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This programme contains some strong language | 0:00:02 | 0:00:09 | |
Las Vegas. It isn't just a city. | 0:00:14 | 0:00:18 | |
It's the world's largest, brightest, brashest neon work of art. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:23 | |
I also think it's a perfect symbol | 0:00:27 | 0:00:30 | |
of what America's been for so much of the modern age. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:33 | |
It stands for its irrepressible, unsleeping, | 0:00:33 | 0:00:38 | |
can-do spirit of optimism. | 0:00:38 | 0:00:40 | |
This astonishing something created out of nothing. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:44 | |
An Emerald City rising where 100 years ago, | 0:00:44 | 0:00:47 | |
there was just desert. | 0:00:47 | 0:00:49 | |
Like the rest of America, Vegas was built on an ideal, | 0:00:55 | 0:00:58 | |
a place where anyone can turn fantasy into reality. | 0:00:58 | 0:01:04 | |
Where anyone can get rich. | 0:01:04 | 0:01:06 | |
Where anyone can become President. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:09 | |
Free market, free society, that was the dream. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:12 | |
But is it all a mirage? | 0:01:24 | 0:01:26 | |
In the new world of the 21st century, | 0:01:26 | 0:01:29 | |
America seems like a country in crisis, | 0:01:29 | 0:01:31 | |
a nation that's lost its swagger, | 0:01:31 | 0:01:33 | |
and along with that the belief that ITS values, life, liberty, | 0:01:33 | 0:01:36 | |
the pursuit of happiness, | 0:01:36 | 0:01:38 | |
should be THE core values of the civilised world. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:42 | |
It's become a more plural society, but also a more anxious one. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:47 | |
And I think if you want to truly understand the vast changes | 0:01:47 | 0:01:51 | |
that have transformed America's ways of seeing and thinking, | 0:01:51 | 0:01:55 | |
there's no better way to do that | 0:01:55 | 0:01:57 | |
than by exploring the story of American art. | 0:01:57 | 0:02:01 | |
In the years after World War II, suburban America | 0:02:26 | 0:02:28 | |
became the battleground for the soul of the nation. | 0:02:28 | 0:02:32 | |
An unprecedented economic boom enabled ordinary Americans | 0:02:32 | 0:02:37 | |
to enjoy all the pleasures of modern life. | 0:02:37 | 0:02:39 | |
Motorcars, fridges, freezers, television sets. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:45 | |
But this sense of security was bought at a price. | 0:02:46 | 0:02:50 | |
The invention of the atom bomb brought about a new world order. | 0:02:53 | 0:02:57 | |
From now on, the USA and the Soviet Union | 0:02:57 | 0:03:00 | |
would be locked in a rival nuclear stalemate, | 0:03:00 | 0:03:03 | |
each defining itself as hero nation | 0:03:03 | 0:03:06 | |
with a mission to vanquish the enemy. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:09 | |
And with the most deadly of all weapons available to the Russians, | 0:03:09 | 0:03:12 | |
no people in the world can feel secure against this aggression. | 0:03:12 | 0:03:17 | |
We believe in freedom. | 0:03:20 | 0:03:23 | |
Freedom, born of the conviction that every person is a child of God, | 0:03:23 | 0:03:29 | |
and is therefore of supreme worth. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:32 | |
We want freedom for ourselves, for everyone. | 0:03:32 | 0:03:37 | |
In Russia, the state owned everything. | 0:03:46 | 0:03:49 | |
The American way was about private home ownership and free enterprise. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:55 | |
In the late '40s, the US government encouraged entrepreneur builders | 0:03:55 | 0:03:59 | |
like William J Levitt, to create affordable homes for the masses. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:04 | |
Levittown, in Long Island, New York, is a perfect example | 0:04:08 | 0:04:11 | |
of the new American suburbs that went up in the 1940s and 1950s. | 0:04:11 | 0:04:15 | |
17,500 houses constructed in just four years. | 0:04:15 | 0:04:21 | |
Built from cheap affordable materials, | 0:04:21 | 0:04:23 | |
and assembled using a version of the same production-line process | 0:04:23 | 0:04:27 | |
that Henry Ford had applied to the mass manufacture of automobiles. | 0:04:27 | 0:04:31 | |
These simple, box-like structures | 0:04:31 | 0:04:35 | |
were the homes of a new form of the American Dream. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:38 | |
But if Levittown's cookie-cutter houses all looked the same, | 0:04:48 | 0:04:52 | |
then so did the faces. | 0:04:52 | 0:04:55 | |
Levittown rules explicitly barred any residents | 0:04:56 | 0:05:00 | |
who were not of the Caucasian race. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:02 | |
The dream might be for you | 0:05:04 | 0:05:06 | |
if you were a white Anglo-Saxon patriot, preferably male. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:10 | |
But of course, beneath the surface, | 0:05:11 | 0:05:14 | |
America was teeming with desperate housewives, | 0:05:14 | 0:05:18 | |
blacks, Hispanics, and many others | 0:05:18 | 0:05:20 | |
whose fears and frustrations remained completely obscured. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:25 | |
In 1954, small-town Southern boy, Jasper Johns, | 0:05:30 | 0:05:33 | |
settled in New York city, | 0:05:33 | 0:05:35 | |
and began to paint the ultimate symbol of American-ness. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:40 | |
The Stars and Stripes. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:42 | |
He painted subtle variations on it, | 0:05:43 | 0:05:46 | |
but always fetishising the same familiar image. | 0:05:46 | 0:05:50 | |
At the time, most American artists were painting | 0:05:55 | 0:05:58 | |
intellectual abstractions. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:01 | |
Johns' flags seemed refreshingly new and direct. | 0:06:01 | 0:06:04 | |
But what were they? | 0:06:04 | 0:06:06 | |
Outpourings of patriotic fervour? | 0:06:07 | 0:06:10 | |
A different kind of abstraction? | 0:06:10 | 0:06:12 | |
Or something else? | 0:06:12 | 0:06:14 | |
The Metropolitan Museum in New York houses my favourite | 0:06:14 | 0:06:17 | |
of Johns' flags, painted not in the usual red white and blue, | 0:06:17 | 0:06:22 | |
but simply white and on a vast scale. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:25 | |
When Johns first presented his flag pictures | 0:06:29 | 0:06:32 | |
to the American public in the 1950s, | 0:06:32 | 0:06:34 | |
he was extremely reticent about their meanings. | 0:06:34 | 0:06:39 | |
He said, "I simply paint things the mind already knows." | 0:06:39 | 0:06:44 | |
The implication being that the flag was almost a non-subject, | 0:06:44 | 0:06:49 | |
it was such a universally recognisable symbol | 0:06:49 | 0:06:51 | |
that what meaning could it possibly possess? | 0:06:51 | 0:06:54 | |
These were purely formal paintings. | 0:06:54 | 0:06:58 | |
What a load of nonsense. | 0:06:58 | 0:07:01 | |
These are angry, passionate pictures, | 0:07:01 | 0:07:06 | |
they are Johns' way of saying, of expressing | 0:07:06 | 0:07:10 | |
what he felt was wrong with American society in the 1950s. | 0:07:10 | 0:07:15 | |
Contentless? | 0:07:15 | 0:07:16 | |
Hardly. | 0:07:16 | 0:07:18 | |
Look at what this picture is made of. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:22 | |
It's made of a collage of newsprint, | 0:07:22 | 0:07:25 | |
a babble of muffled American voices, | 0:07:25 | 0:07:29 | |
muffled by this thick heavy layer of encaustic beeswax oil-paint. | 0:07:29 | 0:07:37 | |
The picture is a metaphor. | 0:07:39 | 0:07:40 | |
The picture is a metaphor for Johns' perception that America is a place | 0:07:40 | 0:07:45 | |
where you're supposed to have freedom of speech, | 0:07:45 | 0:07:48 | |
you're supposed to have freedom of behaviour | 0:07:48 | 0:07:50 | |
but actually, you don't. | 0:07:50 | 0:07:54 | |
This is a picture of America, as it were, buried beneath | 0:07:54 | 0:07:58 | |
the thick, heavy snow of a cold | 0:07:58 | 0:08:03 | |
and illiberal idea | 0:08:03 | 0:08:06 | |
of patriotic duty. | 0:08:06 | 0:08:09 | |
Johns had good reason to be anxious about the moral status quo. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:18 | |
He was living in a homosexual relationship | 0:08:20 | 0:08:22 | |
with artist Robert Rauschenberg, | 0:08:22 | 0:08:24 | |
which was not only illegal, | 0:08:24 | 0:08:26 | |
but in an age of McCarthyite witch-hunts, | 0:08:26 | 0:08:29 | |
it could also get you branded as a dangerous commie subversive. | 0:08:29 | 0:08:33 | |
To be a fine, upstanding member of American society, | 0:08:42 | 0:08:45 | |
you had to embrace all its values, | 0:08:45 | 0:08:48 | |
above all, the freedom to shop. | 0:08:48 | 0:08:52 | |
This was the moment when advertising came of age, | 0:08:59 | 0:09:04 | |
when ad men learnt how to stop lecturing, | 0:09:04 | 0:09:06 | |
and instead practise the dark arts of seduction. | 0:09:06 | 0:09:10 | |
They exploited hyperreal colours | 0:09:12 | 0:09:14 | |
and graphic brand logos to repeat the mantra, | 0:09:14 | 0:09:17 | |
"You can never have too much". | 0:09:17 | 0:09:21 | |
By the early '60s, | 0:09:31 | 0:09:33 | |
a new generation of artists | 0:09:33 | 0:09:35 | |
was confronting the strangeness of consumer society. | 0:09:35 | 0:09:38 | |
Jasper Johns and his flags had already begun | 0:09:38 | 0:09:41 | |
to dig beneath the surface of America's brave new world. | 0:09:41 | 0:09:45 | |
Those who followed called themselves pop artists, | 0:09:45 | 0:09:48 | |
their subject being popular culture. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:51 | |
Their work seemed just as enticing | 0:09:51 | 0:09:53 | |
as the goods piled high in the new shopping malls... | 0:09:53 | 0:09:57 | |
but it concealed a bitter aftertaste. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:00 | |
Claes Oldenburg made supersize, | 0:10:03 | 0:10:06 | |
floppily repulsive hamburgers out of stuffed cloth | 0:10:06 | 0:10:10 | |
as if to lay bare | 0:10:10 | 0:10:12 | |
the excesses provoked by the rise of fast food chains. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:16 | |
The dot matrix language of comics | 0:10:19 | 0:10:21 | |
inspired the work of Roy Lichtenstein, | 0:10:21 | 0:10:23 | |
but always with an uneasy sense that the modern world | 0:10:23 | 0:10:26 | |
was simplifying human emotions to cartoon stereotypes. | 0:10:26 | 0:10:30 | |
James Rosenquist created vast canvases of collaged images, | 0:10:34 | 0:10:38 | |
poster-bright impressions of the modern world, | 0:10:38 | 0:10:41 | |
mimicking the vomitous splurge | 0:10:41 | 0:10:44 | |
of America's yowling jungle of signs. | 0:10:44 | 0:10:47 | |
Like most pop artists, Rosenquist began as a commercial artist, | 0:10:51 | 0:10:55 | |
part of the very establishment that he would go on to parody | 0:10:55 | 0:10:58 | |
in his later work. | 0:10:58 | 0:11:01 | |
Now 77, | 0:11:03 | 0:11:05 | |
Rosenquist is one of the last truly great surviving pop artists. | 0:11:05 | 0:11:10 | |
And he's still making his vast pictures. | 0:11:10 | 0:11:13 | |
Here's a late number I did this year. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:16 | |
It's called, | 0:11:16 | 0:11:18 | |
"The Richest Person Looking At A Universe... | 0:11:18 | 0:11:23 | |
"Through A Hubcap." | 0:11:23 | 0:11:25 | |
It's not THE universe, it's A universe | 0:11:25 | 0:11:28 | |
because there's many universes. | 0:11:28 | 0:11:30 | |
In his early years, Rosenquist earned a living | 0:11:31 | 0:11:34 | |
by painting ads on the billboards of Times Square. | 0:11:34 | 0:11:37 | |
That's him, bottom right. | 0:11:37 | 0:11:40 | |
I painted everything you can imagine | 0:11:40 | 0:11:43 | |
in Times Square, | 0:11:43 | 0:11:45 | |
from food, | 0:11:45 | 0:11:47 | |
to movie stars, | 0:11:47 | 0:11:49 | |
to everything. | 0:11:49 | 0:11:51 | |
I mean, you know, when I was painting big movie stars, | 0:11:51 | 0:11:55 | |
their heads were as wide as this room. | 0:11:55 | 0:11:58 | |
So I'd paint the hair down to the eyelid, right here, | 0:11:58 | 0:12:01 | |
it was a good place to stop for blending skin. | 0:12:01 | 0:12:04 | |
Then after lunch, I'd paint from the eye | 0:12:05 | 0:12:09 | |
all the way down cheeks | 0:12:09 | 0:12:11 | |
which were multicoloured pastel things, | 0:12:11 | 0:12:15 | |
down to the corner of the lips. | 0:12:15 | 0:12:17 | |
Paint the top lip, | 0:12:17 | 0:12:19 | |
and then next morning finish the job. | 0:12:20 | 0:12:24 | |
You took all that and put it in your art, billboard scale, | 0:12:24 | 0:12:27 | |
colours that shout at you, | 0:12:27 | 0:12:28 | |
images that shout at you, | 0:12:28 | 0:12:30 | |
was there a part of you that actually was in love with that, | 0:12:30 | 0:12:34 | |
that was seduced by it? | 0:12:34 | 0:12:36 | |
No, I thought they were terrible! They were like... | 0:12:36 | 0:12:38 | |
eyesores! | 0:12:38 | 0:12:41 | |
Since I was a kid I listened to, | 0:12:41 | 0:12:43 | |
# Rinse so white rinse so white Happy little wash day song... # | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
I hated fucking advertising. | 0:12:47 | 0:12:49 | |
I hated it all my life and here I was, | 0:12:49 | 0:12:52 | |
painting gigantic advertisements in Times Square. | 0:12:52 | 0:12:56 | |
So I began to think, | 0:12:56 | 0:12:58 | |
"Can I take fragments of billboard imagery, | 0:12:58 | 0:13:02 | |
"assemble them in a picture plane, that meant nothing." | 0:13:02 | 0:13:06 | |
If you look hard enough, it means nothing. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:10 | |
Are you saying to me | 0:13:10 | 0:13:12 | |
that those wonderful, huge, early works, | 0:13:12 | 0:13:15 | |
are you saying that they are in a sense anti-billboards, | 0:13:15 | 0:13:18 | |
kind of cutting against...? | 0:13:18 | 0:13:20 | |
Exactly, exactly. | 0:13:20 | 0:13:23 | |
This enlarged imagery is really empty. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:26 | |
And that's what I wanted to show. | 0:13:27 | 0:13:30 | |
The one pop artist whose work seemed to embrace consumerism | 0:13:33 | 0:13:37 | |
was Andy Warhol. | 0:13:37 | 0:13:39 | |
He took America's most familiar mass-produced objects | 0:13:39 | 0:13:43 | |
and re-presented them as art, | 0:13:43 | 0:13:46 | |
an art of numb repetition | 0:13:46 | 0:13:47 | |
that mimicked the production line. | 0:13:47 | 0:13:50 | |
His critics accused him of selling out, | 0:13:50 | 0:13:52 | |
but they didn't get the true starkness of his message. | 0:13:52 | 0:13:56 | |
There's a common misconception about Andy Warhol, | 0:13:58 | 0:14:00 | |
the idea that he was a mere gimmick-monger, | 0:14:00 | 0:14:04 | |
a trickster on the New York art scene, | 0:14:04 | 0:14:08 | |
a man purely obsessed by celebrity, | 0:14:08 | 0:14:12 | |
status and money. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:13 | |
But it's not true. | 0:14:14 | 0:14:16 | |
Andy Warhol... | 0:14:16 | 0:14:18 | |
was, for my money, | 0:14:18 | 0:14:20 | |
the single most significant American artist | 0:14:20 | 0:14:22 | |
of the second half of the 20th century, | 0:14:22 | 0:14:25 | |
a great philosopher, describer, | 0:14:25 | 0:14:28 | |
a man who really understood | 0:14:28 | 0:14:31 | |
what it was that made | 0:14:31 | 0:14:33 | |
this new, post-war American civilisation | 0:14:33 | 0:14:36 | |
unlike any other civilisation that had preceded it. | 0:14:36 | 0:14:40 | |
In this world there's variety, | 0:14:40 | 0:14:43 | |
but only of a certain kind. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:45 | |
That's the subject of this, | 0:14:46 | 0:14:48 | |
one of his earliest series of pictures | 0:14:48 | 0:14:50 | |
I think it's one of his greatest series of pictures, | 0:14:50 | 0:14:52 | |
the Campbell's soup tins. | 0:14:52 | 0:14:55 | |
We begin with tomato soup, | 0:14:55 | 0:14:57 | |
vegetable soup, green pea soup, | 0:14:57 | 0:14:59 | |
we come all the way through to bean with bacon soup, | 0:14:59 | 0:15:03 | |
cream of chicken soup, turkey noodle, | 0:15:03 | 0:15:05 | |
minestrone Italian style vegetable soup, | 0:15:05 | 0:15:09 | |
new "great as a sauce too" | 0:15:09 | 0:15:11 | |
Cheddar cheese soup. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:12 | |
You can have all this, | 0:15:14 | 0:15:17 | |
but then again everyone else can have all this too. | 0:15:17 | 0:15:21 | |
It's variety, but it's also a trap. | 0:15:21 | 0:15:25 | |
And I love the way that the paintings are laid out, | 0:15:25 | 0:15:29 | |
almost as if they're lining a cell | 0:15:29 | 0:15:33 | |
that you can pace, | 0:15:33 | 0:15:34 | |
but you can't ever escape from. | 0:15:34 | 0:15:36 | |
I think this is Warhol's way of saying, | 0:15:36 | 0:15:39 | |
"This is your world, America. | 0:15:39 | 0:15:41 | |
"This is the prison you've made for yourself." | 0:15:41 | 0:15:45 | |
To help him generate his mass-produced art, | 0:15:48 | 0:15:51 | |
Warhol surrounded himself with a group of free spirits | 0:15:51 | 0:15:54 | |
in The Factory, | 0:15:54 | 0:15:56 | |
his aptly-named Manhattan studio. | 0:15:56 | 0:15:59 | |
It was THE hip hangout for bohemians, | 0:15:59 | 0:16:02 | |
speed freaks, | 0:16:02 | 0:16:03 | |
anyone hoping to attain | 0:16:03 | 0:16:05 | |
Warhol's 15 minutes of fame. | 0:16:05 | 0:16:08 | |
So glamorous! Oh! | 0:16:10 | 0:16:12 | |
One of The Factory stalwarts was photographer Billy Name, | 0:16:15 | 0:16:18 | |
who started out as Warhol's lover, | 0:16:18 | 0:16:21 | |
but quickly became the visual chronicler of The Factory scene. | 0:16:21 | 0:16:25 | |
45 years on, | 0:16:25 | 0:16:27 | |
Billy lives in the town of Poughkeepsie | 0:16:27 | 0:16:29 | |
in upstate New York. | 0:16:29 | 0:16:31 | |
These are actually | 0:16:33 | 0:16:35 | |
silkscreen prints of some of my photographs. | 0:16:35 | 0:16:39 | |
Here's Andy on the telephone. | 0:16:39 | 0:16:40 | |
Now what's more important than Andy on the telephone? | 0:16:40 | 0:16:44 | |
In the early years especially, | 0:16:44 | 0:16:46 | |
he was always on the telephone. | 0:16:46 | 0:16:48 | |
You were the original fly on the wall, | 0:16:48 | 0:16:50 | |
I mean, in the sense that you were so ever present | 0:16:50 | 0:16:52 | |
-people just stopped seeing you. -I was. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:54 | |
They stopped seeing you, you could just record what was going on. | 0:16:54 | 0:16:57 | |
I just could live there, be there, | 0:16:57 | 0:16:59 | |
and no-one would even pay any attention to me. | 0:16:59 | 0:17:02 | |
And I did know Andy from the time he was a commercial artist, | 0:17:02 | 0:17:06 | |
through the transition period to when he was a celebrated fine artist. | 0:17:06 | 0:17:11 | |
So I went through that whole period with him. | 0:17:11 | 0:17:14 | |
So I've known all the changes, all the Andys and... | 0:17:14 | 0:17:16 | |
All the Andys! I like it! | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
If you wanted to explain to somebody who'd never heard of Andy Warhol, | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
you know, who never knew who this guy was, | 0:17:22 | 0:17:25 | |
you know, what would you say the point of those Brillo boxes | 0:17:25 | 0:17:29 | |
and those Del Monte boxes, | 0:17:29 | 0:17:30 | |
you know, remade and presented as works of art? | 0:17:30 | 0:17:33 | |
What was he trying to say, | 0:17:33 | 0:17:35 | |
or what were you all trying to communicate with this? | 0:17:35 | 0:17:38 | |
Well, what we were trying to say was that | 0:17:38 | 0:17:40 | |
you live in art. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:42 | |
You go to the supermarket | 0:17:42 | 0:17:43 | |
and you go down the rows of cans and they're all just | 0:17:43 | 0:17:47 | |
stacks and stacks | 0:17:47 | 0:17:48 | |
of icons on your shelves, | 0:17:48 | 0:17:51 | |
and you're living in art. | 0:17:51 | 0:17:54 | |
And Andy was fascinated with the lucidity of repetition, | 0:17:54 | 0:17:58 | |
the absolute clarity of what you can see | 0:17:58 | 0:18:02 | |
because in a supermarket they really want you to see what's there. | 0:18:02 | 0:18:07 | |
And so we produced | 0:18:07 | 0:18:09 | |
these boxes like the Brillo box | 0:18:09 | 0:18:12 | |
in a numerous occasion so you saw what was there, | 0:18:12 | 0:18:16 | |
and you could not escape the Brillo box | 0:18:16 | 0:18:19 | |
and the reality of it. | 0:18:19 | 0:18:21 | |
I think of him as almost like a mirror, | 0:18:21 | 0:18:23 | |
-I think of his art like a mirror. -Yes. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:25 | |
It's like, "Look, this is your world, I'm mirroring it to you." | 0:18:25 | 0:18:28 | |
He is, yes. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:29 | |
The older artists considered | 0:18:29 | 0:18:32 | |
the artist as a hero | 0:18:32 | 0:18:36 | |
whereas when Andy came, | 0:18:36 | 0:18:38 | |
he was the artist as a zero. | 0:18:38 | 0:18:41 | |
The previous generation had been, | 0:18:41 | 0:18:44 | |
turn your back on the surface culture, | 0:18:44 | 0:18:48 | |
you don't want to deal with that, it's cheap, | 0:18:48 | 0:18:51 | |
it's shallow, and don't go into that water. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:55 | |
Whereas Warhol would say, | 0:18:55 | 0:18:58 | |
instead of turning our back on it, | 0:18:58 | 0:19:00 | |
let's just turn around, face it, and take it over and manipulate it. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:04 | |
Warhol saw that America treated celebrities | 0:19:11 | 0:19:13 | |
just as it treated products, | 0:19:13 | 0:19:15 | |
as objects replicated for mass consumption. | 0:19:15 | 0:19:19 | |
A single image, screenprinted over and over, | 0:19:20 | 0:19:23 | |
evokes a row of magazine covers, | 0:19:23 | 0:19:25 | |
the frames of a film, | 0:19:25 | 0:19:26 | |
a stack of TV screens. | 0:19:26 | 0:19:29 | |
But Warhol's most powerful work | 0:19:30 | 0:19:32 | |
is his "Death and Disaster" series, begun in 1962. | 0:19:32 | 0:19:36 | |
Race riots. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:38 | |
Atomic bombs. | 0:19:38 | 0:19:40 | |
Electric chairs. | 0:19:40 | 0:19:42 | |
Car crashes. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:45 | |
All are made from actual press photographs. | 0:19:45 | 0:19:49 | |
In America, | 0:19:49 | 0:19:50 | |
even death is reproduced | 0:19:50 | 0:19:52 | |
and homogenised. | 0:19:52 | 0:19:54 | |
I think what Warhol was driving at | 0:19:58 | 0:20:00 | |
in those pictures was the way in which the big media, | 0:20:00 | 0:20:03 | |
television and the newspapers, | 0:20:03 | 0:20:05 | |
were desensitising Americans by exposing them continually | 0:20:05 | 0:20:10 | |
to horrific images, whether of war, or of car crashes. | 0:20:10 | 0:20:13 | |
Warhol said in relation to the car crash paintings, | 0:20:13 | 0:20:17 | |
"When you see a gruesome image once, it shocks you, | 0:20:17 | 0:20:20 | |
"when you see it again and again and again, | 0:20:20 | 0:20:22 | |
"you stop thinking about it, it stops bothering you". | 0:20:22 | 0:20:25 | |
I think he felt that something | 0:20:25 | 0:20:27 | |
strange and bizarre and unpleasant | 0:20:27 | 0:20:30 | |
was happening to the American psyche, | 0:20:30 | 0:20:32 | |
he felt that Americans were being desensitised. | 0:20:32 | 0:20:34 | |
Perhaps his darkest statement of all | 0:20:34 | 0:20:37 | |
was simply when he said, | 0:20:37 | 0:20:40 | |
"I think in the 1960s, | 0:20:40 | 0:20:42 | |
"Americans forgot what emotions were supposed to be, | 0:20:42 | 0:20:46 | |
"and I don't think they've ever remembered." | 0:20:46 | 0:20:50 | |
Warhol portrayed the car | 0:20:53 | 0:20:55 | |
as just another of America's morbid machines, | 0:20:55 | 0:20:57 | |
mass producing road crash deaths | 0:20:57 | 0:21:00 | |
for tabloid readers to gawk at. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:03 | |
But others saw the car in a far more romantic light. | 0:21:03 | 0:21:07 | |
It was a way to leave behind | 0:21:07 | 0:21:09 | |
the suburbs and the shopping malls... | 0:21:09 | 0:21:12 | |
..and disappear down the endless open road. | 0:21:13 | 0:21:17 | |
As Jack Kerouac wrote, | 0:21:17 | 0:21:20 | |
"Nothing behind me, everything ahead of me, | 0:21:20 | 0:21:23 | |
"as is ever so on the road." | 0:21:23 | 0:21:25 | |
For several generations of American artists, | 0:21:26 | 0:21:29 | |
above all American photographers, | 0:21:29 | 0:21:32 | |
the car on the road, | 0:21:32 | 0:21:34 | |
becomes, literally, | 0:21:34 | 0:21:37 | |
a mobile studio-cum-darkroom, | 0:21:37 | 0:21:39 | |
from which... | 0:21:39 | 0:21:42 | |
a whole series of photographers create | 0:21:42 | 0:21:44 | |
a set of disconcerting, | 0:21:44 | 0:21:46 | |
kaleidoscopically fractured images of America, all seen | 0:21:46 | 0:21:51 | |
from the perspective of the two lane blacktop. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:54 | |
When pictured from a car, | 0:22:13 | 0:22:14 | |
the subtle differences and dissonances of American society | 0:22:14 | 0:22:18 | |
often became more apparent. | 0:22:18 | 0:22:20 | |
The road photographers showed | 0:22:23 | 0:22:24 | |
that within Warhol's mass-produced society, | 0:22:24 | 0:22:27 | |
same church, | 0:22:27 | 0:22:29 | |
same shopping mall, | 0:22:29 | 0:22:30 | |
same gas station, | 0:22:30 | 0:22:32 | |
there was still room for the individual. | 0:22:32 | 0:22:35 | |
And that people who seemed rootless, | 0:22:36 | 0:22:38 | |
alienated and unhappy, | 0:22:38 | 0:22:41 | |
still travelled on in search of a better life | 0:22:41 | 0:22:44 | |
somewhere else. | 0:22:44 | 0:22:45 | |
Because in one form or another, | 0:22:45 | 0:22:47 | |
the trailblazing spirit | 0:22:47 | 0:22:49 | |
still lived on in America. | 0:22:49 | 0:22:51 | |
PRESIDENT JOHN F KENNEDY: 'We choose to go to the moon | 0:22:58 | 0:23:01 | |
'because that challenge is one we're willing to accept, | 0:23:01 | 0:23:04 | |
'and one we intend to win.' | 0:23:04 | 0:23:07 | |
As the US and Russia raced skywards | 0:23:11 | 0:23:13 | |
to reach the furthest frontiers of space, | 0:23:13 | 0:23:16 | |
ordinary men and women | 0:23:16 | 0:23:18 | |
followed their astronaut heroes | 0:23:18 | 0:23:20 | |
from the comfort of their living rooms. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:22 | |
But for anyone in search of their own frontier, | 0:23:22 | 0:23:25 | |
American history favoured just one direction - | 0:23:25 | 0:23:29 | |
west. | 0:23:29 | 0:23:30 | |
A century after the last pioneers trekked across the continent, | 0:23:32 | 0:23:36 | |
the west was still seen as the direction of progress - | 0:23:36 | 0:23:39 | |
the future. | 0:23:39 | 0:23:40 | |
And if you kept going west, you reached Los Angeles. | 0:23:42 | 0:23:45 | |
In the '60s, it was one of the youngest, | 0:23:45 | 0:23:48 | |
fastest-growing cities in America, | 0:23:48 | 0:23:51 | |
home to Walt Disney's first theme park, | 0:23:51 | 0:23:53 | |
and of course, Hollywood. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:56 | |
Here, the car was not only a symbol of freedom, | 0:23:56 | 0:23:59 | |
it was a necessity, | 0:23:59 | 0:24:01 | |
the only way to navigate a city so vast, | 0:24:01 | 0:24:04 | |
so strung out. | 0:24:04 | 0:24:05 | |
I'll never forget the first time I came to LA, | 0:24:12 | 0:24:17 | |
I was very young, it was a very long time ago. | 0:24:17 | 0:24:20 | |
I rented a Buick and I set off | 0:24:20 | 0:24:23 | |
with naive enthusiasm | 0:24:23 | 0:24:25 | |
to find the centre of this great megalopolis. | 0:24:25 | 0:24:30 | |
After about three days of driving and driving | 0:24:30 | 0:24:34 | |
and driving and driving, | 0:24:34 | 0:24:35 | |
the penny suddenly dropped, I realised | 0:24:35 | 0:24:37 | |
this is a city that doesn't HAVE a centre! | 0:24:37 | 0:24:40 | |
What it's got | 0:24:40 | 0:24:43 | |
is a huge sprawl | 0:24:43 | 0:24:46 | |
of districts and neighbourhoods, seemingly the same as each other, | 0:24:46 | 0:24:50 | |
all linked together by a vast spaghetti of a road system. | 0:24:50 | 0:24:53 | |
I have to say I hated the whole experience, | 0:24:53 | 0:24:55 | |
I found it thoroughly alienating. | 0:24:55 | 0:24:57 | |
I just couldn't cope with it. | 0:24:57 | 0:24:59 | |
Now over the years, | 0:24:59 | 0:25:01 | |
I feel I have learned, | 0:25:01 | 0:25:03 | |
actually, to appreciate and enjoy this place, | 0:25:03 | 0:25:06 | |
and I now think of LA as one of the most thrilling, vibrant, | 0:25:06 | 0:25:09 | |
visually exhilarating built environments | 0:25:09 | 0:25:11 | |
ever created by mankind. | 0:25:11 | 0:25:13 | |
But it took something to unlock | 0:25:13 | 0:25:15 | |
that in me, and what that something was, | 0:25:15 | 0:25:19 | |
was the art created by painters who've lived here in LA, | 0:25:19 | 0:25:23 | |
it was looking at how they painted the city, | 0:25:23 | 0:25:26 | |
at how they saw the city, | 0:25:26 | 0:25:28 | |
that taught ME how to enjoy it. | 0:25:28 | 0:25:30 | |
For artists, LA was a place | 0:25:38 | 0:25:41 | |
free of the long, European oriented history of the East coast, | 0:25:41 | 0:25:46 | |
a blank canvas on which to experiment. | 0:25:46 | 0:25:49 | |
The quality of light was different here. | 0:25:49 | 0:25:52 | |
Richard Diebenkorn saw the city's bright planes of colour, | 0:25:56 | 0:26:00 | |
the sky, the sea, the tarmac, and distilled them in paint - | 0:26:00 | 0:26:03 | |
romantic images that borrowed from cubism and expressionism, | 0:26:03 | 0:26:08 | |
to conjure an abstract beauty | 0:26:08 | 0:26:10 | |
from LA's endless samey sprawl. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:12 | |
Wayne Thiebaud's candy-coloured objects of desire | 0:26:17 | 0:26:20 | |
captured the plastic brightness | 0:26:20 | 0:26:22 | |
of LA's must-have pop culture, | 0:26:22 | 0:26:25 | |
a sickly-sweet temptation. | 0:26:25 | 0:26:27 | |
And Ed Ruscha used advertising's flat graphic shorthand | 0:26:34 | 0:26:38 | |
to pick out some of LA's defining images. | 0:26:38 | 0:26:41 | |
Back in '56, | 0:26:45 | 0:26:47 | |
Ed Ruscha had left Oklahoma City | 0:26:47 | 0:26:49 | |
to follow the same route as countless wannabe starlets, | 0:26:49 | 0:26:52 | |
west to LA. | 0:26:52 | 0:26:54 | |
His pop art paintings of the Hollywood sign | 0:26:57 | 0:27:00 | |
seem at first glance to glory in the thrill of Tinseltown, | 0:27:00 | 0:27:04 | |
in this case | 0:27:04 | 0:27:06 | |
a big screen sunset as seen from behind the sign, | 0:27:06 | 0:27:10 | |
up in the Hollywood hills. | 0:27:10 | 0:27:12 | |
It doesn't take long to realise, | 0:27:17 | 0:27:19 | |
in fact pretty much as soon as you get here | 0:27:19 | 0:27:21 | |
you realise you can't actually achieve the point of view | 0:27:21 | 0:27:24 | |
suggested by Ruscha's painting | 0:27:24 | 0:27:26 | |
because he's placed the Hollywood sign | 0:27:26 | 0:27:28 | |
on the summit of a hill that doesn't actually exist, | 0:27:28 | 0:27:30 | |
the sign's on the side. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:32 | |
I think that's part of the joke of the painting, | 0:27:32 | 0:27:34 | |
I think it's an affectionately artificial play | 0:27:34 | 0:27:38 | |
on the artifice that he saw as being central | 0:27:38 | 0:27:40 | |
to this whole culture. | 0:27:40 | 0:27:42 | |
He saw the Hollywood sign as, if you like, | 0:27:42 | 0:27:45 | |
the quintessence of Hollywood itself. | 0:27:45 | 0:27:47 | |
As he said with a mixture of affection and irony, | 0:27:47 | 0:27:51 | |
"This is what Hollywood is, | 0:27:51 | 0:27:54 | |
"a piece of fakery held up on sticks." | 0:27:54 | 0:27:57 | |
LA in the '60s just loved artificiality. | 0:28:04 | 0:28:08 | |
From the unfeasibly tall imported palm trees | 0:28:08 | 0:28:12 | |
to the shape of the buildings, this was a city inventing itself. | 0:28:12 | 0:28:16 | |
Its unique new architecture | 0:28:16 | 0:28:19 | |
was known as Googie. | 0:28:19 | 0:28:21 | |
Cheeky, referential, | 0:28:21 | 0:28:23 | |
evoking a stack of jukebox records, | 0:28:23 | 0:28:26 | |
or the speedfins of a Cadillac, | 0:28:26 | 0:28:29 | |
it borrowed from the language of the car, | 0:28:29 | 0:28:32 | |
the space rocket, | 0:28:32 | 0:28:34 | |
the subatomic particle. | 0:28:34 | 0:28:36 | |
This was modernism | 0:28:36 | 0:28:38 | |
for the space age. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:39 | |
I think the only way to really get the crazy beauty of LA | 0:28:46 | 0:28:50 | |
is to drive through the city at night. | 0:28:50 | 0:28:52 | |
When you do that, you realise this whole place... | 0:28:52 | 0:28:55 | |
..is a kind of extraordinary, | 0:28:57 | 0:28:59 | |
vast collective work of art. | 0:28:59 | 0:29:03 | |
And the reason for that, is the fact | 0:29:03 | 0:29:05 | |
that this is a city where everyone is always on the move. | 0:29:05 | 0:29:09 | |
And that's why | 0:29:09 | 0:29:12 | |
the architecture and the signage of LA | 0:29:12 | 0:29:14 | |
has to shout in the way that it does, | 0:29:14 | 0:29:17 | |
because it needs you to stop. | 0:29:17 | 0:29:21 | |
It's saying, "Hey, buddy, come and buy my liquor, | 0:29:21 | 0:29:25 | |
"come and get some gas, | 0:29:25 | 0:29:27 | |
"enjoy the live nude girls, girls girls!" | 0:29:27 | 0:29:31 | |
That's why this is, | 0:29:31 | 0:29:32 | |
more than any other city in the world, | 0:29:32 | 0:29:35 | |
it's the city of the sign. | 0:29:35 | 0:29:37 | |
As the signs and symbols of advertising | 0:29:39 | 0:29:42 | |
crowded in ever closer on American life, | 0:29:42 | 0:29:45 | |
so pop art had mirrored the excesses | 0:29:45 | 0:29:47 | |
of capitalism's increasingly loud, | 0:29:47 | 0:29:50 | |
evangelical gospel - | 0:29:50 | 0:29:52 | |
to consume. | 0:29:52 | 0:29:53 | |
But a new wave of artists was emerging, | 0:29:58 | 0:30:02 | |
who seemed to reflect a more puritanical side | 0:30:02 | 0:30:04 | |
of the American character. | 0:30:04 | 0:30:07 | |
They were known as the minimalists. | 0:30:07 | 0:30:10 | |
They shared the pop artists' cool disdain for consumer society, | 0:30:10 | 0:30:13 | |
but took a profoundly different approach to it in their art. | 0:30:13 | 0:30:18 | |
What the minimalists hated about pop art | 0:30:19 | 0:30:23 | |
was its apparent celebration of the bright, | 0:30:23 | 0:30:25 | |
gaudy, tacky packaging | 0:30:25 | 0:30:28 | |
in which American consumerism wrapped itself. | 0:30:28 | 0:30:32 | |
Its embrace of the whole ethos | 0:30:32 | 0:30:35 | |
of mass marketing and advertising, | 0:30:35 | 0:30:38 | |
the ethos of buy two get one free, 57 varieties, the hard sell. | 0:30:38 | 0:30:42 | |
The minimalists didn't avert their gaze | 0:30:45 | 0:30:48 | |
from characteristic spaces of American life | 0:30:48 | 0:30:50 | |
but they looked at them with different eyes, | 0:30:50 | 0:30:52 | |
like Andy Warhol with his Campbell soup tin paintings, | 0:30:52 | 0:30:55 | |
they drew inspiration from the supermarket. | 0:30:55 | 0:30:58 | |
And while they purged | 0:30:58 | 0:31:00 | |
and purified it of colour, | 0:31:00 | 0:31:03 | |
image, | 0:31:03 | 0:31:04 | |
detail, | 0:31:04 | 0:31:05 | |
packaging, they still retained its strategies and its forms. | 0:31:05 | 0:31:10 | |
Theirs would be an art | 0:31:10 | 0:31:12 | |
made from mute accumulations of objects, | 0:31:12 | 0:31:16 | |
carefully composed, | 0:31:16 | 0:31:18 | |
rigorously arranged, | 0:31:18 | 0:31:20 | |
neatly stacked. | 0:31:20 | 0:31:21 | |
The minimalists reflected the coldness of consumerism, | 0:31:27 | 0:31:31 | |
with the formal coldness of a new, | 0:31:31 | 0:31:34 | |
scarily empty, art. | 0:31:34 | 0:31:37 | |
A gallery full of their work | 0:31:37 | 0:31:39 | |
is like a supermarket where the products can't actually be consumed, | 0:31:39 | 0:31:43 | |
only contemplated | 0:31:43 | 0:31:45 | |
in all their blankness. | 0:31:45 | 0:31:47 | |
Minimalism is a good name | 0:31:47 | 0:31:50 | |
for their vision of what American life had become, | 0:31:50 | 0:31:53 | |
a life dominated by objects without meaning, | 0:31:53 | 0:31:56 | |
without hope of transcendence. | 0:31:56 | 0:31:58 | |
And yet, even in minimalism's rather bleak universe, | 0:32:02 | 0:32:05 | |
there was room, perhaps, for hope, | 0:32:05 | 0:32:08 | |
for dreaming, | 0:32:08 | 0:32:10 | |
for light. | 0:32:10 | 0:32:12 | |
In 1963, artist Dan Flavin began creating sculptures | 0:32:12 | 0:32:16 | |
using nothing but that ubiquitous modern lighting unit, | 0:32:16 | 0:32:20 | |
the fluorescent tube. | 0:32:20 | 0:32:22 | |
As a gallery for his work, Flavin bought this former Baptist Church | 0:32:24 | 0:32:28 | |
in the town of Bridgehampton, Long Island. | 0:32:28 | 0:32:31 | |
Flavin's astonishing luminous art | 0:32:47 | 0:32:50 | |
is perfectly minimal, in one sense. | 0:32:50 | 0:32:52 | |
He's taken an element of modern life, | 0:32:52 | 0:32:55 | |
common to supermarkets, offices, even seedy motels, | 0:32:55 | 0:32:59 | |
and emptied it of meaning, | 0:32:59 | 0:33:01 | |
used it to create a series of implacable geometric forms. | 0:33:01 | 0:33:05 | |
But why put all this in a deconsecrated church, | 0:33:13 | 0:33:17 | |
and arrange it like a series of chapels? | 0:33:17 | 0:33:21 | |
Though Flavin denied any spiritual aspect to his work, | 0:33:22 | 0:33:26 | |
it's surely significant that he'd studied for the priesthood | 0:33:26 | 0:33:29 | |
before becoming an artist. | 0:33:29 | 0:33:32 | |
Is there a nostalgia here, | 0:33:32 | 0:33:34 | |
a yearning for divine light | 0:33:34 | 0:33:36 | |
to pierce the godless soul of modern life? | 0:33:36 | 0:33:40 | |
Or is he saying that the very idea of religious transcendence, | 0:33:43 | 0:33:47 | |
is nothing more than an illusion, | 0:33:47 | 0:33:50 | |
like a neon sign to be switched on or off? | 0:33:50 | 0:33:54 | |
You can read it either way. | 0:33:54 | 0:33:57 | |
By the late 60's, a succession of shocking clashes with authority | 0:34:08 | 0:34:12 | |
was beginning to unravel the fabric of American society. | 0:34:12 | 0:34:16 | |
Civil rights marchers were beaten by police, | 0:34:16 | 0:34:20 | |
students protesting against the Vietnam War | 0:34:20 | 0:34:23 | |
were gunned down by the National Guard. | 0:34:23 | 0:34:26 | |
Faith in the established order | 0:34:26 | 0:34:28 | |
was crumbling. | 0:34:28 | 0:34:31 | |
Until now artists in post war America | 0:34:31 | 0:34:34 | |
had expressed their unease with society | 0:34:34 | 0:34:36 | |
in cool, ironic terms - | 0:34:36 | 0:34:38 | |
pop's hard realism, | 0:34:38 | 0:34:39 | |
or the chilly objectivity of the minimalists. | 0:34:39 | 0:34:43 | |
But now the sheer atrocity of the times | 0:34:43 | 0:34:46 | |
demanded a radical new response. | 0:34:46 | 0:34:49 | |
For years, Philip Guston had painted subtle, tasteful compositions, | 0:34:53 | 0:34:58 | |
like this of 1953. | 0:34:58 | 0:35:00 | |
He was of the old pre-pop, pre-minimalist school, | 0:35:00 | 0:35:03 | |
the abstract expressionists, | 0:35:03 | 0:35:04 | |
rising above the mundanities of modern America | 0:35:04 | 0:35:08 | |
to search for higher truths. | 0:35:08 | 0:35:11 | |
But by the end of the '60s | 0:35:13 | 0:35:15 | |
Guston felt he could no longer keep the world out of his art. | 0:35:15 | 0:35:18 | |
"What kind of man am I", he said, | 0:35:18 | 0:35:20 | |
"reading magazines, going into a frustrated fury about everything, | 0:35:20 | 0:35:24 | |
"and then going into my studio to adjust a red to a blue?" | 0:35:24 | 0:35:29 | |
So he began producing angry, comic-book satires, | 0:35:30 | 0:35:35 | |
a shocking seismic shift | 0:35:35 | 0:35:37 | |
that would change the course of American art itself. | 0:35:37 | 0:35:41 | |
Guston's daughter, Musa Mayer, | 0:35:43 | 0:35:45 | |
has preserved his studio pretty much as it was. | 0:35:45 | 0:35:49 | |
So this is the studio. | 0:35:50 | 0:35:53 | |
It feels to me almost as if he just left here! | 0:35:53 | 0:35:57 | |
The painter's table, still spattered with paint. | 0:35:57 | 0:36:00 | |
-I love it when there's paint on the floor. -Yes... | 0:36:00 | 0:36:03 | |
-I always think of... -..we left it. | 0:36:03 | 0:36:05 | |
..it somehow as painter's blood. | 0:36:05 | 0:36:07 | |
There it is, all the effort. | 0:36:07 | 0:36:09 | |
You've left the paints and the brushes neatly arranged... | 0:36:09 | 0:36:12 | |
Yes, and that cabinet is full of old paint. | 0:36:12 | 0:36:16 | |
-Still? -Still full of old paint, yes. | 0:36:16 | 0:36:18 | |
But tell me, because what I'm curious to know is, | 0:36:18 | 0:36:21 | |
when he made this great shift, this great change, | 0:36:21 | 0:36:24 | |
this new start, had the first exhibition... | 0:36:24 | 0:36:26 | |
..what was the response, what did everybody in New York think, | 0:36:28 | 0:36:31 | |
you know, when they turned up, | 0:36:31 | 0:36:32 | |
and there it is, the new work? | 0:36:32 | 0:36:34 | |
Well, very negatively, actually. | 0:36:34 | 0:36:38 | |
Almost universally, | 0:36:38 | 0:36:39 | |
the critics panned the new work, | 0:36:39 | 0:36:42 | |
they were really shocked. | 0:36:42 | 0:36:44 | |
But when you look at, say, a picture like this, | 0:36:44 | 0:36:47 | |
the Ku Klux Klan, | 0:36:47 | 0:36:48 | |
what's it called this one? | 0:36:49 | 0:36:50 | |
This is called Riding Around. | 0:36:50 | 0:36:52 | |
Riding Around. I mean, | 0:36:52 | 0:36:54 | |
what do you think he was driving at by painting pictures like this? | 0:36:54 | 0:36:58 | |
He had a whole cast of characters, he called them characters. | 0:36:58 | 0:37:02 | |
And they were hooded figures, | 0:37:02 | 0:37:04 | |
and yes, they resembled Klansmen, | 0:37:04 | 0:37:07 | |
but they have a broader meaning, I think, that has to do | 0:37:07 | 0:37:12 | |
with concealment and... | 0:37:12 | 0:37:14 | |
what we reveal, and don't reveal, about ourselves. | 0:37:14 | 0:37:19 | |
Do you think having these hooded figures, | 0:37:19 | 0:37:21 | |
smoking their cigars, | 0:37:21 | 0:37:23 | |
is his way of saying, | 0:37:23 | 0:37:24 | |
"America is a place where people are concealing things, | 0:37:24 | 0:37:27 | |
"concealing the truth from you. It's a place full of bigotry, | 0:37:27 | 0:37:30 | |
-"full of racism, it's a place..." -It could be. | 0:37:30 | 0:37:33 | |
-I mean look at the blood on the hoods there. -Oh, yeah, right. | 0:37:33 | 0:37:37 | |
So they're definitely up to no good. | 0:37:37 | 0:37:39 | |
I get the feeling that in a sense, with this late work | 0:37:39 | 0:37:42 | |
it's as if he's almost | 0:37:42 | 0:37:44 | |
popping the boil of his own frustration that's been building up, | 0:37:44 | 0:37:50 | |
it's like he's lancing it, and all this pus is coming out, | 0:37:50 | 0:37:53 | |
-which is sort of... -Good metaphor! | 0:37:53 | 0:37:55 | |
You brought out this picture. | 0:37:56 | 0:37:58 | |
So this is Nixon, with phlebitis, which he was plagued with, | 0:37:58 | 0:38:02 | |
at San Clemente, which was his retreat on the beach in California. | 0:38:02 | 0:38:07 | |
What do you think it symbolised for your dad, I mean this pussy leg? | 0:38:07 | 0:38:11 | |
-Is it the corrupt administration? -To me it looks like a map. | 0:38:11 | 0:38:15 | |
Doesn't it look like a map to you? In a way. | 0:38:15 | 0:38:18 | |
I've always thought that this is like the body politic. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:21 | |
Oh, that's a brilliant idea, | 0:38:21 | 0:38:24 | |
so this is America, seeping pus... | 0:38:24 | 0:38:28 | |
Seeping pus and blood, | 0:38:28 | 0:38:30 | |
with the state lines drawn in blood and pus. | 0:38:30 | 0:38:33 | |
That's a brilliant idea, hadn't occurred to me. | 0:38:33 | 0:38:35 | |
So it really is a portrait of America, | 0:38:35 | 0:38:38 | |
and he's got the American flag. | 0:38:38 | 0:38:40 | |
I like to think this is almost a little embedded reference | 0:38:40 | 0:38:43 | |
to Jasper Johns' flag paintings, the flag, but it's the flag melted, | 0:38:43 | 0:38:47 | |
it's somehow gone rotten and there's Nixon, literally, | 0:38:47 | 0:38:51 | |
presented as a dickhead, | 0:38:51 | 0:38:54 | |
with a cock for a nose and two testicles for cheeks. | 0:38:54 | 0:38:57 | |
I mean it's such a sort of vicious, satirical, | 0:38:57 | 0:39:00 | |
-angry picture isn't it? -Yes, it is. | 0:39:00 | 0:39:03 | |
And I notice that you've placed this wonderful picture... | 0:39:03 | 0:39:09 | |
-pride of place, centre stage. -Yes. | 0:39:09 | 0:39:11 | |
-I'm guessing that it has a special place in your heart? -It does, it does. | 0:39:11 | 0:39:15 | |
In a sense it's a self-portrait. | 0:39:15 | 0:39:17 | |
Um...it's a self-portrait of a self-portrait. | 0:39:17 | 0:39:22 | |
The artist, the hooded figure. | 0:39:22 | 0:39:24 | |
Because he acknowledged the... dark side of himself. | 0:39:24 | 0:39:29 | |
He painted the dark side of himself, he had the courage to do that, | 0:39:29 | 0:39:33 | |
which is something not many artists at that time were able to do. | 0:39:33 | 0:39:38 | |
'Guston's disconcerting paintings | 0:39:38 | 0:39:40 | |
'tore up the rule book of American art. | 0:39:40 | 0:39:44 | |
'Until now, movement had followed movement | 0:39:44 | 0:39:47 | |
'in a seemingly inevitable way - | 0:39:47 | 0:39:50 | |
'abstract expressionism, pop, minimalism. | 0:39:50 | 0:39:53 | |
'But after Guston anything was possible.' | 0:39:53 | 0:39:56 | |
Postmodernism was the label critics tried to stick on this new uncertainty, | 0:40:01 | 0:40:06 | |
but all that meant was that, from now on, art can be about anything you want. | 0:40:06 | 0:40:12 | |
It was a reflection of what was happening in American society in the '70s - | 0:40:12 | 0:40:17 | |
the rise of the individual. | 0:40:17 | 0:40:20 | |
Black power, gay rights, women's lib. | 0:40:20 | 0:40:22 | |
The emergence of marginalised, hidden voices. | 0:40:22 | 0:40:26 | |
And art became a means of exploring those newly formed identities, | 0:40:29 | 0:40:34 | |
whether through the street language of graffiti | 0:40:34 | 0:40:38 | |
or the unflinching eye of the camera. | 0:40:38 | 0:40:41 | |
In 1978, a 25-year-old photographer called Nan Goldin | 0:40:44 | 0:40:49 | |
moved from Boston to Manhattan, New York. | 0:40:49 | 0:40:52 | |
She came to the Lower East Side, then an extremely shabby district, | 0:40:52 | 0:40:56 | |
because she was fascinated by its subculture, | 0:40:56 | 0:41:00 | |
a mix of drag queens, heroin addicts and all other kinds of social outsiders. | 0:41:00 | 0:41:06 | |
Nan Goldin photographed herself and the people she knew, | 0:41:14 | 0:41:18 | |
in tenement buildings just like this one. | 0:41:18 | 0:41:20 | |
Her pictures documented intimate moments, | 0:41:20 | 0:41:25 | |
intentionally raw, unaltered, unstaged. | 0:41:25 | 0:41:29 | |
She set out to capture her friends' lives, | 0:41:29 | 0:41:33 | |
often lived in secret, behind closed doors. | 0:41:33 | 0:41:37 | |
And when some of her friends began to die of AIDS | 0:41:37 | 0:41:39 | |
she documented that too. | 0:41:39 | 0:41:42 | |
But these pictures weren't voyeurism - | 0:41:44 | 0:41:47 | |
they were Goldin's chronicle of her own life. | 0:41:47 | 0:41:50 | |
She said, "My camera has saved my life. | 0:41:50 | 0:41:54 | |
"It's made bearable things that feel unbearable." | 0:41:54 | 0:41:57 | |
When I think of Nan Goldin's work, | 0:42:01 | 0:42:03 | |
I can't help thinking back to Jasper Johns' White Flag, | 0:42:03 | 0:42:08 | |
that image of the American flag, almost as a...as a quilt laid down, | 0:42:08 | 0:42:15 | |
smothering the teeming multiplicity of America's many voices and many cultures | 0:42:15 | 0:42:21 | |
and I think her achievement was to... | 0:42:21 | 0:42:25 | |
was almost if you like to... lift a corner of that sheet | 0:42:25 | 0:42:30 | |
and reveal this hidden, secret, quite dark world, | 0:42:30 | 0:42:34 | |
but to do so in a beautifully affectionate and vibrant way. | 0:42:34 | 0:42:39 | |
When Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1981, | 0:42:48 | 0:42:52 | |
he repackaged the American Dream. | 0:42:52 | 0:42:54 | |
In an echo of 1950s Levittown, | 0:42:57 | 0:43:00 | |
he believed the US could be made great again through home ownership. | 0:43:00 | 0:43:05 | |
Now not only the marginalised voices would be heard, but the voice too of the little man - | 0:43:05 | 0:43:10 | |
aspirational middle America. | 0:43:10 | 0:43:13 | |
After all, if a B-list Hollywood actor could make it as President, | 0:43:15 | 0:43:19 | |
then anyone could make it, regardless of class, background or taste. | 0:43:19 | 0:43:24 | |
The artist who most perfectly captured that idea was Jeff Koons. | 0:43:27 | 0:43:32 | |
His work transfigured the seemingly vulgar, | 0:43:32 | 0:43:35 | |
the telltale lapse of taste of the nouveau riche. | 0:43:35 | 0:43:38 | |
Most critics were horrified. | 0:43:39 | 0:43:41 | |
Others saw a witty take on eclectic materialism. | 0:43:41 | 0:43:45 | |
I think of Koons as Andy Warhol take two, | 0:43:45 | 0:43:50 | |
but a Warhol who wants to liberate Americans to wallow in their taste, | 0:43:50 | 0:43:54 | |
no matter how kitsch or obscene. | 0:43:54 | 0:43:57 | |
But it's hard to know whether I'm right, | 0:43:59 | 0:44:01 | |
or whether Koons has his tongue firmly in his cheek. | 0:44:01 | 0:44:05 | |
Because if ever an artist was deadpan, | 0:44:05 | 0:44:07 | |
more so even than Warhol, it's Jeff Koons. | 0:44:07 | 0:44:11 | |
-Andrew, how are you? -I'm very well, it's so nice to see you. | 0:44:12 | 0:44:15 | |
So what are you working on at the moment, paintings or sculptures? | 0:44:15 | 0:44:19 | |
Well, you know, I'm always working on sculptures and paintings together | 0:44:19 | 0:44:23 | |
and I'm working on a series called Antiquity right now, | 0:44:23 | 0:44:28 | |
so I'm just in the process of finishing off some of the first ones. | 0:44:28 | 0:44:32 | |
I know this is a work in progress | 0:44:32 | 0:44:35 | |
but we've got a lot of, as it were, your motifs here, | 0:44:35 | 0:44:37 | |
in the sense of the shiny inflatable, the sexy girl, | 0:44:37 | 0:44:42 | |
this wonderful dolphin, and these again all seem to me | 0:44:42 | 0:44:46 | |
to be playing into...imagery that everybody likes. | 0:44:46 | 0:44:50 | |
So I think you've said to me in the past that you want everyone to feel they can participate in your work, | 0:44:50 | 0:44:55 | |
you don't want to exclude anybody from it. | 0:44:55 | 0:44:58 | |
Well, a piece like this I think an average viewer could look at... | 0:44:58 | 0:45:02 | |
My daughter Scarlet, who's only one year old, was here at the studio three days ago, | 0:45:02 | 0:45:07 | |
and I brought here in here and she's just pointing, "Ah, ah...", you know, and she loved the painting | 0:45:07 | 0:45:13 | |
and she was relating to maybe the childlike quality of the monkey | 0:45:13 | 0:45:17 | |
or just the feminine quality of the painting or the dolphin. | 0:45:17 | 0:45:21 | |
When you're that age, you're open. | 0:45:21 | 0:45:24 | |
I mean, it's just like... | 0:45:24 | 0:45:29 | |
I mean, there's nothing that you're not open to, | 0:45:29 | 0:45:33 | |
I mean, you're open to everything. | 0:45:33 | 0:45:36 | |
And it's the opposite of being closed down, that... "Oh, that's kitsch." | 0:45:36 | 0:45:40 | |
I don't believe in kitsch. | 0:45:40 | 0:45:43 | |
I believe in things that they are as they are | 0:45:43 | 0:45:46 | |
and they're perfect as what they are. | 0:45:46 | 0:45:48 | |
And if lots of people like it, what's wrong with it? | 0:45:48 | 0:45:51 | |
Yes. I see that as... as being generous, | 0:45:51 | 0:45:56 | |
because what you want to do in life is remove anxiety. | 0:45:56 | 0:46:00 | |
And the way you remove anxiety is through acceptance. | 0:46:00 | 0:46:03 | |
My work always has been trying to communicate to people that | 0:46:03 | 0:46:07 | |
it's all right to accept your own history, your cultural history, | 0:46:07 | 0:46:12 | |
the things that you grew up with. I grew up with little knick-knack kind of little ceramic pieces. | 0:46:12 | 0:46:18 | |
My grandparents had it, my parents would have had ceramic lights. That's OK. | 0:46:18 | 0:46:22 | |
The painting that we had above our fireplace, | 0:46:22 | 0:46:26 | |
which was just some commercial painting of some little hut out in a forest, | 0:46:26 | 0:46:31 | |
that's what I looked at every evening. That's OK. | 0:46:31 | 0:46:35 | |
My father and mother made us feel very much as though we were participating in the American Dream, | 0:46:35 | 0:46:41 | |
that we were the middle class, but there was always a sense that we were moving up. | 0:46:41 | 0:46:45 | |
And I was always brought up to be very self-reliant, self-sufficient, | 0:46:45 | 0:46:50 | |
and a lot of it's about this sense of mobility. | 0:46:50 | 0:46:53 | |
Can I ask you about these huge, almost billboard-sized photographs | 0:46:53 | 0:46:57 | |
of you making love to your then wife La Cicciolina? | 0:46:57 | 0:47:01 | |
There was something weirdly pure and innocent about it, | 0:47:01 | 0:47:05 | |
as if you'd taken pornographic imagery and somehow made it sort of innocent. | 0:47:05 | 0:47:10 | |
Were you trying to take that form | 0:47:10 | 0:47:12 | |
and say, well, you needn't be degraded by it, or... | 0:47:12 | 0:47:15 | |
You know, I still find myself puzzling over those pieces. | 0:47:15 | 0:47:19 | |
Yep. What I wanted to do was to make a body of work | 0:47:19 | 0:47:22 | |
that communicated the removal of guilt and shame, | 0:47:22 | 0:47:26 | |
because I'm dealing with cultural guilt and shame. | 0:47:26 | 0:47:29 | |
So I tried to use the body, and the insecurity that people have, | 0:47:29 | 0:47:33 | |
the guilt and shame that they have with their own body, | 0:47:33 | 0:47:36 | |
to again communicate this state of not having guilt and shame. | 0:47:36 | 0:47:41 | |
And that's the highest state that art can take you. | 0:47:41 | 0:47:45 | |
And there's no judgment, there's complete acceptance. | 0:47:45 | 0:47:48 | |
However harshly most of the art establishment judged Koons' work, | 0:47:55 | 0:48:00 | |
it scored a bull's-eye with wealthy bankers and social climbers. | 0:48:00 | 0:48:04 | |
In fact, his work has since commanded | 0:48:04 | 0:48:07 | |
some of the highest prices of any living artist. | 0:48:07 | 0:48:11 | |
Economically, the '90s were a bit of a rollercoaster. | 0:48:11 | 0:48:15 | |
But US confidence was at an all-time high. | 0:48:15 | 0:48:18 | |
The old Soviet enemy had collapsed. | 0:48:18 | 0:48:20 | |
It seemed like the good guys had won - game over. | 0:48:20 | 0:48:24 | |
America sank back into a deep armchair of complacency. | 0:48:24 | 0:48:30 | |
And the quintessential artistic expression of that | 0:48:30 | 0:48:33 | |
appeared, aptly enough, not on a canvas, | 0:48:33 | 0:48:36 | |
but on millions of television screens. | 0:48:36 | 0:48:39 | |
The Simpsons are hardly a model family, | 0:48:42 | 0:48:44 | |
and the programmes exude a corrosive cynicism about the ideals behind the old American Dream. | 0:48:44 | 0:48:51 | |
Take Homer's advice to his children - | 0:48:51 | 0:48:53 | |
"Well, kids, you tried and you failed, the lesson is - never try." | 0:48:53 | 0:48:57 | |
And yet somehow the adventures of this curiously yellow family seem to me to announce a seismic shift | 0:48:57 | 0:49:04 | |
in the story of American art. | 0:49:04 | 0:49:06 | |
The whole show is saturated with cultural references of the broadest possible kind, | 0:49:06 | 0:49:11 | |
guest appearances are made by characters as various as the pop musician Jon Bon Jovi | 0:49:11 | 0:49:16 | |
and the reclusive artist Jasper Johns. | 0:49:16 | 0:49:18 | |
But what the Simpsons says first and foremost is that anything and everything, | 0:49:18 | 0:49:23 | |
from Dunkin' Donuts to the New York Philharmonic | 0:49:23 | 0:49:26 | |
can be considered legitimately part of American culture. | 0:49:26 | 0:49:30 | |
The Simpsons reflected the cultural overload of images streaming through the media and the internet. | 0:49:35 | 0:49:41 | |
It became harder to tell, through this information blizzard, which way America was headed. | 0:49:41 | 0:49:46 | |
And then, on September 11th 2001, the world changed. | 0:49:51 | 0:49:56 | |
The terrorist acts of 9/11 were a murderous outrage, | 0:50:10 | 0:50:15 | |
the public massacre of thousands of innocent people. | 0:50:15 | 0:50:19 | |
And they were also planned | 0:50:19 | 0:50:23 | |
with a hatefully potent sense of visual symbolism, | 0:50:23 | 0:50:28 | |
flying American planes into American skyscrapers, | 0:50:28 | 0:50:33 | |
those towering symbols of ascendancy, optimism, | 0:50:33 | 0:50:40 | |
the free market economy, everything really that America stood for in the 20th century. | 0:50:40 | 0:50:46 | |
And I think it had a shattering effect | 0:50:47 | 0:50:49 | |
on this nation's sense of its place in the world, | 0:50:49 | 0:50:53 | |
I don't think it's any exaggeration to say there was America before 9/11 | 0:50:53 | 0:50:59 | |
and there's America after 9/11, and they aren't the same place. | 0:50:59 | 0:51:03 | |
Architect Michael Arad's 9/11 Memorial, | 0:51:12 | 0:51:15 | |
built on the site of the World Trade Center, | 0:51:15 | 0:51:18 | |
is a solemn, heartfelt monument to a great tragedy, | 0:51:18 | 0:51:22 | |
but also an unintentionally startling sign of America's lost confidence. | 0:51:22 | 0:51:27 | |
Two vast pits mark the exact footprints of the Twin Towers, | 0:51:30 | 0:51:35 | |
powerful reminders of the horrifying destruction that was wrought here. | 0:51:35 | 0:51:40 | |
But there's no sense of hope - | 0:51:40 | 0:51:44 | |
none of the old American spirit, determined to survive and overcome any challenge. | 0:51:44 | 0:51:49 | |
Instead, a great wall of tears flows endlessly down, into the deepest pit of oblivion. | 0:51:53 | 0:51:58 | |
And when the light catches these flecks of falling water, | 0:52:00 | 0:52:04 | |
it evokes the most awful 9/11 memory of all - | 0:52:04 | 0:52:07 | |
the image of those who chose to jump to their deaths | 0:52:07 | 0:52:11 | |
before the towers collapsed. | 0:52:11 | 0:52:13 | |
The "War on Terror" and the economic meltdown have created in America, if not a sense of impending doom, | 0:52:18 | 0:52:25 | |
then certainly a national anxiety that surfaces in art. | 0:52:25 | 0:52:29 | |
And if you want to take the temperature of American art today, | 0:52:30 | 0:52:34 | |
there's no better place to come than Brooklyn, home to a hive of younger artists' studios. | 0:52:34 | 0:52:40 | |
In this warehouse, a team of assistants help sculptor Matthew Day Jackson | 0:52:42 | 0:52:46 | |
to produce work that tries to get under the skin of modern America's predicament. | 0:52:46 | 0:52:51 | |
These look like sort of aerial views of cities. | 0:52:53 | 0:52:58 | |
Yeah, they're from a series called August 6th 1945. | 0:52:58 | 0:53:01 | |
-Is that the date of Hiroshima? -Yeah. | 0:53:01 | 0:53:03 | |
They're pretty amazing looking. | 0:53:03 | 0:53:06 | |
Yeah, these are all in a stage before... | 0:53:06 | 0:53:10 | |
before they get, uh, burnt. | 0:53:10 | 0:53:13 | |
-Burnt? -Yeah, they get burnt. I want them to be burnt uniformly, | 0:53:13 | 0:53:16 | |
as if to suggest that there wasn't a detonation, | 0:53:16 | 0:53:19 | |
but just a sort of continuation or an atmosphere of fire. | 0:53:19 | 0:53:22 | |
-Are you going to film? -Actually, I have, | 0:53:22 | 0:53:25 | |
not to record the act but to create an illusion. | 0:53:25 | 0:53:28 | |
So I'm not interested in the act, but when you look down the side of the painting, | 0:53:28 | 0:53:34 | |
tilt your head to the side, that you can begin to see streets and buildings. | 0:53:34 | 0:53:39 | |
And to see a rush of fire move through the alleyways and streets. | 0:53:39 | 0:53:45 | |
So in a sense it's this idea | 0:53:48 | 0:53:50 | |
that when we invent nuclear energy and when we invent the atom bomb, | 0:53:50 | 0:53:55 | |
we also invent this ability to... | 0:53:55 | 0:53:58 | |
Eradicate all life on planet Earth? | 0:53:58 | 0:54:00 | |
HE CHUCKLES | 0:54:00 | 0:54:02 | |
Yeah, but it's also in terms of the sort of mythology of the Cold War, | 0:54:02 | 0:54:06 | |
we believe that it's over, it definitely is a much more comfortable thought | 0:54:06 | 0:54:10 | |
than to think that it's just continued and moved to different places, and... | 0:54:10 | 0:54:15 | |
So you're sort of saying to us, "Hey, did you forget that?" | 0:54:15 | 0:54:18 | |
Oh yeah, totally, I think that we have forgotten. | 0:54:18 | 0:54:21 | |
I'm intrigued by this, I was just thinking that if somebody didn't know your work, | 0:54:24 | 0:54:30 | |
it'd be pretty hard to guess that the man who created these pieces also created these. | 0:54:30 | 0:54:35 | |
Tell me what the skeletons are, | 0:54:35 | 0:54:37 | |
are they based on the oldest ever found human skeleton? | 0:54:37 | 0:54:40 | |
No, there's a range of current to three million years old. | 0:54:40 | 0:54:45 | |
And then from three million years old back to current again, | 0:54:45 | 0:54:48 | |
but in one continuous spectrum, in a rainbow. | 0:54:48 | 0:54:51 | |
So it's a kind of spectrum evolutionary skeleton. | 0:54:51 | 0:54:56 | |
Yeah, if you were to take the toes and tip them right next to each other, | 0:54:56 | 0:55:00 | |
the colour of the toes are one step away from the colour of those toes, | 0:55:00 | 0:55:05 | |
so that essentially it'd create a sort of Mobius loop. | 0:55:05 | 0:55:08 | |
-So I could almost imagine them looping round and round. -Yep, for ever and ever and ever. | 0:55:08 | 0:55:13 | |
But if I walk it, I'm starting with me, and I move through time... | 0:55:13 | 0:55:18 | |
1.5 million years to... | 0:55:18 | 0:55:20 | |
-and then now you're probably like three... -Million years ago. | 0:55:20 | 0:55:24 | |
Yeah, and so in terms of thinking about progress. | 0:55:24 | 0:55:27 | |
To move to a point in technology | 0:55:27 | 0:55:30 | |
where we've found this ability to return ourselves to a pre-technological past. | 0:55:30 | 0:55:36 | |
How do you mean? Because we can blow the world up? | 0:55:36 | 0:55:41 | |
Yeah, but it's also in terms of if that technology was ever used in wide scale, | 0:55:41 | 0:55:47 | |
it wouldn't just destroy life, | 0:55:47 | 0:55:49 | |
but also all the tools that we've used in terms of our evolution. | 0:55:49 | 0:55:52 | |
I see, so if I get it right, if I follow the piece, if I follow the spectrum, | 0:55:52 | 0:55:57 | |
if I follow the idea... this small brain, Homo sapiens, | 0:55:57 | 0:56:02 | |
evolved to have such a large brain that he was able to create the possibility | 0:56:02 | 0:56:06 | |
of destruction on such a vast scale that he would return himself back | 0:56:06 | 0:56:10 | |
to a state of primitive man. | 0:56:10 | 0:56:13 | |
I see quite a lot of apocalypse in your imagination, but I do also see it as exultation, | 0:56:13 | 0:56:19 | |
almost kind of maybe a certain kind of laughter in the dark? | 0:56:19 | 0:56:22 | |
-If that's the right phrase? -Yeah, yeah. | 0:56:22 | 0:56:25 | |
Or as Ronnie James Dio might say, a rainbow in the dark. | 0:56:25 | 0:56:29 | |
THEY CHUCKLE | 0:56:29 | 0:56:30 | |
Jackson is one of several artists in America today who seem to exude anxiety through their work, | 0:56:35 | 0:56:42 | |
as they challenge their country's old assumptions about the inevitability of progress, | 0:56:42 | 0:56:47 | |
the idea that all frontiers must lead to a promised land. | 0:56:47 | 0:56:52 | |
In one sense, they're part of a tradition. | 0:56:54 | 0:56:56 | |
For centuries, American artists have played a vital part in shaping the American sense of nationhood. | 0:56:56 | 0:57:03 | |
They've given visual form to America's dreams and ideals, | 0:57:05 | 0:57:09 | |
they've questioned its ideologies, | 0:57:09 | 0:57:11 | |
and above all, they've tried to define just what it is that makes this civilisation unique, | 0:57:11 | 0:57:17 | |
unlike any to have preceded it. | 0:57:17 | 0:57:19 | |
Through it all, there's been this sense that because America was a nation unburdened by history, | 0:57:21 | 0:57:27 | |
it was the home of the new, this was where the future was made. | 0:57:27 | 0:57:31 | |
But I think that's all changed. | 0:57:31 | 0:57:34 | |
I think many Americans fear that they're no longer in charge of their destiny, | 0:57:34 | 0:57:38 | |
that their destiny's being shaped elsewhere. | 0:57:38 | 0:57:40 | |
And that's why so much recent American art seems so hesitant, so uncertain. | 0:57:40 | 0:57:46 | |
It's an art of questions, not of answers. | 0:57:46 | 0:57:48 | |
And at the centre of it lies one particular question - | 0:57:48 | 0:57:52 | |
what does the future hold? | 0:57:52 | 0:57:54 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:12 | 0:58:14 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:58:14 | 0:58:17 |