Crown and Choir David Starkey's Music and Monarchy

# Hallelujah!

# Hallelujah, hallelujah

# Hallelujah... #

Handel's Hallelujah Chorus, performed in the place where

monarchy and music have met for over a millennium - Westminster Abbey.

It's been performed here at royal occasions,

including Coronations, since the 18th century.

# Hallelujah, hallelujah

# Hallelujah, hallelujah... #

I first heard it in my childhood, sung by northern massed choirs.

# Hallelujah, hallelujah

# Hallelujah, hallelujah... #

Then, in my early 20s

and on the threshold of my academic career,

I heard it again here...

..in the Chapel of King's College, Cambridge.

Now, the music and the building together hit me like a revelation.

# King of kings... #

The walls, with their crowns and coats of arms.

The words, thick with kings and lords.

The music with its thunderous rhythm.

# He shall reign for ever and ever... #

All were royal.

This was the music of monarchy

in a shrine to monarchy.

This series is the story of how, over six centuries,

successive kings and queens have shaped the history of British music

as patrons and tastemakers,

and even as composers and performers.

Music takes you both into the most intimate,

personal aspects of monarchs' lives.

And then, of course,

the most public and triumphant, grand ceremonious face of monarchy.

I'll explore the monarchy's crucial role in the careers

of our greatest composers,

from Purcell and Handel,

to Parry and Elgar.

I'll be hearing their music

in some of Britain's most historic locations.

Performing this music in the places for which it was written,

you get a sense of that world in depth.

Because of the way music operates, I think it bursts out of time.

And I'll uncover why and when the music of today's Royal Family

was first created for their ancestors.

I'm beginning with the golden age of English music

which culminated in the genius of Thomas Tallis and William Byrd.

It's the story of the kings who made English music the envy

of Europe, and then brought it to the brink of destruction.

And of the queen we have to thank

for the continuing glories of English choral music.

# Halle...

# Lu...

# Jah! #

Our story begins with King Henry.

The man who was our greatest king and finest general.

Who made the name of England feared,

and who reshaped the English church for his own purposes.

Who employed an unprecedented number of musicians

and who was even a composer himself.

I mean, of course,

King Henry V.

MUSIC: "Agincourt Carol" sung by Alamire

I'm listening to an English song that's nearly 600 years old.

Not only was this song heard in King Henry's lifetime,

it also takes HIM as its subject.

This is a musical account of Henry V's overwhelming

defeat of the French at Agincourt in 1415,

when Henry's much smaller army overcame a far bigger one.

It's perhaps the moment at which the English came nearest

to achieving the centuries old ambition of conquering France.

And it quickly became the stuff of legend, as in this carol here.

Nowadays we think of carols as only for Christmas.

But then they were used to celebrate any joyful event.

Mostly the sacred, like the birth of Christ, but sometimes

the apparently secular, like this great military victory.

To our ears, the English verses, with their uninhibited glorying

in battle and bloodshed,

and the refrain, with the solemn liturgical phrase "Deo Gracias",

"thanks be to God", belong to different worlds.

# Deo Gracias... #

But, to Henry V and his people, they were one and the same.

And their combination of military ambition

and the church militant

is the foundation of royal music in England.

By the time the King went into battle on that famous

St Crispin's Day, he'd already heard Mass.

And not a hurried, makeshift service but a beautifully sung one.

For, alongside the knights, archers and horses,

the King had also brought with him to Agincourt his own mobile choir.

These were the most important military supplies of all.

The dozens of priests,

singing men and choirboys of Henry's Chapel Royal,

along with all their equipment. The rich vestments, the altar plate

of massive gold, the relics,

the choir books and the sacred banners.

Henry's cannons were there to batter down the walls of Harfleur.

His Chapel Royal had a more vital task -

to bombard the gates of heaven with praise,

so's that God smiled favourably on his enterprise

and gave him the victory.

# Gloria in excelsis deo... #

This was a holy war to be fought

with the sacred weapons of prayer, and song, and music.

MUSIC: "Gloria" by Henry V

The year after Agincourt, Henry's forces again triumphed

against the French. This time, at the Battle of the Seine.

Henry celebrated the news immediately,

at the heart of English Christianity - Canterbury.

He offered thanks to God with magnificent music.

And in the company of a most distinguished guest.

In a diplomatic coup, equal to Henry's military victories,

the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, was in England

and about to sign a treaty with the King.

I am standing where king and emperor stood 600 years ago.

And I am hearing the kind of English royal music they heard.

For me, it's one of those moments

when the centuries dissolve

and a window opens into the past.

Sigismund, on the other hand, despite his Europe-wide travels,

would never have heard anything so fine.

The Emperor would have been treated to a pioneering new style

called "La Contenance Angloise" - the English sound.

It went on to conquer Europe even more effectively

than Henry's armies.

Its leading proponents worked for the Royal Family.

Chief among them, the first great English composer whose name

has come down to us - John Dunstable.

This piece by him, Preco Preheminence,

could be one that was sung on that very day,

and a contemporary copy remains at Canterbury.

Continental church music of the time often sounded rather angular,

intellectual and hollow.

Dunstable's music, by contrast, was smooth and sweet.

He underpinned strong melodies with rich harmonies.

It's wonderfully incantatory.

And you've just heard chords that last for a long time,

so that he's extending all the wonderful vocal lines

in the same sonority.

So, this is why this sense, almost of a languor,

a lingering on the note.

Some of the parts that they're singing are very florid

and are rhythmically very intricate, and something that would have been remarkable in the time.

So, this is really professional music of the highest calibre.

It certainly is, and he's making demands that he must have

been able to teach these people and demand from them even more

than they'd done before because what he's doing is new.

The victory celebrations for the Battle of the Seine

weren't just an opportunity to show off England's musical splendours

to one of the most powerful rulers in Europe.

They were also a turning point in the history of royal music.

The victory took place on 15th August, 1416,

the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

For Henry, the coincidence of the victory and the holy day,

was proof positive of divine intervention in English affairs.

And proof also that his prayers and sacred music worked.

So, immediately, he decided to multiply the already

elaborate devotions of his Chapel Royal.

He added three antiphons - that is sung anthems -

to the daily high mass sung in his chapel,

and no fewer than six antiphons to the evening service.

Never had there been such profusion of praise and thanksgiving.

Never such demand for music.

The Chapel Royal was expanded to meet that demand.

In earlier centuries it had a dozen or so singers.

Under Henry, there were 50,

three times the size of any cathedral choir.

They travelled with the King from palace to palace

and in each there was a place of worship where they sang,

called the Chapel Royal, too.

And this is one of the books they would have used,

which includes compositions by four of the chapel's gentlemen.

But the most surprising composer of all is this -

Le Roi Henri,

King Henry himself, who composed this Sanctus and another

part of the Ordinary of the Mass, a Gloria, elsewhere in the book.

Henry led his armies from the front

because that was how he inspired his men to win victories.

He was equally hands on as a composer and liturgist

because that was how he believed you won God over to your side.

And that was the most important victory of all.

Barely heard in the intervening centuries,

this is music that came from Henry V's soul.

It's a simple, harmonised chant,

very much in the style of its time.

Musically competent, spiritually impeccable.

Such piety wasn't enough to save Henry

from death at the age of only 35 in 1422,

on another of his French campaigns.

He was succeeded by his infant son, Henry VI.

During his disastrous reign,

Henry VI lost all of his father's gains in France, and more.

He was a worthier heir, however,

to his commitment to England's music.

He maintained the Chapel Royal in its full splendour,

and he gave his kingdom a more permanent legacy

than his father's military victories, in two great institutions.

One was Eton College.

Today, it's the most famous school in the world.

When established, however, its chief purpose was not to educate,

but to pray and to sing for the souls of Henry and his family.

In the late middle ages, a college was first and foremost

a non-monastic community of priests.

The collective worship of the chapel and its music

was most important, as can be seen from this early charter.

The official title of the college is

"The King's College of Our Lady of Eton besides Windsor."

And here is Henry VI, and the Blessed Virgin Mary,

whom Henry VI believed, like his father,

was the special protectress of England.

And here, and here, and here are the "choirs of angels"

who "sing praises to the glory of God".

Henry's intention was that the clerks, or singing men,

and choirboys of the foundation,

would echo the heavenly choirs here on Earth in his college.

Henry's Chapel is still in daily use by the school.

The college has also preserved the kind of music that he intended

to be sung there in the pages of a choir book.

Written at the end of the 15th century, it's the most important

collection of English sacred music to survive from the period,

having miraculously escaped the mass book-burnings

of the Reformation.

'Dr David Skinner is an early music specialist,

'who is here to advise Eton's present day choirmaster,

'Tim Johnson, on how the book would originally have been used.'

It's extraordinary how different this is from the style of notation

that we would be used to using in the choir.

The other thing that's immediately apparent is how difficult

a lot of this music is and they must have been extremely good.

It's virtuosic. It's virtuosic, it really is.

I mean, you can see how the notation just speeds up towards the end,

it's like fireworks there, and then, again, it slows down.

So this is showing off music?

Yeah. This is music designed to show off the quality of the boys.

And really, only in England do you find this.

Continental choirs primarily are made up of three types of boys,

a treble line, a tenor line, and a bass line.

In England, there's one, two, three, four, five,

so you have the full spectrum.

The layout of the choir book really does determine

where the boys would stand in front of it.

So, the trebles, right up on the upper left hand portion

of this page, would you come, come through, boys?

And if you could position yourself quite centrally...

..so you have a good view of that part.

Um, and then altos, you need to be able to see your part here.

Then let's bring in the high tenors,

and baritones, and then the low basses.

And the thing to remember is that this book

would have been much higher and on a lectern, about here,

so that you all could see your parts very clearly.

And, of course, the reason each one of them doesn't have a part,

as you would now, is there's no printing,

or there's no printing of music yet.

Books are unbelievably expensive. They are luxury objects.

Far too good for the likes of choirboys!

Right, Tim, are you going to take them forward?

Absolutely.

BOYS SING

'This is typical late medieval polyphony.

'Each of the five types of voice is singing an individual melody,

'which harmonises into a whole.

'Thanks to royal ambition, and royal investment, music was achieving

'unparalleled heights of complexity in late medieval England.'

That royal infrastructure remains central

to British musical life, even today.

King's College, Cambridge was founded by Henry VI,

as Eton's twin, was completed by his successors,

and is still world-famous for the quality of its choir.

CHOIR SINGS

Look. Listen.

What the music and the architecture have in common.

It's a sense of proportion.

A perfect balance between extremes of simplicity and elaboration.

And the achievement of almost impossible effects

with seemingly effortless technical skill.

In the architecture, it's the fan vaulting.

It looks almost gossamer light.

In fact, it's held in place by its very weight,

which locks the voussoir, or the shape stones, into place.

In the music, it's the multitude of different lines

which weave together, just like the ribs in the vault.

Each separate, each interlocking with the other,

into a solid structure of miraculous sound.

Above all, both the music and the architecture

are uniquely, archetypically English.

And they're almost as exclusively royal,

because only kings could afford them.

Others did aspire to them, however.

Across England, wealthy and noble families emulated the royal model,

and founded colleges of their own.

By the 16th century. they numbered in the hundreds,

providing musical employment on an unparalleled scale.

Monastic music-making had been restricted to those who'd taken

holy orders, but colleges were open to the outside world,

and able to pay for the best musicians.

Composers in turn took advantage of improvements

in both the skill and the size of choirs.

So a piece like this from the early 1500s is built round eight

individual parts, even more complex than the five-part polyphony

I heard at Eton.

It was a moment to savour,

for the reputation of English music would never be so high again.

The responsibility for that lay with the monarch

who finally completed King's College Chapel.

Henry VIII loved the music that King's was built for.

He grew up with it.

He patronised its best performers and composers.

He even, like his namesake and role model, Henry V,

composed such music himself.

But there's a difference.

Henry V, the story goes,

got his bad behaviour out of the way as a young man.

Henry VIII's character, on the other hand, darkened and deteriorated

as he got older, and as it did so, it threatened to bring down

everything that this building stood for. Choirs, church, the lot.

And both sides of his character, the profane as well as the sacred,

could be found in the music he composed.

# Pastime with good company

# I love and shall until I die... #

This is the so-called Henry VIII manuscript, produced for

Henry's court in the first half dozen or so years of the reign.

It gets its name from the fact that Henry is by far the most

frequently named composer in the book, with some 30-odd pieces.

And this is his masterpiece - Pastime With Good Company.

First sight, it seems pretty straightforward,

all about youth having its fling, etc.

But listen again a bit more carefully.

"Who shall me let?" That is, who's going to stop me?

This reflects the fact that Henry had just been stopped indeed,

by his council, from relaunching Henry V's war against France,

which he'd come to the throne determined to do.

In revenge, as it were, Henry spent the second summer of his reign

in a kind of internal exile, enjoying himself and writing music.

And it was then, in 1510, that most, maybe all,

the songs in this book would have been written.

But how can we be sure that Henry didn't simply put his name

to music that other people had written for him?

You can really tell that Pastime is, primarily, must be by the king,

because there are certain errors in the part-writing

that just would not have happened by one of his court composers,

it just wouldn't have happened.

He liked what he heard and it stayed in.

And everybody else, because the king had written it, liked it, too!

Yes.

On the other hand, Pastime is hugely popular. It is, yes.

Outside court circles where the King couldn't say, you know,

"You will like this, or else."

The simple fact is, is that the tunes really draw us in -

they're good tunes.

This is very different from the kind of liturgical music of Henry V,

in which the King exposes his faith.

Here we've got Henry exposing his heart.

It's autobiography in music and words.

Well, Henry's writing about the chase, isn't he?

About the hunt, about love.

Of women, especially! Love! Yeah, exactly.

I mean, this is a king as pop star, isn't it?

Yes. It's not the Henry that we see in Holbein, is it?

No, he's slim and handsome. Slim, good looking, tall.

Completely different man.

Henry employed nearly a hundred musicians by the end of his reign.

Not only the sacred singers of his chapel,

but the secular musicians of the court.

The range and number of his instrumentalists

would have made for a splendid orchestra.

At this point in history, however,

they weren't yet playing together in a single group.

Instead, there were a number of smaller bands,

each playing a different kind of instrument.

The string consort, for instance, specialised in violins,

and the instrument played here, the viol,

which was first heard in England at Henry's court.

Further distinctions were made according to function, status,

and even volume.

TRUMPETS PLAY

Some instruments were classed as being "haut", meaning loud.

Chief amongst them were the trumpeters,

who blasted out fanfares for royal entrances and processions.

This instrument is also loud.

INSTRUMENT PLAYS

It's called a shawm.

The shawm players, unlike the drummers and trumpeters,

could read music, and played "art" - that is to say, composed music,

like this piece by Henry VIII.

SHAWM PLAYS

With music like this, they accompanied the dances and revels

of the ladies and gentlemen of the court.

They were the court dance band.

SHAWM PLAYS

Other instruments were classified as "bas", or soft,

and the musicians who played them were often the most highly-skilled

and highly-paid virtuosi, including the lutenists.

This is music for royal love-making,

or to entice the King to repose.

The King played the lute himself,

along with the harp, recorder and keyboard.

But he also loved to listen to his favourite performers,

for hours at a time.

Music was more than a personal passion, however.

Henry's ambition was to have the grandest,

the most magnificent court in Europe.

A court to cow his enemies, to impress his rivals,

and to convey to everyone that England and the English monarchy

was glorious once more.

Henry was a master of the politics of splendour,

and the brightest jewel and the most effective instrument

was his Chapel Royal.

# Henrico Octavo... #

This is a prayer for Henry VIII, rendered, in Latin, Henrico Octavo.

# Henrico Octavo... #

It was composed by a prominent gentleman of the Chapel Royal,

early in Henry's reign, Robert Fairfax,

and it's the kind of showpiece that was intended to give

visiting diplomats something to write home about, literally.

"His Majesty invited the Ambassador to hear Mass

"sung by his Majesty's choristers,

"whose voices were really rather divine than human.

"They did not chant, but sang like angels,

"and as for the counter-bass voices,

"I don't think they have their equals in the world."

One can only imagine Henry's displeasure when,

during the Christmas celebrations of 1517, he learned of a choir

that could sing even better than the Chapel Royal.

What was worse, it served the King's own Chief Minister,

Cardinal Wolsey.

To even the field, Henry took a gift from Wolsey -

the best treble from the Cardinal's choir, a young lad named Robin,

praised in letters for his "sure and cleanly singing",

and also "his good and crafty descant".

Descant was a very noble art form, which is now sadly lost,

and that's the idea of improvisation.

# Gloria tibi... #

The master would sing a chant melody that was well known...

# Gloria... #

And the boy would know which notes he could actually sing

against the plainchant notes.

And what is created is, hopefully a beautiful, seamless melody.

The extraordinary thing here, I think,

is that we're dealing with a 13/14-year old and the level

of training that you must achieve

in order to be able to do this is extremely high,

so Robin must have been at the top of his trade.

Henry went on to take more than a chorister off Wolsey.

He'd go on to confiscate the Cardinal's palace, Hampton Court,

and then all his possessions, and all his power.

All because of the Cardinal's failure to persuade the Pope

to allow Henry to marry Anne Boleyn.

# O, My Heart

# And O, my heart... #

Anne was highly musical. She played the lute and harp,

and sang and danced well, which must surely have been

part of her attraction to a man as musical as Henry.

It was the love story that led to English Reformation.

To make Anne his Queen, Henry had to break with the Roman Church

and set England on a path

that would lead it to become a Protestant nation.

Henry made himself Head of the Church of England,

for the narrowest and most self-interested of motives.

But there was a powerful sting in the tail

of the new approaches to religion he'd decided to embrace.

In the old faith, especially as we've seen it practiced

by the English kings, music was inseparable from religion.

Mass was rarely said, it was sung, with every variety of skill,

elaboration and instrumental accompaniment.

But, for the new faith, the word was there to be spoken,

clearly, simply, directly.

Words were to be understood,

and anything that got in the way of understanding,

like a foreign language or ritual or music, was wrong.

It did not matter if it moved the emotions

or plucked the heart strings, those were the wiles of the devil,

to be swept aside by the pure redeeming word of God.

It was the start of a war

that would change the sound of England for ever.

Music was a central battleground

in the religious conflict which took centuries to be settled.

The case against music was mockingly put

by the scholar Erasmus.

"The English think God is pleased

"with ornamental neighings and agile throats.

"The whole day is now spent in endless singing.

"Yet one worthwhile sermon exciting true piety

"is hardly heard in six months."

Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, agreed.

Traditional music was too "full of notes", he complained.

He wanted English music to be more like the spoken word,

"Sung distinctly and devoutly. For every syllable, one note".

Music still had one very powerful defender -

the head of the Church of England himself.

This is Henry VIII's Psalter or book of psalms.

It's specially written and illuminated for him, and it's

annotated in Henry's own bold and unmistakeable handwriting.

It's a profoundly personal book that reflects the ageing Henry's vision

of himself and his kingship, and both of them focus on music.

As here, in the illumination to Psalm 52, which shows Henry

playing on his harp, just like the old testament to King David.

Or here, with musicians making "a joyful noise unto the God of Jacob",

just as Henry VIII's Chapel Royal continued to do.

Again and again, Henry's personal annotations

approve of the central role of music in this Biblical text.

"NB, praise on the psaltery", he writes at one point -

that's the instrument pictured here.

And when the psalmist says, "Praise the Lord upon the harp",

Henry writes simply "of worship".

Music is worship and worship is music,

just as it had been for Henry V and Henry VI.

Henry fervently believed that he, too, was leading his people

in the true, melodious worship of God.

CHOIR SINGS

And so, in spite of the suspicions of zealous Reformers,

Henry's Chapel Royal remained as musically magnificent as ever.

In 1543, the King's choir was made even more glorious still,

when one of the greatest English composers of all was admitted

to its ranks - Thomas Tallis.

Like so many musicians of this period,

we know next to nothing about his character. We can't even be sure

exactly when he was born, though we think it was around 1505.

What we do know about Tallis, however, is that during

his extraordinarily long life - he lived some 80 years -

he served four successive monarchs

of wildly different religious opinions.

The great changes prompted by Henry's assumption of the headship

of the church not only affected Tallis's professional career.

More importantly, they shaped and reshaped the very style and form

of the notes he wrote.

Tallis began his career as organist and singing man in monasteries,

until Henry abolished them.

This luxurious piece is typical of the music he composed

in his younger, monastic years.

CHOIR SINGS

So that's what Latin church music sounds like under Henry VIII.

In other words, Latin, polyphony,

the voluptuousness of the English sound.

Absolutely so, and it's important to remember than music served

no other purpose than, say, a stained glass window or a tapestry.

It was meant as a...

Incense. Exactly. Meditation.

It was aural incense. Yes.

Meditation. A backdrop for a prayer.

Then, the change.

The "change" was Henry's death in 1547.

He was succeeded by his son, Edward VI, who, even at the age of nine,

burned with Protestant zeal.

To him, the sacred music loved by his father

was a Popeish corruption that should be rooted out.

With Edward's enthusiastic approval,

Cranmer issued the first version of the English Book of Common Prayer.

Latin was no longer to be the language of the church,

nor of its music.

Thomas Tallis would now have to change his tune.

The introduction of the English prayer book changed everything.

The walls are whitewashed, the stained glass is removed,

no longer is the Latin polyphony appropriate.

What is appropriate is a text that can be clear,

transparent, and heard.

It's in English, and it makes completely new demands on music,

and could we have an example?

With the closure of choir schools and the new prayer book,

there was no need for a boys' line,

so, boys, you can go, you're no longer needed.

All that remains, the bass, baritone and tenors -

the clerks, the men of the choir.

Practically every note is imprinted with reform,

and Tallis uses certain devices

to ensure that the listener can understand the words.

He gets the voices to sing together in what's called homophony,

or chordal writing, and then you'll find the upper voices

singing together, the lower voices singing together.

So what they're doing is, if you like,

a kind of sermon in music, and the word dominates everything.

Tallis proved as gifted writing in this new style

as in the one he'd grown up with.

Almost overnight, he had reinvented English sacred music.

Even this was not enough to satisfy the radical reformers.

Henry had dissolved the monasteries,

which employed large numbers of musicians.

Now Edward oversaw the closure of many other religious institutions,

including most of the colleges which had, for so long,

been central to English music.

By 1551, even the choir at King's, Cambridge, had been silenced.

And still worse was to come.

In 1552, Edward's council published a second

and much more radical prayer book here.

In this, references to music are few and dismissive.

"There shall be lessons sung in a plain tune,

"after the manner of distinct reading."

In other words, don't bother.

Music is a hindrance, not a help, to devotion.

Only five years before, the great tradition of English music had been

central to Henry VIII's vision of his kingship and his church.

Now, under his son, it hung by a thread.

The choirs and the organs had gone, and even the memory of the music

risked disappearing entirely, as thousands of choir books

were burned or cut up for scrap,

like these few stained, chopped fragments here,

leaving only a hundred or two intact pages

to preserve the memory of the entire body of medieval English music.

CHOIR SINGS

And yet, within a couple of generations,

this was the kind of music being produced for the Church of England.

It's by a gentleman of the Chapel Royal,

and the only man who rivalled Thomas Tallis

for the title of the greatest English composer of the 16th century

- Tallis's pupil, William Byrd.'

Musically, it displays clear links to the rich, sweet polyphony

of the Catholic past.

And yet, this verse anthem is definitely Protestant music,

and it's in English.

So how did music like this take root

in the Protestant Church of England?

Just as English music had been on the point of total annihilation,

in 1553, Edward had died, at the age of just 15.

His sister, "Bloody" Mary, had then returned England

back to the worship, and music, of Catholicism.

Her reign, like her brother's, lasted barely five years.

So the musical future of England came down to the power

and preference, and exceptionally long reign,

of Henry's last surviving child.

Elizabeth was Henry VIII's daughter by his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

In spite, or perhaps because of, her mother's disgrace and execution,

Elizabeth was wholly her father's daughter,

in her love of music, of which she was a connoisseur,

and was herself a very skilful keyboard player,

and in her idiosyncratic approach to religion.

Elizabeth rejected both the austere Protestantism of her brother Edward,

and the fervent Catholicism of her sister Mary.

Instead, like Henry VIII, Elizabeth, too, wanted a middle way.

Most of her subjects however, did not,

and were soon set on the road to radical reform.

# All people that on earth Do dwell... #

In the majority of churches, their colourful walls

were whitewashed over, as in this Gloucestershire chapel.

Instead of an altar at the east end of the church,

there was now a communion table, surrounded by seats.

The only music likely to have been heard

was the unaccompanied singing of psalms.

# ..and rejoice

# The Lord, he knowest God indeed... #

This is a translation of Psalm 100, by a Scot - William Kethe.

It was published early in Elizabeth's reign,

along with English language versions of the other psalms,

and a handful of standard tunes that the words could be sung to.

This one has been sung with Kethe's words, ever since,

which is why it's now known as the "Old Hundredth".

This is as good as it got in most Elizabethan churches,

and after decades of reformation and counter-reformation,

all the music that most aspired to.

And yet, there was one notable exception. Very elaborate works by

Thomas Tallis and William Byrd were regularly and magnificently sung.

The royal household.

At Hampton Court, we can still see where Elizabeth would have heard

her beloved music - the space known,

like the choir that sung there, as the Chapel Royal.

This was the Queen's personal religious space, and she treated it

with all the possessiveness worthy of the greatest of her ancestors.

The result was that the Reformation had less impact here

than anywhere else in England.

Here, the clergy still wore rich vestments, the organs played,

and the choir still sung, often in Latin,

music by the great William Byrd.

Outside, it was the cold winter of Protestant austerity.

Inside, it was indeed the warm summer

of the golden age of English church music.

Elizabeth was too astute to attempt to impose her preferred style

of worship on a country still riven by religious division.

William Byrd was a case in point.

Openly, flamboyantly Catholic, he was frequently fined

for refusing to attend his parish church. By the 1580s,

he was even writing protest songs about religious persecution.

It says much about Elizabeth's powers of patronage that a recusant

like him could remain a gentleman of her Chapel Royal.

I think there's no doubt whatever

that Elizabeth was driven by personal taste,

but that, after all, is what a personal monarch should be.

Their wishes are what drive it.

Nowadays, it's what we talk about if we talk about somebody

as a conviction politician - it is their wish, their will.

Elizabeth's personal taste for the music also reflected

the fact that she understood the nature of royal ceremony.

Almost all royal ceremony before the Reformation was religious.

What Elizabeth does is to stop that disappearing.

And this means, then,

that you have a fully ceremonialised Protestant monarchy.

She composed a kind of personal oratorio of monarchy,

in which she supplied the words, she supplied the performance

and then others took what she'd begun and carried it to further and

fresh heights, and this, I think, is why she is such an inspiration.

# Say, love, if ever thou dids't find

# A woman with a constant mind?

# None but one

# And what should That rare mirror be?

# Some goddess or some queen is she

# She, she, she, she, she

# She and only she

# She only queen Of love and beauty... #

Though this is not a sacred song,

it too celebrates Elizabeth and her reign.

It's by John Dowland, who composed the greatest secular music

of the era. His love songs were popular across the whole of Europe.

This song, however, he's paying an elaborate compliment

to his monarch.

Like much of the art of Elizabeth's reign,

Dowland's song mythologises the Queen,

and presents her to the listener as the embodiment of virtue.

Elizabeth died in 1603, after a reign of nearly 45 years.

There's a 17th century account of her death which, though medically

implausible, tells us how much her reign was associated with music.

The story goes that, in her last days,

she called for the royal musicians to gather round her deathbed.

"..so that, she said, she might die as gaily as she had lived,

"and that the horrors of death might be lessened."

"She heard the music tranquilly until her last breath."

And music, more than anything else, was to be her personal legacy.

# O Lord, make thy servant

# Elizabeth our Queen... #

Elizabeth stands at the crossroads of English music.

Not only did she save the musical traditions of the English monarchy

and the English church,

she also offered a model to succeeding generations.

The kind of worship she preferred and patronised, in English,

but accompanied with rich ceremony and richer music,

became the ideal which her Stuart successors tried to impose

on the whole of the English church.

It was rediscovered in the 19th century,

and it triumphed in the early 20th.

No-one today would question that music was central

to the Church of England.

No-one today could imagine royal ceremony without music.

We are all Elizabethans now.

'Before Elizabeth's vision could triumph, however,

'Protestant hostility to church music had to be overcome.'

Next time, I'll explore just how much of a struggle

that was to be in the 17th century.

It was the era of civil war, regicide and revolution,

but it also produced the greatest musical genius

to have been born on British soil - Henry Purcell.

Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

You might get the impression that history

is just a history of what happened.

Actually, it's not like that at all.