Browse content similar to The Real Versailles. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
Line | From | To | |
---|---|---|---|
In the 17th century, there was only one place to see and be seen. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:14 | |
The Palace of Versailles. | 0:00:14 | 0:00:17 | |
The greatest legacy of Louis XIV. | 0:00:17 | 0:00:20 | |
The Sun King. | 0:00:20 | 0:00:22 | |
Louis XIV spent a whopping 72 years on the throne. | 0:00:23 | 0:00:28 | |
During his reign, he turned France from a country racked by civil war, | 0:00:28 | 0:00:32 | |
its dukes and nobles constantly at each other's throats, | 0:00:32 | 0:00:36 | |
into the most glorious and powerful state in Europe. | 0:00:36 | 0:00:39 | |
And he came up with a way of running a royal court | 0:00:39 | 0:00:42 | |
that's never been beaten. | 0:00:42 | 0:00:45 | |
Key to his success was this - | 0:00:45 | 0:00:47 | |
his Palace of Versailles. | 0:00:47 | 0:00:49 | |
I'm Lucy Worsley, chief curator at Britain's Historic Royal Palaces. | 0:00:50 | 0:00:56 | |
And I'm Helen Castor, a historian with an unhealthy interest | 0:00:56 | 0:01:00 | |
in court politics and intrigue. | 0:01:00 | 0:01:02 | |
Together, we're taking a look at the new French-produced drama | 0:01:03 | 0:01:07 | |
being shown on the BBC. | 0:01:07 | 0:01:10 | |
It's set during the building of Versailles. | 0:01:10 | 0:01:14 | |
This was a world where life revolved around endless court rituals. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:18 | |
Where fortunes rose and fell with the latest fashions. | 0:01:18 | 0:01:23 | |
And where the quickest way to royal favour was through the king's bedchamber. | 0:01:23 | 0:01:28 | |
Take it off. | 0:01:28 | 0:01:29 | |
Behind the facade, Louis XIV's survival | 0:01:29 | 0:01:33 | |
depended on his creation of Versailles. | 0:01:33 | 0:01:36 | |
It was his power base, his safe house | 0:01:37 | 0:01:39 | |
and the gilded cage in which he trapped his enemies. | 0:01:39 | 0:01:44 | |
Never before had a king | 0:01:44 | 0:01:46 | |
and his entire court lived together in a single palace. | 0:01:46 | 0:01:50 | |
This was a new type of building for a new type of ruler. | 0:01:50 | 0:01:54 | |
It was a huge risk. It could all have gone horribly wrong. | 0:01:54 | 0:01:58 | |
But if anybody could pull it off, it was Louis XIV. | 0:01:58 | 0:02:02 | |
Louis's Palace at Versailles sprang from | 0:02:15 | 0:02:18 | |
surprisingly humble beginnings. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:20 | |
Even the king's only brother, Philippe, was in for a shock. | 0:02:22 | 0:02:26 | |
I am about to drag this country out of the darkness into the light. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:31 | |
We must build our own destiny. | 0:02:31 | 0:02:34 | |
Right here a new France will be born and this palace will be her mother. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:38 | |
What palace? | 0:02:39 | 0:02:41 | |
That one. | 0:02:41 | 0:02:43 | |
Our father's hunting lodge? | 0:02:44 | 0:02:46 | |
Versailles. | 0:02:48 | 0:02:50 | |
The dilapidated hunting lodge and the tiny hamlet around it was | 0:02:57 | 0:03:01 | |
buried in the countryside, 12 miles from Paris. | 0:03:01 | 0:03:05 | |
The only link between Versailles and the capital was an old drover's track. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:13 | |
It had been used for bringing cattle to the markets of Paris. | 0:03:13 | 0:03:16 | |
In other words, Versailles was in the middle of nowhere. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:20 | |
The seat of power was Paris, | 0:03:20 | 0:03:22 | |
the royal residence was the Palace of the Louvre. | 0:03:22 | 0:03:25 | |
The nobles had their homes close by, | 0:03:25 | 0:03:26 | |
which meant they could attend on the king and still enjoy salon society | 0:03:26 | 0:03:31 | |
in the capital and vive la difference. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:34 | |
But Louis was passionate about outdoor pursuits. | 0:03:34 | 0:03:37 | |
He really enjoyed country life. | 0:03:37 | 0:03:39 | |
He began to spend more and more time at Versailles. | 0:03:39 | 0:03:42 | |
Louis expected his courtiers to join him. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:48 | |
But not everybody wanted to travel out into the sticks. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:53 | |
You really are out in the wilds here. | 0:03:55 | 0:03:57 | |
Defences are porous, non-existent. | 0:03:57 | 0:03:59 | |
The sooner we return to Paris, the better. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:02 | |
And even after the dukes and duchesses, | 0:04:03 | 0:04:05 | |
the counts and marquises that had made it out to Versailles, | 0:04:05 | 0:04:09 | |
there was nowhere decent for them to stay. | 0:04:09 | 0:04:12 | |
According to Madame de Sevigne, after one visit to Versailles | 0:04:12 | 0:04:15 | |
the courtiers were in a fury, | 0:04:15 | 0:04:17 | |
because they said the king didn't take care of any of them | 0:04:17 | 0:04:20 | |
and there were scarcely a hole to take shelter in. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:23 | |
The courtiers came up with a new witticism - a bon mot - | 0:04:23 | 0:04:27 | |
"Versailles..." they said, "..is a mistress without merit." | 0:04:27 | 0:04:31 | |
But the modest hunting lodge was about to have a makeover. | 0:04:34 | 0:04:38 | |
When I hosted a party a few years ago, | 0:04:40 | 0:04:42 | |
we did not have the room to accommodate my friends. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:45 | |
Most of them had to take rooms in town. | 0:04:45 | 0:04:47 | |
So I'm building some myself. | 0:04:47 | 0:04:50 | |
400 apartments, all told. | 0:04:50 | 0:04:52 | |
Louis incorporated this hunting lodge into his plans. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:00 | |
And it's still there, right at the heart of the later building. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:04 | |
Louis added additions that are still known as the "enveloppe", | 0:05:04 | 0:05:07 | |
literally enveloping the original building. | 0:05:07 | 0:05:10 | |
From sleeping a cosy 15 or so extra guests, | 0:05:10 | 0:05:14 | |
this first phase of construction provided room | 0:05:14 | 0:05:16 | |
at Versailles for 600 of Louis's closest friends. | 0:05:16 | 0:05:21 | |
And that was just the start. | 0:05:21 | 0:05:23 | |
But Louis didn't build Versailles to be nice to his chums. | 0:05:24 | 0:05:28 | |
He did it for the survival of the monarchy. | 0:05:28 | 0:05:32 | |
HE SIGHS | 0:05:32 | 0:05:33 | |
You might be forgiven for wondering why Louis XIV would go to | 0:05:36 | 0:05:40 | |
such lengths to keep his throne safe. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:43 | |
As a royal historian, it's hard to think of another ruler | 0:05:43 | 0:05:47 | |
who comes across as so supremely confident. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:51 | |
Louis inherited from his mother a passionate belief | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
in the divine right of kings. | 0:05:54 | 0:05:57 | |
The idea that kings were like little mini-gods who ruled on Earth. | 0:05:57 | 0:06:02 | |
In case anyone had missed the point, at Louis's birth, | 0:06:02 | 0:06:05 | |
he was given the name of "Dieudonne", "Given by God". | 0:06:05 | 0:06:09 | |
This is because, miraculously, he was his parents' first | 0:06:09 | 0:06:13 | |
surviving child after 23 years of marriage, a gift from God indeed. | 0:06:13 | 0:06:19 | |
Louis took these ideas very much to heart. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:22 | |
Louis's self-glorification knew no bounds. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:29 | |
He had himself painted in the guise of Roman emperors. | 0:06:30 | 0:06:35 | |
As Alexander the Great. | 0:06:35 | 0:06:37 | |
Even as the omnipotent Greek God, Zeus. | 0:06:37 | 0:06:41 | |
No hero was too glorious, no God too mighty to escape the comparison. | 0:06:41 | 0:06:47 | |
And Louis took as his personal emblem a symbol | 0:06:48 | 0:06:51 | |
he thought fitting for his dazzling godlike status. | 0:06:51 | 0:06:55 | |
The sun. | 0:06:57 | 0:06:58 | |
The sun is the centre, | 0:07:02 | 0:07:05 | |
the heart, the mother of the universe. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:09 | |
Without its warmth and light, all life is gone. | 0:07:09 | 0:07:13 | |
Man will cease to exist. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:15 | |
One could almost believe he was talking about you. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:20 | |
Louis was a master of propaganda. | 0:07:21 | 0:07:24 | |
But don't let all this grandstanding deceive you. | 0:07:25 | 0:07:28 | |
In some ways, it was a sign of weakness. | 0:07:28 | 0:07:32 | |
If he had been absolutely powerful and totally secure | 0:07:32 | 0:07:35 | |
on his throne, then he needn't have bothered. | 0:07:35 | 0:07:38 | |
Louis had learned that being king was a dangerous business. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:45 | |
THUNDER CRASHES | 0:07:47 | 0:07:49 | |
Are you scared? | 0:07:49 | 0:07:51 | |
Of course you are. | 0:07:53 | 0:07:54 | |
If history teaches us one thing... | 0:07:56 | 0:07:59 | |
..it is this. | 0:08:00 | 0:08:02 | |
Terrible things happen to kings. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:05 | |
HE SOBS | 0:08:07 | 0:08:09 | |
Louis's greatest fears were founded in the deep divisions | 0:08:14 | 0:08:17 | |
within the country he inherited. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:20 | |
In the 17th century, | 0:08:21 | 0:08:22 | |
France wasn't by any means the unified nation we know today. | 0:08:22 | 0:08:26 | |
Different regions had different laws, customs, | 0:08:26 | 0:08:29 | |
even different languages. | 0:08:29 | 0:08:31 | |
And vast parts of the country were controlled | 0:08:31 | 0:08:34 | |
not directly by the king, but by great noblemen. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:37 | |
The North and East, who defies me there? | 0:08:40 | 0:08:44 | |
The Duke of Cassel, sire, to my mind, commands great influence. | 0:08:44 | 0:08:48 | |
Half the nobility are in his debt, | 0:08:48 | 0:08:49 | |
his family have occupied those lands since before memory. | 0:08:49 | 0:08:53 | |
These nobles had huge independent powers in the regions they dominated. | 0:08:54 | 0:08:58 | |
They didn't even have to pay the king's taxes. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:02 | |
So the king was locked in a deadly power struggle, | 0:09:02 | 0:09:05 | |
constantly competing with the nobles. | 0:09:05 | 0:09:08 | |
Louis knew only too well how vulnerable he was. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:12 | |
And he'd known it pretty much since the day he was born. | 0:09:12 | 0:09:15 | |
During Louis's childhood, | 0:09:16 | 0:09:18 | |
the monarchy had tried to wrest control from the nobles. | 0:09:18 | 0:09:21 | |
The result was a bitter civil war. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:24 | |
In 1651, while Louis was staying in Paris, a riot erupted. | 0:09:25 | 0:09:30 | |
The violence came a little too close to home. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:33 | |
The mob broke into the palace and demanded to see the young king. | 0:09:35 | 0:09:39 | |
They marched into his bedroom where Louis pretended to be asleep. | 0:09:40 | 0:09:44 | |
The royal family managed to escape, but Louis was traumatised. | 0:09:46 | 0:09:50 | |
The incident had a profound effect on Louis. | 0:09:58 | 0:10:02 | |
From that moment on, he saw Paris as a crucible of danger, | 0:10:02 | 0:10:06 | |
where the people and the nobles could plot against him. | 0:10:06 | 0:10:10 | |
Never again would he let chaos and violence threaten his very being. | 0:10:10 | 0:10:15 | |
For Louis, the safest place from which to rule was not Paris, | 0:10:16 | 0:10:20 | |
but Versailles. | 0:10:20 | 0:10:22 | |
We must lay our own foundation here. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:24 | |
-Why here, Sire? -Because I will not be the king of Paris. | 0:10:26 | 0:10:30 | |
I know who I am. | 0:10:32 | 0:10:34 | |
I'm Louis XIV. | 0:10:36 | 0:10:37 | |
I'm king of France. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:41 | |
To prove who was in charge, Louis made himself an absolute monarch. | 0:10:44 | 0:10:50 | |
He declared he was the sole ruler of France | 0:10:51 | 0:10:55 | |
and set about reining in the power of the nobles. | 0:10:55 | 0:10:58 | |
This is your king's new law. | 0:11:01 | 0:11:03 | |
Stripping away the dignity of a true noble, | 0:11:03 | 0:11:06 | |
defiling the reputation of a man whose family forms the bedrock | 0:11:06 | 0:11:09 | |
of this country. | 0:11:09 | 0:11:11 | |
Now, once, not long ago, we knew where we stood. | 0:11:11 | 0:11:13 | |
But now we must prove ourselves. Now we must sing for our supper. | 0:11:14 | 0:11:18 | |
Now the King says, "I am France!" | 0:11:18 | 0:11:19 | |
But I say it is we who are France. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:23 | |
In this battle, Louis had some subtle new tactics in his armoury. | 0:11:30 | 0:11:35 | |
Louis's solution to the problem of his nobles shows just how good | 0:11:35 | 0:11:40 | |
he was at wielding what you might call soft power. | 0:11:40 | 0:11:44 | |
He watched and learned from the mistakes of other kings, | 0:11:44 | 0:11:46 | |
like Charles I of England, for example. | 0:11:46 | 0:11:49 | |
He had taken up arms to defend his Royal prerogative, | 0:11:49 | 0:11:53 | |
and look what happened to him. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:54 | |
But Louis wanted to wage war with refinement. | 0:11:56 | 0:12:00 | |
He planned to devastate his enemies with his hospitality. | 0:12:00 | 0:12:04 | |
He was going to overwhelm them | 0:12:04 | 0:12:06 | |
with fancy titles that didn't necessarily mean anything. | 0:12:06 | 0:12:09 | |
And above all, he intended to emasculate them | 0:12:09 | 0:12:13 | |
by making them do trivial jobs in his household, | 0:12:13 | 0:12:16 | |
here at his new country home of Versailles. | 0:12:16 | 0:12:20 | |
It's no bigger than a broom cupboard! | 0:12:28 | 0:12:31 | |
As a matter of fact, I believe it WAS a broom cupboard. | 0:12:31 | 0:12:34 | |
Welcome to Versailles. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:36 | |
Louis loved to play the host. | 0:12:42 | 0:12:46 | |
He kept his courtiers busy with gambling, feasting, | 0:12:46 | 0:12:50 | |
hunting and to top it all, fabulous parties. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:54 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:13:07 | 0:13:11 | |
Louis made sure his dazzling hospitality | 0:13:12 | 0:13:15 | |
would always be remembered. | 0:13:15 | 0:13:18 | |
Let's have a look at our massive book of pictures | 0:13:18 | 0:13:20 | |
of one of Louis's parties. | 0:13:20 | 0:13:22 | |
And here is Versailles, looking extremely splendid. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:26 | |
These specific drawings were of an entertainment called | 0:13:26 | 0:13:30 | |
"The Pleasures Of The Enchanted Island". | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
-That's a very alluring name, isn't it? -It is. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:35 | |
Although after six whole days and six whole nights, | 0:13:35 | 0:13:38 | |
I'm not sure how allured anyone would have felt! | 0:13:38 | 0:13:40 | |
It was an epic party based on an epic poem, The Frenzy Of Orlando. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:48 | |
The lead role was Roger. | 0:13:48 | 0:13:50 | |
Could it be possible that Roger himself was played by the King? | 0:13:50 | 0:13:53 | |
I think you might have spotted Louis's role | 0:13:53 | 0:13:55 | |
that he chose for himself! | 0:13:55 | 0:13:57 | |
Here, right in the middle, on his magnificently rearing horse, | 0:13:57 | 0:14:00 | |
is Roger. | 0:14:00 | 0:14:02 | |
I wonder who was in charge of casting? | 0:14:02 | 0:14:04 | |
Louis was a natural showman. | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
GUESTS GASP | 0:14:12 | 0:14:14 | |
He had a reputation as a fine dancer. | 0:14:15 | 0:14:18 | |
And he never missed an opportunity to display his talents. | 0:14:24 | 0:14:28 | |
But here, the real star of the show was Versailles. | 0:14:34 | 0:14:38 | |
Ooh, look at this! | 0:14:39 | 0:14:40 | |
This is the marble courtyard in the heart of the palace, isn't it? | 0:14:40 | 0:14:43 | |
Decorated with orange trees on either side, | 0:14:43 | 0:14:46 | |
to make it look even more beautiful. | 0:14:46 | 0:14:48 | |
It's splendid. | 0:14:48 | 0:14:50 | |
Hundreds of candles all around the top. | 0:14:50 | 0:14:53 | |
Look at them standing on the ledges inside the windows. | 0:14:53 | 0:14:55 | |
It is truly... It was beautiful enough before, | 0:14:55 | 0:14:58 | |
but now it's transformed into an night-time spectacular. | 0:14:58 | 0:15:02 | |
And look, here's an orchestra. So this is a musical performance. | 0:15:02 | 0:15:05 | |
And they seem to be dancing on the stage. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:07 | |
Oh, it says it's a ballet! That's right. | 0:15:07 | 0:15:09 | |
And a ballet... Alceste. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:12 | |
"A tragedy in music", composed by Louis's own court composer, | 0:15:12 | 0:15:17 | |
Jean-Baptiste Lully, one of the greatest musicians of his day. | 0:15:17 | 0:15:20 | |
Only the very best for Louis. | 0:15:20 | 0:15:22 | |
The king was at pains to make sure his guests didn't miss a single | 0:15:24 | 0:15:28 | |
detail of his palace. | 0:15:28 | 0:15:29 | |
One visitor gushed that the festivities astonished | 0:15:31 | 0:15:34 | |
the spectators by their magnificence, novelty and pomp. | 0:15:34 | 0:15:39 | |
Now, this really is a scene, isn't it? | 0:15:44 | 0:15:47 | |
A night-time scene of fireworks and illuminations. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:51 | |
The palace in the background, the fountains in the foreground. | 0:15:51 | 0:15:54 | |
What do you think, Helen, was the point of this book of engravings? | 0:15:54 | 0:15:58 | |
This is a big PR exercise. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:01 | |
These are impressive pictures, even centuries later, in black-and-white. | 0:16:01 | 0:16:05 | |
But for the rest of Europe in 1664, this is how you do it. | 0:16:05 | 0:16:10 | |
So Louis compiled all the engravings, | 0:16:10 | 0:16:12 | |
gave them to ambassadors | 0:16:12 | 0:16:14 | |
who would then take them home to their own European king or | 0:16:14 | 0:16:17 | |
queen and say, "Look and learn! This is how they do it in France, | 0:16:17 | 0:16:20 | |
"this is the way to hold a party!" | 0:16:20 | 0:16:22 | |
And not just in France, | 0:16:22 | 0:16:24 | |
but specifically at Versailles. | 0:16:24 | 0:16:27 | |
Forget Paris, that was yesterday's news. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:29 | |
Louis wanted the eyes of the world | 0:16:29 | 0:16:32 | |
to be on the palace that he was building. | 0:16:32 | 0:16:35 | |
Once Louis had captivated his courtiers with the entertainments | 0:16:37 | 0:16:40 | |
at Versailles, he found other ways to keep them in thrall to him. | 0:16:40 | 0:16:45 | |
To keep everybody in their places, | 0:16:48 | 0:16:50 | |
Louis turned his life into a kind of public spectacle. | 0:16:50 | 0:16:54 | |
Every minute of every day was filled with these weird rituals, | 0:16:54 | 0:16:59 | |
some of them quite ridiculous, | 0:16:59 | 0:17:01 | |
which all of the courtiers had to follow, as if it were a religion. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:05 | |
All the noblemen at court are required to present | 0:17:07 | 0:17:10 | |
themselves at the appointed hour. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:12 | |
A-ah! Dukes before Marquis, I believe? | 0:17:12 | 0:17:14 | |
I'm with the Duke. | 0:17:15 | 0:17:17 | |
Only a few, however, will be given the privilege of entering, | 0:17:17 | 0:17:22 | |
observing and in some cases, participating. | 0:17:22 | 0:17:25 | |
Taking part in Louis's daily routines was a strictly | 0:17:26 | 0:17:30 | |
controlled business. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:32 | |
Only a chosen elite could share in his more intimate moments. | 0:17:32 | 0:17:38 | |
The most important ceremony was the King's levee. | 0:17:38 | 0:17:42 | |
His rising in the morning. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:47 | |
It was as essential to life at Versailles as the rising of the sun. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:52 | |
At eight o'clock sharp, | 0:17:52 | 0:17:54 | |
the curtains of the state bed were drawn back to reveal the king. | 0:17:54 | 0:17:59 | |
He may not have slept here, but he had to get back in time. | 0:17:59 | 0:18:02 | |
And then he was greeted by his valet. | 0:18:02 | 0:18:04 | |
Good morning. | 0:18:05 | 0:18:06 | |
Next, in came the king's physician, to check him over. | 0:18:06 | 0:18:11 | |
His chamberpot was carried out and, this is really nice, | 0:18:11 | 0:18:15 | |
in came the king's nurse that he'd had since he was a child, | 0:18:15 | 0:18:18 | |
to give him his good morning kiss. | 0:18:18 | 0:18:21 | |
Then came the privileged few who had the right to attend what was | 0:18:21 | 0:18:24 | |
known as the "Grande Entree". | 0:18:24 | 0:18:26 | |
They were all highborn nobles and they helped the king into his shirt. | 0:18:26 | 0:18:32 | |
It sounds menial, but it was a huge honour. | 0:18:32 | 0:18:34 | |
All you do is designed to be seen and admired. | 0:18:39 | 0:18:43 | |
Dressing, shaving, drinking and eating. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:46 | |
They are no longer actions. But a performance. | 0:18:46 | 0:18:49 | |
Everything you do is a display of wealth, | 0:18:54 | 0:18:57 | |
authority, | 0:18:57 | 0:18:58 | |
harmony and modesty. | 0:18:58 | 0:19:00 | |
And last, but by no means least, | 0:19:02 | 0:19:04 | |
piety. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:07 | |
Louis thought of himself as a god and now, he was worshipped like one. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:16 | |
Even the most powerful nobles were forced to bow and scrape. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:21 | |
But observing Louis's strict daily routine could reap rewards. | 0:19:23 | 0:19:28 | |
The clockwork timing of Louis's day meant the courtiers always | 0:19:30 | 0:19:33 | |
knew exactly where the king was and what he was doing. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:37 | |
And that meant they could engineer meetings with him, | 0:19:37 | 0:19:40 | |
opportunities to ask for the favours that only the king could give. | 0:19:40 | 0:19:44 | |
Like other monarchs, | 0:19:48 | 0:19:50 | |
the king had the power to transform a courtier's fortunes. | 0:19:50 | 0:19:54 | |
But Louis had his own special criteria for granting requests. | 0:19:56 | 0:20:01 | |
As Louis progressed for mass, courtiers would line his route, | 0:20:04 | 0:20:08 | |
pressing on either side, desperate for a word in the King's ear. | 0:20:08 | 0:20:12 | |
If they succeeded in catching his attention, | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
they might ask a favour for a friend. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:16 | |
But if Louis thought that that particular nobleman hadn't | 0:20:16 | 0:20:19 | |
spent enough time at Versailles, | 0:20:19 | 0:20:21 | |
he turned the request down with the words, "We never see him! | 0:20:21 | 0:20:26 | |
"I don't know him!" It was as if that noble had never existed. | 0:20:26 | 0:20:30 | |
The message was clear - courtiers had better sharpen their elbows | 0:20:32 | 0:20:36 | |
and fight their way to the front of the queue. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:39 | |
If they wanted to get ahead in life, | 0:20:39 | 0:20:40 | |
they had to put in the hours at Versailles. | 0:20:40 | 0:20:44 | |
The nobles were now too busy vying for the King's | 0:20:44 | 0:20:47 | |
attention to plot against him and they weren't allowed to go | 0:20:47 | 0:20:50 | |
back to their country seats, where they could have fermented rebellion. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:53 | |
It was all part of this strange cult of the Sun King. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:58 | |
It's as if Louis used his magnetism to trap his nobles | 0:20:58 | 0:21:01 | |
here in the gilded cage of Versailles. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:04 | |
Now Louis could get on with enjoying the pleasures of life. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:12 | |
And there was nothing he enjoyed more than the ladies. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
He pursued one beauty after another - married and single, | 0:21:26 | 0:21:31 | |
highborn and low. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:33 | |
Not for nothing was his time in power known as the reign of love. | 0:21:33 | 0:21:38 | |
Here are some of Louis' leading ladies. | 0:21:41 | 0:21:44 | |
Now, kings of France often had two wives - one a wife for business. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:53 | |
In Louis' case, it was Maria Theresa of Spain. | 0:21:53 | 0:21:55 | |
It was her job to represent an alliance with another country | 0:21:56 | 0:22:00 | |
and to give him his official children or heirs. | 0:22:00 | 0:22:04 | |
But then, he would have a wife for fun - a mistress or, | 0:22:04 | 0:22:08 | |
in Louis' case, mistresses. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:10 | |
At any one moment, the chief of them | 0:22:12 | 0:22:14 | |
was called the maitresse declaree - the declared mistress. | 0:22:14 | 0:22:19 | |
I think it's very French that she had a sort of semi-official | 0:22:19 | 0:22:22 | |
job title! | 0:22:22 | 0:22:23 | |
Louise de La Valliere was Louis' first maitresse declaree. | 0:22:25 | 0:22:29 | |
The story of Louise de La Valliere | 0:22:31 | 0:22:33 | |
is intertwined with the story of | 0:22:33 | 0:22:35 | |
Versailles itself because Louis | 0:22:35 | 0:22:38 | |
was falling in love with her | 0:22:38 | 0:22:39 | |
at the same time as he was falling | 0:22:39 | 0:22:42 | |
in love with the idea of his palace. | 0:22:42 | 0:22:44 | |
They held trysts there | 0:22:44 | 0:22:46 | |
and the magnificent party | 0:22:46 | 0:22:48 | |
The Pleasures Of The Enchanted Isle | 0:22:48 | 0:22:50 | |
was held to celebrate their love. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:52 | |
Now, Louise's position as chief mistress was far from secure. | 0:22:54 | 0:22:58 | |
The other ladies of the court all had their eye on Louis | 0:22:58 | 0:23:02 | |
and he was all too susceptible. | 0:23:02 | 0:23:05 | |
When Louise came onto the scene, Louis was already having | 0:23:05 | 0:23:09 | |
rather a scandalous relationship with Henrietta of England. | 0:23:09 | 0:23:13 | |
She was - wait for this - his brother's wife | 0:23:13 | 0:23:16 | |
and his own first cousin. | 0:23:16 | 0:23:18 | |
Dodgy! | 0:23:18 | 0:23:19 | |
Spring has sprung. | 0:23:26 | 0:23:27 | |
And there were plenty of other contenders vying for | 0:23:32 | 0:23:35 | |
Louise de La Valliere's prized role of chief mistress. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:39 | |
Enter Athenais de Montespan. | 0:23:41 | 0:23:44 | |
-How many have you had? -I do not recall. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:49 | |
In which case why would one more make any difference? | 0:23:50 | 0:23:53 | |
-Hard to say without partaking. -Why is that? | 0:23:55 | 0:23:59 | |
Surely, after a certain time, it's just a number, is it not? | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
That depends on the number. | 0:24:06 | 0:24:08 | |
Athenais was devastatingly intelligent and confident | 0:24:10 | 0:24:15 | |
and pretty and manipulative. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:18 | |
She made friends with Louise in order to get close to the King. | 0:24:18 | 0:24:23 | |
False friend. | 0:24:23 | 0:24:24 | |
I am boring and you are funny. | 0:24:27 | 0:24:29 | |
Perhaps, when he returns, you might put him in a good mood for me - | 0:24:29 | 0:24:32 | |
talk to him, make him laugh. | 0:24:32 | 0:24:34 | |
If he's in a good humour, I might just have a chance. | 0:24:34 | 0:24:38 | |
-Would you do that? -I suppose I could try. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:40 | |
Now, Louis didn't stand a chance. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
He fell under the spell of Athenais. | 0:24:51 | 0:24:53 | |
Very soon, he just had to make love to her three times a day | 0:24:53 | 0:24:59 | |
and he was so keen that he would start to undress her, | 0:24:59 | 0:25:02 | |
even before her ladies had left the room. | 0:25:02 | 0:25:05 | |
And she was equally enthusiastic. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:09 | |
It was said that her powder lit very easily. | 0:25:09 | 0:25:13 | |
KISSING SOUNDS | 0:25:13 | 0:25:15 | |
It wasn't long before Athenais usurped her so-called friend, | 0:25:20 | 0:25:25 | |
Louise, and took her place at the top table. | 0:25:25 | 0:25:28 | |
Athenais reigned supreme as official mistress for the next decade. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:48 | |
And it was during this time that Louis | 0:25:55 | 0:25:57 | |
fulfilled his dream of creating a palace not just fit for any | 0:25:57 | 0:26:02 | |
old king but fit for the Sun King. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
Now, the gardens on this side will extend from here to here. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:13 | |
-Very good, sire. What is this large rectangle here? -A lake. | 0:26:13 | 0:26:17 | |
-You wish to put a lake in this area? -The area is the lake. -That is... | 0:26:18 | 0:26:23 | |
-A big lake, yes. -Sire... | 0:26:23 | 0:26:26 | |
A lake that size would dwarf any structure that looks out upon it. | 0:26:26 | 0:26:30 | |
That depends on the structure, does it not? | 0:26:30 | 0:26:33 | |
Nothing could stand in the way of Louis' grand plans. | 0:26:34 | 0:26:38 | |
He drained swamps, moved forests and diverted rivers to | 0:26:38 | 0:26:44 | |
make way for the world's most opulent royal playground. | 0:26:44 | 0:26:49 | |
Its size and splendour trumpeted Louis' wealth and power. | 0:26:49 | 0:26:54 | |
But a project worthy of such a prince required a workforce | 0:26:54 | 0:26:58 | |
to match. | 0:26:58 | 0:26:59 | |
The palace was under scaffolding for years at a time | 0:27:01 | 0:27:04 | |
and the gardens here looked pretty much like a quarry. | 0:27:04 | 0:27:07 | |
Up to 36,000 people were slaving away here and they were | 0:27:07 | 0:27:11 | |
labouring under conditions you could only describe as horrendous. | 0:27:11 | 0:27:15 | |
Builders toiled from dawn till dusk. | 0:27:17 | 0:27:20 | |
A common bricklayer earned five sous a day - | 0:27:20 | 0:27:23 | |
about the cost of a tiny piece of butter. | 0:27:23 | 0:27:26 | |
Accidents was so frequent that three hospitals were built to deal | 0:27:28 | 0:27:33 | |
with the casualties. | 0:27:33 | 0:27:34 | |
And even in his exalted position, | 0:27:35 | 0:27:37 | |
Louis could not quite escape the hardships that his workers endured. | 0:27:37 | 0:27:41 | |
You say you are France. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:50 | |
If you truly were, you'd know our suffering, | 0:27:50 | 0:27:53 | |
you'd feel it in your bones and you'd take the pain away. | 0:27:53 | 0:27:58 | |
Builders went on strike in a bid to improve their lot. | 0:28:00 | 0:28:03 | |
Their grievances are many, sire. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:08 | |
Many suffer from injuries sustained at their work | 0:28:08 | 0:28:11 | |
but are as yet untreated. | 0:28:11 | 0:28:13 | |
They claim that working conditions are too harsh, | 0:28:15 | 0:28:17 | |
-not enough attention's paid to their safety. -Is this true? | 0:28:17 | 0:28:21 | |
We lose half a dozen men per week, Sire. Many more are injured. | 0:28:21 | 0:28:25 | |
From the archives, | 0:28:27 | 0:28:28 | |
I've dug out a document that gives a real-life example of Louis | 0:28:28 | 0:28:32 | |
being brought face-to-face with the human cost of Versailles. | 0:28:32 | 0:28:36 | |
In the summer of 1668, there was | 0:28:38 | 0:28:40 | |
an accident involving some of the heavy machinery in use | 0:28:40 | 0:28:44 | |
at Versailles that's reported here in the Gazette of Amsterdam. | 0:28:44 | 0:28:47 | |
We're told that there was an accident and some debris fell | 0:28:47 | 0:28:52 | |
and underneath it were caught five or six workmen, "ouvriers", | 0:28:52 | 0:28:56 | |
who were "ecrases dessous". | 0:28:56 | 0:28:58 | |
-"Ecrases" - what does... -They were crushed. | 0:28:58 | 0:29:01 | |
-Crushed? -Crushed underneath, crushed to death. -Five or six of them? | 0:29:01 | 0:29:04 | |
My goodness. | 0:29:04 | 0:29:05 | |
Five or six, and that's all we're told - one sentence at this point. | 0:29:05 | 0:29:08 | |
But we get a little bit more detail, a few days later, when the King | 0:29:08 | 0:29:13 | |
was confronted by the mother of one of these poor dead workmen. | 0:29:13 | 0:29:18 | |
She managed to get close enough to ask the King | 0:29:18 | 0:29:22 | |
if she could have the body of her son back, | 0:29:22 | 0:29:25 | |
the newspaper says, with many insults directed at the King. | 0:29:25 | 0:29:28 | |
Now, whether that's exaggeration for journalistic effect | 0:29:28 | 0:29:32 | |
or what the King felt had happened... | 0:29:32 | 0:29:34 | |
Do you think it was quite shocking that she just got close enough | 0:29:34 | 0:29:37 | |
and dared to speak to him? | 0:29:37 | 0:29:38 | |
Absolutely, that someone of her status should be able to speak | 0:29:38 | 0:29:42 | |
directly to the King himself in terms that were not complimentary. | 0:29:42 | 0:29:47 | |
And it didn't go well for her. | 0:29:47 | 0:29:48 | |
We're told that she was put in prison, | 0:29:48 | 0:29:51 | |
where she still is locked up, the newspaper says. | 0:29:51 | 0:29:54 | |
So, hang on - Louis' machine has crushed to death this woman's son, | 0:29:54 | 0:29:58 | |
she has asked for his dead body, and for that, she's been put in prison? | 0:29:58 | 0:30:02 | |
She has. The human cost of his great enterprises is irrelevant to | 0:30:02 | 0:30:07 | |
Louis in comparison with his grand purposes. | 0:30:07 | 0:30:11 | |
The question is to what extent this is representative of something | 0:30:11 | 0:30:16 | |
bigger, more characteristic of Louis' rule as a whole. | 0:30:16 | 0:30:19 | |
Well, I guess you could say, this is an absolute monarch doing his job, | 0:30:19 | 0:30:23 | |
the needs of the state must come first, | 0:30:23 | 0:30:25 | |
he has the power to override the trivial needs of the individual. | 0:30:25 | 0:30:29 | |
But it does seem to me that there's something really cold | 0:30:29 | 0:30:32 | |
and uniquely determined about Louis himself. | 0:30:32 | 0:30:35 | |
I will not be pushed into the sea by a builder on a scaffold! | 0:30:39 | 0:30:43 | |
Louis' determination and his ruthlessness made him | 0:30:47 | 0:30:51 | |
many enemies but he had ways of keeping one step ahead | 0:30:51 | 0:30:56 | |
of anyone who might plot against him. | 0:30:56 | 0:30:59 | |
You might think that surveillance is a modern concept, | 0:31:01 | 0:31:04 | |
but Louis, who was insecure to the point of paranoia, | 0:31:04 | 0:31:08 | |
kept a watchful eye on everyone. | 0:31:08 | 0:31:10 | |
No-one understood better than Louis that information was power. | 0:31:13 | 0:31:19 | |
That is one of 948 journals gathered by our services | 0:31:21 | 0:31:28 | |
detailing every single member of your court. | 0:31:28 | 0:31:31 | |
Their height, weight, hair and eye colour. | 0:31:31 | 0:31:35 | |
Their daily movements, from your valet... | 0:31:35 | 0:31:37 | |
..to your cook's assistant, Madeleine DuBois. | 0:31:39 | 0:31:42 | |
And Louis even knew everyone's innermost thoughts. | 0:31:44 | 0:31:48 | |
How? | 0:31:48 | 0:31:49 | |
Because all mail to and from Versailles was intercepted. | 0:31:49 | 0:31:54 | |
Historian James Daybell is guiding me through the lost world of 17th-century espionage. | 0:31:54 | 0:32:00 | |
This is so much more significant and atmospheric | 0:32:00 | 0:32:05 | |
-than licking the flap, isn't it? -It is, it is. | 0:32:05 | 0:32:08 | |
We really feel like this is a special thing to do. | 0:32:08 | 0:32:12 | |
Now, we're going to get our seal, which is a fleur-de-lis. | 0:32:12 | 0:32:16 | |
Peel it away slowly. | 0:32:18 | 0:32:19 | |
-Oh... -And there we are. | 0:32:19 | 0:32:21 | |
-That's not bad. -Very good. | 0:32:21 | 0:32:23 | |
So if we got this letter in the post, you would know that I had sent | 0:32:23 | 0:32:26 | |
-it? -Yes. -And that it hadn't been tampered with? | 0:32:26 | 0:32:29 | |
-And that it hadn't been tampered with, yes. -Theoretically! | 0:32:29 | 0:32:31 | |
So it's secure. | 0:32:31 | 0:32:34 | |
But at the court of Versailles, | 0:32:34 | 0:32:35 | |
we know that Louis's espionage masters were reading the letters. | 0:32:35 | 0:32:40 | |
How did they do that when they were sealed up with wax? | 0:32:40 | 0:32:43 | |
This is a dark art. | 0:32:43 | 0:32:45 | |
We have an example of a letter from a courtier close to the king | 0:32:45 | 0:32:50 | |
in which she warns a German cousin about this | 0:32:50 | 0:32:53 | |
opening of letters and she writes, | 0:32:53 | 0:32:55 | |
"Just because letters are poorly sealed does not mean anything. | 0:32:55 | 0:32:59 | |
"They have a material made of mercury and other stuff that can be | 0:32:59 | 0:33:02 | |
"pressed onto the seal, where it takes on the shape of the seal. | 0:33:02 | 0:33:06 | |
"After they've read and copied letters, | 0:33:06 | 0:33:09 | |
"they neatly reseal them and no-one can see that they have been opened." | 0:33:09 | 0:33:13 | |
So that method involves making a replica of the original seal? | 0:33:14 | 0:33:18 | |
Absolutely. And once you have that, you're then able to open | 0:33:18 | 0:33:22 | |
and reseal people's correspondence all the time. | 0:33:22 | 0:33:26 | |
That's pretty sneaky stuff. | 0:33:26 | 0:33:27 | |
James, what happened to the people whose mail was read, then, contrary to their knowledge? | 0:33:27 | 0:33:32 | |
Once he found that you were talking in a critical tone about his court, | 0:33:32 | 0:33:38 | |
his policies, his friendships, you would be out of favour. | 0:33:38 | 0:33:41 | |
And so many courtiers were destroyed in this way. | 0:33:41 | 0:33:46 | |
This surveillance state that he develops in the 17th century | 0:33:46 | 0:33:50 | |
is incredibly powerful and it's used to keep tabs on the courtiers | 0:33:50 | 0:33:55 | |
at the very heart of his power base at Versailles. | 0:33:55 | 0:33:58 | |
Disloyal courtiers wised up to Louis's tactics | 0:34:02 | 0:34:07 | |
and found other ways to convey their messages. | 0:34:07 | 0:34:10 | |
With all of this surveillance going on, | 0:34:15 | 0:34:17 | |
there was only one way to keep a secret. | 0:34:17 | 0:34:19 | |
You had to write it in cipher. | 0:34:19 | 0:34:21 | |
(Secret code!) | 0:34:21 | 0:34:23 | |
I have identified this as a Cistercian Codex | 0:34:27 | 0:34:31 | |
from the Low Countries. | 0:34:31 | 0:34:32 | |
Very rare, almost forgotten. Used, it appears, | 0:34:32 | 0:34:35 | |
as an alternative to Roman numerals. | 0:34:35 | 0:34:38 | |
So these are merely numbers? | 0:34:39 | 0:34:41 | |
Which correspond to letters. | 0:34:41 | 0:34:43 | |
But Louis beat the courtiers at their own game by employing | 0:34:44 | 0:34:47 | |
cryptographers to crack the codes. | 0:34:47 | 0:34:50 | |
The first message is very simple. | 0:34:50 | 0:34:53 | |
"Kill the men who bring this map." | 0:34:53 | 0:34:55 | |
The second one is more intriguing. | 0:34:57 | 0:34:59 | |
A riddle, in fact. | 0:34:59 | 0:35:01 | |
"The end is near. | 0:35:07 | 0:35:08 | |
"Make your peace with God." | 0:35:10 | 0:35:12 | |
To make sure his own messages remained secret, | 0:35:18 | 0:35:21 | |
Louis engaged the services of Antoine Rossignol. | 0:35:21 | 0:35:25 | |
Rossignol was the greatest cryptographer of the 17th century. | 0:35:27 | 0:35:31 | |
He came up with a code that was so complex, that after it | 0:35:31 | 0:35:35 | |
fell out of regular use, it baffled cryptographers for centuries. | 0:35:35 | 0:35:39 | |
It was called the Great Cipher. | 0:35:40 | 0:35:43 | |
All this secrecy sounds extreme, but it worked. | 0:35:45 | 0:35:49 | |
After all, Louis wasn't assassinated. | 0:35:51 | 0:35:53 | |
But the king's paranoia grew. | 0:35:56 | 0:35:58 | |
In this world of fear and intrigue, who could he rely on? | 0:35:58 | 0:36:04 | |
As so often, Louis didn't put his trust in the most powerful men in the land, | 0:36:10 | 0:36:14 | |
potential rivals all, | 0:36:14 | 0:36:16 | |
but those with whom he spent his most intimate hours. | 0:36:16 | 0:36:20 | |
His chosen servants. | 0:36:20 | 0:36:21 | |
And there was one servant who was forever by Louis's side. | 0:36:27 | 0:36:31 | |
His valet for over 40 years, | 0:36:32 | 0:36:34 | |
Alexandre Bontemps. | 0:36:35 | 0:36:38 | |
Bontemps was the first to see the king in the morning, | 0:36:38 | 0:36:41 | |
and the last to tuck him up in bed at night. | 0:36:41 | 0:36:44 | |
He was one of the few people allowed to go through the gate in the | 0:36:44 | 0:36:47 | |
golden balustrade into the king's private area of the bedchamber. | 0:36:47 | 0:36:53 | |
Bontemps himself slept just here, on a camp bed. | 0:36:53 | 0:36:57 | |
The first valet was the only person | 0:36:57 | 0:36:59 | |
allowed to sleep in the king's bedchamber. | 0:36:59 | 0:37:02 | |
Not even the queen could do that. | 0:37:02 | 0:37:04 | |
Constantly vigilant, attentive to every need, | 0:37:04 | 0:37:08 | |
he was like a faithful old hound. | 0:37:08 | 0:37:11 | |
Sire, we received word the Parthenay family will arrive this morning. | 0:37:13 | 0:37:17 | |
-Will my goddaughter, Charlotte, be with them? -Yes, Sire. | 0:37:17 | 0:37:21 | |
A little ray of sunshine. | 0:37:21 | 0:37:23 | |
Bontemps's devotion to Louis dominated his life, | 0:37:25 | 0:37:29 | |
almost to the exclusion of his own family. | 0:37:29 | 0:37:32 | |
When asked one day how his wife was doing, | 0:37:32 | 0:37:34 | |
he automatically replied, "I'll ask the King." | 0:37:34 | 0:37:37 | |
-You have a woman? -My wife lives in Paris. | 0:37:39 | 0:37:42 | |
-With you? -I live with the King. | 0:37:42 | 0:37:45 | |
-Now I am confused. -Wherever the King sleeps, I sleep. | 0:37:45 | 0:37:49 | |
This is as far as I go. | 0:37:49 | 0:37:51 | |
His bed must be very crowded. | 0:37:54 | 0:37:57 | |
Bontemps knew everything about the King's most private affairs. | 0:37:58 | 0:38:03 | |
All personal correspondence went through his hands, | 0:38:03 | 0:38:06 | |
and he acted as a go-between for Louis and his lovers. | 0:38:06 | 0:38:10 | |
It was said that Bontemps was most secret, most faithful | 0:38:10 | 0:38:15 | |
and entirely devoted to the King. | 0:38:15 | 0:38:18 | |
This was one of Louis's closest relationships. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:22 | |
Pull up a chair. | 0:38:22 | 0:38:24 | |
I said a chair, not a stool. | 0:38:28 | 0:38:30 | |
A chair with arms. | 0:38:30 | 0:38:32 | |
Only a king may sit next to His Majesty in a chair with arms. | 0:38:39 | 0:38:43 | |
You are more than a king. | 0:38:43 | 0:38:45 | |
You are my friend. | 0:38:47 | 0:38:49 | |
So, could Louis XIV and his trusty valet really have been friends? | 0:39:03 | 0:39:07 | |
-What do you think? -Kings were surrounded by servants all the time. | 0:39:07 | 0:39:11 | |
There was huge intimacy there. But real friendship? | 0:39:11 | 0:39:15 | |
The difference in status made that much more complicated. | 0:39:15 | 0:39:18 | |
It does seem, though, that Louis was more at ease | 0:39:18 | 0:39:21 | |
with his retainers than almost anyone else. | 0:39:21 | 0:39:24 | |
Ah, and there is the evidence of the Duke of Saint-Simon, | 0:39:24 | 0:39:26 | |
who says that the King loved his servants more than his own children. | 0:39:26 | 0:39:30 | |
In return for his devoted service, | 0:39:32 | 0:39:35 | |
Louis showered Bontemps with gifts of land, titles and lucrative posts. | 0:39:35 | 0:39:40 | |
Bontemps could even afford a townhouse in Paris | 0:39:42 | 0:39:45 | |
with his own staff of 12. | 0:39:45 | 0:39:48 | |
Louis didn't just elevate his personal servants, he made | 0:39:50 | 0:39:53 | |
a point of promoting ministers from more humble backgrounds. | 0:39:53 | 0:39:56 | |
And his decision to promote them at the expense of his nobles | 0:39:56 | 0:40:00 | |
brought about a change in the way that France was governed. | 0:40:00 | 0:40:03 | |
It began what the resentful Saint-Simon called | 0:40:03 | 0:40:06 | |
"the reign of the vile bourgeoisie". | 0:40:06 | 0:40:08 | |
Louis transformed life at court down to the smallest detail. | 0:40:12 | 0:40:16 | |
He even changed what people wore. | 0:40:18 | 0:40:21 | |
From the hats on their heads to the shoes on their feet. | 0:40:21 | 0:40:25 | |
Louis's own love of drama and splendour was reflected in HIS wardrobe. | 0:40:28 | 0:40:33 | |
This was power dressing... Louis XIV style. | 0:40:44 | 0:40:48 | |
I must tell you all, | 0:40:50 | 0:40:53 | |
I believe that very soon we shall have a revolution in our country. | 0:40:53 | 0:40:56 | |
The world knows France to be a master of the battlefield. | 0:40:58 | 0:41:02 | |
But one glimpse around this glorious place will tell you, soon it will be | 0:41:02 | 0:41:06 | |
our textile mercers and our master tailors who shall transform the world. | 0:41:06 | 0:41:10 | |
Our fashions will be revered just as much for their beauty, | 0:41:10 | 0:41:15 | |
elegance, refinement and grace. | 0:41:15 | 0:41:19 | |
The finest in the world. | 0:41:19 | 0:41:21 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:41:21 | 0:41:23 | |
To achieve his ends, Louis introduced a strict new dress code. | 0:41:23 | 0:41:28 | |
We are trying it on for size with the help of costume historian Mark Wallis. | 0:41:29 | 0:41:34 | |
How did Louis make his courtiers look the way he wanted them to? | 0:41:36 | 0:41:40 | |
By the royal edict, | 0:41:40 | 0:41:42 | |
you could not wear anything not made of French manufacturer. | 0:41:42 | 0:41:44 | |
If you were caught wearing something made from a different country, | 0:41:44 | 0:41:47 | |
it would be taken off and burnt. And fined of course, too. | 0:41:47 | 0:41:50 | |
He did something that never had happened before, | 0:41:50 | 0:41:52 | |
which was to invent a court uniform called the justaucorps a brevet. | 0:41:52 | 0:41:56 | |
Now, these coats are entirely new. | 0:41:56 | 0:41:59 | |
Made of blue cloth, covered in gold and silver, lined with red. | 0:41:59 | 0:42:02 | |
Only 50 men, the King, the royal dukes, the princes etc, | 0:42:02 | 0:42:06 | |
were allowed to wear this coat. | 0:42:06 | 0:42:08 | |
That really showed you were in with the in crowd. | 0:42:08 | 0:42:10 | |
And if you died, your coat would be handed on to the next person | 0:42:10 | 0:42:12 | |
-considered suitable enough to wear it. -So he's using the carrot and the stick. | 0:42:12 | 0:42:16 | |
They want to look like they're part of the club, they want to look good. | 0:42:16 | 0:42:20 | |
-And if they break the rules, they get fined. -Yes. | 0:42:20 | 0:42:22 | |
And of course, it suited Louis's ego. The more splendid his court | 0:42:22 | 0:42:25 | |
looked, the better he looked. | 0:42:25 | 0:42:26 | |
And was the envy of all Christian princes. | 0:42:26 | 0:42:29 | |
Thanks to Louis, France became the capital of haute couture, | 0:42:30 | 0:42:33 | |
something it's remained to this day. | 0:42:33 | 0:42:36 | |
And Louis found that forcing his courtiers to follow fashion | 0:42:36 | 0:42:40 | |
had other advantages. | 0:42:40 | 0:42:42 | |
So how much of an investment would an outfit like this have been? | 0:42:45 | 0:42:48 | |
So you have around your collar this bertha, as it's known. | 0:42:48 | 0:42:51 | |
This would be the equivalent, around your shoulders, of perhaps | 0:42:51 | 0:42:54 | |
a very expensive sports car. Perhaps even a yacht. | 0:42:54 | 0:42:57 | |
You also have lace upon your gown, down the front | 0:42:57 | 0:42:59 | |
and all around the hem of the skirt. | 0:42:59 | 0:43:01 | |
Again, just to show your wealth, or your husband's wealth, | 0:43:01 | 0:43:05 | |
and your extravagance. | 0:43:05 | 0:43:06 | |
Now, turning to Lucy, again with your coat made of silk, and of | 0:43:06 | 0:43:10 | |
course the gold galloon running down the front, vertically on your coat. | 0:43:10 | 0:43:15 | |
The wonderful detail. | 0:43:15 | 0:43:16 | |
Lots of buttons, made in France, of gold. | 0:43:16 | 0:43:19 | |
So, really, everything is the best. | 0:43:19 | 0:43:21 | |
Yet you've got to afford not just one outfit, you had to have | 0:43:21 | 0:43:24 | |
lots of different outfits for lots of different occasions. | 0:43:24 | 0:43:26 | |
All of which cost a fortune. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:28 | |
This one is nice. | 0:43:35 | 0:43:37 | |
We'll need more than just a dress, a filigree bracelet | 0:43:37 | 0:43:40 | |
and a necklace of diamonds, believe me. | 0:43:40 | 0:43:42 | |
-But how will we pay? -Oh! | 0:43:42 | 0:43:45 | |
Let me worry about that. | 0:43:45 | 0:43:47 | |
What happened if they couldn't afford it? | 0:43:50 | 0:43:52 | |
It was so expensive, it would bankrupt people. | 0:43:52 | 0:43:54 | |
So you'd borrow from the King, at a certain interest level, | 0:43:54 | 0:43:57 | |
and that gets you deeper in. You're in a royal circle of debt. | 0:43:57 | 0:43:59 | |
It's incredible how he managed it. | 0:43:59 | 0:44:01 | |
Like a spider in the great golden web. | 0:44:01 | 0:44:03 | |
It was typically clever of Louis to use fashion to show off his | 0:44:07 | 0:44:11 | |
courtiers' wealth, while at the same time stripping it away from them. | 0:44:11 | 0:44:16 | |
As one marquis said, "No-one at Versailles was really rich | 0:44:16 | 0:44:20 | |
"because they'd spent their fortunes on all this." | 0:44:20 | 0:44:23 | |
The ruthless side of Louis's nature was also evident | 0:44:33 | 0:44:37 | |
in his treatment of his closest relative - his brother, Philippe. | 0:44:37 | 0:44:41 | |
-Now, give it to me. -I knew it, the minute you get the chance, | 0:44:43 | 0:44:46 | |
you belittle me again. | 0:44:46 | 0:44:49 | |
-Brother. -The magic word, what is it? | 0:44:49 | 0:44:53 | |
Do not forget who addresses you. | 0:44:53 | 0:44:55 | |
You never were good at sharing. | 0:45:05 | 0:45:07 | |
Throughout history, the relationship between a king | 0:45:10 | 0:45:13 | |
and his younger brother has been tricky. | 0:45:13 | 0:45:16 | |
It's no fun being the spare when you want to be the heir. | 0:45:16 | 0:45:20 | |
And the relationship between Louis | 0:45:20 | 0:45:22 | |
and HIS younger brother was understandably tense. | 0:45:22 | 0:45:25 | |
Do you think it's hard to be a king? | 0:45:39 | 0:45:42 | |
Try being a king's brother for a day. | 0:45:42 | 0:45:44 | |
The differences between Louis and Philippe were clear | 0:45:46 | 0:45:50 | |
from very early on. | 0:45:50 | 0:45:51 | |
Here's Louis as a little boy, | 0:45:52 | 0:45:54 | |
and he's already dressed as a little king, | 0:45:54 | 0:45:57 | |
in his beautiful leather boots, | 0:45:57 | 0:45:59 | |
his red breeches with gold fringing, his hat with the white plume. | 0:45:59 | 0:46:04 | |
And, at first glance, you might assume this is his sister. | 0:46:05 | 0:46:08 | |
He looks like a girl with pink cheeks and wearing a dress, | 0:46:08 | 0:46:12 | |
but actually it's Louis's younger brother, Philippe. | 0:46:12 | 0:46:17 | |
Now, don't read too much into this. | 0:46:17 | 0:46:19 | |
Little boys in the 17th century were put in dresses | 0:46:19 | 0:46:22 | |
until they were old enough to be breeched at the age of seven, | 0:46:22 | 0:46:25 | |
put into a man's clothing or breeches. | 0:46:25 | 0:46:28 | |
But in this case, the boy's mother was determined that Philippe | 0:46:28 | 0:46:31 | |
should never present a threat to Louis. | 0:46:31 | 0:46:34 | |
To this end, she nurtured his feminine side. | 0:46:34 | 0:46:38 | |
She called him "my little girl", and she always encouraged him | 0:46:38 | 0:46:42 | |
to wear dresses. | 0:46:42 | 0:46:43 | |
This had a lasting impact on Philippe. | 0:46:44 | 0:46:48 | |
Philippe, Duc d'Orleans. | 0:46:48 | 0:46:49 | |
As an adult, Philippe sometimes chose to dress up as a woman, | 0:46:53 | 0:46:57 | |
and he loved ladies clothing. | 0:46:57 | 0:47:00 | |
One court chronicler said that he was always decked out like a woman, | 0:47:03 | 0:47:08 | |
"covered everywhere with rings, bracelets and jewels, with a long black wig. | 0:47:08 | 0:47:13 | |
"He also wore such high heels that he looked like he was wearing stilts." | 0:47:13 | 0:47:17 | |
-So good of you to come. -A pleasure. | 0:47:17 | 0:47:21 | |
You spent 50,000 on shoes. | 0:47:21 | 0:47:24 | |
Well, you haven't seen the shoes. | 0:47:26 | 0:47:29 | |
Madame de La Fayette said that | 0:47:30 | 0:47:32 | |
"the miracle of inflaming the heart of this prince was not reserved for any woman." | 0:47:32 | 0:47:38 | |
Philippe was married to Henrietta of England, | 0:47:40 | 0:47:44 | |
but his true love was the Chevalier de Lorraine. | 0:47:44 | 0:47:48 | |
A handsome, blond-haired nobleman of princely rank. | 0:47:48 | 0:47:53 | |
He lived with Philippe, and was a sort of male official mistress. | 0:47:53 | 0:47:57 | |
It was a crowded marriage. | 0:48:00 | 0:48:02 | |
Philippe flaunted his femininity. | 0:48:06 | 0:48:09 | |
Everybody knew that he had male lovers. | 0:48:09 | 0:48:11 | |
On the one hand, this was an embarrassment to Louis, but on | 0:48:11 | 0:48:15 | |
the other, it meant that Philippe served as a foil to the King. | 0:48:15 | 0:48:19 | |
They were two halves of a whole, a perfect double act. | 0:48:19 | 0:48:22 | |
Philippe's lack of manliness | 0:48:22 | 0:48:24 | |
only served to emphasise Louis's masculinity. | 0:48:24 | 0:48:28 | |
But, as it turned out, | 0:48:28 | 0:48:30 | |
and perhaps surprisingly for a man who loved shoes so much, | 0:48:30 | 0:48:34 | |
Philippe would upstage his brother in one crucial area. | 0:48:34 | 0:48:38 | |
Philippe dreamed of being a soldier. | 0:48:39 | 0:48:43 | |
In the 1670s, when France was at war with Holland, | 0:48:45 | 0:48:48 | |
he demanded to join the action. | 0:48:48 | 0:48:51 | |
Bontemps. | 0:48:51 | 0:48:53 | |
I have a sword, armour and a horse. | 0:48:55 | 0:48:58 | |
Why the delay? When will I go to war? | 0:48:58 | 0:49:00 | |
-The King has not yet set a date. -What am I supposed to do until then? | 0:49:00 | 0:49:05 | |
In the spring of 1677, the French launched a rapid | 0:49:09 | 0:49:12 | |
attack on enemy-held towns in northern France. | 0:49:12 | 0:49:15 | |
Philippe was finally posted to the front line. | 0:49:20 | 0:49:23 | |
At the Battle of Cassel, he commanded the troops | 0:49:29 | 0:49:32 | |
and personally led the charge. | 0:49:32 | 0:49:34 | |
BATTLE CRIES | 0:49:37 | 0:49:40 | |
Eyewitnesses said that he charged like a grenadier. | 0:49:44 | 0:49:47 | |
Philippe fought so bravely that his troops were inspired to | 0:49:47 | 0:49:50 | |
perform miracles. | 0:49:50 | 0:49:52 | |
The result? A complete victory against the Dutch. | 0:49:59 | 0:50:02 | |
Afterwards, on the road back to Paris, people shouted, | 0:50:05 | 0:50:08 | |
"Long live the King, and Monsieur, who won the battle!" | 0:50:08 | 0:50:12 | |
Louis didn't like the sound of that. | 0:50:12 | 0:50:14 | |
CHEERING | 0:50:15 | 0:50:17 | |
Louis made sure that when the Battle of Cassel was painted, | 0:50:26 | 0:50:30 | |
it represented his version of events. | 0:50:30 | 0:50:33 | |
In this glorious painting, the battle rages, a gun is fired, | 0:50:35 | 0:50:39 | |
and a soldier falls. | 0:50:39 | 0:50:41 | |
And here, in the thick of the fighting, | 0:50:41 | 0:50:43 | |
is the king on his warhorse in his white-plumed hat. | 0:50:43 | 0:50:47 | |
But in life, not art, Louis wasn't even there. | 0:50:48 | 0:50:52 | |
The hero of the hour was Philippe. And where's he? | 0:50:52 | 0:50:55 | |
Here, stuck in the corner, in his brother's shadow. | 0:50:57 | 0:51:00 | |
Seen nursing a bump on the head at Versailles, Louis receives word | 0:51:03 | 0:51:08 | |
of his brother's victory. | 0:51:08 | 0:51:09 | |
"We report with joy the success of the king's | 0:51:11 | 0:51:14 | |
"infantry against the troops of the Spanish. | 0:51:14 | 0:51:17 | |
"Siege is now laid to the town of Cambrai." | 0:51:17 | 0:51:20 | |
At last, some good news. | 0:51:20 | 0:51:23 | |
"Most remarkable of all heroes present in the king's name, | 0:51:23 | 0:51:26 | |
"is His Majesty's own brother, Prince Philippe, | 0:51:26 | 0:51:30 | |
"the Duke of Orleans, who has shown bravery on the battlefield..." | 0:51:30 | 0:51:34 | |
-That's enough news for now. -"A true and everlasting hero..." | 0:51:34 | 0:51:39 | |
I said enough! | 0:51:39 | 0:51:40 | |
And so it was in real life. | 0:51:40 | 0:51:43 | |
Louis was so jealous of his little brother's achievement | 0:51:43 | 0:51:46 | |
that he never again put him in charge of an army. | 0:51:46 | 0:51:49 | |
No-one could outshine the Sun King. | 0:51:49 | 0:51:51 | |
If Louis was the sun, Philippe was the moon, | 0:51:54 | 0:51:57 | |
only allowed to shine in his brother's reflected glory. | 0:51:57 | 0:52:01 | |
At Versailles, everyone revolved around the Sun King. | 0:52:13 | 0:52:19 | |
Louis officially moved the seat of government | 0:52:19 | 0:52:21 | |
and installed his court here in 1684. | 0:52:21 | 0:52:25 | |
And for the remaining 30 years of his reign, | 0:52:26 | 0:52:29 | |
he only returned to Paris eight times. | 0:52:29 | 0:52:32 | |
It was a staggering transformation in the way | 0:52:32 | 0:52:35 | |
the French monarchy ruled. | 0:52:35 | 0:52:38 | |
Louis had created the ultimate power base, | 0:52:38 | 0:52:41 | |
5,000 souls living firmly underneath the royal thumb. | 0:52:41 | 0:52:45 | |
It's tempting to see all this crazy ritual and extravagance | 0:52:47 | 0:52:51 | |
as just another example of absolute power corrupting absolutely. | 0:52:51 | 0:52:57 | |
You'd think that this combination of luxury and cruelty | 0:52:57 | 0:53:00 | |
would lead to violent collapse. | 0:53:00 | 0:53:03 | |
But in Louis' case, it didn't. | 0:53:03 | 0:53:05 | |
The country was no longer torn apart by feuding nobles, | 0:53:05 | 0:53:09 | |
and France became renowned for its culture and sophistication. | 0:53:09 | 0:53:13 | |
On his deathbed, Louis pronounced, | 0:53:13 | 0:53:15 | |
"I depart, but the state will always remain." | 0:53:15 | 0:53:20 | |
Well, remain it did, at least for a while. | 0:53:20 | 0:53:23 | |
And what will surely always remain, is Louis' Palace of Versailles. | 0:53:23 | 0:53:28 |