07/12/2011 The One Show

Hello and welcome to The One Show with Matt Baker. And we have

insisted that Alex takes the day of, so Anita Rani is here. Shower we

explain why we are wearing this bizarre jumper -- shall we explain?

It is incredibly fashionable when you have the undisputed king of the

jumpers as your best, you want to make a good impression! John

Craven! Body think of this? I have never won anything like that --

what do you think of this. I have never won anything like this. I

think it is because I was the first news reader anywhere in the world

not to wear a suit. I didn't sit behind a desk, I perched in front

of it wearing casual clothes. it a conscious decision to go from

the jumper? I did not want children to think they were back at school

again, listening to a teacher, so we were as casual as past ball. --

past -- possible. There is a myth that you have a bold of jumpers.

To I managed to go through all of my career without wearing a suit.

Now they are much more refined, country types. His jumpers maybe

legendary, but we know there are a lot more out there. If you are the

owner of an interesting jumper, please send as a photo of you

wearing it. We will lead the king of jumpers pick his favourite.

will also be talking to John about a new documentary that celebrates

his remarkable 40 years in television. I feel ridiculous,

presenting in this thing. I am quite enjoying it. As John has been

presenting Countryfile for 20 years, he has seen the peaks and the

troughs for a dairy farmers. these tough times, many farmers

have been looking for alternative forms of revenue. One of these is

selling unpasteurised, or raw milk. Not everyone wants to have it on

their serial. Mick -- milk is the stuff we grew

up on, packed with calcium and all sorts of vitamins. This lovely

white liquid also has a dark side. So dark that it is actually illegal

to sell this milk in Scotland and it is banned from being sold in

supermarkets in the rest of the UK, because this is raw milk. Straight

from the cow, which has an be unpasteurise. Since 1904, we have

been he treating milk to kill pathogens and bacteria, past

driving it to make it safe to drink. Some people -- past arising --

I would not drink it myself, I would not give it to my children, I

would hesitate to give it to my cats. Others believe it is milk at

his best. Severe has been buying it from her local film for decades.

have two -- four healthy children, my husband and I drink it, I have

nothing to be concerned about at all. Rosie and Dave run a farm in

Somerset with a herd of 160 Guernsey cows, which produced

760,000 litres of milk per year. 10% of it, they sell to customers

as raw milk. Time to put my skills It seems the cow has other ideas.

Now, most of us drink pasteurised milk, collected a little bit more

efficiently than this. But there are tens of thousands of people who

like to drink raw milk, which can be bought from farmers in England,

Wales and Northern Ireland to are licensed to sell it. It's not bad!

What would you say to people who say, it should be banned, it is bad

for you, you can catch infection, it is not worth humans taking the

risk? I feel very strongly that they should be joys. It is a

natural product. Mother Nature would not produce something to rear

has a young that is harmful to health. A professor of Munich

University up but or carried out a study which found that children who

She would not recommend raw milk t children who had not built up an

immunity at an early age. We have to be wary of adopting an attitude

which says, I may be OK, I may not, I will take the risk. One study has

shown that one in five samples of raw milk was contaminated with

bacteria, including E-coli and salmonella. The Scottish ban on

sales of raw cow's milk and cream was introduced in 1983, following

milk related illnesses and 12 potentially associated deaths. We

haven't actually had an outbreak of any kind of infection since 2002,

that we can link to raw milk. want to make sure there are no

outbreaks. The fact that they haven't been suggests we are doing

something right. I would suggest that is in the main, people

consuming pasteurised milk. doesn't the food standards agency

call for a ban on raw milk across the rest of the UK? The controls

there on the raw milk are there to try to minimise the future risk for

those who choose to drink it. is confident her milk is safe. Are

you not concern that something could come back to you? We go

through a rigorous rolling testing system. We are trying to build our

customer base, we are not going to kill them, we are growing this

business. Raw milk. Nutritious, delicious, and safe to drink? Or a

potential threat to your health? Unless you live in Scotland, the

government is leaving that decision up to you.

Can I join it the Countryfile bank now? I did actually tasted. I have

tried it before, as a child in India. In rural India, buffaloes

milk is quite common. It was very creamy. I have tasted it but I

prefer not to drink it on a regular basis, because I think you are

taking a risk. Pastor rise block gets rid of the box, so it is safe,

but raw milk is not. -- Hall there are just over 100 farms

in the country which produced raw milk. Every six months, checks are

done. But some people want to drink it, some don't. We are now doing a

live version of Countryfile. Farmers are telling me, they now

sell them in a lot of these new farmers' markets in London, in

affluent areas, where people who want to drink organic have the

choice. There is concern that more and more bugs are getting into farm

animals and that can be passed on in milk.

Before Countryfile, John was the man who first brought the news to

our Nations children on Newsround. It is about to celebrate its 40th

anniversary. Lucy Siegle tells the Newsround, the iconic news bulletin

for children, is soon to celebrate a landmark birthday. Hello. A hello.

It would join a select band of shows, including Blue Peter and

Coronation Street, that have dared on our TV set swerve a four decades.

-- that have aired. On our TV sets for over four decades. What is the

secret of the lasting success? Newsround was the first programme

of its kind to explain well the thence to a younger audience, and

it made the news accessible to millions of children.

There would be a fun show on, then they would put John Craven on.

takes its you seriously, it talks about things that are important, it

doesn't talk down to them. It was done in a fun way. I remember space

shuttles and pandas, most days. Today, it is a slickly run

operation, but the show had much humbler beginnings, and in fact,

nearly failed to make it to air. There were a lot of people who

thought that the time of being a child was a golden time. And that

it wasn't a time that they should be bothered about disasters, about

war. We felt that if it was put in a way that they could understand,

their way that they could come to terms with it. In early 1972, the

show finally made it on air for a six-week trial. At the helm, BBC

reporter John Craven. He had an understanding of what we were

trying to do. Right from the very beginning. He was complicit with

the idea. It is one of the best pieces of casting I did in the

whole of my career in television. So as not to appear to like a

teacher, John opted to sit in a more relaxed position at the front

of the desk. There will be more details in the Six o'clock News.

also bombarded us with an array of Cashel but colourful jumpers. But

we forgive him, because his new From the assassination attempt on

Pope John Paul II to the space shuttle Challenger exploding and

even the Hungerford massacre, Newsround was the first to tell the

story. And in such a way that children could come to terms with

its meaning and impact. Seven people were killed and 10 were had

as a man ran through the busy streets, shooting wildly. John

Craven presented an impressive 3,000 bulletins over 17 years. When

he left, new talent joined, some who have gone on to present the

grown-up news. Everybody who work on it said it was the biggest

learning experience of their life, because you ready had to understand

the story. It taught t to think in pictures and right really simply

and clearly. -- it taught you to think. It takes its audience

absolutely seriously and thinks about them all the time.

programme now inhabits a world of multiple channels and the internet,

but it has adapted and a new generation is watching. The stories

I like best are the ones about animals. I was going to say animals.

I think the story could be improved if it covered more topics, and

maybe if they made it a bit longer. It is hard to fit in that sort of

news in five minutes. Haley told me why the show still has appeal for

children, even today. I think News ran has managed to move with the

times. It is very difficult -- different to how it was. We have

more bulletins, it is more interactive. But I think the secret

is that it is simple and entertaining, and that is what you

need from these will stop at his or four today, see at the same time

That took me back to my childhood, I love that! The one question we

won the answer to, why did you have the phone on the desk and he was on

the other end of it? We wanted to be up-to-date. But it didn't

actually work, it wasn't connected to anything. If something went

wrong, I had my earpiece anyway. I would hear from the director in the

gallery. But I would pick the phone up, so I could actually talk to

somebody. I would look a bit daft, talking to myself. I would pick the

phone up. It did happen sometimes. In the very early days, we had a

lot of trouble with videotape not been ready in time, because we were

not used to put in a new show together. In my earpiece, the

director would say, are you ready, videotape, and if you had a noise,

it made it was ready, and if you heard another noise commitment it

was not ready. We had to keep talking until it was ready. Do you

miss those days? Oh, yes. They were wonderful days. I did about 3,000.

You would fight for some stories. The Newsround would try to get

bulletins before it went out. -- the news room would. We were the

first television news bulletin of the day, in the early days. Some of

the guys in the newsroom, if a big story broke, they would want to put

a news flash in front of Newsround. I said, that will destroy my

credibility. Eventually, we reached a compromise, where Newsround would

break the story but a BBC correspondent would take over from

me during the programme, to explain more details. Are there any stories

you are ex -- particularly proud of? There are so many. I was proud

that the very best of the BBC correspondents, John Humphrys,

Martin Bell, were only too happy to do things for Newsround. Martin

Bell was very surprised once. I asked him to do a piece in Vietnam

about what it is like to be a small child in a village with the war

going on. He eventually got around to doing me a piece and it was

wonderful, simple, easy to understand. I think to Martin's

great surprise, it was shown unchanged on the 9 o'clock News as

well. Trevor McDonald has always claimed and finally, but it was you,

wasn't it? Yes, I think so. I always wanted... Shall I just

answer this? Is it working? Hello. He is doing really well. We have

got to move on, John, deal or no deal? I was halfway through my

story. We will let him at wrap up. So we were the first. I've always

wanted to end on a cheerful note. On that note, it is cheerful, and

If you are fed up with turkey for Christmas dinner every year, the

aptly-named angler Jeremy Wade has an alternative for you. A Christmas

is a time when most of us over- indulge, eating food specially

prepared for the festive season. But for some, the Christmas Fair we

are eating is changing. A rising number of people in the country

will be feasting on one of these. A traditional Christmas carp. At

least, it was traditional. Until the 19th century, cop was eaten in

Britain not only at Christmas, but all year round. They were caught

from local ponds. But then the people of Britain got an appetite

for sea fish, and lost their taste for a bottom feeding river fish

like carp. Like many in Britain, I have never seen carp as a food fish.

For me, they are caught for sport and then returned to the water.

Thanks to an increasing number of eastern Europeans now living in the

UK, that trend is in reverse. With more and more people turning to

Christmas carp. Typically, they are seen in Polish Delhi's, but

increased demand means they are now being sold in British supermarkets.

This year, one supermarket chain alone will be selling the fishing

240 of its stores in the run-up to Christmas. But increased

availability has not stopped poaching. While most people will be

getting their festive fish from the supermarket or fishmonger this

Christmas, some people have been illegally removing and eating carp

from Britain's waterways. Nick Mays is a fisheries enforcement officer

for the Environment Agency. He is one of a team of investigators

whose work has led to the conviction of poachers stealing

fish from Britain's waterways. have prosecuted three people

recently for illegally removing fish from a river. We suspect they

were being used to illegally stock another fishery. Is this on the

increase? Definitely. It is a national problem. I only deal with

one small part of Devon, but I have noticed an increase here. It is

illegal to kill or remove any coarse fish living in a British

river, apart from a few very small fish in certain circumstances. Some

people believe the best way to stamp out the card poaching problem

is to ensure that there is a ready supply. Last year, the UK fund

nearly 200,000 tonnes of fish, but with world fish stocks in decline,

we will need to increase farming by 2030 to keep up with demand. One

man hoping to turn it around for car up and turn a profit at the

same time is Jimmy Hepburn. He set up the UK's first carp Farm,

producing specific fee for the table. For the last 20 years, we

have not produced any more fish. So we will have to be farmers of fish

rather than hunter-gatherers. That revolution is starting. Here is a

common carp. Carp ingest mud from the river before they feed. This

gives them an earthy taste which needs to be flushed out. They are

placed in a tank for three days. As the clean water passes through

their system, the mud is washed away, creating a nicer taste. And

this Polish couple agree. They have eaten cop on Christmas Eve for as

long as they can remember. The tradition in Poland is to bring the

car up into the house alive. What happens to it then? Normally, my

father would put it in a bath full of water. So for a few days, there

is a fish swimming in the family Bath? Yes. In the past, carp was an

expensive delicacy for punish people, so it became a treat they

would only have at Christmas. To prepare it, she dusts the cup in

dried vegetables and then Pam fries it. And now to get my first taste

of this Christmas carp. To be honest, I am not looking forward to

it. I have only had Cup once before in India. This is surprisingly

pleasant. It might be an acquired taste for the British palate, but

as a fish enthusiast, I go for carp over sprouts at Christmas any day.

But if you are going to try Cup this year, make sure you get it

from a reputable source, a supermarket or your local

fishmonger. Whatever you do, don't take one out of the river.

John, would carp be on the Christmas table? It is an awful

taste. I would throw it back again. On Christmas Eve, there is a

documentary coming celebrating 40 years of your TV career. Way you

consulted as to what to have in there? No. Hopefully it will be a

nice surprise. It will be like a Christmas present. I have been

interviewed for it, but I do not know what will be in it. What would

you put in it? Jon Culshaw does quite a good take-off of me. I bet

he will be in there. He does do a very good impression.

Hello again. On this special 20th anniversary of Countryfile, what

better way to surprised John Craven than with another John Craven? John

Craven went to find out more. you think he sounds like you?

I was in Oxford Circus tube station a few months ago, and there was a

tap on my shoulder and it was Jon Culshaw. He said, the last time I

saw you, I was you! So in as we have got you here, alongside Matt,

we thought we would have a Countryfile quiz. We will pitch you

both head to head for this. Isn't she a beauty? Can I have 60 seconds

on the clock, please. All the answers are from the Countryfile

Handbook, which you wrote, John. So no pressure! De Jong, or what is

the difference between a village and a hamlet? A village has to have

a church. Correct. Matt, what is the name many in the countryside

give to the first Sunday after the 12th day of Christmas? It is the

start of the farming calendar year. You don't know? It is plough day.

John, what is the modern definition of mutton? It is a lamb over two

years old. Correct. Matt, what is unusual about biodynamic farming?

You use phases of the moon. Correct. John, before the size of a maker

was fixed, how was it first measured? It was how much a man

with an ox could plough in a day. Correct. Matt, what is the name for

a group of Turkey's? Is it a Wrafter? Yes! You were so close

with ploughed day as well. It is the start of the farming calendar.

Matt is so competitive. He has been stressing about this all afternoon.

But you are still the young pup. You have the master sitting here.

And I did write the book. Thank you very much. You can see The John

Craven Years on Christmas Eve at 7pm on BBC Two. And Countryfile is

on Sunday. Now, in the John Craven tradition,

say "and finally". "and finally" these days, cataracts are

relatively easy to fix, but the British surgeon who invented the

procedure in the 1950s found it hard to convince colleagues it was

safe. Dr Mark Porter explains how he got them to seek the error of

their ways. Cataracts affect hundreds of

thousands of Brits each year. Blurred vision, faded colours and

dazzling glare from bright lights are a few of the symptoms. If left

untreated, your site gets progressively worse and you can

even go blind. These days, it is an easy condition to fix, and it is

all down to a maverick British eye surgeon called Harold Ridley. And

the 1950s, he pioneered a way of treating cataracts that has

transformed the lives of millions around the world. To understand

cataracts, we have to look deeper inside the eye. Behind our coloured

iris is the lens, which sits at the front and focuses light on the

retina at the back. The lens is mostly made up of protein and water.

It is changes in the protein that makes it milky or opaque, and that

is the cataract. It is like looking through frosted glass. In the UK,

the majority of cataracts are down to ageing, but other causes include

diabetes, I injuries and exposure to ultraviolet light. So a cataract

is a clouding of the lens which cannot be reversed. To solve the

problem, you have to remove the lens through a hole in the eye. But

without lenses, our eyes can't focus. This was the challenge that

Ridley took on. Until the 1950s, these were the only solution, thick

magnifying glasses. Not only did they not look attractive, you still

had blurred vision and distortion. Ridley was convinced there must be

a better way of helping restore people's sight. Inspiration struck

from a surprising source. The Spitfire plane. During World War II,

Harold had operated on injured Spitfire pilots, and noticed

something unusual. Slivers of this stuff, toughened plastic, were

stuck in the eyes of Spitfire pilots. They were getting there

when their canopies splintered under gunfire. Normally, the immune

system rejects foreign bodies in the eye, but not in this case.

Harold realised he was on to something. He teamed up with the

optical scientist John Pike and developed an artificial lens made

up of plastic. They called it the intraocular lens. The men kept

quiet about their invention, though. Doctors at the time were opposed to

inserting anything into the eye. Harold was flying in the face of

medical opinion, and putting his career and reputation at risk. Here

at St Thomas's Hospital in London, in 1950 he carried out of the first

lens operation in secrecy. Professor David Pallister and is a

consultant ophthalmologist at the hospital. He worked with Harold in

the mid-70s. This is the Old Operating Theatre book from 1949-50.

You can see Ridley did an operation called a lenticular graft. This was

the first intraocular lens implant. We have some old instruments here

which Ridley might have used himself. Very different from what

we use today. Yes, they used an instrument like this to make the

incision in the eye, which meant opening up half the eye to get the

lens out. That incision can be smaller today because of the modern

lens. Yes, the first lens Ridley used was large and rigid. This is

the sort of lens we use these days. It is made of a special plastic

which you can fold so that you can inject it down a tube into the eye

without enlarging the incision. Although it was a brilliant concept,

these early operations were not without problems. Harold managed to

successfully implant the lenses, but they often slipped out of place.

When word got out about the operations, Harold was criticised

by his fellow eye surgeons, who believed he was putting patients at

risk. But his more supportive colleagues persevered, and by the

1980s, the tide had turned. Today the procedure is the most common

surgical operation done in the Western world. In fact, Harold even

had the surgery himself when he reached his eighties, proudly

claiming he was the only man to have invented his own operation.

Harold's vision for vision really was a medical breakthrough.

Talking of visual feasts, we asked you to send in your interesting

jumpers. I used to have one like that. I like this one. It is

Shakira's friend's grandmother's jump-off. This one shows the entire

Welsh alphabet. Pick a winner. That is your favourite. And you picked

the winner in the Countryfile calendar. Before we go, many of you

asked us what the weather has in store for the weekend. The Met

Office have issued a red weather warning for storm-force winds of 80

mph in central and southern Scotland tomorrow. Police check the

latest forecasts. It has been a pleasure to have you on. The John