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This programme contains some scenes which some viewers may find upsetting | 0:00:02 | 0:00:10 | |
South Africa is facing a crisis. | 0:00:12 | 0:00:15 | |
I basically made the decision it's time to shoot some warning shots. | 0:00:15 | 0:00:21 | |
After nearly 20 years of democracy, | 0:00:21 | 0:00:23 | |
millions are still homeless and unemployed. | 0:00:23 | 0:00:27 | |
The workers have been angry for a long time and patient for a long time. | 0:00:27 | 0:00:31 | |
Violent protests have swept the country. | 0:00:31 | 0:00:34 | |
Our security members was overwhelmed and killed | 0:00:34 | 0:00:37 | |
and both these vehicles torched. | 0:00:37 | 0:00:40 | |
Leading to the worst police killing since the end of apartheid. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:45 | |
Weapons you would bring where you aim to kill. | 0:00:46 | 0:00:51 | |
Weapons of war. | 0:00:51 | 0:00:52 | |
With a government mired in allegations of corruption | 0:00:52 | 0:00:56 | |
that reach right to the top. | 0:00:56 | 0:00:58 | |
I have built my house. No government has paid for my houses that are built there. | 0:00:58 | 0:01:03 | |
I returned to the country of my childhood to ask why is South Africa, | 0:01:03 | 0:01:08 | |
once a beacon of hope, now the scene of such tragedy? | 0:01:08 | 0:01:12 | |
If we can't find a way to deal with the workers of this country... | 0:01:12 | 0:01:17 | |
we already are, Peter, we're facing the crisis. | 0:01:17 | 0:01:20 | |
Wonderkop, a sprawling shanty town of 40,000 people. | 0:01:33 | 0:01:38 | |
Many here work at Marikana, one of the world's largest platinum mines. | 0:01:41 | 0:01:46 | |
What happened here over six days last August | 0:01:50 | 0:01:53 | |
has changed South Africa forever. | 0:01:53 | 0:01:55 | |
Fed up with low wages, | 0:01:59 | 0:02:01 | |
thousands of the miners went on an unofficial strike. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:06 | |
Over the course of six days, | 0:02:07 | 0:02:09 | |
the protests became increasingly violent. | 0:02:09 | 0:02:13 | |
On August 16th, the police moved in in huge numbers. | 0:02:19 | 0:02:24 | |
They were determined to take control of the area. | 0:02:24 | 0:02:27 | |
Today is the day that we intend to end the violence. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:32 | |
I'd arranged to meet some of the miners | 0:02:39 | 0:02:41 | |
who got caught up in what happened next. | 0:02:41 | 0:02:44 | |
Hello. Nice to see you. Yeah, yeah. | 0:02:46 | 0:02:49 | |
Nice to see you. Thank you. | 0:02:49 | 0:02:52 | |
The miners had been gathering on a hill. | 0:03:01 | 0:03:04 | |
Many of them were armed with machetes, spears and knives. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:07 | |
The police wanted them off the site. | 0:03:07 | 0:03:10 | |
What happened next shocked the world. | 0:03:32 | 0:03:36 | |
Cease fire! Cease fire! | 0:03:47 | 0:03:51 | |
Stop! | 0:03:51 | 0:03:53 | |
Within seconds, 12 strikers lay dead | 0:03:57 | 0:04:01 | |
and many more were injured in the full view of TV news cameras. | 0:04:01 | 0:04:06 | |
Anele showed me the fragments of bullets that are still in his body. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:35 | |
One, two, three, four. And here. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:45 | |
The terrified miners fled, but the killings continued. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:52 | |
Away from the TV cameras, 22 more strikers were shot dead | 0:04:52 | 0:04:58 | |
and 78 injured, the aftermath caught on police video. | 0:04:58 | 0:05:03 | |
The strikers claim it was cold-blooded murder. | 0:05:03 | 0:05:07 | |
The police maintain they were acting in self defence throughout. | 0:05:07 | 0:05:12 | |
Wherever the truth lies, you can feel the bitterness in Wonderkop. | 0:05:13 | 0:05:18 | |
Zamayka, it's very nice to meet you. | 0:05:22 | 0:05:25 | |
I went to visit the widow of one of the 34 men killed that day. | 0:05:25 | 0:05:31 | |
What do you feel about the mine, | 0:05:35 | 0:05:38 | |
the way your husband was killed? | 0:05:38 | 0:05:41 | |
Zamayka is left with six children to support. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:11 | |
Her anger is directed towards the government and the ruling party - | 0:06:11 | 0:06:15 | |
the African National Congress. | 0:06:15 | 0:06:17 | |
For a hundred years, the African National Congress | 0:06:30 | 0:06:33 | |
has been the champion of black people's rights in South Africa. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:36 | |
Since Nelson Mandela came to power, | 0:06:36 | 0:06:39 | |
they have ruled this country and stood for the principles | 0:06:39 | 0:06:42 | |
of a better life for all, especially the poor. | 0:06:42 | 0:06:46 | |
But the massacre at Marikana | 0:06:47 | 0:06:49 | |
has led Zamayka and millions of ordinary South Africans | 0:06:49 | 0:06:53 | |
to ask how the ANC could let this happen | 0:06:53 | 0:06:56 | |
and even whether they're fit to govern the country. | 0:06:56 | 0:06:59 | |
For me, this is a very personal journey. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:08 | |
I grew up in apartheid South Africa in the 1950s and '60s. | 0:07:08 | 0:07:12 | |
It was a brutal regime that stripped non-white people | 0:07:14 | 0:07:18 | |
of their basic rights and freedoms. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:21 | |
Government and big business were run exclusively by the white minority. | 0:07:21 | 0:07:25 | |
My parents were liberals who campaigned against apartheid. | 0:07:25 | 0:07:30 | |
My mother used to support and help black activists | 0:07:30 | 0:07:33 | |
who were victimised and tortured by the apartheid regime. | 0:07:33 | 0:07:36 | |
One of them was a 15-year-old protestor called Dikgang Moseneke, | 0:07:40 | 0:07:44 | |
arrested and put on trial for treason. | 0:07:44 | 0:07:48 | |
So, can I begin by giving you a present from my mother, Adelaine? | 0:07:48 | 0:07:53 | |
I so truly appreciate this. Thank you, Peter. | 0:07:54 | 0:07:57 | |
She remembers bringing you those similar chocolates | 0:07:57 | 0:08:01 | |
and all sorts of things. Do you remember that? | 0:08:01 | 0:08:04 | |
Well, I can say that it was a larger slab than this. | 0:08:04 | 0:08:08 | |
For a middle class white woman like my mum to ally herself with a black militant | 0:08:08 | 0:08:14 | |
made her an outcast amongst most in her own community. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:18 | |
Your mother was incredible. We all called her Mrs Hain. | 0:08:19 | 0:08:23 | |
The first day she came with a pot of soup... | 0:08:23 | 0:08:27 | |
..beautiful potato soup, with a touch of cream and black pepper | 0:08:28 | 0:08:32 | |
and then she started scooping out for each one of us - | 0:08:32 | 0:08:36 | |
the 16 accused. | 0:08:36 | 0:08:38 | |
And we're asking, who is this lady? | 0:08:38 | 0:08:40 | |
Are we in danger of being poisoned or something? | 0:08:40 | 0:08:43 | |
And she said, well, I don't embrace apartheid. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:47 | |
I reject it. It's an evil system, she said. | 0:08:47 | 0:08:49 | |
And she would, at the end of this, would give each one of us a hug, | 0:08:49 | 0:08:53 | |
particularly me. I was the tiniest and the smallest of the lot. | 0:08:53 | 0:08:56 | |
She brought a slab of chocolate just about every single morning | 0:08:56 | 0:09:00 | |
because she asked me, what did you love most, and I said chocolate. | 0:09:00 | 0:09:04 | |
She was amazing and I'm eternally grateful. | 0:09:04 | 0:09:08 | |
And she did much to form my own... | 0:09:09 | 0:09:13 | |
notions of a non-racial South Africa. | 0:09:13 | 0:09:16 | |
Because suddenly she criss-crossed, she cut across lines | 0:09:16 | 0:09:21 | |
that we though were... | 0:09:21 | 0:09:23 | |
eternal. | 0:09:23 | 0:09:25 | |
Today, Dikgang is South Africa's Deputy Chief Justice, but in 1963 | 0:09:25 | 0:09:31 | |
he was found guilt of treason and sent to Robben Island for ten years. | 0:09:31 | 0:09:36 | |
For supporting black activists like him, my mother and later my father, | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
were banned by the state, meaning they were not allowed to meet | 0:09:42 | 0:09:47 | |
or talk with more than one person at a time or be politically active. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:51 | |
My parents were taking a huge risk. | 0:09:54 | 0:09:56 | |
The apartheid state routinely persecuted and imprisoned its critics. | 0:09:56 | 0:10:02 | |
A year later, something terrible happened | 0:10:02 | 0:10:04 | |
that forced us to flee South Africa. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:06 | |
I thought it was much bigger. | 0:10:07 | 0:10:09 | |
I've come to the High Court in Pretoria to meet Jill Vensel, | 0:10:11 | 0:10:16 | |
a close friend of my parents and member of the Liberal Party. | 0:10:16 | 0:10:20 | |
The police were inclined to make dire threats | 0:10:20 | 0:10:24 | |
and the security police would say, yes, you buggers, | 0:10:24 | 0:10:27 | |
we're not going to worry with the law, we're gonna just put you lot against a wall and shoot you. | 0:10:27 | 0:10:33 | |
This time the man on trial was white. | 0:10:34 | 0:10:36 | |
John Harris, a close family friend, | 0:10:36 | 0:10:39 | |
was frustrated that peaceful protests had become futile. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:42 | |
He planted a bomb in Johannesburg train station and telephoned a warning, | 0:10:42 | 0:10:48 | |
but the police deliberately failed to evacuate the station and a woman was killed. | 0:10:48 | 0:10:54 | |
Despite condemning the bombing and despite the huge risk to themselves | 0:10:55 | 0:11:00 | |
my parents publicly stood by the Harris family. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:03 | |
Your parents were extraordinarily courageous. We were all frightened. | 0:11:05 | 0:11:09 | |
I think the whole idea was to cringe away | 0:11:09 | 0:11:13 | |
and from association with him and Ann, | 0:11:13 | 0:11:16 | |
and your parents did the absolute opposite. | 0:11:16 | 0:11:18 | |
-They didn't agree with him? -No. | 0:11:18 | 0:11:20 | |
-Of course, you attended the last day of the trial, didn't you? -Yes. -When the verdict came down. | 0:11:20 | 0:11:26 | |
Did you expect the death penalty to be announced? | 0:11:26 | 0:11:31 | |
I think we all did. | 0:11:31 | 0:11:33 | |
And, of course, when one saw the judge's face... | 0:11:33 | 0:11:37 | |
that seemed to be obvious. | 0:11:37 | 0:11:40 | |
John Harris was hanged in 1965 for murder | 0:11:43 | 0:11:46 | |
and my parents became pariahs. | 0:11:46 | 0:11:48 | |
The government stopped my dad working | 0:11:49 | 0:11:52 | |
and they had no choice but to leave. | 0:11:52 | 0:11:55 | |
Aged 16, I went with them to Britain. | 0:11:55 | 0:11:58 | |
It was emotionally difficult going into that courtroom. | 0:11:59 | 0:12:03 | |
It was an emotional turmoil because I'd never been in there before | 0:12:03 | 0:12:07 | |
and it, sort of, just brought everything back | 0:12:07 | 0:12:10 | |
and all the pain of it which is buried in my childhood. | 0:12:10 | 0:12:15 | |
In Britain, I continued my parents' fight against the tyranny of apartheid | 0:12:17 | 0:12:22 | |
and in 1969 I started the Stop the Tour Campaign. | 0:12:22 | 0:12:25 | |
'This is a campaign against the cricket tour | 0:12:26 | 0:12:29 | |
'and the rugby tour and apartheid in sport in general.' | 0:12:29 | 0:12:32 | |
The plan was to hit white South Africa | 0:12:32 | 0:12:34 | |
where it really hurt - sport. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:37 | |
We succeeded in getting their white-only teams banned | 0:12:37 | 0:12:41 | |
from international competition, especially in rugby and cricket. | 0:12:41 | 0:12:44 | |
I went on to join the Labour Party in Britain | 0:12:46 | 0:12:49 | |
and became a government minister. | 0:12:49 | 0:12:51 | |
40 years since our protest | 0:12:53 | 0:12:55 | |
and sport in South Africa is truly multi-racial. | 0:12:55 | 0:12:58 | |
Being here at Newlands, I think the most beautiful cricket ground in the world | 0:13:01 | 0:13:05 | |
with Table Mountain up there, and with this team of different races, | 0:13:05 | 0:13:10 | |
different colours, which was never the case in the past | 0:13:10 | 0:13:15 | |
and these are the young professional crickets of the future of South Africa and of today. | 0:13:15 | 0:13:20 | |
It's just what I fought for. When we stopped the all-white cricket tours | 0:13:20 | 0:13:25 | |
it was to achieve this and it's fantastic being here and seeing it happening. | 0:13:25 | 0:13:28 | |
And sport is not the only success story. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:32 | |
The country has a liberal constitution, an independent judiciary and a free press. | 0:13:32 | 0:13:38 | |
It has been transformed into a multi-racial democracy | 0:13:38 | 0:13:43 | |
with a vociferous opposition. | 0:13:43 | 0:13:45 | |
Here, as a teenager in the 1960s, I attended a leading state school, | 0:13:48 | 0:13:53 | |
Pretoria Boys High. | 0:13:53 | 0:13:55 | |
Under apartheid, black children were deliberately barred | 0:13:56 | 0:13:59 | |
from a decent education at schools like this. | 0:13:59 | 0:14:03 | |
I haven't been back in years | 0:14:05 | 0:14:07 | |
and wanted to meet the students there now. | 0:14:07 | 0:14:11 | |
So I was here in '63 to '66 and then I had to leave the country. | 0:14:11 | 0:14:15 | |
What's the atmosphere like in terms of multi-racialism now? | 0:14:15 | 0:14:18 | |
I guess we weren't around to experience what it was like | 0:14:18 | 0:14:22 | |
when it was a bit of a racial school, so I guess, for us, | 0:14:22 | 0:14:25 | |
it's just normal to be in a school with black and white people. There's nothing different about it. | 0:14:25 | 0:14:30 | |
We don't know any different. We were born after 1994, one of us was born in 1995, | 0:14:30 | 0:14:34 | |
so we've never lived a day in the apartheid era. | 0:14:34 | 0:14:37 | |
So what are you going to do when you get older? | 0:14:37 | 0:14:40 | |
My ambition is either going to be engineering or science. | 0:14:40 | 0:14:43 | |
-One of those two fields. -Really important subjects those. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:46 | |
-And yourself? -I'm still torn between law, psychology and politics. | 0:14:46 | 0:14:51 | |
Politics? Good for you. | 0:14:51 | 0:14:54 | |
Myself, I've always wanted to be a doctor so my dream in life is to study medicine. | 0:14:54 | 0:14:59 | |
I just love to travel the world and I figured I may as well study travel journalism. | 0:14:59 | 0:15:03 | |
That way I can write about my travels. | 0:15:03 | 0:15:05 | |
Just looking at the boys leaving the school, there are black faces. | 0:15:08 | 0:15:14 | |
Mine was a whites-only school and that's the biggest change, | 0:15:14 | 0:15:18 | |
which is really quite moving to see. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:21 | |
Since coming to power 19 years ago, | 0:15:30 | 0:15:33 | |
the ANC has spent billions on education, | 0:15:33 | 0:15:36 | |
doubling the number of children in school. | 0:15:36 | 0:15:38 | |
Thousands of new schools are being built | 0:15:41 | 0:15:44 | |
and, 15 minutes away from my old school, on the other side | 0:15:44 | 0:15:47 | |
of Pretoria in Atteridgeville, is one of these new ANC schools. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:51 | |
-Hello, Mike, how are you? -Fine. Yourself? | 0:15:51 | 0:15:54 | |
-Good to see you. -Thank you. Welcome to Edward Phatudi. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:58 | |
I used to be brought here by my parents to Atteridgeville | 0:15:58 | 0:16:01 | |
when we lived in Pretoria 50 years ago. | 0:16:01 | 0:16:04 | |
-Is it? So you are familiar with the place? -A bit, but it's changed a lot. | 0:16:04 | 0:16:08 | |
Head teacher Mike Masango and his staff have a formidable task. | 0:16:08 | 0:16:12 | |
Most of the children at the school come from families who have never had jobs. | 0:16:13 | 0:16:18 | |
The teachers worry it leaves little incentive for students to study. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:22 | |
You mean they can't get a job? | 0:16:37 | 0:16:39 | |
Even for those who study hard, fees for college or university | 0:16:41 | 0:16:45 | |
make further education impossible for most. | 0:16:45 | 0:16:48 | |
Talking to Mike and his staff, it's clear the end of apartheid | 0:17:12 | 0:17:16 | |
hasn't yet produced a new world of opportunities. | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
Despite the huge spending on education, housing | 0:17:19 | 0:17:23 | |
and infrastructure, the ANC hasn't created anything like enough jobs. | 0:17:23 | 0:17:27 | |
In some communities, unemployment is even as high as 80%. | 0:17:27 | 0:17:31 | |
To understand why, you have to go back to the end of apartheid | 0:17:33 | 0:17:37 | |
and the deal that was struck when the ANC first came to power. | 0:17:37 | 0:17:41 | |
When white rule finally came to an end, | 0:17:43 | 0:17:46 | |
the fear was that South Africa would descend into civil war | 0:17:46 | 0:17:50 | |
and the economy would collapse as white businesses left the country. | 0:17:50 | 0:17:54 | |
But Nelson Mandela's extraordinary leadership | 0:17:55 | 0:17:58 | |
and insistence on reconciliation | 0:17:58 | 0:18:01 | |
meant that a stable multi-racial democracy emerged from the transition. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:06 | |
The big businesses stayed too. | 0:18:06 | 0:18:08 | |
A black majority now ran the government | 0:18:08 | 0:18:11 | |
but the white minority still ran the economy. | 0:18:11 | 0:18:14 | |
A deal that is now in crisis. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:16 | |
Lonmin is the British company at the centre of this riot | 0:18:20 | 0:18:23 | |
that led to the massacre. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:25 | |
Its mine at Marikana produces nearly a quarter | 0:18:25 | 0:18:28 | |
of all the world's platinum. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:30 | |
And Lonmin symbolises the post apartheid settlement | 0:18:33 | 0:18:36 | |
that kept such businesses operating in South Africa. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:39 | |
I've been underground in coal mines in my constituency, | 0:18:44 | 0:18:49 | |
but I've never been down a platinum mine before. | 0:18:49 | 0:18:51 | |
The mining industry is as crucial to South Africa today | 0:18:51 | 0:18:55 | |
as it was under apartheid, | 0:18:55 | 0:18:57 | |
contributing to almost 20% of its economic output. | 0:18:57 | 0:19:00 | |
This is a huge operation | 0:19:02 | 0:19:04 | |
and the area of these mines is 250 square kilometres. | 0:19:04 | 0:19:08 | |
It's a massive operation in every sense employing over 30,000 workers. | 0:19:08 | 0:19:13 | |
And the level of investments and the steel | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
and the sheer construction down here is extraordinary. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:22 | |
As part of the deal struck with the ANC government, | 0:19:24 | 0:19:26 | |
companies like Lonmin have brought black South Africans | 0:19:26 | 0:19:29 | |
into their management. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:31 | |
In return, the ANC aligned unions try to ensure that production was | 0:19:31 | 0:19:36 | |
not disrupted by strikes. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:38 | |
This arrangement has produced enough profit to keep foreign investors happy, | 0:19:41 | 0:19:46 | |
but it has left the workers on low wages. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:49 | |
What's really striking about this is you've got a high-tech mine | 0:19:55 | 0:19:59 | |
in the background, Lonmin, Marikana, | 0:19:59 | 0:20:03 | |
and people living in destitute circumstances, in shacks. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:07 | |
No running water, no proper electricity, no sewage, | 0:20:07 | 0:20:11 | |
unspeakable poverty. | 0:20:11 | 0:20:13 | |
The company provides accommodation on site for some of the workers. | 0:20:15 | 0:20:19 | |
Vice president Natascha Viljoen showed me around. | 0:20:19 | 0:20:23 | |
-I'll follow you. -Thank you. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:25 | |
Good morning, good morning. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:27 | |
-So, this is four people in a room. -Four people, yeah. | 0:20:27 | 0:20:31 | |
-It's pretty basic. -Yes. | 0:20:31 | 0:20:33 | |
Thank you very much. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:35 | |
When would these have been put up? | 0:20:38 | 0:20:40 | |
These could have been put up anything from 15 to 20 years back. | 0:20:40 | 0:20:44 | |
Quite a number of these would have been around in this Wonderkop area | 0:20:44 | 0:20:47 | |
since the start of the mine, | 0:20:47 | 0:20:49 | |
and some areas in the mine are 30 years old. | 0:20:49 | 0:20:52 | |
So this is a typical bathroom that is shared amongst | 0:20:52 | 0:20:57 | |
-everybody that lives in this block. -In this block? | 0:20:57 | 0:20:59 | |
So, they will typically come off shift, have a shower... | 0:20:59 | 0:21:02 | |
And this is what's available for them. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:05 | |
So, as you can see, very basic. | 0:21:05 | 0:21:08 | |
Yeah, very basic. No proper sort of...uh... | 0:21:08 | 0:21:13 | |
Shower heads, tops off. Um... | 0:21:13 | 0:21:16 | |
-The taps is always a challenge because they do disappear. -OK. | 0:21:16 | 0:21:21 | |
They do disappear, as do toilet seats. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:23 | |
-No toilet seats, no. -No. | 0:21:23 | 0:21:25 | |
These are the kind of things that tend to disappear | 0:21:25 | 0:21:27 | |
over a period of time. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:29 | |
Small kitchen area with a kitchenette, a sink and a stove. | 0:21:29 | 0:21:33 | |
And to the side, you have two bedrooms and then a full bathroom. | 0:21:33 | 0:21:38 | |
Lonmin are updating the old hostels, but with such an enormous workforce, | 0:21:38 | 0:21:42 | |
they'll never be able to provide enough. | 0:21:42 | 0:21:45 | |
In the end, you're only able to house | 0:21:45 | 0:21:49 | |
a small proportion of your workforce? | 0:21:49 | 0:21:51 | |
Yes. And again, it also goes about whether our workforce | 0:21:51 | 0:21:55 | |
choose to live here or choose to live in their own accommodation. | 0:21:55 | 0:22:00 | |
That's sometimes easier in the informal settlements. | 0:22:00 | 0:22:03 | |
For years, wage increases at Marikana had been negotiated with | 0:22:07 | 0:22:11 | |
the ANC-affiliated mining union, | 0:22:11 | 0:22:13 | |
but in August last year, | 0:22:13 | 0:22:15 | |
some key workers had grown dissatisfied with the union | 0:22:15 | 0:22:18 | |
and attempted to negotiate directly with Lonmin. | 0:22:18 | 0:22:21 | |
The company ordered them back to work. Violence soon followed. | 0:22:21 | 0:22:26 | |
On the Sunday, um, the 11th... | 0:22:27 | 0:22:31 | |
Before the massacre? | 0:22:31 | 0:22:33 | |
Ya, the massacre was on the 16th. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:36 | |
..we had a group of people that came down this road and just here, | 0:22:36 | 0:22:41 | |
right behind us, here and just across the road over there, | 0:22:41 | 0:22:44 | |
there was two of our security vehicles parked. | 0:22:44 | 0:22:47 | |
And our security members was overwhelmed | 0:22:47 | 0:22:50 | |
and killed, and both these vehicles torched. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
What was different about this compared with the last 20 years? | 0:22:53 | 0:22:57 | |
Just the amount of incitement in the group of employees | 0:22:57 | 0:23:01 | |
and the violence that's gone with it. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:03 | |
We haven't seen them killing people in this way before. | 0:23:03 | 0:23:07 | |
I can tell when you're explaining it, | 0:23:12 | 0:23:13 | |
-it's still very emotional, isn't it? -Oh, absolutely. | 0:23:13 | 0:23:16 | |
No, I mean, it's not something that you deal with, | 0:23:16 | 0:23:19 | |
the employees' families... And we're talking all employees, | 0:23:19 | 0:23:22 | |
we're talking the ten people that lost their lives before the 16th, | 0:23:22 | 0:23:25 | |
you're talking about the people that lost their lives. | 0:23:25 | 0:23:28 | |
They were still our employees. | 0:23:28 | 0:23:29 | |
There were unhappy employees, but they were our employees. | 0:23:29 | 0:23:33 | |
It's a real puzzle. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:34 | |
This visit has showed me an incredible operation | 0:23:34 | 0:23:38 | |
and yet nobody saw this explosion coming. And it all just fell apart | 0:23:38 | 0:23:43 | |
in the catastrophe that engulfed the company and the wider country. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:47 | |
'Outrage in South Africa as police fire on protesting miners | 0:23:48 | 0:23:51 | |
'in an episode reminiscent...' | 0:23:51 | 0:23:53 | |
'Police had earlier called this D Day, | 0:23:53 | 0:23:55 | |
'but no-one could have predicted it would end in this...' | 0:23:55 | 0:23:57 | |
'South Africans are marking a day they will recall | 0:23:57 | 0:24:01 | |
'as one of the darkest in the country's modern history.' | 0:24:01 | 0:24:04 | |
The massacre on 16th August 2012 | 0:24:04 | 0:24:07 | |
created a wave of revulsion across the world. | 0:24:07 | 0:24:11 | |
It looked like the ANC had turned its guns on its own people, | 0:24:11 | 0:24:15 | |
with dreadful echoes of the apartheid era. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:18 | |
For the more radical elements in South Africa, | 0:24:21 | 0:24:23 | |
like controversial ANC rebel Julius Malema, | 0:24:23 | 0:24:27 | |
Marikana is a symbol of the cosy deal between the ANC elite | 0:24:27 | 0:24:32 | |
and white-run businesses at the expense of South Africa's poor. | 0:24:32 | 0:24:36 | |
Marikana is a true reflection of our discipline in South Africa. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:42 | |
It might have taken place in a small isolated town, | 0:24:42 | 0:24:48 | |
but that's what our people experience every day. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:52 | |
Sitting together as two communities, | 0:24:52 | 0:24:56 | |
you know, in one country. | 0:24:56 | 0:24:58 | |
The community of the rich | 0:24:58 | 0:25:01 | |
and the community of the extremely poor people. | 0:25:01 | 0:25:04 | |
So do you see Marikana as a clash between | 0:25:04 | 0:25:08 | |
the poor and the dispossessed | 0:25:08 | 0:25:10 | |
and the rich, with the State behind the rich | 0:25:10 | 0:25:13 | |
and the ANC behind the rich as well? | 0:25:13 | 0:25:15 | |
Absolutely. | 0:25:15 | 0:25:17 | |
A white monopoly capital conniving with the State | 0:25:17 | 0:25:23 | |
and the ruling party against the poor of the poorest. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:28 | |
It's not in Marikana only. It's everywhere. | 0:25:28 | 0:25:32 | |
I'm a child of a domestic worker, and half past four she will | 0:25:32 | 0:25:36 | |
find me at the bus stop waiting for her to come out of the bus. | 0:25:36 | 0:25:41 | |
I don't look at her face. | 0:25:41 | 0:25:42 | |
The first thing I do, I will look at her hands | 0:25:42 | 0:25:45 | |
to see if she's carrying a plastic. | 0:25:45 | 0:25:47 | |
And if she's carrying a plastic, I know she came back home | 0:25:47 | 0:25:51 | |
with the leftovers, and I know that day | 0:25:51 | 0:25:53 | |
there will be a meal before I go to sleep. | 0:25:53 | 0:25:56 | |
I've lived that life. I know it. | 0:25:56 | 0:25:58 | |
And when I see a person living that life, | 0:25:58 | 0:26:01 | |
all memories come back. | 0:26:01 | 0:26:03 | |
I know the pain those people are going through. | 0:26:03 | 0:26:06 | |
There are two communities. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:08 | |
And the ANC has got no clear policy | 0:26:08 | 0:26:12 | |
on how are we going to resolve these two economies in one country. | 0:26:12 | 0:26:19 | |
When the ANC came to power in 1994, it was faced with an enormous task. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:26 | |
The legacy of apartheid meant that a third of South Africans had | 0:26:26 | 0:26:30 | |
no access to clean water, electricity or proper housing. | 0:26:30 | 0:26:35 | |
In the last 19 years, the ANC'S built three million homes | 0:26:35 | 0:26:39 | |
and provided access to clean water | 0:26:39 | 0:26:41 | |
and electricity for millions of its poorest people, | 0:26:41 | 0:26:44 | |
but still nearly half of South Africans | 0:26:44 | 0:26:46 | |
live on less than £3 a day. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:49 | |
The Eastern Cape is the poorest region of South Africa. | 0:26:56 | 0:27:00 | |
This is where Nelson Mandela was born, | 0:27:00 | 0:27:02 | |
and is still the heartland of the ANC. | 0:27:02 | 0:27:04 | |
Many young people leave here to find work in the cities and mines. | 0:27:07 | 0:27:10 | |
I was hoping to meet the family of one of the miners | 0:27:12 | 0:27:14 | |
killed at Marikana, Mafolisi Mabiya. | 0:27:14 | 0:27:18 | |
Heading into the hills, the road became impassable | 0:27:21 | 0:27:24 | |
and we had to abandon the car. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:26 | |
This family lives right in the middle of the village up there. | 0:27:26 | 0:27:31 | |
Eventually, we reach the home of Mafolisi's mother. | 0:27:31 | 0:27:34 | |
Good day, Mama. | 0:27:38 | 0:27:40 | |
Very nice to meet you. | 0:27:40 | 0:27:42 | |
Like millions of other rural South Africans, | 0:27:42 | 0:27:45 | |
Mafolisi left his family to look for work. | 0:27:45 | 0:27:48 | |
What are you doing now that this money's no longer | 0:27:58 | 0:28:01 | |
coming from your son for the family? | 0:28:01 | 0:28:02 | |
How are you surviving? | 0:28:02 | 0:28:03 | |
These were the very people the ANC promised they would help | 0:28:22 | 0:28:25 | |
when they came to power. Yet, nearly 20 years on, | 0:28:25 | 0:28:28 | |
I can't see how their basic standard of living has improved. | 0:28:28 | 0:28:32 | |
And what are you going to do in the future now? | 0:28:34 | 0:28:36 | |
As we left and headed back down the mountain, | 0:28:44 | 0:28:46 | |
we met Mafolisi's widow | 0:28:46 | 0:28:48 | |
making the long walk home from the nearest town. | 0:28:48 | 0:28:51 | |
Nice to meet you. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:53 | |
How are you going to survive? | 0:28:54 | 0:28:55 | |
Lonmin, the mine owners, they paid towards the funeral, | 0:28:58 | 0:29:02 | |
but nothing else? | 0:29:02 | 0:29:04 | |
We've walked about two and a half hours, and it's been hard going, | 0:29:08 | 0:29:12 | |
but can you imagine what it's like living up there? | 0:29:12 | 0:29:15 | |
I mean, that family is right on the edge. | 0:29:15 | 0:29:17 | |
They're living with nothing. | 0:29:17 | 0:29:19 | |
No electricity, no sanitation, no running water. | 0:29:19 | 0:29:22 | |
The mother's too young to get a pension, which might have | 0:29:22 | 0:29:26 | |
supplied the household. There's no income coming in at all. | 0:29:26 | 0:29:29 | |
I mean, I couldn't survive up there. | 0:29:29 | 0:29:31 | |
How on Earth are they? | 0:29:31 | 0:29:33 | |
They're just victims in every possible way. It's tragic. | 0:29:33 | 0:29:37 | |
South Africa's one of the richest countries in Africa, | 0:29:50 | 0:29:52 | |
with a strong economy. | 0:29:52 | 0:29:54 | |
Driving around, you see million pound properties, luxury cars | 0:29:54 | 0:29:58 | |
and expensive restaurants. | 0:29:58 | 0:30:00 | |
The old white elite has been joined by new black elite | 0:30:00 | 0:30:04 | |
on the boards of companies, in governments and the civil service. | 0:30:04 | 0:30:08 | |
But this new ruling class, centred around the ANC, | 0:30:08 | 0:30:12 | |
faces almost daily allegations of corruption. | 0:30:12 | 0:30:15 | |
National newspaper City Press is one of the largest papers in South Africa | 0:30:18 | 0:30:23 | |
and I went to meet the editor, Ferial Haffajee. | 0:30:23 | 0:30:26 | |
So your newspapers led the fights against corruption. | 0:30:27 | 0:30:31 | |
I mean, how serious is it in South Africa today? | 0:30:31 | 0:30:33 | |
Corruption is far more serious than I thought it would have been | 0:30:33 | 0:30:37 | |
18 years into a democracy. | 0:30:37 | 0:30:39 | |
Our newspaper does a lot of work at local level | 0:30:39 | 0:30:43 | |
and often the thing making people protest | 0:30:43 | 0:30:46 | |
is not roads or sewage or water or electricity, | 0:30:46 | 0:30:50 | |
it's the perception that the money for those things | 0:30:50 | 0:30:53 | |
is being corrupted by their own councillors. | 0:30:53 | 0:30:56 | |
The allegations of corruption | 0:30:59 | 0:31:00 | |
spread to the very top of South African society | 0:31:00 | 0:31:03 | |
and the President of the Republic, Jacob Zuma. | 0:31:03 | 0:31:06 | |
He is accused of using government money intended for security measures | 0:31:09 | 0:31:13 | |
to refurbish his lavish private home. | 0:31:13 | 0:31:15 | |
More than £20 million is alleged to have been improperly spent. | 0:31:15 | 0:31:20 | |
Nkandla, the story of the massive spending on the President's estate, | 0:31:21 | 0:31:26 | |
has caused people to see in very physical form | 0:31:26 | 0:31:30 | |
how self enrichment has become such a part of our lives. | 0:31:30 | 0:31:34 | |
Usually, these things are hidden, | 0:31:34 | 0:31:36 | |
but here we have 250 million rand spent on one man | 0:31:36 | 0:31:40 | |
when you've seen the poverty | 0:31:40 | 0:31:41 | |
in the deepest rural areas of our country. | 0:31:41 | 0:31:44 | |
And I think that's why it's caused a spark, and it's also why we're | 0:31:44 | 0:31:48 | |
sticking with it, although the ANC is getting very cross with us, | 0:31:48 | 0:31:51 | |
government's getting very annoyed. | 0:31:51 | 0:31:52 | |
Sadly, the ANC with its 100-year-old history, | 0:31:52 | 0:31:57 | |
it no longer holds the moral high ground. | 0:31:57 | 0:32:00 | |
If there's one place that really embodies the moral high ground | 0:32:04 | 0:32:07 | |
that used to be held by the ANC, it is Robben Island. | 0:32:07 | 0:32:10 | |
It was here that Nelson Mandela | 0:32:10 | 0:32:12 | |
and his comrades were imprisoned by the apartheid regime. | 0:32:12 | 0:32:16 | |
Despite the cruelty of their imprisonment, | 0:32:18 | 0:32:21 | |
a generation of revolutionaries emerged from here | 0:32:21 | 0:32:24 | |
to lead their country | 0:32:24 | 0:32:26 | |
and preach reconciliation with their white oppressors. | 0:32:26 | 0:32:29 | |
-That's me. -That's you there? -Ya. | 0:32:29 | 0:32:31 | |
-Yeah? -The only one I can recognise is myself. | 0:32:31 | 0:32:34 | |
Ahmed Kathrada is now 84 years old. | 0:32:36 | 0:32:39 | |
An ANC veteran and ex MP, | 0:32:39 | 0:32:43 | |
he spent 18 years imprisoned here with his close friend, | 0:32:43 | 0:32:46 | |
Nelson Mandela. | 0:32:46 | 0:32:49 | |
President Zuma, Deputy President Motlanthe, | 0:32:49 | 0:32:52 | |
they were here for ten years, they never saw us. | 0:32:52 | 0:32:56 | |
-Really? -And we never saw them. | 0:32:56 | 0:32:58 | |
That's how isolated we were. | 0:32:58 | 0:33:00 | |
How do you describe the ANC's fundamental values and its morality? | 0:33:00 | 0:33:05 | |
Look, its policy... | 0:33:05 | 0:33:07 | |
..from which flows everything else, | 0:33:08 | 0:33:11 | |
was to struggle for a non-racial, non-sexist democratic South Africa. | 0:33:11 | 0:33:18 | |
And in terms of the personal conduct of ANC leaders and members, | 0:33:18 | 0:33:23 | |
was that something everybody just assumed would be | 0:33:23 | 0:33:27 | |
based on morality and honestly and probity? | 0:33:27 | 0:33:30 | |
You know, it didn't have to be written down. | 0:33:31 | 0:33:36 | |
We took it for granted. | 0:33:36 | 0:33:37 | |
Do you have, as one who spent so much of your life | 0:33:37 | 0:33:40 | |
here on Robben Island, | 0:33:40 | 0:33:42 | |
do you feel that somehow the vision has gone astray of the ANC? | 0:33:42 | 0:33:47 | |
What I'd say is, it's on the back burner. | 0:33:47 | 0:33:50 | |
It's still entrenched in policy. | 0:33:50 | 0:33:53 | |
It's in the implementation, | 0:33:53 | 0:33:56 | |
and that is where | 0:33:56 | 0:33:58 | |
we see some of the irregularities and more than irregularities. | 0:33:58 | 0:34:04 | |
Every second day that you open a newspaper, | 0:34:04 | 0:34:07 | |
there's some report of corruption. | 0:34:07 | 0:34:09 | |
And how do you feel about that? | 0:34:09 | 0:34:11 | |
No, one feels very disappointed. | 0:34:11 | 0:34:13 | |
I listen to the radio, I see in the media... | 0:34:13 | 0:34:16 | |
rank and file ANC people expressing their disappointment | 0:34:16 | 0:34:21 | |
and disgust at some these things. | 0:34:21 | 0:34:23 | |
'Let there be justice for all. | 0:34:23 | 0:34:26 | |
'Let there be work, bread, | 0:34:26 | 0:34:29 | |
'water and salt for all.' | 0:34:29 | 0:34:32 | |
Jacob Zuma also spent ten years on Robben Island. | 0:34:36 | 0:34:39 | |
-I sit here? -Please, yes. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:42 | |
OK. | 0:34:42 | 0:34:43 | |
But his presidency has been mired in allegations that seem | 0:34:43 | 0:34:46 | |
a million miles from those original values. | 0:34:46 | 0:34:49 | |
What has troubled me is ANC members have told me | 0:34:50 | 0:34:53 | |
the length and breadth of South Africa this past two weeks | 0:34:53 | 0:34:56 | |
that they don't trust government politicians or the party anymore. | 0:34:56 | 0:35:02 | |
Are you worried about the gap that has opened up | 0:35:02 | 0:35:04 | |
between the leadership and the grass roots? | 0:35:04 | 0:35:07 | |
Not in the ANC. | 0:35:07 | 0:35:09 | |
I know that at times you could find even a few on the ends saying so. | 0:35:09 | 0:35:13 | |
Do you think, as many have told me, | 0:35:13 | 0:35:15 | |
that there's a need to raise the standards and morals | 0:35:15 | 0:35:17 | |
of the government and ANC leadership in the tradition of Mandela? | 0:35:17 | 0:35:22 | |
Do you think there is that need to do that? | 0:35:22 | 0:35:24 | |
That need will always be there. | 0:35:24 | 0:35:27 | |
When the ANC came into government in South Africa, | 0:35:27 | 0:35:31 | |
for the first time, we talked about corruption. | 0:35:31 | 0:35:33 | |
Nobody talked about corruption during apartheid, | 0:35:33 | 0:35:36 | |
and nobody can say there was no corruption. | 0:35:36 | 0:35:38 | |
There was lots of it? | 0:35:38 | 0:35:39 | |
Talking about it, you'll actually go to jail. | 0:35:39 | 0:35:42 | |
Where nobody talks about it, nobody deals with it, | 0:35:42 | 0:35:45 | |
nobody does about it, and therefore people think there is no corruption. | 0:35:45 | 0:35:49 | |
Here we fight it. | 0:35:49 | 0:35:50 | |
The country is behind everyone to fight corruption. | 0:35:50 | 0:35:54 | |
And yet a head teacher, again an ANC voter, | 0:35:54 | 0:35:58 | |
said to me that he's in pain because he can't get enough text books, | 0:35:58 | 0:36:02 | |
but the presidential home is being built for £250 million rand. | 0:36:02 | 0:36:07 | |
He feels a lot of pain about that. | 0:36:07 | 0:36:09 | |
Again, that is a big mistake. I've built my house. | 0:36:09 | 0:36:12 | |
No government has paid for my houses that are built there, | 0:36:12 | 0:36:16 | |
but that's how it has been put. | 0:36:16 | 0:36:18 | |
Government wanted, since I became a President, | 0:36:18 | 0:36:21 | |
to include the security features in my homes, right? | 0:36:21 | 0:36:26 | |
They did a bunker. | 0:36:26 | 0:36:27 | |
They did the bullet proof, not in every place, in my bedrooms, | 0:36:27 | 0:36:33 | |
which they said is a requirement. | 0:36:33 | 0:36:35 | |
And, it's not 250 what government has done. | 0:36:37 | 0:36:41 | |
I think if... I don't have the figure, | 0:36:41 | 0:36:44 | |
It could be between seven to eighty hundred. | 0:36:44 | 0:36:48 | |
I mean, seven to eighty million rand. I'm not sure. | 0:36:48 | 0:36:54 | |
The ANC has been in power nearly 19 years | 0:36:54 | 0:36:56 | |
and still millions without jobs or housing and living in poverty. | 0:36:56 | 0:37:02 | |
Yes, absolutely. | 0:37:02 | 0:37:04 | |
The issue really is... is that before 1994, | 0:37:04 | 0:37:08 | |
nobody even knew how many people were out of the mainstream | 0:37:08 | 0:37:15 | |
of the economy of South Africa. | 0:37:15 | 0:37:16 | |
Fact of the matter is that because of the huge challenge of it, | 0:37:16 | 0:37:22 | |
you couldn't deal with it in 18 years. | 0:37:22 | 0:37:26 | |
I travelled out into the Western Cape, | 0:37:36 | 0:37:38 | |
one of South Africa's | 0:37:38 | 0:37:40 | |
richest areas and home to one of its most famous industries. | 0:37:40 | 0:37:43 | |
Until 20 years ago, I campaigned for people to boycott | 0:37:47 | 0:37:52 | |
South African wines, and now I'm an enthusiastic consumer. | 0:37:52 | 0:37:55 | |
And since the end of apartheid, | 0:37:55 | 0:37:57 | |
the country has become one of the world's largest producers. | 0:37:57 | 0:38:01 | |
But here, too, there are worrying signs. | 0:38:01 | 0:38:04 | |
That says gun shops in the area where we're going have been | 0:38:06 | 0:38:09 | |
emptied by locals hell bent on protecting their properties. | 0:38:09 | 0:38:14 | |
That containers and containers of assault rifles were moved | 0:38:14 | 0:38:17 | |
to the area on Wednesday night. | 0:38:17 | 0:38:19 | |
Louis De Kock is the owner of one the biggest vineyards in the region. | 0:38:28 | 0:38:31 | |
So, how much of this is yours, Louis? | 0:38:33 | 0:38:35 | |
Yeah, it's up to the trees over there, | 0:38:35 | 0:38:39 | |
right up to the road. | 0:38:39 | 0:38:41 | |
This place is... I'm the owner of it, | 0:38:41 | 0:38:43 | |
but actually I'm the manager of it | 0:38:43 | 0:38:46 | |
because I believe it's God's, I just managing it. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:49 | |
And it's for all, the benefit of all the people here. | 0:38:49 | 0:38:53 | |
But last November, the peace of this beautiful region was shattered | 0:38:53 | 0:38:57 | |
as thousands of farm workers went on strike over their pay. | 0:38:57 | 0:39:00 | |
Vineyards across the region were burnt | 0:39:03 | 0:39:06 | |
and strikers fought running battles with the police. | 0:39:06 | 0:39:09 | |
Louis De Kock was forced to defend his farm. | 0:39:10 | 0:39:12 | |
I, basically, made the decision - | 0:39:15 | 0:39:17 | |
it's time to shoot some warning shots. | 0:39:17 | 0:39:20 | |
We hurt no-one, there was no casualty, there was no-one | 0:39:20 | 0:39:23 | |
that was even hit or... | 0:39:23 | 0:39:26 | |
because it was warning shots. | 0:39:26 | 0:39:28 | |
And as soon as we started that, they started running. | 0:39:28 | 0:39:30 | |
Northing really justifies shooting, does it? | 0:39:30 | 0:39:33 | |
Um... Yeah, if people's lives are getting threatened, | 0:39:33 | 0:39:39 | |
then you can fire warning shots and even kill someone if it's necessary. | 0:39:39 | 0:39:44 | |
The farm workers are generally paid the national minimum wage, | 0:39:46 | 0:39:49 | |
69 rand, less then £6 a day, | 0:39:49 | 0:39:52 | |
though Louis De Kock says his employees get more. | 0:39:52 | 0:39:56 | |
My workers were actually perfectly fine with their wages, | 0:39:56 | 0:40:00 | |
because I pay them much more than minimum wage. | 0:40:00 | 0:40:04 | |
-How much? -Minimum wage is 69, | 0:40:04 | 0:40:08 | |
so I add their bonuses of another, um, | 0:40:08 | 0:40:13 | |
ten, 15 rands per day, some of them even 20, | 0:40:13 | 0:40:16 | |
25, 30 rands a day is added. | 0:40:16 | 0:40:19 | |
I mean, surely something's wrong | 0:40:19 | 0:40:21 | |
here if people are only getting a 100 rand a day. | 0:40:21 | 0:40:23 | |
I mean, you couldn't live on that, I couldn't live on that. | 0:40:23 | 0:40:26 | |
And, you know, isn't that a reason why it all erupted? | 0:40:26 | 0:40:29 | |
That there's got to be a way found to pay people better? | 0:40:29 | 0:40:33 | |
We have to make it work | 0:40:33 | 0:40:36 | |
economically so that's basically what | 0:40:36 | 0:40:40 | |
the farmers can afford, but we give them transport to and from work, | 0:40:40 | 0:40:44 | |
even, we actually take their children to school and back. | 0:40:44 | 0:40:49 | |
Even food they get for free for a great period of time. | 0:40:49 | 0:40:53 | |
-What, grapes? By food you mean grapes? -Yeah, grapes, | 0:40:53 | 0:40:57 | |
but you'll be surprised at how many grapes they eat, | 0:40:57 | 0:41:01 | |
percentage of their diet. | 0:41:01 | 0:41:03 | |
I mean, they would just go 50% on grapes, kind of a thing. | 0:41:03 | 0:41:07 | |
There are many farmers in the region. | 0:41:09 | 0:41:11 | |
Some of the workers live in a nearby shanty town. | 0:41:11 | 0:41:14 | |
They see things differently. | 0:41:14 | 0:41:16 | |
The farmers say they're paying you 100 rand a day with extras, | 0:41:20 | 0:41:24 | |
is that true? | 0:41:24 | 0:41:25 | |
Was the ANC helping you when your wages were so low? | 0:41:36 | 0:41:40 | |
Uh-huh, no, no. Not at all. | 0:41:40 | 0:41:43 | |
There was no union of part of ANC or something | 0:41:43 | 0:41:47 | |
that has gone to help or try to sort things out for the farm workers, no. | 0:41:47 | 0:41:53 | |
Just like at the Marikana mine, | 0:41:54 | 0:41:56 | |
the workers here are also angry with the ANC. | 0:41:56 | 0:41:59 | |
The government has frozen the minimum wage | 0:41:59 | 0:42:02 | |
for the last three years. | 0:42:02 | 0:42:03 | |
So people simply can't survive on this. It's impossible. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:32 | |
They must at least try | 0:42:34 | 0:42:36 | |
and fulfil our needs to that we can meet them half way. | 0:42:36 | 0:42:39 | |
If they don't meet you half way, | 0:42:39 | 0:42:41 | |
if they don't have justice, what is going to happen? | 0:42:41 | 0:42:43 | |
If they don't meet us half way I think we are going to lose, | 0:42:43 | 0:42:47 | |
both of us going to lose, because we, as farm workers, | 0:42:47 | 0:42:51 | |
we are not going to work, and who is going to work there on the farm? | 0:42:51 | 0:42:55 | |
No-one. | 0:42:55 | 0:42:56 | |
Farm workers living on £6 a day, miners existing in poverty | 0:42:58 | 0:43:02 | |
and staggering levels of unemployment - this was not | 0:43:02 | 0:43:05 | |
what the freedom struggle against apartheid was supposed to deliver... | 0:43:05 | 0:43:09 | |
Still less a liberation movement | 0:43:09 | 0:43:11 | |
accused of widespread corruption and cronyism. | 0:43:11 | 0:43:14 | |
For a view of the political situation, | 0:43:16 | 0:43:18 | |
I wanted to visit another old comrade. | 0:43:18 | 0:43:21 | |
Ronnie Kasrils is a legend of the anti-apartheid struggle. | 0:43:21 | 0:43:26 | |
The ANC has the right to build up its forces in this country | 0:43:26 | 0:43:30 | |
because no ceasefire is in place. | 0:43:30 | 0:43:33 | |
Ronnie was also an ANC minister under previous presidents. | 0:43:34 | 0:43:38 | |
Ronnie. | 0:43:38 | 0:43:39 | |
Peter, welcome, welcome. | 0:43:39 | 0:43:42 | |
There's one subversive to another. | 0:43:42 | 0:43:45 | |
Somebody was telling me that the ANC are now at a critical point. | 0:43:45 | 0:43:50 | |
Well, we're in a difficult phase. | 0:43:50 | 0:43:53 | |
Big sections of the people beginning to lose faith | 0:43:53 | 0:43:56 | |
and belief in the government, | 0:43:56 | 0:43:57 | |
and I'm talking here about the people that the ANC always said | 0:43:57 | 0:44:01 | |
were the motor forces of our revolution - | 0:44:01 | 0:44:05 | |
the working class, the black working class. | 0:44:05 | 0:44:09 | |
I believe it's an actual watershed, | 0:44:09 | 0:44:14 | |
which the ruling party needs to understand. | 0:44:14 | 0:44:19 | |
I feel that we have lost our way to quite a degree. | 0:44:19 | 0:44:24 | |
In terms of creating an independent country | 0:44:24 | 0:44:27 | |
where you control your economy, you've got to develop a middle class, | 0:44:27 | 0:44:32 | |
you've got to create wealth, and that's not happening. | 0:44:32 | 0:44:35 | |
The ruling party and they've become, in a Marxist term, | 0:44:35 | 0:44:39 | |
the comprador elements of overseas investment | 0:44:39 | 0:44:43 | |
and with it, the corruption, | 0:44:43 | 0:44:44 | |
not just through the overseas factor, linking to the mining houses, | 0:44:44 | 0:44:49 | |
forgetting that their task, | 0:44:49 | 0:44:52 | |
and this is our unions as well as government, is to create | 0:44:52 | 0:44:55 | |
better life conditions and salary and so on for the working people. | 0:44:55 | 0:45:00 | |
So we've had the miners in strike. | 0:45:00 | 0:45:03 | |
We've had the farm labourers of the Western Cape wine fields | 0:45:03 | 0:45:08 | |
up in uproar. | 0:45:08 | 0:45:10 | |
And it's pointing to the fact that South Africa's | 0:45:10 | 0:45:14 | |
got to re-think our economic position. | 0:45:14 | 0:45:18 | |
If we can't find a way to deal with the needs of the workers | 0:45:18 | 0:45:22 | |
of this country, we are going to, and I believe we already are, | 0:45:22 | 0:45:26 | |
Peter, we're facing the crisis. | 0:45:26 | 0:45:28 | |
Aside from the traditional foreign and white-owned businesses | 0:45:31 | 0:45:34 | |
Ronnie and other ANC activists I spoke to believe that the ANC | 0:45:34 | 0:45:38 | |
has failed to develop an economy that benefits everybody. | 0:45:38 | 0:45:42 | |
The ANC was so popular following the fall of apartheid | 0:45:45 | 0:45:48 | |
that they've dominated the political scene, | 0:45:48 | 0:45:51 | |
but has this almost guaranteed re-election made them lose touch | 0:45:51 | 0:45:54 | |
with ordinary South Africans? | 0:45:54 | 0:45:56 | |
We are very much in touch with the people. | 0:45:57 | 0:46:01 | |
We talk to them. We interact with them. | 0:46:01 | 0:46:03 | |
We are able to deal with them. | 0:46:03 | 0:46:06 | |
And again, I want to... I don't want to be judgemental, | 0:46:06 | 0:46:10 | |
because it is the manner in which the reporting in South Africa, | 0:46:10 | 0:46:14 | |
which is quite negative, | 0:46:14 | 0:46:17 | |
that influences the minds of the people general. | 0:46:17 | 0:46:20 | |
But there's still, cos I've found this and it's dismayed me, | 0:46:20 | 0:46:24 | |
this big lack of trust in the government leadership, | 0:46:24 | 0:46:27 | |
the trade union leadership, the party leadership. | 0:46:27 | 0:46:29 | |
And, to take the country forward, surely that has to be closed? | 0:46:29 | 0:46:32 | |
You have to establish trust. | 0:46:32 | 0:46:34 | |
But you can't close it if you are not owning the media. | 0:46:34 | 0:46:38 | |
Well, the media is the one that exaggerates things | 0:46:38 | 0:46:42 | |
on a daily basis and through TV. | 0:46:42 | 0:46:45 | |
Now, you must know that influences the thinking of people, | 0:46:45 | 0:46:49 | |
and people begin to believe what they hear all the time. | 0:46:49 | 0:46:54 | |
The ANC leadership's becoming increasingly | 0:46:56 | 0:46:59 | |
frustrated by the barrage of criticism they face in the media. | 0:46:59 | 0:47:03 | |
They're currently pushing through a new secrecy law | 0:47:05 | 0:47:08 | |
that journalists believe could prevent legitimate investigations | 0:47:08 | 0:47:11 | |
into government corruption. | 0:47:11 | 0:47:13 | |
During apartheid, | 0:47:15 | 0:47:16 | |
Lawson Naidoo worked in the ANC'S London office. | 0:47:16 | 0:47:19 | |
He fears the new law will threaten South Africa's vibrant free press. | 0:47:19 | 0:47:24 | |
All governments bring in official secrecy legislation, | 0:47:24 | 0:47:28 | |
why has this bill excited so much criticism | 0:47:28 | 0:47:31 | |
and so much antagonism about the future of the country? | 0:47:31 | 0:47:35 | |
This current piece of legislation going before Parliament | 0:47:35 | 0:47:39 | |
gives the State far greater powers than even the apartheid government | 0:47:39 | 0:47:42 | |
took upon itself. | 0:47:42 | 0:47:44 | |
So, the ability of the State to classify information is now | 0:47:44 | 0:47:48 | |
actually greater than it was under the old legislation. | 0:47:48 | 0:47:52 | |
The real concern is that given the escalating levels of corruption | 0:47:52 | 0:47:56 | |
and mal-administration within the public sector that we have seen | 0:47:56 | 0:47:59 | |
over many years now, there is a real concern | 0:47:59 | 0:48:02 | |
that this act will be used to cover up corruption and suppress | 0:48:02 | 0:48:06 | |
information about mis-management and corruption in government, whether | 0:48:06 | 0:48:10 | |
it be at national, at provincial or at local government level. | 0:48:10 | 0:48:13 | |
And you being an ANC man through and through for years. | 0:48:13 | 0:48:17 | |
What do you actually feel emotionally now about the direction? | 0:48:17 | 0:48:22 | |
Well, you know, one almost... Well, it feels that the ANC that is | 0:48:22 | 0:48:27 | |
there today is an ANC that I no longer recognise. | 0:48:27 | 0:48:30 | |
The freedoms that we enjoy now are freedoms that we must cherish | 0:48:30 | 0:48:34 | |
because we fought hard for these freedoms, for the freedom | 0:48:34 | 0:48:37 | |
to speak openly, to have robust political debate, to disagree | 0:48:37 | 0:48:40 | |
with the government of the day and for that government to listen to us. | 0:48:40 | 0:48:44 | |
South Africa's independent media is something to cherish | 0:48:47 | 0:48:50 | |
after the suppression of free speech under apartheid. | 0:48:50 | 0:48:53 | |
It was the extensive and disturbing media revelations about the massacre | 0:48:55 | 0:48:59 | |
at Marikana that led President Zuma to set up a commission of enquiry. | 0:48:59 | 0:49:03 | |
The families of some of the people who were massacred, | 0:49:05 | 0:49:09 | |
they're coming to the court hearing, to the commission hearing, | 0:49:09 | 0:49:12 | |
to see what is actually going on and to witness, play witness. | 0:49:12 | 0:49:16 | |
Hundreds of witnesses have been called | 0:49:18 | 0:49:20 | |
and the enquiry is lasting months. | 0:49:20 | 0:49:22 | |
Today, they are hearing testimony about the weapons the police | 0:49:24 | 0:49:27 | |
were carrying on the day of the killings. | 0:49:27 | 0:49:30 | |
R1 rifles and R5 rifles | 0:49:30 | 0:49:33 | |
are weapons you would bring into a situation | 0:49:33 | 0:49:39 | |
where you aim to kill... | 0:49:39 | 0:49:41 | |
..the targets at which they would be fired. | 0:49:42 | 0:49:45 | |
So it would be difficult for me to try and say that they were... | 0:49:50 | 0:49:55 | |
they surely and I can agree with you there, | 0:49:55 | 0:49:58 | |
surely they have the capability of killing. | 0:49:58 | 0:50:00 | |
The sombre, serious, calm commission | 0:50:00 | 0:50:03 | |
is hearing evidence from a police ballistics expert | 0:50:03 | 0:50:07 | |
that they were issued with automatic machine guns, | 0:50:07 | 0:50:12 | |
not the normal pistols | 0:50:12 | 0:50:15 | |
that all police officers carry in South Africa. | 0:50:15 | 0:50:17 | |
This is a kind of weaponry that is used by the infantries | 0:50:20 | 0:50:26 | |
in the National Defence Force. | 0:50:26 | 0:50:29 | |
Weapons of war. | 0:50:30 | 0:50:33 | |
That is correct. | 0:50:33 | 0:50:34 | |
Jim Nichol is an old comrade from the British anti-apartheid movement. | 0:50:37 | 0:50:42 | |
Today, he is one of the lawyers representing the families | 0:50:43 | 0:50:46 | |
of the dead strikers against a government | 0:50:46 | 0:50:48 | |
run by the very party he fought to bring to power. | 0:50:48 | 0:50:51 | |
So, could you just tell us | 0:50:53 | 0:50:54 | |
the sheer scale of the operation at Marikana that day? | 0:50:54 | 0:50:58 | |
Oh, it's monumental! | 0:50:58 | 0:51:00 | |
I mean, there was in excess of 800 highly skilled, | 0:51:00 | 0:51:04 | |
trained police personnel there, | 0:51:04 | 0:51:06 | |
trained in automatic machine gun fire. | 0:51:06 | 0:51:08 | |
Each of them was carrying a pistol. | 0:51:08 | 0:51:10 | |
There were 800 pistols. | 0:51:10 | 0:51:12 | |
There are 600 R5 machine gun rifles | 0:51:12 | 0:51:15 | |
that fire at the rate of 600 bullets per minute. | 0:51:15 | 0:51:19 | |
There were nyalas, which are armoured trucks, | 0:51:19 | 0:51:23 | |
perhaps 30 or 40 or them. | 0:51:23 | 0:51:24 | |
There was barbed wired and razor wire being run out. | 0:51:24 | 0:51:27 | |
It was monumental. | 0:51:27 | 0:51:29 | |
And what does that tell you about how the massacre happened? | 0:51:29 | 0:51:33 | |
The massacre, in my view, was pre-organised, | 0:51:35 | 0:51:38 | |
it was pre-arranged some two or three days earlier, | 0:51:38 | 0:51:41 | |
and it tells me that whatever happened on that day | 0:51:41 | 0:51:44 | |
the police were intent on using violence against the strikers. | 0:51:44 | 0:51:48 | |
There is also testimony denied by the police | 0:51:50 | 0:51:53 | |
that some of the dead were executed in cold blood | 0:51:53 | 0:51:57 | |
and that guns were planted on some of the corpses. | 0:51:57 | 0:52:00 | |
I met witnesses who claim to have been intimidated | 0:52:00 | 0:52:03 | |
and even tortured by the police. | 0:52:03 | 0:52:05 | |
This is what is so hard for me to take, frankly, | 0:52:08 | 0:52:11 | |
as a supporter of the ANC and the transformation, | 0:52:11 | 0:52:14 | |
is that the brutality metered out at Marikana | 0:52:14 | 0:52:18 | |
and the fact that there was then an attempt to cover it up | 0:52:18 | 0:52:22 | |
and plant evidence and torture some of the strikers | 0:52:22 | 0:52:26 | |
and that some of the instructions for this may have gone | 0:52:26 | 0:52:29 | |
to a very high level. | 0:52:29 | 0:52:30 | |
It's deeply, deeply depressing, as well as absolutely outrageous. | 0:52:30 | 0:52:35 | |
The Commission will have to decide the truth of these allegations | 0:52:39 | 0:52:42 | |
and crucially whether the killings were in some way premeditated. | 0:52:42 | 0:52:46 | |
I had sight of a letter from the mining company Lonmin | 0:52:47 | 0:52:51 | |
to the ANC Minister of Mines | 0:52:51 | 0:52:53 | |
requesting a massive police crack down on the strike. | 0:52:53 | 0:52:57 | |
I put this to the CEO of Lonmin, Simon Scott. | 0:52:59 | 0:53:03 | |
What we were concerned about from the start of the strike, | 0:53:05 | 0:53:08 | |
when it started on the 9th until the events of the 16th, is what, | 0:53:08 | 0:53:12 | |
there had been a lot violence going on even during that period. | 0:53:12 | 0:53:16 | |
So, what was happening was in a context of public disorder. | 0:53:16 | 0:53:20 | |
But you didn't stop the violence. There's a massacre on 16th August. | 0:53:20 | 0:53:23 | |
Three days before you write to the Minister of Mines saying | 0:53:23 | 0:53:27 | |
the full force of the State must be brought to bear on the strikers - | 0:53:27 | 0:53:31 | |
army, police, intelligence services. | 0:53:31 | 0:53:33 | |
And then the killing happens three days later. | 0:53:33 | 0:53:36 | |
That looks as if you're demanding that that happens. | 0:53:36 | 0:53:38 | |
Not all, Peter. I mean, the tragedy of the 16th is going to live | 0:53:38 | 0:53:42 | |
with this country for many, many years. | 0:53:42 | 0:53:44 | |
Hopefully, we're all going to learn out of this | 0:53:44 | 0:53:47 | |
and we are going to address what happened. | 0:53:47 | 0:53:49 | |
We'll go and answer to the commission fully about all of our actions, | 0:53:49 | 0:53:52 | |
and that's what we want to do and we think it's important to do. | 0:53:52 | 0:53:55 | |
If the company has done something incorrectly, then we'll address that. | 0:53:55 | 0:53:58 | |
Damn it! | 0:53:58 | 0:54:00 | |
Any suggestion of collusion between the company | 0:54:04 | 0:54:07 | |
and the government in the Marikana killings is dangerous for the ANC. | 0:54:07 | 0:54:12 | |
President Zuma appears keen to distance himself from Lonmin. | 0:54:12 | 0:54:16 | |
It was a shock. | 0:54:18 | 0:54:19 | |
Nobody expected that to happen. | 0:54:19 | 0:54:21 | |
What happened in Marikana? | 0:54:21 | 0:54:23 | |
The company...the company... The company did provoke that. | 0:54:23 | 0:54:28 | |
-The company provoked it? -Yes, it did. | 0:54:28 | 0:54:31 | |
Well, the company's not responsible, is it, for the way the police | 0:54:31 | 0:54:34 | |
-shot the strikers? -No, no. | 0:54:34 | 0:54:36 | |
The company very much so. | 0:54:36 | 0:54:38 | |
When you have an agreement violated by offering money | 0:54:38 | 0:54:42 | |
to a particular category of workers, | 0:54:42 | 0:54:45 | |
then you provoke other workers to say "You have money, give us as well," | 0:54:45 | 0:54:50 | |
-that's how it happened. -But nothing justifies the police killings | 0:54:50 | 0:54:53 | |
after that, does it really? | 0:54:53 | 0:54:54 | |
No, nothing justifies it. Nothing justifies anything. | 0:54:54 | 0:54:57 | |
Nothing justified the company to provoke a strike, | 0:54:57 | 0:55:01 | |
to undermine and overlook an agreement reached | 0:55:01 | 0:55:06 | |
in a bargaining chamber. | 0:55:06 | 0:55:08 | |
So... And I'm just saying, it's not like the government | 0:55:08 | 0:55:10 | |
was not governing properly. | 0:55:10 | 0:55:12 | |
Marikana and the unrest across the country has caused some, | 0:55:14 | 0:55:18 | |
like Julius Malema, | 0:55:18 | 0:55:20 | |
to suggest a radical overhaul of the country's economic policy. | 0:55:20 | 0:55:24 | |
Nationalisation of mines is long overdue. | 0:55:24 | 0:55:29 | |
You went to Marikana, you saw what our people are experiencing. | 0:55:29 | 0:55:34 | |
But mines like Lonmin | 0:55:34 | 0:55:36 | |
are funded from investors in London, global investors. | 0:55:36 | 0:55:40 | |
If you just nationalise without compensation, that will drive | 0:55:40 | 0:55:44 | |
all foreign investment away and suck the economy dry. | 0:55:44 | 0:55:47 | |
London has been affected a lot from the exploitation of African minerals, | 0:55:47 | 0:55:53 | |
and we are not saying, "London, go away." | 0:55:53 | 0:55:56 | |
We are saying, "London, it is time for us to be included in our mines." | 0:55:56 | 0:56:01 | |
Let's share this slice of cake. | 0:56:01 | 0:56:05 | |
Democracy and political freedom is meaningless without economic power. | 0:56:05 | 0:56:11 | |
We have no economic power. | 0:56:11 | 0:56:13 | |
For many in the anti-apartheid movement, it was the 1960 massacre | 0:56:17 | 0:56:21 | |
at Sharpeville that brought the horror of apartheid | 0:56:21 | 0:56:24 | |
to the world's attention. | 0:56:24 | 0:56:25 | |
My first protest was in Newcastle Upon Tyne | 0:56:28 | 0:56:30 | |
in 1961 about the massacre at Sharpeville, | 0:56:30 | 0:56:33 | |
and when I talk to people, | 0:56:33 | 0:56:35 | |
people who have protested over the years, and when I talk | 0:56:35 | 0:56:37 | |
to them now about Marikana, it's like there's a death in the family. | 0:56:37 | 0:56:41 | |
People talk in hushed tones. | 0:56:41 | 0:56:43 | |
How is it that a black government turns these guns, | 0:56:43 | 0:56:46 | |
these weapons, on poor, black, migrant miners? | 0:56:46 | 0:56:51 | |
Today, many South Africans feel the Marikana massacre | 0:56:55 | 0:56:59 | |
must be a turning point for the ANC. | 0:56:59 | 0:57:01 | |
It's been a hugely successful liberation movement, | 0:57:01 | 0:57:04 | |
but after two decades in power, | 0:57:04 | 0:57:07 | |
can it now tackle corruption | 0:57:07 | 0:57:09 | |
and close the growing chasm between rich and poor, | 0:57:09 | 0:57:13 | |
making the economy work for all and not just for a few? | 0:57:13 | 0:57:17 | |
It's a big challenge. But as a politician also, | 0:57:18 | 0:57:22 | |
I would say there is no government in the world that can say it is ruling | 0:57:22 | 0:57:27 | |
and everybody's satisfied, not a single one. | 0:57:27 | 0:57:29 | |
I'm very confident about the future, as long as the ANC's in charge. | 0:57:29 | 0:57:34 | |
South Africa is an amazing and beautiful country | 0:57:37 | 0:57:40 | |
and Nelson Mandela's vision of a rainbow nation | 0:57:40 | 0:57:44 | |
has inspired a generation. | 0:57:44 | 0:57:45 | |
And, despite the huge challenges, I still remain optimistic | 0:57:47 | 0:57:51 | |
that it's vibrant democracy | 0:57:51 | 0:57:53 | |
will find a way of living up to that legacy. | 0:57:53 | 0:57:56 | |
MUSIC: Ladysmith Black Mambazo | 0:58:33 | 0:58:37 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:49 | 0:58:52 |