place to enjoy a quality

:02:17.:02:22.

time. The Wales coach relaxed there with his wife and two children do

:02:22.:02:25.

in the World Cup last October and he was back fair over Easter. It

:02:26.:02:31.

turned into a weekend he will never forget. He fell off a ladder while

:02:31.:02:34.

cleaning windows on Easter Monday, dropping three metres on to

:02:34.:02:40.

concrete. It is certainly a serious injury.

:02:40.:02:44.

The bone in his right foot will need to be reconstructed after it

:02:44.:02:49.

broke in three places. About three- quarters of these have injuries

:02:49.:02:53.

happen in middle-aged men. They either have a car accident or four

:02:53.:02:58.

-- fall from a ladder. It is a classical scenario for this injury.

:02:58.:03:03.

It is a very strong bone when it is intact. It is like an egg, very

:03:03.:03:08.

protective. As well as there is a break, it is like a chocolate bar

:03:08.:03:13.

inside. It just collapses in on itself. If both heels are injured,

:03:13.:03:17.

even if it does not require surgery, it means not putting any weight on

:03:17.:03:22.

it for six weeks. In his absence, the Welsh Rugby Union have asked

:03:22.:03:27.

Robert Howley to lead the coaching team. He and other staff will be

:03:27.:03:31.

liaising with him during his recuperation. He spends a lot of

:03:31.:03:34.

time in New Zealand and he has a team of coaches in Wales keeping an

:03:34.:03:39.

eye on all the players. It is not just be coaches, there are the

:03:39.:03:43.

physios and the video analysis guys. Everyone will be working behind the

:03:43.:03:47.

scenes as usual and it will not disrupt preparations too much.

:03:47.:03:51.

statement, Roger Lewis said he had spoken to Gatland on a number of

:03:51.:04:01.
:04:01.:04:02.

Wales were already planning for Gatland to take a sabbatical next

:04:02.:04:08.

season if he has -- is appointed as the next British Lions coach. Their

:04:08.:04:12.

contingency plans may now be needed early. I do not think he will come

:04:12.:04:16.

back to Wales in between. It will obviously disrupt the Welsh

:04:16.:04:21.

preparations. Having said that, it also gives great and valuable

:04:21.:04:24.

experience to Robert Howley and Robin McBryde and Neil Jenkins.

:04:24.:04:28.

Next year, the likelihood is they will be on their own in the Six

:04:28.:04:35.

Nations Championship. Wales play the Barbarians in a warm-up game in

:04:35.:04:41.

Cardiff on 2nd June. That is just seven weeks away. For once, it is

:04:41.:04:45.

the coach not just the players who will be struggling to get fit in

:04:45.:04:49.

time. So surgery next Thursday for the Wales coach, and we'll keep you

:04:49.:04:53.

up to date with his recovery. I'll be back with the rest of the day's

:04:53.:04:56.

sports news a little later. A group of children and parents are

:04:56.:05:00.

preparing for their second night camping out at a dry ski slope in

:05:00.:05:03.

Capel Curig in protest at plans to close it. The slope at Plas Y

:05:03.:05:08.

Brenin was due to close at the end of this month. But it's been shut

:05:08.:05:11.

early because it's been damaged. Roger Pinney is there for us this

:05:11.:05:21.
:05:21.:05:21.

evening. Yes, this is the Welshpool occupied

:05:21.:05:31.
:05:31.:05:34.

protest. You can see the tents and the youngsters -- two mac.

:05:34.:05:40.

Generations of locals have learned to ski here. One or two

:05:40.:05:45.

international skiers have cut their teeth on this will pass well. But

:05:45.:05:49.

now they say it is the end of its natural life. It will be too

:05:50.:05:58.

expensive to replace it. You were here last night. Was it

:05:58.:06:06.

called? It was a little bit cold. There were some squirrels as well.

:06:06.:06:10.

Generations of our families have learnt to ski here. We come here at

:06:10.:06:16.

least three times a week. We reveal of the ski slope. -- really love

:06:16.:06:24.

her. You are one of the mothers involved

:06:24.:06:29.

in this protest. They are saying it is too expensive to replace. It is

:06:29.:06:33.

expensive to replace but we have done our own research. He had some

:06:33.:06:38.

funds available and we believe it can be viable. It has not been

:06:38.:06:43.

promoted in the right way. Sales have dropped. We believe we have

:06:43.:06:46.

information that says if we advertise correctly, a lot of

:06:46.:06:51.

people will use it and we can maintain it. The whole thing needs

:06:51.:06:58.

to be replaced. It just. -- it does. We have people with the ability to

:06:58.:07:06.

help us free of charge. We are prepared to use them. Let's get the

:07:06.:07:12.

word from the boss. By a quirk of the devolution settlement, this is

:07:12.:07:22.

owned by Sport England. They say it is viable if you marketed it.

:07:22.:07:26.

great to in -- invite everyone to Snowdonia on a lovely evening. We

:07:26.:07:29.

have tried to promote the ski slopes over a number of years but

:07:29.:07:33.

we have seen a decline in its use over a great many years.

:07:33.:07:37.

Unfortunately, it is the kind of surface that has got a declining

:07:37.:07:43.

appeal. We have been able to run the slow but we have now reached a

:07:43.:07:46.

stage where it needs a complete replacement. When we look at the

:07:46.:07:49.

cost of replacing it, and we compare that with the income we

:07:49.:07:52.

will generate in the future, we just know that we will never get a

:07:52.:08:00.

return. The suggestion is you have lost interest in skiing. We have

:08:00.:08:03.

not lost interest in skiing but unfortunately you reach a stage

:08:03.:08:09.

where promoting things is not cost- effective. We are about promoting

:08:09.:08:12.

sport and participation and getting people involved in sport.

:08:12.:08:20.

Unfortunately, this particular activity, dry Scopes fleeing -- dry

:08:20.:08:26.

slope skiing is on the decline. We are doing our best to promote areas

:08:26.:08:32.

such as mountain biking where there is real growth. The protesters say

:08:32.:08:38.

they will keep going but they have some cold weather ahead. Almost

:08:38.:08:40.

2,000 drivers and passengers were stopped for not wearing a seatbelt

:08:40.:08:45.

in just two weeks here. Police forces across Wales carried out

:08:45.:08:48.

targeted patrols to stop those not wearing a belt, as part of a new

:08:48.:08:51.

awareness campaign. Dyfed Powys Police recorded the highest number,

:08:51.:08:53.

with 843 people stopped over the two week period.

:08:53.:08:57.

A jury at Caernarfon Crown Court heard today how a woman who was

:08:57.:08:59.

allegedly raped by two footballers told police she couldn't remember

:08:59.:09:03.

the attack and suspected her drink had been spiked. 23-year-old Wales

:09:03.:09:05.

and Sheffield United striker Ched Evans, seen here in the middle,

:09:05.:09:09.

denies the attack on the 19-year- old woman last May, as does Port

:09:09.:09:16.

Vale defender Clayton McDonald, seen here on the right. An

:09:16.:09:19.

investigation is underway after the body of a woman, thought to be in

:09:19.:09:22.

her seventies, was discovered in Caban Coch Reservoir in the Elan

:09:22.:09:27.

Valley. The body was found by a passer by this morning.

:09:27.:09:30.

Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg has been back to the classroom on

:09:30.:09:34.

the campaign trail in Wales today. He stopped off at Oystermouth

:09:34.:09:37.

Primary in Swansea, where he defended his party's campaign in

:09:37.:09:39.

the local elections, despite a major drop in the number of

:09:39.:09:49.
:09:49.:09:54.

candidates the party is fielding in Wales. I think it is perfectly

:09:54.:09:57.

normal but if you consider the changing circumstances compared to

:09:57.:10:02.

the last elections, when we were not in government, we were not

:10:02.:10:06.

having to face these difficult decisions on public spending and so

:10:06.:10:10.

on. We are fighting these elections in different circumstances. Of

:10:10.:10:14.

course, it is tougher. We are taking difficult decisions and

:10:14.:10:20.

taking responsibility in a way that Labour never did. Is it damage

:10:20.:10:26.

limitation? As a political party, as circumstances change, you focus

:10:27.:10:30.

your resources and your candidates at your time and your energy where

:10:30.:10:34.

you have a strong presence on the ground. As we do win places like

:10:34.:10:42.

Cardiff, Swansea and Wrexham and so on. In other areas, where we might

:10:42.:10:46.

be on the back foot, we do not have as many candidates last -- as much

:10:46.:10:56.
:10:56.:10:56.

as we had last time. You cut your cloth to suit your circumstances of

:10:56.:11:00.

the time. When people come to vote, they were not vote based on how

:11:00.:11:05.

many candidates the party has put up across the country. We are

:11:05.:11:09.

investing more in schools, delivering fairer taxes, delivering

:11:09.:11:13.

the largest cash increase in pensions ever, more apprenticeships

:11:13.:11:17.

than have ever been delivered. People cannot vote for candidates

:11:17.:11:21.

if they are not standing. We are standing hundreds of candidates. We

:11:21.:11:29.

are doing so ferry proudly. We are very proud of our record naturally.

:11:29.:11:37.

We have stepped up to the plate to clear up the mess left by Labour.

:11:37.:11:42.

We are delivering. One issue playing on the doorsteps is the

:11:42.:11:46.

question of regional pay. Vince Cable says it will not happen. The

:11:47.:11:49.

Conservatives in the coalition to seen to be sending out a different

:11:49.:11:53.

sort of message. What is your message -- the position? There has

:11:53.:11:58.

been some ludicrous scaremongering from the trade unions and Labour.

:11:58.:12:03.

It is important that people understand this. This is not new.

:12:03.:12:07.

Last autumn, it was announced that independent pay review bodies would

:12:07.:12:12.

look at this. If he will not going to do it, why look at it? This has

:12:12.:12:17.

been going on for years. The Labour government introduced it in the

:12:17.:12:24.

Court Service. We are not going to impose it from above but it is

:12:24.:12:30.

being done incrementally. All the Chancellor said was that the

:12:30.:12:33.

independent pay review bodies would look at it. No decision by the

:12:33.:12:38.

government has been made. There is no question of us in polls in this

:12:38.:12:44.

on Wales or imposing this on departments across Whitehall. --

:12:44.:12:49.

imposing this. Well, Mr Clegg has been in Wrexham tonight, where

:12:49.:12:51.

around 50 workers and supporters from the threatened Remploy factory

:12:51.:12:55.

in the town lobbied him as he arrived for a meeting with the

:12:55.:12:59.

local Lib Dem party. The future of the Remploy factory is currently

:13:00.:13:02.

subject to consultation. Meanwhile, the Welsh Conservatives

:13:02.:13:04.

have launched their campaign for the local elections, insisting

:13:04.:13:07.

they're the party best placed to challenge Labour. They're promising

:13:07.:13:10.

more local accountability and a freeze on council tax. Here's our

:13:10.:13:18.

Political Editor, Betsan Powys. It was a launch on home ground for

:13:18.:13:24.

the Conservatives. In Newport, they eat the local council. They know

:13:24.:13:34.
:13:34.:13:35.

that Labour up out to recapture it. The Welsh Conservatives know that

:13:35.:13:39.

the battle lines are drawn. The Welsh Conservatives deliver

:13:40.:13:43.

when they are given a chance in local government. We want to make

:13:43.:13:46.

sure we capitalise on that could work that has been undertaken over

:13:46.:13:56.
:13:56.:14:01.

There is a pledge to tackle littering, Dad if -- dog fouling

:14:01.:14:11.
:14:11.:14:13.

The emphasis in Monmouth was on cutting edge technology and local

:14:13.:14:19.

knowledge. Party workers admit that the

:14:19.:14:23.

national picture is never far away. The unpopularity of the Granny Tax

:14:23.:14:30.

rock --, it worries about public spending cuts. But they say the

:14:30.:14:36.

main concern is about Labour's track record in Wales.

:14:36.:14:40.

We have not been standing still in Wales for many years. We have been

:14:40.:14:44.

making gains and this time again, we will be on the doorstep,

:14:44.:14:47.

fighting for every vote, to keep on delivering that better option,

:14:47.:14:53.

those Jose's -- choices for the people of Wales. With more

:14:53.:14:56.

candidates than before, the Conservatives want to hang on to

:14:56.:15:02.

what they have got. Still to come, remains of

:15:02.:15:11.

Copperopolis. More research to reveal more of its past. The Gwent

:15:11.:15:14.

Wildlife Trust is trying to raise �300,000 to buy some rare,

:15:14.:15:18.

preserved wetland on the edge of Magor Marsh. The area goes to

:15:18.:15:21.

auction at the end of the month. Our Newport reporter, Jordan Davies,

:15:21.:15:31.
:15:31.:15:35.

is there now. Take a look at that landscape.

:15:35.:15:40.

Those marshlands go for miles up to Newport and beyond and contain some

:15:40.:15:44.

pretty were rare wildlife. The trust wants to buy some more land

:15:44.:15:49.

and it says it is unique in the area.

:15:49.:15:56.

90 acres of lush green wetland. The village macro Marsh reserve is part

:15:56.:16:02.

of the Gwent Levels. It is part -- it is of special scientific

:16:02.:16:08.

interest. The Wildlife Trust wants to extend its reserve by the

:16:08.:16:13.

equivalent of 49 football pitches. The Trust is hoping to buy 11

:16:13.:16:17.

fields surrounding this area but it says they have been untouched for

:16:17.:16:21.

the last 50 years and contain some of the rarest habitats on the Gwent

:16:21.:16:29.

Levels. It is particularly known for its rare flowers. This is

:16:29.:16:38.

called a cuckoo flower. This woman says it his key they

:16:38.:16:43.

secured the new work land. If we continued to lose these species

:16:43.:16:48.

rich sites, there is nowhere for them to move to. Some of the

:16:48.:16:53.

features, like the network of drainage ditches date back to the

:16:53.:16:58.

14th century. The 49 acres of-- land will be sold at auction at the

:16:58.:17:08.
:17:08.:17:09.

end of the man. -- month. It is not the best time in economic

:17:09.:17:12.

history to be asking people these questions but I also think it will

:17:12.:17:18.

be easy because we are looking at a future that is more than five years.

:17:18.:17:21.

We are looking long-term to secure this landscape for future

:17:21.:17:27.

generations. The trust is relying on its 10,000 members to dig deep

:17:27.:17:37.
:17:37.:17:40.

and preserve the for more of this rare habitat for future generations.

:17:40.:17:44.

I am joined by Roger James, the President of the Wildlife Trust.

:17:44.:17:49.

You must have some great memories of this blaze. Yes, going back 26

:17:49.:17:55.

years. I have seen a lot of changes. A lot of changes for the good. If

:17:55.:17:58.

we could purchase this land, it will be even more important. What

:17:58.:18:06.

is so special about this land? has a wonderful selection of

:18:06.:18:13.

lowland wetland flowers. There is also the great risk of being

:18:13.:18:18.

developed. We are hearing things about things on the motorway and

:18:18.:18:24.

the more we can save our rich heritage, the better. It will be a

:18:24.:18:30.

challenge to raise �300,000 by the end of the month. It will be. But

:18:30.:18:34.

you have to be an optimist in the green movement. We have done it

:18:34.:18:38.

before. We have a limited amount of time to tour. I am quite confident

:18:38.:18:47.

that we can do it. What do you say to the people that would like to

:18:47.:18:52.

see the land developed? There is room for both of us. As well as

:18:52.:18:54.

religion and politics and things like this, you have got to take the

:18:54.:19:01.

fact that people want to see different land uses. I am aware

:19:01.:19:05.

there is a housing shortage but I am sure there is a place for both.

:19:05.:19:09.

We await to see the outcome of the auction at the end of the month.

:19:10.:19:13.

The rest of the day's sports news now and it's four defeats on the

:19:13.:19:16.

bounce for Swansea City in the Premier League. Manager Brendan

:19:16.:19:18.

Rodgers says his side's performances just haven't been good

:19:18.:19:22.

enough in their last four games. The Swans have conceded 10 goals

:19:22.:19:25.

and scored just one, in four straight defeats. After losing at

:19:25.:19:29.

QPR 3-0 last night, Rodgers says they still need one more win to be

:19:29.:19:37.

safe from relegation. We need to get over the line. We are still not

:19:37.:19:42.

there. We are on 39 points. We have five games to go. We need to make

:19:42.:19:46.

sure we finish off the season. Up until now, it has been terrific. It

:19:46.:19:50.

has been a disappointing night but we need to regroup and refocus

:19:50.:19:58.

again. Get that concentration in. Cricket and the weather has played

:19:58.:20:08.
:20:08.:20:15.

its part in Glamorgan's first home Rain and thunder really disrupted

:20:15.:20:21.

things this afternoon. Rugby and Scarlets coach Nigel Davies has

:20:21.:20:24.

today paid tribute to fly-half Stephen Jones, who is leaving the

:20:24.:20:27.

club to join English side Wasps. The 34-year-old is Wales's most

:20:27.:20:31.

capped player and says this is the right time in his career for change.

:20:31.:20:34.

He's signed a two year contract and his former coach says a new

:20:34.:20:42.

challenge is exactly what he needs. He will want to prove himself in

:20:42.:20:48.

that league. I am sure that he will do that. In many ways, he has

:20:48.:20:53.

helped define the modern No. 10. In terms of tackle awareness, strength

:20:53.:21:03.

of character, and also physicality. You must not underestimate that. He

:21:03.:21:09.

is the epitome of the modern-day Number 10. In the heat of the

:21:09.:21:13.

industrial revolution, it was copper that put Swansea on the map.

:21:13.:21:16.

Today academics from all over the globe have been gathering there to

:21:16.:21:18.

learn more about the city they nicknamed Copperopolis. Rhodri

:21:18.:21:27.

Lewis reports. A peaceful site today. It's difficult to imagine

:21:27.:21:30.

the Hafod copper works in Swansea were once at the centre of a

:21:30.:21:35.

worldwide industry. At one point 90% of the globe's smelted copper

:21:35.:21:40.

was produced here. 200 years ago this would have been the scene of

:21:40.:21:44.

great activity with heavy industry right in the heart of Swansea.

:21:44.:21:47.

Copper ore and coal were brought in to create the smelted copper

:21:47.:21:51.

Swansea was famous for. Ore from Anglesey and coal coming down the

:21:51.:21:57.

valley. The ore was even brought here from as far afield as Chile

:21:57.:22:02.

and Australia to be finished before being exported around the world.

:22:02.:22:05.

Now academics from all over the world are gathering in Swansea

:22:05.:22:08.

university to talk about how the city earned its nickname of

:22:08.:22:10.

Copperopolis and how the industry became an early example of

:22:10.:22:20.
:22:20.:22:22.

globalisation. What we have got his national discussions which are not

:22:22.:22:27.

interact at all. We want to get a more interactive global view of how

:22:27.:22:35.

it operated. And what a Swansea 19 individual places, South Australia.

:22:35.:22:38.

Mel Davies is originally from Cwmavon, but has spent the past 40

:22:38.:22:41.

years in Australia studying how the relationship between Wales and that

:22:41.:22:43.

country developed when its good quality copper was brought here to

:22:43.:22:52.

be smelted. The percentage was quite amazing. You were looking at

:22:52.:23:02.
:23:02.:23:03.

some times 35 % copper. Today, it would be about 1% or less. It was -

:23:03.:23:07.

- it made South Australia. Though the works have long since closed,

:23:07.:23:10.

the hope is the new study will uncover more about the global

:23:10.:23:14.

impact of a key part of Wales' industrial heritage. Derek's on the

:23:14.:23:22.

Gwent Levels this evening, an area Yes, I filmed here for Weatherman

:23:22.:23:26.

Walking a couple of years ago. Just down the road from Goldcliff to

:23:26.:23:30.

Redwick. It's an interesting part of the country and well worth a

:23:30.:23:36.

visit. The weather today has been very mixed across Wales. Most

:23:36.:23:39.

places dry and sunny but some showers as well. Most of the

:23:39.:23:44.

showers in Mid Wales and the south. Heavy downpours in places this

:23:44.:23:48.

afternoon with hail and thunder. This evening showers in the South

:23:48.:23:58.
:23:58.:24:02.

East will die down. And with a clear sky it will turn quite cold.

:24:02.:24:04.

Lowest temperatures around 1 Celsius with a widespread ground

:24:04.:24:11.

frost. Colder in rural areas with a slight air frost. Tomorrow's chart

:24:11.:24:15.

shows a slack weather pattern over the UK. Low pressure, so the

:24:15.:24:22.

weather there very unsettled. So tomorrow mixed fortunes. A dry and

:24:22.:24:26.

sunny start for most of us with a few showers in the north. During

:24:26.:24:34.

the day, more showers will break out. If you catch one, it could be

:24:34.:24:37.

heavy with hail and thunder. Some places, though, will miss them and

:24:37.:24:40.

stay dry. The north coast and Anglesey becoming sunny during the

:24:41.:24:45.

afternoon. Top temperatures 9 to 12 Celsius. The wind becoming gusty

:24:45.:24:49.

near any showers and storms. In Newport tomorrow, a dry and sunny

:24:49.:24:59.
:24:59.:25:00.

start. Clouds will build. I wouldn't rule out a heavy shower in

:25:00.:25:03.

the afternoon. Temperatures in Nash rising to 11 Celsius. Tomorrow

:25:03.:25:07.

evening, most of the showers will fade away to leave a dry night.

:25:07.:25:10.

Another cold night too. A widespread ground frost. A slight

:25:10.:25:14.

air frost in mid Wales and the north. Saturday a chilly, breezy

:25:14.:25:17.

day. A few showers around. These wintry on high ground but some dry

:25:18.:25:22.

weather as well. A few sunny intervals. Most of the sun on

:25:22.:25:27.

Anglesey and the west coast. Sunday a better day. Dry with sunny spells.

:25:27.:25:30.

The wind easing as well. Temperatures below average and if

:25:30.:25:37.

you're gardener watch out for frost. So sunshine and showers again

:25:37.:25:40.

tomorrow. Colder over the weekend with some frost. Sunday the best

:25:41.:25:50.
:25:51.:25:53.

The main news again from the BBC. A fragile ceasefire in Syria seems to

:25:53.:25:56.

be holding more than 12 hours after it came into force. Reports suggest

:25:57.:26:02.

there has been a drop in violence, despite both sides reporting

:26:02.:26:08.

violations of the truce during the day. Warren Gatland fell 10 feet

:26:08.:26:12.

while cleaning windows at his family beach home in New Zealand.

:26:12.:26:15.

Download Subtitles

SRT

ASS