Browse content similar to 07/04/2014. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
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warns Russia to back off eastern Ukraine or else. Or else what? With | :00:12. | :00:20. | |
pro-Russian protestors unbowed, is the west's main weapon now bluster? | :00:21. | :00:25. | |
Do Tory MPs want the Culture Secretary Miller to disappear? Well | :00:26. | :00:33. | |
that's matter for her and the Prime Minister. I will make an | :00:34. | :00:41. | |
observation, if I was in her position facing a difficult set of | :00:42. | :00:44. | |
circumstances and a local election I wouldn't expect my colleagues to go | :00:45. | :00:50. | |
around. We remember the Rwandan genocide? I covered my years, my | :00:51. | :00:57. | |
family, my uncles family, I remember seeing all of them... It is said to | :00:58. | :01:01. | |
be everywhere but we can't see it, are we about to find Dark Matter? | :01:02. | :01:14. | |
Increasingly frantic appeals from people who say they are an oppressed | :01:15. | :01:22. | |
minority. There is another way of looking at the crisis in Ukraine, | :01:23. | :01:26. | |
Vladimir Putin sees the recent change of Government to be a coup | :01:27. | :01:32. | |
carried out by Neo-Nazis. Could he order something similar to the | :01:33. | :01:37. | |
seizing of Crimea in the rest of the country. A White House spokesman | :01:38. | :01:41. | |
warned him to back off if he was planning anything like that overt or | :01:42. | :01:49. | |
covert. We take stock. In the east Ukrainian city protesters have | :01:50. | :01:53. | |
seized Government buildings and today announced the setting up of | :01:54. | :02:03. | |
their own Republic. Russian TV made it their lead, while the interim | :02:04. | :02:07. | |
Government in Kiev reeled from this fresh crisis. Somebody wants to make | :02:08. | :02:15. | |
sure the new Government don't control all the country. | :02:16. | :02:27. | |
It wasn't just there, here a security building was seized and in | :02:28. | :02:37. | |
other cities there were clashes. If this apparent co-ordination was not | :02:38. | :02:43. | |
suspicious enough, pro-Moscow activists in each city are talking | :02:44. | :02:47. | |
about holding a referendum in the second week of May. Yesterday the | :02:48. | :02:52. | |
second wave of the Russian federation's special operation | :02:53. | :02:57. | |
against Ukraine started. The goal is to destablise the situation in the | :02:58. | :03:00. | |
country, topple Ukrainian authorities, disrupt the elections | :03:01. | :03:09. | |
and tear our country apart. Can troops close to Ukraine's borders | :03:10. | :03:12. | |
the situation could now escalate very rapidly indeed. If it all seems | :03:13. | :03:17. | |
like an exact replay of Crimea, it isn't quite. Crimean Government | :03:18. | :03:22. | |
buildings were taken over by special for example where as those who | :03:23. | :03:26. | |
started occupying buildings in eastern Ukraine yesterday are a more | :03:27. | :03:30. | |
ran Dom selection of local toughs and activists, and it seems apparent | :03:31. | :03:36. | |
that they don't want to unite with Russia, rather they want a new deal | :03:37. | :03:43. | |
vis a vis Ukraine. I don't think if people demand freedom, democracy, | :03:44. | :03:47. | |
the rights to vote, I don't think it is a bad thing. If Brussels will be | :03:48. | :04:00. | |
taught they should respect the rights of the Ukrainian people. | :04:01. | :04:06. | |
Nevertheless what was taken I think could be very good. | :04:07. | :04:09. | |
The Russian goal is to create a new power structure in the Ukraine, in | :04:10. | :04:14. | |
which the eastern provinces get federal powers and that allows them | :04:15. | :04:19. | |
to stop any move for example closer to the EU by Ukraine as a whole. The | :04:20. | :04:24. | |
reason though that this is going to become so dangerous is that many | :04:25. | :04:28. | |
think the type of referendum now being proposed by the activists in | :04:29. | :04:33. | |
the east can't take place. Unless there are Russian troops on the | :04:34. | :04:38. | |
ground. So Ukraine's Government must now | :04:39. | :04:41. | |
respond to this knowing much of the police in the east sides could be | :04:42. | :04:47. | |
with Russian activists and there could be a large scale invasion | :04:48. | :04:50. | |
triggered. Russia and the US have tonight been | :04:51. | :05:14. | |
talking about renewed negotiations to resolve this crisis. And the | :05:15. | :05:19. | |
stakes could hardly be higher. For the imperative now is not just to | :05:20. | :05:24. | |
avoid conflict in eastern Ukraine but to prevent large scale western | :05:25. | :05:28. | |
sanctions against Russia that could follow any invasion. Now we have | :05:29. | :05:37. | |
President Obama's White House co-ordinator for weapons of mass | :05:38. | :05:42. | |
destruction between 2009-2013, he's now at Harvard University, we have | :05:43. | :05:48. | |
an expert in Russian foreign policy from St Anthony's College Oxford. | :05:49. | :05:52. | |
What do you think is Putin's ambition in this situation? Well, I | :05:53. | :06:02. | |
think President putt tin Putin is hoping to achieve this through the | :06:03. | :06:07. | |
threat of force, including efforts to destablising eastern Ukraine. At | :06:08. | :06:11. | |
the same time I am afraid if that doesn't work, if he's not able to | :06:12. | :06:16. | |
achieve the changes in the Ukrainian institution constitution -- | :06:17. | :06:22. | |
constitutions he is seeking, I believe he's prepared to use force | :06:23. | :06:28. | |
to seize and occupy parts of Ukraine. What is he seeking? Changes | :06:29. | :06:32. | |
in the constitution of Ukraine that would protect Russian interests, so | :06:33. | :06:37. | |
for example the proposals would make sure that the Government of Ukraine | :06:38. | :06:43. | |
would not join any military alliance, for example, NATO. The | :06:44. | :06:48. | |
propose changes would also create a federal structure so that the | :06:49. | :06:52. | |
eastern provinces that are dominated by Russian speakers would constrain | :06:53. | :06:57. | |
what the central Government in Kiev was prepared to do. And the Russians | :06:58. | :07:01. | |
would like to see these changes put in place before the presidential | :07:02. | :07:06. | |
elections in Ukraine that are scheduled for May 25th which, I | :07:07. | :07:11. | |
don't think is very realistic, because the interim Government has | :07:12. | :07:15. | |
not really been organised nor does it have the legitimacy to organise | :07:16. | :07:21. | |
such a constitutional convention. So I'm afraid the Russians will push | :07:22. | :07:25. | |
very hard. Let's see if there is a shared analysis? One thing is we | :07:26. | :07:31. | |
overstrategyise Putin, we assume these are brilliant pre-laid plans. | :07:32. | :07:35. | |
From the information coming out Crimea, the decision to take Crimea | :07:36. | :07:38. | |
as it was taken probably preceded that by a fortnight. There were | :07:39. | :07:43. | |
contingency plans, that is why it went smoothly. Broadly speaking | :07:44. | :07:49. | |
Putin wants to have the old former Soviet Union, he wants sufficient | :07:50. | :07:53. | |
leverage over Ukraine to prevent it becoming a member of NATO. But more | :07:54. | :07:58. | |
than that I don't think. And to leverage it when he wants to. So his | :07:59. | :08:02. | |
interest lies at the moment in translating discontent in the | :08:03. | :08:07. | |
eastern parts of Ukraine with Kiev, which is very widespread, only 20% | :08:08. | :08:11. | |
of south-east support the Government, into a leverageable | :08:12. | :08:14. | |
situation where you can turn that into cause and demands for | :08:15. | :08:19. | |
devolution within Ukraine. I don't think he wants the partition of | :08:20. | :08:24. | |
Ukraine. From the way it seems to be playing out, hasn't the west tacitly | :08:25. | :08:29. | |
accepted that this is Russia's sphere of influence? I think we have | :08:30. | :08:33. | |
tacitly accepted that Crimea is gone. Crimea was a very special | :08:34. | :08:39. | |
case. I don't think we have accepted that Russia has the right to | :08:40. | :08:44. | |
partition at will Ukraine. Which is an independent, sovereign state. I | :08:45. | :08:48. | |
don't think we have. It may not be what he's seeking? I don't think we | :08:49. | :08:51. | |
have a policy though that is well thought through. As usual we rely on | :08:52. | :08:56. | |
Washington to set a policy and strategy. At the moment from what I | :08:57. | :09:01. | |
see I don't think we have a good will thought-through strategy in | :09:02. | :09:05. | |
Washington. There are not many levers to be pulled are there? Well, | :09:06. | :09:10. | |
we're certainly not going to defend Ukraine, we and the Europeans. I | :09:11. | :09:16. | |
don't think the Ukrainians are capable of defending themselves, | :09:17. | :09:22. | |
especial ly in the east. The big tool the Europeans have is the | :09:23. | :09:26. | |
threat of serious economic sanctions which obviously have been withheld | :09:27. | :09:31. | |
up to now. The sanctions that have been imposed so far have been mainly | :09:32. | :09:37. | |
symbolic. Sanctions cut both ways. It is interesting to see how far | :09:38. | :09:40. | |
Europe will be prepared to go in terms of sanctioning the gas sector. | :09:41. | :09:44. | |
Which is obviously a huge step, but would hurt Europe as well as Russia. | :09:45. | :09:49. | |
What do you think of the chances of serious sanctions being used? I | :09:50. | :09:52. | |
think sanctions have a very poor track record throughout the world. | :09:53. | :09:56. | |
We should hold out the prospect of sanctions, but what we should be | :09:57. | :10:01. | |
doing now is also holding out the word to Russia that it is a great | :10:02. | :10:05. | |
guardian of international law and make it actually do something. | :10:06. | :10:08. | |
President Putin should go on television, let us say and appeal to | :10:09. | :10:14. | |
his compatriots in eastern Ukraine to obey the law as they would in | :10:15. | :10:21. | |
Russia. We need to make Russia hold to its word as an upholder of | :10:22. | :10:25. | |
international order. We need to inject lots of money into Ukraine | :10:26. | :10:28. | |
and make sure the eastern parts of Ukraine see some of that money from | :10:29. | :10:33. | |
Kiev. Why would we do that? They feel it is not just a political | :10:34. | :10:37. | |
pro-Russian anti-Kiev movement, it is also economic. In Crimea | :10:38. | :10:41. | |
pensioners were delighted that their pensions would double when they | :10:42. | :10:45. | |
became members of Russia. People in the region of industry which is rust | :10:46. | :10:50. | |
built in many ways want a better standard of living. They feel they | :10:51. | :10:55. | |
are being neglected by Kiev. Do you see any appetite to spend money in | :10:56. | :11:00. | |
Ukraine? Well I agree with Alex that we should be trying to prop up the | :11:01. | :11:06. | |
economy and help Ukrainians, but I frankly don't think that assistance | :11:07. | :11:10. | |
can arrive in time to avert the current crisis. The big question is | :11:11. | :11:14. | |
whether the Government in Kiev is prepared toe make some concessions | :11:15. | :11:17. | |
in order to accommodate the Russians. And in particular on | :11:18. | :11:23. | |
issues like NATO membership. Which frankly I don't think Ukraine will | :11:24. | :11:27. | |
ever be brought into NATO. Because the western countries are not | :11:28. | :11:31. | |
prepared to defend Ukraine. So will Ukraine be willing to provide | :11:32. | :11:35. | |
assurances to Russia that will satisfy Putin and avert further | :11:36. | :11:41. | |
conflict and instability? Thank you both very much indeed. The Prime | :11:42. | :11:45. | |
Minister is showing no sign of throwing his Culture Secretary to | :11:46. | :11:49. | |
the dogs, however loudly they may have barked again over Miller's | :11:50. | :11:56. | |
abuse of public funds and her 32-second apology to the House of | :11:57. | :11:59. | |
Commons. He declared today that what matters is doing the right thing and | :12:00. | :12:03. | |
that he thought she had done so. Other parliamentarians were | :12:04. | :12:07. | |
wondering exactly how she or the committee of MPs who let her off the | :12:08. | :12:12. | |
repayment demanded by the regulators have enhanced the standing of | :12:13. | :12:23. | |
parliament or trust with the voter? If you ever want to know who your | :12:24. | :12:26. | |
friends are, trying tri-going through a parliamentary expenses | :12:27. | :12:32. | |
scandal. Twitter is great place to go if if you want to see how | :12:33. | :12:37. | |
unpopular you are. This weekend the Department of Culture, media and | :12:38. | :12:42. | |
sports account was hacks, this is the result. In a parody of the | :12:43. | :12:56. | |
policy they used a hashtag to comment. It is interesting how | :12:57. | :13:00. | |
loathe how many MPs are to speak out any way. This issue is just as toxic | :13:01. | :13:04. | |
as it was when it first hit the headlines five years ago, that | :13:05. | :13:13. | |
thatted nadire relationship between those who rule and those who vote | :13:14. | :13:17. | |
them in and out. It came down to the PM. This morning he was out and | :13:18. | :13:22. | |
about in a supermarket and with a baby. He was talking about new jobs | :13:23. | :13:25. | |
for 12,000 people. His Culture Secretary, however, was not one of | :13:26. | :13:37. | |
them. Maria McMillan is in Miller is doing an excellent job and that is | :13:38. | :13:41. | |
why she is there. He has said it three times. Even before he came to | :13:42. | :13:45. | |
office David Cameron made it clear he didn't want to chop and change | :13:46. | :13:51. | |
his ministers via raging press. He has stuck to it, fewer reshuffles | :13:52. | :13:56. | |
and sackings, more sustained tenure in the top jobs. The difficulty may | :13:57. | :14:00. | |
not be with the public perception but his own MPs. Some of whom are | :14:01. | :14:03. | |
feeling particularly vulnerable right now. Jackie Doyle Pryce has | :14:04. | :14:10. | |
the most marginal Tory seat in the country, a majority of just 92 and | :14:11. | :14:14. | |
says this is making the fight much harder. Would it make it easier for | :14:15. | :14:19. | |
you if she went? That is a matter for her and the Prime Minister. But | :14:20. | :14:23. | |
I will just make this observation that if I was in that position, | :14:24. | :14:27. | |
facing a difficult set of local election, I wouldn't be expecting my | :14:28. | :14:34. | |
colleagues to defend me. So yes? That's a matter for her. David Law | :14:35. | :14:40. | |
as you might remember went quietly over his expense, Mark Harper | :14:41. | :14:43. | |
resigned almost before the story broke over his illegally employed | :14:44. | :14:48. | |
nanny. It is a no-fuss approach colleagues say reaps its own | :14:49. | :14:53. | |
rewards. But the fury isn't only directed at Maria Miller, but the | :14:54. | :14:57. | |
system that allowed it to happen today. One of the Labour MPs, who | :14:58. | :15:02. | |
sparked the initial investigation, called for policing of MPs. David | :15:03. | :15:06. | |
Cameron says he's open to the thought and others say not | :15:07. | :15:09. | |
necessarily. Ultimately the democratically elected part of | :15:10. | :15:13. | |
Government is the highest form of authority you have. So anything you | :15:14. | :15:19. | |
set up that is independent is set up by that body and can be abolished by | :15:20. | :15:23. | |
the body. Therefore it is more honest for parliament to say we will | :15:24. | :15:29. | |
regulate ourselves than to elect some unaccountable and unelected | :15:30. | :15:32. | |
bureaucrat that they can get rid of any way. I have got hold of the | :15:33. | :15:38. | |
House of Commons document into Maria Miller's expenses, all 110-pages of | :15:39. | :15:46. | |
it, it is impen treble, has details of the first and second home. On | :15:47. | :15:50. | |
page 25 you find the crux of the matter, Code of Conduct, the sense | :15:51. | :15:56. | |
she failed adequately to respond to the commissioner's questions, and | :15:57. | :16:01. | |
she consistently challenged his inquiries. When you talk to MPs on | :16:02. | :16:10. | |
both sides of the House, the agreement is she doesn't get it | :16:11. | :16:15. | |
still. Tonight a ministerial colleague, one | :16:16. | :16:18. | |
arguably after her job, pointedly said she would have done things | :16:19. | :16:22. | |
differently. So will Miss Miller survive? Well she has been seen in | :16:23. | :16:26. | |
neither of her two homes. But timing, as ever, will be crucial. | :16:27. | :16:31. | |
One thing stands in her favour, and that is the Easter parliamentary | :16:32. | :16:35. | |
recess. If she can hang on two more days, she may have earned a | :16:36. | :16:38. | |
political resurrection until the next reshuffle at least. There were | :16:39. | :16:46. | |
intensely moving commemorations in Rwanda today of the genocide that | :16:47. | :16:51. | |
began there exactly 20 years ago. In 100 days of violence more people | :16:52. | :16:56. | |
were killed than Britain lost in the entire First World War. We are going | :16:57. | :17:02. | |
to hear the testimony now of Liliane Umubyey. She was 15 in 1994 when the | :17:03. | :17:09. | |
Hutus began murdering so many of their Tutsi neighbours. She saw | :17:10. | :17:14. | |
almost her entire family killed by a Hutu mob. Understand escaping her | :17:15. | :17:20. | |
caters and moving to Britain in 2000, she has worked with other | :17:21. | :17:24. | |
survivors through the Survivor's Fund. She's currently studying for | :17:25. | :17:44. | |
an MA at Oxford Brookes University. 2000, she has | :17:45. | :17:46. | |
My name is Liliane Umubyey, long before the inside I was 12 years | :17:47. | :17:58. | |
old, we didn't know who was Hutu or Tutsi. Even if the parents gave you | :17:59. | :18:02. | |
a bad eye you wouldn't take much notice because you didn't know why. | :18:03. | :18:08. | |
In 1994 the Hutus picked up the machetes and killed the Tutsis. The | :18:09. | :18:15. | |
sixth April 1994, the Rwandan President is killed when his plane | :18:16. | :18:19. | |
is shot down. With confusion over who is to blame and the Government | :18:20. | :18:23. | |
in disarray, the killing of Tutsis begins. I remember when they came to | :18:24. | :18:33. | |
my uncle's house. Singing very joyful songs that nobody should | :18:34. | :18:37. | |
escape. Rejoicing over what they were going to do. The killing was | :18:38. | :18:41. | |
already spreading in the whole neighbourhood. My parents didn't | :18:42. | :18:46. | |
want to open the door. So as we hear the song, they are approaching the | :18:47. | :18:50. | |
house. As I saw them with all sorts of weapons and I couldn't just | :18:51. | :18:56. | |
believe. That painful death it was so unbearable to my mind. I just | :18:57. | :18:59. | |
jumped through the back window. I tried to run but the whole group was | :19:00. | :19:06. | |
already surrounding the compound. So I climbed the tree that was in the | :19:07. | :19:11. | |
back yard. The 7th of April 1994, as UN peacekeepers stand aside, Rwandan | :19:12. | :19:17. | |
soldiers and Hutu militia hunt for Tutsis, some people are shot, but | :19:18. | :19:22. | |
many more are killed with clubs, sticks and machete, radio broadcasts | :19:23. | :19:29. | |
call for the extermination of Tutsi cockroaches. A minute later all I | :19:30. | :19:38. | |
could hear from the house was... Was the noise of my parents screaming... | :19:39. | :19:46. | |
And it was terrifying but I couldn't do nothing. I couldn't even go down. | :19:47. | :19:58. | |
Once they finished killing everybody they pulled all the bodies outside | :19:59. | :20:04. | |
to double check who escaped and who is not dead yet. In the tree of | :20:05. | :20:12. | |
course I was holding the branch I couldn't cover my ears to hear what | :20:13. | :20:16. | |
was going on. There was lots of, then my family, my uncle's family | :20:17. | :20:26. | |
and, yeah... I remember seeing all of them... The 11th April 1994 tens | :20:27. | :20:35. | |
of thousands of Tutsi and had you sue moderates have been kicked. The | :20:36. | :20:39. | |
civilians they been sheltering are left to the Hutu mobs as the | :20:40. | :20:44. | |
peacekeepers move to the airport. I stayed there for a long, long time. | :20:45. | :20:49. | |
I thought will I stay here for ever, and I didn't have anywhere else to | :20:50. | :20:56. | |
go. When the evening came the dog, the wild dogs just start coming to | :20:57. | :21:02. | |
savage the bodies and I said no way, no chance. This was done by human | :21:03. | :21:05. | |
beings, but you are a dog you cannot do that. This is all I have left for | :21:06. | :21:10. | |
me. And I tried to stone them. As I was stoning them I climbed down. I | :21:11. | :21:15. | |
was running behind the dogs and then I felt I can't go back and then I | :21:16. | :21:20. | |
went and asked shelter from the neighbours. In the following weeks | :21:21. | :21:26. | |
as the UN Security Council wastes its breath deciding whether the | :21:27. | :21:32. | |
massacres can be legally escribed as genocide, the number of deaths | :21:33. | :21:35. | |
increase, tens of thousands become hundreds of thousands. She is called | :21:36. | :21:41. | |
Rosa I asked Rosa could you help me, she was even the one who yelled most | :21:42. | :21:45. | |
to say she's here, and then I tried to run behind the house, I fell in | :21:46. | :21:48. | |
the pit. I couldn't just get up quickly enough before they | :21:49. | :21:53. | |
surrounded the pit and said could you come up. I said I'm not, you | :21:54. | :21:58. | |
kill me here and bury me here, finish your business. One of them | :21:59. | :22:03. | |
jumped in and carried me up. I remember hearing one of them, how | :22:04. | :22:10. | |
can you kill this pretty lady without toasting her to know how | :22:11. | :22:16. | |
good she is. The rape of Tutsi women the rule and absence an exception, | :22:17. | :22:22. | |
says the UN. With the encouragement of Hutu leaders, hundreds of | :22:23. | :22:26. | |
thousands of acts of extreme sexual violence take place. I was like this | :22:27. | :22:33. | |
is not fair. But yet again you were powerless you could not do nothing. | :22:34. | :22:42. | |
One by one they started raping me. And the most memorable face I | :22:43. | :22:50. | |
remember is the first one. When the at this forces seized the capital | :22:51. | :22:56. | |
Kigali in mid-July an estimated 800,000 Rwandans have perished. The | :22:57. | :23:04. | |
genocide is over. I would like to stop telling my story for now until | :23:05. | :23:08. | |
when my daughters who are two and five are reaching to the age when I | :23:09. | :23:12. | |
will be able to explain and tell them exactly what happened to me | :23:13. | :23:16. | |
personally, even if they knew what has happened to the whole country. I | :23:17. | :23:22. | |
will consider that moment as a closure to my suffering for the | :23:23. | :23:29. | |
genocide. Well now my guest is Rwanda's High Commisioner to the UK. | :23:30. | :23:32. | |
He joins us now from Nottingham. With me here in the studio is | :23:33. | :23:38. | |
Newsnight's producer in Rwanda during the genocide, and went on to | :23:39. | :23:43. | |
make the film Shooting Dogs, and has just written a memoir about the | :23:44. | :23:50. | |
experience, When The Hills Ask For Your Blood. How easy is it to forget | :23:51. | :23:57. | |
whether you are a Hutu or Tutsi? It is actually very easy. As we are | :23:58. | :24:02. | |
growing up we are never socialising as hut at thises Tutsis and had you | :24:03. | :24:15. | |
at thises. The install gaze of Hutu or Tutsi concept was engineered by | :24:16. | :24:21. | |
colonial forces. But what we have discovered over the last 20 years, | :24:22. | :24:26. | |
since the terrible strategy of 1994 when during the genocide against the | :24:27. | :24:32. | |
Tutsis, one million people were butchered in 100 days. We have come | :24:33. | :24:36. | |
to learn that there is no premium, there is no benefit in | :24:37. | :24:41. | |
everdramatising and ro Manchester United size -- overdrama sizing or | :24:42. | :24:53. | |
romanticising the issue. We have been stronger and able to do much | :24:54. | :25:01. | |
more when we work as one rather than Hutu or Tutsi. You were in and out | :25:02. | :25:06. | |
of Rwanda all the time, how was it to you? I think his excellency is | :25:07. | :25:11. | |
not quite right about whether Rwandans feel Hutu or Tutsi or not. | :25:12. | :25:15. | |
They feel very strongly their heritage, their land, their blood, | :25:16. | :25:29. | |
their Lennage. -- lineage. They are families with what we heard there, | :25:30. | :25:35. | |
she can't wait to tell her family her history, people have oral | :25:36. | :25:39. | |
histories. One has to be very careful in imagining you can simply | :25:40. | :25:44. | |
reboot people into a different identity and saying we are all | :25:45. | :25:50. | |
Rwandans. Desnot rebooting, I speak as a Rwandan, I have children, I | :25:51. | :25:56. | |
have relatives like myself. I have never taught my children they are | :25:57. | :26:02. | |
Hutu or Tutsi. So I think I'm in a much more comfortable space to | :26:03. | :26:07. | |
articulate what Rwandans want to view themselves as. Right now as we | :26:08. | :26:12. | |
speak, and we commemorate the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis, the | :26:13. | :26:16. | |
overriding conversation in Rwanda is not whether one is Hutu or Tutsi, it | :26:17. | :26:21. | |
is what it is that we must, you know, use it to redesign ourselves. | :26:22. | :26:29. | |
But a new values system can we put in place that helps us to view | :26:30. | :26:34. | |
ourselves as one rather than focus on the things that divide us. That | :26:35. | :26:44. | |
is a very pious ambition. That is a conversation that is going on in the | :26:45. | :26:49. | |
country right now as we speak, we are focussing on that. What are you, | :26:50. | :27:00. | |
are you a Hutu or Tutsi? What do you think? I have no idea, that is why | :27:01. | :27:04. | |
I'm asking you? That's the point, why are you trying to make me | :27:05. | :27:09. | |
redesign myself by something I detest, because it allowed madness | :27:10. | :27:13. | |
to grip our country. Because we are talking on the anniversary of a | :27:14. | :27:17. | |
genocide, that's why? And as we talk about the anniversary of the | :27:18. | :27:22. | |
genocide, the conversation that the people of Rwanda are having right | :27:23. | :27:26. | |
now is not about Hutu or Tutsi, but about what it is we must see as our | :27:27. | :27:32. | |
system that unites us. And that particular conversation in Rwanda is | :27:33. | :27:41. | |
called not I am Hutu or Tutsi. It is interesting what the ambassador says | :27:42. | :27:44. | |
about a shared values system. That's the big question that Rwanda faces | :27:45. | :27:50. | |
really. Whose values are they and does everybody share them together? | :27:51. | :27:55. | |
And I think there is a real sense of national purpose and his excellency | :27:56. | :28:00. | |
is right, people really believe in trying to move Rwanda forward and we | :28:01. | :28:04. | |
have seen tremendous progress. The risk is in asking everybody to | :28:05. | :28:08. | |
participate in this shared system of values, you forget who you are. Of | :28:09. | :28:14. | |
course I defer to his excellency, he's Rwandan and I'm not. I have sat | :28:15. | :28:18. | |
with Rwandans, I have been walking around the hills and talked with | :28:19. | :28:22. | |
them for many, many years, what you find is people will tell you their | :28:23. | :28:26. | |
stories when they feel comfortable. When they don't feel threatened by | :28:27. | :28:31. | |
what the Government is saying or indeed what the people around the | :28:32. | :28:35. | |
village corner are saying. It was interesting I thought at the | :28:36. | :28:38. | |
commemoration today the number of senior figures, both from Rwanda and | :28:39. | :28:43. | |
in fact the President from Uganda made the same point. A lot of the | :28:44. | :28:48. | |
blame for this lies with colonial powers. Is that a widespread | :28:49. | :28:52. | |
perception? It is a perception that has been, I think the blame is being | :28:53. | :28:57. | |
shared, I think today we saw politics being played by President | :28:58. | :29:03. | |
Kigami, to make it clear where Rwanda stands as opposed to the old | :29:04. | :29:07. | |
colonial powers. If you go to the schools in Rwanda you get a clear | :29:08. | :29:11. | |
sense of where blame is attached. It is attached partly to the colonial | :29:12. | :29:18. | |
powers that identified the different cultural groups Hutu or Tutsi and | :29:19. | :29:21. | |
gave them identity cards. But it is also the bad Government in 1994. | :29:22. | :29:26. | |
People are taught very specifically that story. The narrative is of the | :29:27. | :29:29. | |
Government. It is not necessarily whether their fathers or mothers | :29:30. | :29:33. | |
were active participants or passive participants. Thank you very much. | :29:34. | :29:40. | |
Tragedy struck the Geldof family today, Peaches Geldof, whose mother | :29:41. | :29:50. | |
Paula Yates died of a drug overdose, she was found dead at 25. She was | :29:51. | :29:55. | |
rarely out of the tabloid press and leaves behind two young children. A | :29:56. | :30:01. | |
life lived in front of the flash bulbs, a daughter of celebrity, then | :30:02. | :30:07. | |
a celebrity herself. Peaches Geldof was one of the children of the | :30:08. | :30:14. | |
ill-fated match of bob Geldof and Paula Yates, her mother died of an | :30:15. | :30:18. | |
overdose when she was just 11 years old. But from her teens Peaches | :30:19. | :30:26. | |
Geldof chose to follow their fame. A writer, presenter, regular fixture | :30:27. | :30:35. | |
on fashion front rows. Formerly a member of London's party scene and | :30:36. | :30:39. | |
now talking about parenting on TV. This is a prime example of someone | :30:40. | :30:45. | |
who did not grow up with attachment parenting, someone who goes on the | :30:46. | :30:49. | |
media to slag off other women. The 25-year-old was found dead at her | :30:50. | :30:53. | |
home in Kent this afternoon. Her father said the family was beyond | :30:54. | :30:57. | |
pain. But in a life of public moments, Peaches Geldof's last | :30:58. | :31:02. | |
message was to share a picture of herself with her mother. She said | :31:03. | :31:06. | |
she had been unable to grieve her properly till 16. But her two young | :31:07. | :31:11. | |
sons and husband will now have to live their lives with loss. With us | :31:12. | :31:20. | |
now is the Guardian columnist Hadley Freeman. Everybody seemed immensely | :31:21. | :31:23. | |
shocked today, why do you think that was? There is several layers of | :31:24. | :31:27. | |
sadness to the story. Obviously first she was very young, nobody | :31:28. | :31:31. | |
should die at 25. She had two very young children, no-one and | :31:32. | :31:33. | |
two-year-old should lose their mother. A lot of us remember her | :31:34. | :31:38. | |
being born, we see her grow up, I'm old enough to remember her as the | :31:39. | :31:44. | |
daughter of bob Geldof and Paula Yates, we know her father is still | :31:45. | :31:49. | |
alive and we know how sad he feels. It was such a surprise. She was a | :31:50. | :31:52. | |
wild child, she was that cliche in her teenage years, she talked about | :31:53. | :31:56. | |
experimenting with drugs, for a long time it looked like she might be | :31:57. | :32:01. | |
going the same way as Herrera, her mother died of a drug overdose and | :32:02. | :32:05. | |
she talked about her struggles. But she gets married and has two boys, | :32:06. | :32:09. | |
seen on TV talking about parenting, very much involved with her children | :32:10. | :32:11. | |
and seeming very happy. For something to then go wrong was a big | :32:12. | :32:15. | |
shock to a lot of people. It did seem, I wouldn't claim any | :32:16. | :32:18. | |
specialist knowledge of course, but from a distant awareness, she did | :32:19. | :32:24. | |
seem to have changed her life, didn't she? When I had a book launch | :32:25. | :32:30. | |
in 2008 when she was going through the period. She crashed my book | :32:31. | :32:37. | |
lunch launch to my and my friends' surprise, she was the chaotic mess | :32:38. | :32:41. | |
she was portrayed. She was seen as another Amy Winehouse and Pete | :32:42. | :32:46. | |
Doherty in the tabloids. Then I saw her recently at fashion show, she | :32:47. | :32:50. | |
was healthy, she was happy with one of her children. It was a big | :32:51. | :32:54. | |
surprise for it to happen now. Tells us something about ourselves that | :32:55. | :32:58. | |
people were so shocked and saddened by this. Because everybody knew her | :32:59. | :33:03. | |
personal story and it actually speaks rather well I think doesn't | :33:04. | :33:07. | |
it of social sympathy? And also I think people like to have these | :33:08. | :33:11. | |
narratives and certainly the tabloids had written narrative for | :33:12. | :33:17. | |
her. For a while she would be Paula Yates part two, and then she was a | :33:18. | :33:21. | |
success story, the happy story for bob Geldof, he lost his former wife | :33:22. | :33:25. | |
but the child was doing well. This has happened now. We have known bob | :33:26. | :33:30. | |
Geldof for so long in the public eye for 30 years, to see someone you | :33:31. | :33:34. | |
know well as a celebrity lose their child is terribly sad. | :33:35. | :33:41. | |
Thank you very much. Media outlets around the world's, and Dark Matter | :33:42. | :33:47. | |
is one of the Holy Grails of atrophysics. For decades scientists | :33:48. | :33:50. | |
have been trying to work out what it is or whether it exists. Here is the | :33:51. | :33:55. | |
BBC's simplified explanation of it. A type of matter hypothesised in | :33:56. | :34:01. | |
cosmology to account for effects that appear to be the result of mass | :34:02. | :34:05. | |
where no such mass can be seen. Clear you have eh! Rebecca Morelle | :34:06. | :34:10. | |
will lighten our darkness with a report from South Dakota where | :34:11. | :34:13. | |
scientists are hoping to be the first to provide proof of its | :34:14. | :34:37. | |
existence. Mount Rushmore, gazing over the black hills of South | :34:38. | :34:42. | |
Dakota. It was about the same time the heads were being carved into the | :34:43. | :34:46. | |
rock in the 1930s that elsewhere scientists began to notice there was | :34:47. | :34:49. | |
something very strange about the universe. A huge chunk of it | :34:50. | :34:54. | |
appeared to be missing. It is a mystery that has baffled scientists | :34:55. | :34:58. | |
for decades. But now an answer might lie just around the corner from | :34:59. | :35:01. | |
here, it is not far away in the black hills a bold new experiment is | :35:02. | :35:09. | |
about to get under way. The Home Stake Gold Mine. It is here | :35:10. | :35:12. | |
where scientists have the best chance yet of finding Dark Matter. A | :35:13. | :35:19. | |
mysterious substance born in the big bang, it could make up more than a | :35:20. | :35:34. | |
quarter of the universe. South gates going to the 48-50. Nobody knows | :35:35. | :35:40. | |
what form Dark Matter takes or even if it really exists. This cage | :35:41. | :35:46. | |
descent was once the daily commute for gold miners, now it is | :35:47. | :35:49. | |
scientists that make the journey one mile down to one of the deepest | :35:50. | :35:53. | |
laboratories in the world. It takes about ten minutes to get to level | :35:54. | :36:01. | |
4850, ample time to swat up on a bit of particle physics. | :36:02. | :36:18. | |
Galaxies like our own consist of planets and stars and dust. All | :36:19. | :36:25. | |
rotating around a dense centre. The thing is, all this regular matter | :36:26. | :36:30. | |
simply doesn't have enough mass to account for the gravity needed to | :36:31. | :36:34. | |
hold the galaxy together. The whole thing should fly apart. There must | :36:35. | :36:39. | |
be something else there, something we can't see. And scientists believe | :36:40. | :36:47. | |
that's Dark Matter. And it is this that creates the mass and the | :36:48. | :36:52. | |
gravity needed to bind the galaxy together. The thinking is that Dark | :36:53. | :37:06. | |
Matter played a vital part in the evolution of the universe. Its | :37:07. | :37:13. | |
existence is even more compelling if we consider its influence on a | :37:14. | :37:17. | |
grander scale. This is a computer projection mapping in blue where | :37:18. | :37:21. | |
scientists think it is at its densist, and across its web of | :37:22. | :37:28. | |
clumps and tangles galaxies merge and cluster, it is the scaffold on | :37:29. | :37:36. | |
which our Cosmos is hung. Nobody actually knows what Dark | :37:37. | :37:40. | |
Matter looks like. But imagine I could use this lens to take a look | :37:41. | :37:45. | |
at these mysterious particles. Scientists think they are | :37:46. | :37:47. | |
everywhere, hanging in space, but because the earth is constantly in | :37:48. | :37:52. | |
motion, it would look like they are streaming through us, trillions upon | :37:53. | :37:56. | |
trillion, passing through us every second, like ghosts. This | :37:57. | :38:02. | |
phantom-like quality is what makes them so hard to detect. But, there | :38:03. | :38:09. | |
is a theory that Dark Matter part icles do sometimes pump into regular | :38:10. | :38:14. | |
matter. That is why we are going deep underground to the laboratory | :38:15. | :38:18. | |
where they hope to catch these extremely rare encounters in the | :38:19. | :38:24. | |
act. This subterranean lab is shielded from naturally occurring | :38:25. | :38:28. | |
radiation found up on the surface. Giving the experiments the cosmic | :38:29. | :38:33. | |
quiet it needs for its detection work. And this is what it is all | :38:34. | :38:41. | |
about, one mile underground a tank spanning two storeys, it contains | :38:42. | :38:47. | |
nearly 100,000 gallons of ultra purified water and suspended at its | :38:48. | :38:52. | |
heart is the more sensitive Dark Matter detector ever built. The | :38:53. | :38:59. | |
detector contains 800 pounds of the chemical element Xenon, although | :39:00. | :39:06. | |
most particles will pass through, in the hope that a particle bumps into | :39:07. | :39:14. | |
a Xenon particle it will give a bit of light that sensors will record. | :39:15. | :39:21. | |
Rick is one of the people behind the work going on in this lab cave. His | :39:22. | :39:27. | |
quest to prove Dark Matter exists is decades long. We all thought we were | :39:28. | :39:32. | |
going to solve it in the first five years of looking, we are just on the | :39:33. | :39:37. | |
threshold of starting a new search with the Lux Detector that will last | :39:38. | :39:43. | |
for 300 days. We are configuring the detector to look for the extremely | :39:44. | :39:46. | |
occasional reaction, one every month or few months. If we can get an | :39:47. | :39:51. | |
answer to what Dark Matter is, not only will we have explained what the | :39:52. | :39:56. | |
majority of the matter in the universe is made of, but we will | :39:57. | :40:02. | |
also really usher in a new era in our understanding of the fundamental | :40:03. | :40:07. | |
physics of this universe. Finding Dark Matter will put the laboratory | :40:08. | :40:12. | |
on the map. But they are conscious they are not the only team looking. | :40:13. | :40:16. | |
There are a handful of experiments located at different underground | :40:17. | :40:19. | |
laboratories around the world that they want to be the first ones to | :40:20. | :40:22. | |
stand up and say they have discovered it. And so it is very | :40:23. | :40:27. | |
competitive and they track what each other is at and results that come | :40:28. | :40:30. | |
out. It is really an interesting process to see these guys and ladies | :40:31. | :40:33. | |
competing to try to be the first. Back up at the surface and just | :40:34. | :40:46. | |
round the corner from the gold mine is the old gambling town of | :40:47. | :40:50. | |
Deadwood, now it is scientists hoping to strike it lucky here. | :40:51. | :40:54. | |
Whoever is fortunate enough to be able to discover Dark Matter first, | :40:55. | :40:58. | |
it will be a Nobel Prize winning result. But entire careers are being | :40:59. | :41:04. | |
staked on a particle that might not even be there. You know we have to | :41:05. | :41:09. | |
allow for the idea that the experiment may produce a negative | :41:10. | :41:15. | |
result, the standard repost under those circumstances is to build a | :41:16. | :41:18. | |
bigger one. Here in South Dakota, an audacious | :41:19. | :41:27. | |
gamble can sometimes pay off. If you are looking for a working example of | :41:28. | :41:32. | |
a complete shamble, you could do worse than gawp in disbelief at | :41:33. | :41:35. | |
yesterday's Sheffield half marathon. It was cancelled with minutes to go | :41:36. | :41:40. | |
because there apparently wasn't enough water for the runners. Plenty | :41:41. | :41:44. | |
of them didn't get the message and thousands completed the course any | :41:45. | :41:49. | |
way. Nick Clegg a local MP called the situation "farcical" and he | :41:50. | :41:54. | |
knows a thing or two about farces. What about this, water. We have one | :41:55. | :42:05. | |
of the presenters of Trust Me I'm a Doctor, how much water do we need? | :42:06. | :42:09. | |
That is why I put the water on the table, it varies a huge amount. This | :42:10. | :42:13. | |
is the most water I have ever drunk in day, this is probably the least, | :42:14. | :42:17. | |
in fact I may have drunk less than that today. For one individual it | :42:18. | :42:21. | |
can vary that much. That was a hot day doing hard exercise in a | :42:22. | :42:24. | |
difficult climate. If you are working in a cold office it will be | :42:25. | :42:27. | |
very little. If you add to that medical conditions, age, immensely. | :42:28. | :42:32. | |
So there is no minimum? There is a minimum, without water for more than | :42:33. | :42:36. | |
a few days we will all die. A few days? But you can get by, if you | :42:37. | :42:40. | |
work in a cold environment, you are not doing any exercise and you start | :42:41. | :42:45. | |
the die hide demonstrated, you -- day hide demonstrated and you want | :42:46. | :42:55. | |
immediate need a lot of water. Drinking water if you feel a bit | :42:56. | :42:59. | |
hungover or like you need cleansing, there is a lovely idea of putting | :43:00. | :43:03. | |
something clear in your body that gets rid of waste. To that idea we | :43:04. | :43:08. | |
add a layer of clever marketing and slightly misrepresented science from | :43:09. | :43:13. | |
companies with enormous vested interests in selling large | :43:14. | :43:17. | |
quantities of bottled water. If you delve into the research the eight | :43:18. | :43:21. | |
glasses a day is nowhere to be found really. The best evidence says you | :43:22. | :43:26. | |
should drink to thirst. If you go on one of these websites that advises | :43:27. | :43:29. | |
you about how much you have to drink it will tell you large quantities | :43:30. | :43:33. | |
really? This is the perils of certain websites on the Internet. If | :43:34. | :43:41. | |
you go to the BBC website where I have written an article of what you | :43:42. | :43:45. | |
need to drink. Drinking to thirst that gets you enough water. You | :43:46. | :43:48. | |
should drink when you are thirsty. If you feel like a glass of water | :43:49. | :43:53. | |
have one. That is true if you are an Olympic athlete or if you are | :43:54. | :43:57. | |
someone sitting in an office. If you do drink too much what is the | :43:58. | :44:00. | |
problem, you just Pete it out don't you? No, brinking too much water is | :44:01. | :44:06. | |
very dangerous. The marathon in question probably more people die at | :44:07. | :44:11. | |
the end of marathons from drinking too much water without anything in | :44:12. | :44:17. | |
it than people who die from dehydration. Why? Because having a | :44:18. | :44:24. | |
lot of water die lutes your body you and get brain swelling. When you | :44:25. | :44:30. | |
sweat you lose salt. For each bottle of water like that, if it was sweat | :44:31. | :44:34. | |
that is about how much salt you would have in it, and you have to | :44:35. | :44:37. | |
replace the salt. If you put the salt in the water it would be | :44:38. | :44:41. | |
unpalatable, and most of the over the counter electrolithe drinks | :44:42. | :44:49. | |
don't have enough salt in them. It is important for runners to | :44:50. | :44:53. | |
rehydrate carefully. If you drink too much the salt gets washed out of | :44:54. | :44:57. | |
your body? Essentially, you end up drowning. If I drank all that water | :44:58. | :45:03. | |
today it would be dangerous. So the emphasis from overhydration has now | :45:04. | :45:09. | |
shifted to make sure we hit the sweet spot. Like everything, fat, | :45:10. | :45:13. | |
sugar, vitamins, too much is very bad, too little is very bad for you, | :45:14. | :45:17. | |
exactly what our grandmothers would say. This other one here? This is | :45:18. | :45:25. | |
sugar. It is salt? Maybe it is a mixture? We may have confused | :45:26. | :45:30. | |
things. It is horrible? To make it absorbable rapidly we usually add a | :45:31. | :45:35. | |
bit more sugar. Sugar and salt in that proportion would be a good | :45:36. | :45:42. | |
rehydration mix, diluted fruit juice with salt in it would be great for | :45:43. | :45:48. | |
runners. If we rank too much water it would be good to get the sugar | :45:49. | :45:53. | |
out of you? We are eating too much sugar drinking water would be good | :45:54. | :46:02. | |
for us. You don't excrete sugar in your urine only happens when you | :46:03. | :46:06. | |
have a problem. It is not very useful this water lark? It is | :46:07. | :46:10. | |
important not to try to overthink it I guess. Drink when you are thirsty | :46:11. | :46:15. | |
is the headline. Thank you very much, thank you. Both? Probably | :46:16. | :46:19. | |
affected by too much water. Tomorrow morning's front pages now the Prime | :46:20. | :46:25. | |
Minister is at war with his party over Maria Miller. They are also in | :46:26. | :46:30. | |
the Telegraph Tory MPs calling for her to be sacked. I don't know why | :46:31. | :46:34. | |
we are not looking at the pictures of the front pages, we apparently | :46:35. | :46:40. | |
don't have T as all viewers are aware the cult HBO series Game of | :46:41. | :46:47. | |
Thrones eagerly awaited fourth series arrived last night. It is | :46:48. | :46:51. | |
best known as marital aid for fans of Dungeons and Dragons everywhere. | :46:52. | :46:54. | |
Should you feel slightly underinformed about series 1-3, here | :46:55. | :46:58. | |
is the potted character guide, kindly provided by the Screen | :46:59. | :47:04. | |
Junkies YouTube Channel. Good night. Meet unforgettable hero, John Snow, | :47:05. | :47:09. | |
a Moby bustard who doesn't know anything. You know nothing. And | :47:10. | :47:17. | |
Ardarian, a super-hot Queen obsessed with her dragons. Right on an | :47:18. | :47:23. | |
adventure where any lead character can die, whether you are Sean | :47:24. | :47:29. | |
SKACHLT bean's wife, son, best friend, daughter-in-law, his family | :47:30. | :47:35. | |
dogs, his unborn grand kid, all men must die who are in any way close to | :47:36. | :47:39. | |
Sean Bean. | :47:40. | :47:40. |