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Once Britain was proud of its trains. | 0:00:07 | 0:00:11 | |
The country had the first and greatest rail network in the world. | 0:00:13 | 0:00:17 | |
You could travel between cities, towns and villages in comfort and style. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:28 | |
But then, something changed. | 0:00:28 | 0:00:32 | |
In 1961, a certain Dr Beeching was hired by the Government | 0:00:32 | 0:00:37 | |
to write a report on the future of Britain's railways. | 0:00:37 | 0:00:40 | |
He recommended closing a third of the network, shutting down | 0:00:44 | 0:00:49 | |
thousands of stations and tearing up miles and miles of track. | 0:00:49 | 0:00:54 | |
Beeching became one of the most reviled men in the country. | 0:00:57 | 0:01:00 | |
I just felt it was wrong to close our railway. | 0:01:03 | 0:01:07 | |
You get men in grey suits sitting in far-off offices | 0:01:07 | 0:01:10 | |
and they look at a map and they use a pin. | 0:01:10 | 0:01:13 | |
And they haven't a clue about the area. | 0:01:13 | 0:01:15 | |
Resistance was futile. | 0:01:17 | 0:01:20 | |
This was the gospel. This is what had to happen. | 0:01:20 | 0:01:23 | |
This was what we had to accept. | 0:01:23 | 0:01:26 | |
In the wake of Dr Beeching's cuts, | 0:01:27 | 0:01:29 | |
Britain became a country of ghost lines and phantom platforms. | 0:01:29 | 0:01:35 | |
Many saw it as a devastating assault on both our industrial and cultural heritage. | 0:01:35 | 0:01:40 | |
Many more felt it was a body blow to ordinary rail passengers throughout the land. | 0:01:40 | 0:01:45 | |
Now, over 40 years later, I'm looking back to see | 0:01:45 | 0:01:48 | |
why Dr Beeching became enshrined in British folklore as the mad axe man. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:53 | |
And I'm asking whether Beeching's actions were a necessary evil... | 0:01:55 | 0:01:59 | |
or one of the great acts of vandalism of the 20th century. | 0:01:59 | 0:02:04 | |
Every day in Britain over three million people take the train. | 0:02:26 | 0:02:30 | |
I'm one of them. And I love the railway! | 0:02:38 | 0:02:41 | |
I like the train because you can sit down, read, look out the window... | 0:02:43 | 0:02:47 | |
Except when there aren't any seats and the only thing you can read is your overpriced ticket, | 0:02:47 | 0:02:52 | |
and if you look out the window you'll realise the train hasn't moved for over two hours. | 0:02:52 | 0:02:56 | |
Still, it's quicker by train. | 0:02:56 | 0:02:57 | |
Except when it isn't. | 0:02:57 | 0:02:58 | |
Train travel today undoubtedly lacks romance. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:11 | |
And I've always wondered whether Dr Beeching is to blame. | 0:03:11 | 0:03:15 | |
When he closed so many lines and stations, did he extract the network's soul? | 0:03:19 | 0:03:25 | |
Was that the start of our railways' decline? | 0:03:25 | 0:03:29 | |
I'm sure it was so much better in the old days. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:34 | |
"Unmitigated England came swinging down the line, | 0:03:40 | 0:03:44 | |
"that day the February sun did crisp and crystal shine. | 0:03:44 | 0:03:50 | |
"A village street, a manor house, a church, then, tally ho! | 0:03:50 | 0:03:54 | |
"We pounded through a housing scheme with telly masts a-row. | 0:03:54 | 0:03:57 | |
"Where cars of parked executives did regimented wait | 0:03:57 | 0:04:02 | |
"beside administrative blocks within the factory gate." | 0:04:02 | 0:04:07 | |
The poet, John Betjeman, was a huge fan of British railways and the joy of trains. | 0:04:15 | 0:04:19 | |
He also had a keen appreciation of their unique contribution to the fabric of our national life. | 0:04:19 | 0:04:25 | |
From the view out of a first-class carriage to the unique charm of a village station, | 0:04:27 | 0:04:32 | |
Betjeman eulogised train travel. | 0:04:32 | 0:04:34 | |
I can think of few pleasanter places to hang about in on a sunny afternoon like this | 0:04:37 | 0:04:42 | |
than Snettisham Station. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:44 | |
But Betjeman's idyllic vision was not shared by everyone. | 0:04:47 | 0:04:53 | |
In fact, many passengers found plenty to complain about. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:57 | |
Trains seem to be late for no reason whatever. | 0:04:57 | 0:05:00 | |
What about the stations? | 0:05:00 | 0:05:02 | |
Well, they could be a lot better. | 0:05:02 | 0:05:04 | |
This is a shocking place really, Fenchurch Street, really terrible. | 0:05:04 | 0:05:08 | |
Look at the carriages, they're absolutely disgusting. | 0:05:08 | 0:05:12 | |
-We never know why we're late, they never tell us. -Do you feel angry? | 0:05:12 | 0:05:17 | |
I do. We wouldn't mind so much if fares hadn't been put up so many times. | 0:05:17 | 0:05:23 | |
-Anything to say about the railways? -Shocking! | 0:05:23 | 0:05:25 | |
The reality of train travel in the 1950s and early 1960s | 0:05:27 | 0:05:31 | |
was that it wasn't that different from train travel today. | 0:05:31 | 0:05:35 | |
Even back then, complaints about high fares and low quality of service were par for the course. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:41 | |
The down at heel railway with its shabby stations was not in keeping | 0:05:43 | 0:05:47 | |
with the Government's vision for modern Britain. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:51 | |
Here then is the design for living of the future. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
A town planned down to the last nail. | 0:05:54 | 0:05:56 | |
Planned to be lived in and enjoyed by 80,000 of the citizens of tomorrow. | 0:05:56 | 0:06:01 | |
The country had finally emerged from years of post-war austerity. | 0:06:05 | 0:06:09 | |
People wanted to get rid of the old and embrace all that was shiny, streamlined and convenient. | 0:06:11 | 0:06:17 | |
The Government was keen to capitalise on this mood | 0:06:19 | 0:06:22 | |
and forge a dynamic, modern nation | 0:06:22 | 0:06:26 | |
with a dynamic modern railway service. | 0:06:26 | 0:06:30 | |
But stations makeovers were trivial | 0:06:34 | 0:06:36 | |
compared to the real changes that had to be made. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:41 | |
The railways' finances were in meltdown. | 0:06:41 | 0:06:45 | |
They'd been losing money for years, | 0:06:45 | 0:06:48 | |
and by 1961 were in debt to the colossal sum of £136 million. | 0:06:48 | 0:06:53 | |
As a nationalised industry, this overspend was a huge headache for the Government. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:03 | |
Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was determined the situation must alter. | 0:07:03 | 0:07:09 | |
He wanted the railways to run like a business and pay for themselves. | 0:07:10 | 0:07:16 | |
It was thought only an outsider from the railways could deliver this, | 0:07:16 | 0:07:20 | |
so the job was offered to a captain of industry, | 0:07:20 | 0:07:23 | |
steeped in the values of the hard-nosed, commercial world. | 0:07:23 | 0:07:28 | |
# Cos he gets up in the morning and he goes to work at 9 | 0:07:28 | 0:07:35 | |
# And he comes back home at 5.30 Gets the same train... # | 0:07:35 | 0:07:40 | |
Dr Richard Beeching had a PhD in physics and was considered | 0:07:40 | 0:07:44 | |
one of the most brilliant business brains in the country. | 0:07:44 | 0:07:48 | |
# And he's oh so good And he's oh so fine... # | 0:07:48 | 0:07:52 | |
By the age 43 he'd risen to the board | 0:07:52 | 0:07:56 | |
of one of Britain's top companies, ICI. | 0:07:56 | 0:07:59 | |
Now he was made Chairman of the British Railways Board. | 0:08:02 | 0:08:08 | |
Beeching was exactly the right man for taking on the job | 0:08:08 | 0:08:11 | |
of turning around the railways' finances, | 0:08:11 | 0:08:13 | |
largely because he had the right image. | 0:08:13 | 0:08:15 | |
It was a time when politicians believed you needed technocrats, | 0:08:15 | 0:08:20 | |
experts, people who were doctors to solve these sorts of problems. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:24 | |
Nowadays we're not surprised to hear of a manager from a private industry | 0:08:25 | 0:08:29 | |
parachuted into an ailing public company. | 0:08:29 | 0:08:32 | |
But in the 1960s it was rare. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:34 | |
People couldn't understand what someone from the chemical industry | 0:08:34 | 0:08:37 | |
could possibly do for the railways. | 0:08:37 | 0:08:39 | |
The Mirror was pretty sneery. | 0:08:39 | 0:08:41 | |
"Last night Dr Breeching sat in his spacious office at ICI headquarters in London, | 0:08:41 | 0:08:46 | |
"and admitted with a bland smile, | 0:08:46 | 0:08:49 | |
"No, I have no experience of railways, except as a passenger. | 0:08:49 | 0:08:53 | |
"So I am not a practical railwayman but I am a very practical man." | 0:08:53 | 0:08:57 | |
To demonstrate this practicality, | 0:08:57 | 0:09:00 | |
Beeching first insisted the Government match his ICI salary. | 0:09:00 | 0:09:06 | |
# The best things in life are free | 0:09:06 | 0:09:09 | |
# But you can give them to the birds and bees | 0:09:09 | 0:09:12 | |
# I need money... # | 0:09:12 | 0:09:13 | |
Do you think that perhaps public service should in itself | 0:09:13 | 0:09:17 | |
be regarded as part of the reward for a job of your sort? | 0:09:17 | 0:09:21 | |
I don't think so under circumstances such as these. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:23 | |
This really is a straightforward industrial job. | 0:09:23 | 0:09:27 | |
Beeching's salary made the Mirror's front page. | 0:09:31 | 0:09:35 | |
"A New Rail Boss at £24,000" | 0:09:35 | 0:09:38 | |
And £24,000 was an unprecedented amount of money to give a public servant, | 0:09:38 | 0:09:44 | |
particularly when, as the Mirror points out, the Prime Minister was only making 10,000 a year. | 0:09:44 | 0:09:49 | |
Impervious to criticism, Beeching set out to save the railways from insolvency. | 0:09:51 | 0:09:58 | |
It will be possible to make them pay. | 0:09:58 | 0:10:00 | |
I think it's most important that they should be made to pay. | 0:10:00 | 0:10:04 | |
I think there can be no satisfactory future for the railways | 0:10:04 | 0:10:08 | |
unless they are made to pay. | 0:10:08 | 0:10:10 | |
Beeching inherited an industry that had barely developed since the 1900s. | 0:10:13 | 0:10:20 | |
He now faced an enormous challenge to correct more than a century | 0:10:20 | 0:10:24 | |
of inefficiency engrained in the network from its very start. | 0:10:24 | 0:10:28 | |
The system had evolved without a plan, built by railway barons | 0:10:35 | 0:10:40 | |
whose overriding concern was making a quick buck. | 0:10:40 | 0:10:43 | |
Even if that meant duplicating lines or constructing routes | 0:10:46 | 0:10:50 | |
that were unsustainable in the long term. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:53 | |
Public service was usually the last thing on their minds. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:59 | |
Trains were designed for profit. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:03 | |
Passenger travel had been a luxury, but then the general public fell in love with trains too. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:13 | |
They wanted to travel on them as well. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:15 | |
And an Act of Parliament in 1844 forced companies to offer cheap fares for all. | 0:11:15 | 0:11:22 | |
Every company had to provide a service on every line that would | 0:11:22 | 0:11:27 | |
cost no more than an old penny a mile and run at least at 12mph. | 0:11:27 | 0:11:34 | |
Some of them were a bit naughty and they'd run their trains at 6am and they were pretty unpopular. | 0:11:34 | 0:11:39 | |
But most took advantage of this and it opened up the railways to the masses. | 0:11:39 | 0:11:43 | |
This is when the British love affair with the train really began. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:48 | |
Rail travel was now seen as a democratic, even God-given right, and it was enshrined in law. | 0:11:48 | 0:11:55 | |
All very noble. | 0:11:55 | 0:11:57 | |
But the stark economic truth was that moving people around the country | 0:11:57 | 0:12:01 | |
was secondary to the real business of rail. | 0:12:01 | 0:12:04 | |
This was what the railways were originally about. | 0:12:04 | 0:12:07 | |
From raw materials like coal or iron ore | 0:12:07 | 0:12:10 | |
to manufactured goods and livestock, | 0:12:10 | 0:12:12 | |
what the railways were designed to do first was carry freight. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:17 | |
Trains literally drove the Industrial Revolution. | 0:12:17 | 0:12:20 | |
And the prospect of thousands of freight wagons, full to bursting, travelling up and down the country, | 0:12:20 | 0:12:25 | |
that's what excited the early railway entrepreneurs. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:29 | |
That's where the money was. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:31 | |
By the early 1850s, there was an astonishing 5,000 miles of railway | 0:12:35 | 0:12:40 | |
criss-crossing the country, owned by dozens of companies. | 0:12:40 | 0:12:44 | |
And this hectic growth showed no signs of stopping. | 0:12:44 | 0:12:47 | |
A century before Dr Beeching, some people thought the unchecked | 0:12:52 | 0:12:56 | |
expansion of the railways would end in disaster. | 0:12:56 | 0:12:59 | |
"Railways have set all the towns of Britain a-dancing. | 0:13:01 | 0:13:05 | |
"Reading is coming up to London, | 0:13:05 | 0:13:07 | |
"Basingstoke is going down to Gosport or Southampton, | 0:13:07 | 0:13:11 | |
"confusedly waltzing in a state of progressive dissolution, | 0:13:11 | 0:13:14 | |
"and know not where the end of the death-dance will be for them." | 0:13:14 | 0:13:18 | |
It wasn't just Carlyle who had an apocalyptic view of the railways. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:28 | |
Although they later came to define the British landscape, | 0:13:28 | 0:13:32 | |
for many 19th century NIMBYs, trains signalled the death of the countryside. | 0:13:32 | 0:13:37 | |
This line through the Severn Valley is now a popular tourist attraction. | 0:13:39 | 0:13:44 | |
But, in 1849, when plans were drawn up, there were local objections. | 0:13:44 | 0:13:49 | |
One landowner, Mr Thomas Charlton Whitmore of Apley Park, | 0:13:49 | 0:13:53 | |
insisted that the railway enter a tunnel when it went through his estate, | 0:13:53 | 0:13:58 | |
so the view from his house would be preserved. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:01 | |
A sizeable offer of compensation from the railways changed his mind. | 0:14:01 | 0:14:05 | |
And in a stunning volte face, he then started cutting down trees | 0:14:05 | 0:14:09 | |
so he would get a better view of passing trains. | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
Railways, though rooted in the world of money and commerce, | 0:14:14 | 0:14:18 | |
were fast becoming works of art in their own right. | 0:14:18 | 0:14:22 | |
Railways were considered not just | 0:14:22 | 0:14:24 | |
one of the highest forms of modern technology, | 0:14:24 | 0:14:26 | |
but they were part of a new shaping of the British landscape. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:28 | |
You can see the sheer thrill and enjoyment that architects had in designing stations. | 0:14:28 | 0:14:35 | |
They could let rip, they designed buildings that were a combination of | 0:14:35 | 0:14:38 | |
Greek temples mixed with railways, they could be Gothic cathedrals, | 0:14:38 | 0:14:42 | |
they could be fortresses, | 0:14:42 | 0:14:44 | |
and they were the most magnificent, thrilling, exciting things. | 0:14:44 | 0:14:47 | |
This chaotic, commercial venture had become part and parcel | 0:14:48 | 0:14:53 | |
of the way Victorians imagined themselves, | 0:14:53 | 0:14:55 | |
and still influences how we see ourselves as Britons today. | 0:14:55 | 0:14:59 | |
And as the extent and popularity of trains grew, | 0:14:59 | 0:15:03 | |
rail travel even became the subject of an etiquette guide. | 0:15:03 | 0:15:07 | |
One that's still pretty useful now. | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
"The placing of a coat, a book, a newspaper, or any other article, | 0:15:13 | 0:15:18 | |
"on the seat of a carriage, | 0:15:18 | 0:15:20 | |
"is intended as a token that such a place is engaged." | 0:15:20 | 0:15:24 | |
"To prevent the vibration of the carriages to the arms and book, | 0:15:34 | 0:15:38 | |
"do not rest the elbows, | 0:15:38 | 0:15:40 | |
"but hold the book or paper in both hands, and support it by muscular power. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:46 | |
"Keep a sharp look out to prevent being carried beyond your station. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:54 | |
"The guards sometimes call out the name, but in such curious and varied dialect | 0:15:55 | 0:16:01 | |
"that it is next to impossible to gather their meaning." | 0:16:01 | 0:16:05 | |
MUFFLED VOICE | 0:16:05 | 0:16:07 | |
By the start of the 20th century, a country only 600 miles long | 0:16:19 | 0:16:26 | |
had 18,500 miles of railway. | 0:16:26 | 0:16:29 | |
With such a huge profusion of different companies and lines, | 0:16:29 | 0:16:33 | |
the system was complicated almost beyond comprehension. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:37 | |
But miraculously, it all worked! | 0:16:37 | 0:16:40 | |
If Dr Beeching had been compiling his report in the early 1900s, | 0:16:42 | 0:16:46 | |
he'd have found the railways in fine form. | 0:16:46 | 0:16:49 | |
Most lines were delivering a greater profit than ever before or since, | 0:16:49 | 0:16:54 | |
especially on the long distance routes. | 0:16:54 | 0:16:56 | |
Companies were actually investing in freight services | 0:16:56 | 0:16:59 | |
and in passenger trains, putting in better seating, | 0:16:59 | 0:17:03 | |
lighting, toilets - all designed to deliver the enjoyable travelling experience. | 0:17:03 | 0:17:10 | |
The golden age of Britain's railways | 0:17:11 | 0:17:14 | |
was somewhere between 1890 and the outbreak of the First World War. | 0:17:14 | 0:17:19 | |
That's when the railways are at their greatest extent physically, | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
that's where they've got the greatest amount of fresh interesting, intelligent talent. | 0:17:22 | 0:17:27 | |
They've been going long enough to have a routine and rhythm | 0:17:27 | 0:17:30 | |
and they look absolutely sensationally wonderful in every way. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:35 | |
# Oh, Mr porter, what shall I do? | 0:17:35 | 0:17:39 | |
# I want to go to Birmingham | 0:17:39 | 0:17:42 | |
# And they're taking me on to Crewe.. # | 0:17:42 | 0:17:44 | |
The democratic idea of a national railway | 0:17:44 | 0:17:48 | |
expanded immensely during the Edwardian era. | 0:17:48 | 0:17:51 | |
From upper class days-trips to the city, | 0:17:55 | 0:17:57 | |
to working class excursions to the seaside, the way to go was by rail. | 0:17:57 | 0:18:03 | |
People's passion for train travel continued well into the 20th century, | 0:18:09 | 0:18:14 | |
stoked by advertisements for the alluring places you could escape to by train. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:20 | |
Meanwhile, newsreels extolled the excellence of British locomotive engineering. | 0:18:24 | 0:18:30 | |
The Silver Jubilee Express, a new streamlined train, makes a trial run | 0:18:30 | 0:18:34 | |
before starting on a regular service between London and Newcastle, | 0:18:34 | 0:18:37 | |
and attains the amazing speed of 112 mph. | 0:18:37 | 0:18:41 | |
It remains so steady that one can read without any difficulty. | 0:18:41 | 0:18:43 | |
The Silver Jubilee is playing its part in keeping up the prestige of British Railways. | 0:18:46 | 0:18:50 | |
Throughout the 1930s, | 0:18:52 | 0:18:53 | |
British steam trains were smashing international records. It looked wonderful. | 0:18:53 | 0:18:59 | |
It looked like progress. But sadly, it was exactly the opposite. | 0:18:59 | 0:19:03 | |
While we were still in love with steam, other countries were already | 0:19:03 | 0:19:07 | |
heavily investing in really modern technologies like high-speed diesel and electric traction. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:13 | |
The great days of Britain's railways were already over. | 0:19:21 | 0:19:24 | |
A less glamorous rival was now challenging | 0:19:27 | 0:19:30 | |
the train companies' monopoly on delivering goods - | 0:19:30 | 0:19:33 | |
the lorry. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:35 | |
And the railways couldn't even fight back, because of Government legislation. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:42 | |
It was very difficult for them to charge flexible prices. | 0:19:42 | 0:19:46 | |
They couldn't turn down traffic so long as they could physically carry it. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:50 | |
And it was very easy for the road haulage operator to see | 0:19:50 | 0:19:54 | |
what the railways would charge and undercut them. | 0:19:54 | 0:19:56 | |
120 years after their invention, the railways were in a sorry state, | 0:20:02 | 0:20:06 | |
made much worse by the overuse and under investment of two world wars. | 0:20:06 | 0:20:13 | |
In 1948, this became our problem. | 0:20:13 | 0:20:18 | |
The Labour Government nationalised the railways. | 0:20:18 | 0:20:21 | |
They were now owned by all of us. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:25 | |
This was bad news for the taxpayer, because, by 1955, | 0:20:28 | 0:20:33 | |
British Railways was firmly in the red. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:36 | |
The British Transport Commission, which resided here in London, | 0:20:38 | 0:20:42 | |
was responsible for fixing this economic disaster. | 0:20:42 | 0:20:46 | |
This palatial building, erected by one of the great Victorian railway companies, | 0:20:47 | 0:20:53 | |
now hosted discussions to salvage a network in decline. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:58 | |
The British Transport Commission came up with a scheme. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:04 | |
It would transform the railways from an old-fashioned, rundown network | 0:21:04 | 0:21:08 | |
into a sleek, contemporary, efficient industry. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:12 | |
The estimated price tag for this was over a billion pounds - | 0:21:12 | 0:21:15 | |
the equivalent of 22 billion in today's money. | 0:21:15 | 0:21:19 | |
But the commission was convinced that this investment would revive the fortunes of the railway. | 0:21:19 | 0:21:24 | |
And this modernisation plan was called... | 0:21:24 | 0:21:27 | |
the Modernisation Plan! | 0:21:27 | 0:21:29 | |
A new word is coming to railways, | 0:21:29 | 0:21:31 | |
and with it a lot of exciting changes. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:34 | |
The word is modernisation. | 0:21:34 | 0:21:38 | |
The modernisation plan was really the great, | 0:21:38 | 0:21:42 | |
lost opportunity before Beeching, | 0:21:42 | 0:21:44 | |
because the railways did at last get all the money they'd been clamouring for | 0:21:44 | 0:21:50 | |
for years and years and years. | 0:21:50 | 0:21:52 | |
And if they had spent it more wisely, then maybe we might not have had Beeching. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:57 | |
British Railways began to phase out steam engines. | 0:22:00 | 0:22:06 | |
But they exchanged them for hastily commissioned diesels. | 0:22:06 | 0:22:10 | |
These fast developed a reputation for breaking down. | 0:22:10 | 0:22:15 | |
And, in an attempt to take on the lorry, 30 huge marshalling yards | 0:22:20 | 0:22:25 | |
were built, so freight wagons could be moved more easily. | 0:22:25 | 0:22:29 | |
The only thing missing was the freight. | 0:22:29 | 0:22:33 | |
The railway industry was unable to compete either with the prices | 0:22:37 | 0:22:41 | |
or with the logistical convenience that the road hauliers could offer. | 0:22:41 | 0:22:44 | |
The British Transport Commission's idea that | 0:22:44 | 0:22:47 | |
freight would return to pre-war levels, was simply unrealistic. | 0:22:47 | 0:22:52 | |
In fact, it was almost inevitable that the Modernisation Plan would | 0:22:53 | 0:22:57 | |
fail to pull British Railways out of the red, because the money | 0:22:57 | 0:23:00 | |
the Government had put up was not a grant or a subsidy - | 0:23:00 | 0:23:04 | |
it was loan to be paid back with interest. | 0:23:04 | 0:23:06 | |
By the start of 1960s, British Railways' deficit was £112 million. | 0:23:09 | 0:23:16 | |
And it was out of control. | 0:23:18 | 0:23:20 | |
Something would have to be done. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:23 | |
Harold Macmillan isn't generally seen as a radical Prime Minister, | 0:23:27 | 0:23:31 | |
but he took a hard line on the railways. | 0:23:31 | 0:23:34 | |
They were to run like a business and aim to pay their own way. | 0:23:34 | 0:23:38 | |
Put in charge of making this happen was Transport Minister Ernest Marples. | 0:23:42 | 0:23:46 | |
Marples, however, was pro-road. | 0:23:49 | 0:23:51 | |
In fact, he'd amassed a fortune building roads before entering politics. | 0:23:51 | 0:23:57 | |
There he became one of the most controversial ministers of the post-war era. | 0:23:57 | 0:24:02 | |
I don't think Ernest Marples | 0:24:04 | 0:24:05 | |
would have survived five minutes in politics today | 0:24:05 | 0:24:08 | |
because he seemed to take almost perverse delight | 0:24:08 | 0:24:12 | |
in upsetting people and in flirting with scandal. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:15 | |
Macmillan had a very high opinion of Marples, | 0:24:15 | 0:24:19 | |
almost as high as Marples' opinion of himself. | 0:24:19 | 0:24:22 | |
Macmillan could see that Marples would be the right sort of person | 0:24:22 | 0:24:26 | |
to pursue a difficult and potentially very unpopular policy towards the railways. | 0:24:26 | 0:24:31 | |
Marples relished the task of taking the railways in hand. | 0:24:36 | 0:24:41 | |
There was to be no place for the nooks and crannies of the network | 0:24:41 | 0:24:45 | |
so beloved by the Betjemans of this world. | 0:24:45 | 0:24:47 | |
Marples brought in the like-minded Dr Beeching | 0:24:49 | 0:24:52 | |
to facilitate his unsentimental plan for the railway's future. | 0:24:52 | 0:24:57 | |
The bottom line would be... | 0:24:57 | 0:25:00 | |
the bottom line. | 0:25:00 | 0:25:02 | |
Isn't there something to be said for the railways | 0:25:02 | 0:25:04 | |
being run as a service to the nation | 0:25:04 | 0:25:06 | |
rather than on the strict profit and loss basis | 0:25:06 | 0:25:09 | |
of a private company? | 0:25:09 | 0:25:10 | |
There is something to be said but I think it's a doubtful argument. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:13 | |
Somebody's got to pay | 0:25:13 | 0:25:15 | |
and if a service of this kind is not supported by those who use it, | 0:25:15 | 0:25:21 | |
then it means a tax on the populous in general. | 0:25:21 | 0:25:24 | |
The 17th of April 1961 might have seemed like | 0:25:28 | 0:25:32 | |
a normal Monday to passengers and railway staff around the country. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:36 | |
In fact, it was day one of a seven-day survey into line traffic | 0:25:39 | 0:25:44 | |
on which Beeching would base his report. | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
The results starkly exposed the inefficiency of the railways. | 0:25:58 | 0:26:03 | |
The key thing Beeching did establish | 0:26:06 | 0:26:08 | |
was that about 95% of rail traffic travelled on half the network, | 0:26:08 | 0:26:13 | |
and the other half of the network just wasn't carrying enough to be viable. | 0:26:13 | 0:26:17 | |
That was the important statistic. | 0:26:18 | 0:26:20 | |
Beeching now felt he had the evidence to justify the policy | 0:26:22 | 0:26:26 | |
he and Marples had intended to implement from the start - | 0:26:26 | 0:26:30 | |
mass closure. | 0:26:30 | 0:26:32 | |
There's nothing modern about hiring a spin doctor. | 0:26:35 | 0:26:39 | |
Beeching needed to manage the bad news, | 0:26:39 | 0:26:42 | |
and he hired John Nunnely, who'd been director of publicity for the Express newspaper group. | 0:26:42 | 0:26:49 | |
Now at British Transport HQ, he had to stop the papers getting wind of the closures. | 0:26:49 | 0:26:55 | |
-The press itself had been pretty hostile, hadn't it? -Yes. | 0:26:58 | 0:27:02 | |
-Newspapers really wanted to get advance information. -I bet. | 0:27:02 | 0:27:08 | |
Because they wanted to run stories which would | 0:27:08 | 0:27:12 | |
warn the general public their station could be axed and all the rest of it. | 0:27:12 | 0:27:16 | |
And were there no leaks? | 0:27:16 | 0:27:18 | |
No. I decided that I would hire something like 25 | 0:27:18 | 0:27:23 | |
absolutely first rate typists from the private sector. | 0:27:23 | 0:27:28 | |
-Not from within the railways. -Right. | 0:27:28 | 0:27:30 | |
Every night I personally destroyed every typewriter ribbon that had been used. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:37 | |
-In case it had a name left on it? -Exactly. | 0:27:37 | 0:27:40 | |
The long-awaited report was finally made public in March 1963. | 0:27:47 | 0:27:53 | |
This is it - this is The Beeching Report, | 0:28:01 | 0:28:04 | |
official title, "The Reshaping of British Railways", | 0:28:04 | 0:28:08 | |
an early example of euphemistic management speak. | 0:28:08 | 0:28:11 | |
"The Reduction of British Railways" would have been accurate, | 0:28:11 | 0:28:15 | |
or "The Rescuing of British Railways" if you wanted to be optimistic. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:18 | |
But "The Reshaping" it was. | 0:28:18 | 0:28:20 | |
It came in two parts. Part one, the report, which was tables, charts, arguments, and part two, | 0:28:20 | 0:28:26 | |
a series of detailed maps, all to show that Beeching had done his homework. | 0:28:26 | 0:28:31 | |
But the section that most people turned to, was appendix two in the end of part one, | 0:28:31 | 0:28:37 | |
which was a list of passenger services, line and station closures. | 0:28:37 | 0:28:42 | |
And it has been said that this list reads like the list of names on a war memorial. | 0:28:42 | 0:28:47 | |
Abbey Town, Acrow Halt, Acton Central, Addingham, Addlestrop, Ainsdale... | 0:28:47 | 0:28:55 | |
Henfield, Hensall, Henstridge... | 0:28:55 | 0:28:58 | |
Stratton Park Hall... | 0:28:58 | 0:29:02 | |
Yelvertoft and Stanford Park... | 0:29:02 | 0:29:07 | |
Yeovil Halt, Yeovil Pen Mill, Yeovil Town, Yetminster, Yorton. | 0:29:07 | 0:29:14 | |
There was a sense that a great portion of Britain had been given a sort of death sentence. | 0:29:14 | 0:29:19 | |
And it was a PR disaster. | 0:29:19 | 0:29:21 | |
Beeching just wasn't the sort of political animal who would see how that list | 0:29:21 | 0:29:28 | |
would in a way become a testament to what a terrible person he was. | 0:29:28 | 0:29:33 | |
The Guardian published a poem called Lament which ended, | 0:29:33 | 0:29:36 | |
"We shall stop at you no more because Dr Beeching stops at nothing." | 0:29:36 | 0:29:40 | |
# Ellersdale for Tideswell... # | 0:29:40 | 0:29:43 | |
It gave a romantic quality to all those lost destinations which was | 0:29:43 | 0:29:48 | |
immediately exploited by people like Flanders and Swann. | 0:29:48 | 0:29:51 | |
# No more will I go | 0:29:51 | 0:29:53 | |
# To Blandford Forum | 0:29:53 | 0:29:56 | |
# And Mortehoe | 0:29:56 | 0:30:00 | |
# On the slow train from Midsomer Norton | 0:30:00 | 0:30:05 | |
# And Mumby Road | 0:30:05 | 0:30:08 | |
# No churns, no porter | 0:30:08 | 0:30:11 | |
# No cat on a seat... # | 0:30:11 | 0:30:13 | |
Beeching's report would change the map of Britain for good. | 0:30:13 | 0:30:17 | |
# We won't be meeting again | 0:30:17 | 0:30:21 | |
# On the slow train... # | 0:30:21 | 0:30:24 | |
Over 200 branch lines were to be closed. | 0:30:26 | 0:30:30 | |
More than 2,000 stations shut down. | 0:30:30 | 0:30:33 | |
And 5,000 miles of track would be pulled up. | 0:30:33 | 0:30:37 | |
There's never been a Domesday Book of Britain's railways like this. | 0:30:47 | 0:30:51 | |
Remote areas of the highlands will lose their services. | 0:30:51 | 0:30:55 | |
Wales takes a body blow as well. | 0:30:55 | 0:30:58 | |
In the North East, little more than the main North-South links will remain. | 0:30:58 | 0:31:03 | |
Holiday resorts in the West Country share the fate of many market towns, | 0:31:03 | 0:31:07 | |
no station, no passenger trains. | 0:31:07 | 0:31:10 | |
North Devon and North Cornwell resorts are especially hit. | 0:31:10 | 0:31:13 | |
"Attend the long express from Waterloo, that takes us down to Cornwall. | 0:31:21 | 0:31:25 | |
"On Wadebridge station, what a breath of sea scented the Camel Valley. | 0:31:29 | 0:31:34 | |
"Cornish air, soft Cornish rains, and silence after steam." | 0:31:34 | 0:31:39 | |
Thanks to the train, the South-West coastline had become | 0:31:43 | 0:31:48 | |
the prime location of the English bucket and spade holiday. | 0:31:48 | 0:31:51 | |
This is a charming poster from the early 1960s | 0:31:55 | 0:31:58 | |
showing the seaside resorts that you could get to from Waterloo, | 0:31:58 | 0:32:02 | |
on the glamorous sounding Atlantic Coast Express. | 0:32:02 | 0:32:06 | |
But after Beeching had done his work, all these stations were closed | 0:32:06 | 0:32:09 | |
and you couldn't get to any of these towns by rail. | 0:32:09 | 0:32:12 | |
The North Cornish village of Padstow depended on its trains. | 0:32:19 | 0:32:24 | |
The railway had arrived here in 1899 and immediately revolutionised | 0:32:28 | 0:32:32 | |
the local economy, carrying fish out and tourists in. | 0:32:32 | 0:32:37 | |
Over 60 years on, the track which had brought | 0:32:43 | 0:32:46 | |
such prosperity to Padstow was carried off for scrap. | 0:32:46 | 0:32:50 | |
At the old station there is now a car park. | 0:32:55 | 0:32:59 | |
And along the old coastal route, | 0:33:01 | 0:33:04 | |
the views are only enjoyed by walkers and the occasional cyclist. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:09 | |
When the railway went, it was the workers on the local lines who were hit first. | 0:33:17 | 0:33:23 | |
I met up with Trevor Knight and Rod Thompson, who'd found their jobs under threat. | 0:33:26 | 0:33:31 | |
I don't think there was a case to do what they did | 0:33:34 | 0:33:37 | |
to this part of the world, just cut it right out | 0:33:37 | 0:33:39 | |
and isolate everybody, cos that's what it did, like. | 0:33:39 | 0:33:42 | |
Do you think their research into numbers was scientific and rigorously done? | 0:33:42 | 0:33:47 | |
If you see a stranger in the camp, you think, what's he doing? | 0:33:47 | 0:33:51 | |
Why has he got a clipboard? | 0:33:51 | 0:33:53 | |
You used to see them get off a train and they'd be watching to see who got on and off. | 0:33:53 | 0:33:57 | |
When we were observing all this, | 0:33:57 | 0:34:00 | |
it was a time when there was less people travelling, | 0:34:00 | 0:34:04 | |
like midday or something like that, | 0:34:04 | 0:34:06 | |
rather than in the mornings when there was people going to work, | 0:34:06 | 0:34:10 | |
children going to school, various places. | 0:34:10 | 0:34:12 | |
So are you suggesting it was a fix? | 0:34:12 | 0:34:15 | |
Yes! | 0:34:15 | 0:34:17 | |
There are people who suggest that the figures were collated | 0:34:19 | 0:34:22 | |
by going to railway stations when they weren't very busy, | 0:34:22 | 0:34:25 | |
and going at off-peak times rather than at the commuter rush | 0:34:25 | 0:34:29 | |
or when schools were coming out. | 0:34:29 | 0:34:31 | |
Absolute rubbish! | 0:34:31 | 0:34:33 | |
You say that very confidently. | 0:34:33 | 0:34:35 | |
I do say it confidently. Absolute rubbish. | 0:34:35 | 0:34:38 | |
It's extremely unlikely that surveys were rigged. | 0:34:39 | 0:34:42 | |
But in fact there was a generally hurried approach | 0:34:42 | 0:34:45 | |
to analysing the results, and there wasn't a great deal of thought | 0:34:45 | 0:34:49 | |
given to, should we do another survey at another time? | 0:34:49 | 0:34:53 | |
Should we look at how we can cut costs or have initiatives to increase traffic? | 0:34:53 | 0:34:58 | |
I remember the divisional manager at Plymouth | 0:34:58 | 0:35:02 | |
wrote a letter with a very, very good plan for the Exmouth line. | 0:35:02 | 0:35:07 | |
And the reply he got, which came from headquarters, | 0:35:07 | 0:35:12 | |
was, "It is not the job of the divisional manager | 0:35:12 | 0:35:15 | |
"to tell us how to run the railways efficiently, it's to close it down." | 0:35:15 | 0:35:20 | |
Closing hundreds of lines meant cutting thousands of jobs. | 0:35:22 | 0:35:27 | |
Railway workers were devastated. | 0:35:27 | 0:35:30 | |
John Betjeman added his voice to the protests. | 0:35:34 | 0:35:38 | |
You know, I'm not just being nostalgic and sentimental | 0:35:38 | 0:35:43 | |
and unpractical about railways. | 0:35:43 | 0:35:46 | |
They are not a thing of the past. | 0:35:46 | 0:35:48 | |
And it's heartbreaking to see them left to rot, | 0:35:48 | 0:35:52 | |
and to see the fine men who've served them all their lives, | 0:35:52 | 0:35:56 | |
made uncertain about their own futures and about their jobs. | 0:35:56 | 0:36:00 | |
I think it's more than likely we'll deeply regret the branch lines | 0:36:02 | 0:36:07 | |
we've torn up and the lines that we've let to go to rot. | 0:36:07 | 0:36:12 | |
The travelling public joined the mounting opposition. | 0:36:13 | 0:36:17 | |
It's a very sad thought, you know, to us | 0:36:18 | 0:36:22 | |
that some boffin boy at grimy old Liverpool Street, some economist, | 0:36:22 | 0:36:27 | |
may be the means of closing down this eight miles of very nice line, | 0:36:27 | 0:36:32 | |
merely for the sake of balancing his books. | 0:36:32 | 0:36:35 | |
It's a nationalised industry, and if it is losing money, | 0:36:35 | 0:36:40 | |
it's only a drop in the ocean compared with other industries. | 0:36:40 | 0:36:44 | |
And it's an essential service that I think we're entitled to. | 0:36:44 | 0:36:49 | |
Dissatisfaction was escalating. | 0:36:50 | 0:36:53 | |
Beeching acted swiftly by stepping up the PR campaign. | 0:36:53 | 0:36:59 | |
He requested help from an unlikely source. | 0:36:59 | 0:37:03 | |
BBC Television presents Tony Hancock in... | 0:37:05 | 0:37:08 | |
Hancock's Half Hour. | 0:37:10 | 0:37:12 | |
I hate train journeys, always have. | 0:37:16 | 0:37:18 | |
They drive me up the wall. Hour after hour, | 0:37:18 | 0:37:20 | |
clickety clack, bigelly bong, | 0:37:20 | 0:37:23 | |
clickety clack, bigelly bong... | 0:37:23 | 0:37:25 | |
This lot are going on a different train for a start. | 0:37:27 | 0:37:30 | |
Another thing I hate about train journeys: passengers. | 0:37:30 | 0:37:33 | |
Every time I travel by train I get mixed up with the most | 0:37:33 | 0:37:36 | |
ugly looking lot of geezers you've ever seen in your life. | 0:37:36 | 0:37:39 | |
The lugubrious Tony Hancock was one of Britain's best loved comedians. | 0:37:40 | 0:37:45 | |
Although Dr Beeching's sense of humour was hardly legendary, | 0:37:45 | 0:37:49 | |
he now despatched his Publicity Officer to get Hancock on board. | 0:37:49 | 0:37:53 | |
Who's little one's this, then? | 0:37:53 | 0:37:55 | |
-That's mine. -Right, catch, there you are. | 0:37:55 | 0:37:57 | |
I said, "How much would you want for it?" | 0:37:59 | 0:38:01 | |
"Well," he said, | 0:38:01 | 0:38:04 | |
"Dr Beeching is paid 24,000 a year. | 0:38:04 | 0:38:09 | |
"I want the same." | 0:38:09 | 0:38:10 | |
I said, "I'll give you half." | 0:38:12 | 0:38:14 | |
"Done!" | 0:38:14 | 0:38:16 | |
I'm not looking forward to this at all. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:20 | |
Hancock fronted a spoof investigation. | 0:38:25 | 0:38:28 | |
Sparing no expense, celebrity photographer Terence Donovan | 0:38:30 | 0:38:34 | |
took the pictures, which ran as a campaign in national newspapers. | 0:38:34 | 0:38:39 | |
This advert was called The Train That Wasn't, | 0:38:42 | 0:38:44 | |
and it's about cuts in services. | 0:38:44 | 0:38:47 | |
Hancock complains, "Oh, that Beeching! Look what he's done now. | 0:38:47 | 0:38:50 | |
"Removed my favourite train from the service, 29 minutes after midnight. | 0:38:50 | 0:38:54 | |
"Very cosy too, only one passenger per carriage. | 0:38:54 | 0:38:56 | |
"'You can cut what trains you like, but not mine,' I said to Beeching." | 0:38:56 | 0:39:00 | |
The official railway's response runs underneath. | 0:39:00 | 0:39:04 | |
"At present, some trains run almost empty. | 0:39:04 | 0:39:07 | |
"These services lose the railways large sum of money, waste manpower and equipment. | 0:39:07 | 0:39:12 | |
"Economies must be made. | 0:39:12 | 0:39:14 | |
"The few people affected may have to use other forms of transport or travel earlier." | 0:39:14 | 0:39:19 | |
There's no evidence the costly Hancock Report | 0:39:20 | 0:39:24 | |
convinced anybody of anything. | 0:39:24 | 0:39:26 | |
The death of their railways was no laughing matter | 0:39:26 | 0:39:30 | |
to those at the sharp end of the cuts. | 0:39:30 | 0:39:32 | |
Especially when Beeching's faith in alternative transport | 0:39:32 | 0:39:37 | |
seemed excessively optimistic. | 0:39:37 | 0:39:40 | |
"I've had an idea," he said. | 0:39:40 | 0:39:42 | |
"Do you think you can provide me with a map of every bus service | 0:39:42 | 0:39:47 | |
"in this country, showing the coverage nationally?" | 0:39:47 | 0:39:52 | |
-We put it as an appendix. -Yes, it's here. | 0:39:52 | 0:39:55 | |
And if you look at that map, | 0:39:57 | 0:39:59 | |
you would find there was not, at that time, a hamlet, | 0:39:59 | 0:40:04 | |
village or town | 0:40:04 | 0:40:06 | |
which was not covered by bus services. | 0:40:06 | 0:40:11 | |
"Nearly all the rail services which we intend to cut out | 0:40:11 | 0:40:15 | |
"run parallel with bus services. | 0:40:15 | 0:40:17 | |
"And even when they don't, | 0:40:17 | 0:40:18 | |
"it's very much cheaper to run a bus instead of the railway." | 0:40:18 | 0:40:22 | |
But as far as the politicians were concerned, | 0:40:22 | 0:40:26 | |
a comprehensive bus service was never on the cards. | 0:40:26 | 0:40:29 | |
Richard Marsh was later a minister | 0:40:32 | 0:40:34 | |
when the provision of buses was on the Government's agenda. | 0:40:34 | 0:40:38 | |
Beeching was desperately, the whole time, | 0:40:38 | 0:40:41 | |
looking for something specific on it. | 0:40:41 | 0:40:44 | |
-To offer? -Yeah. | 0:40:44 | 0:40:46 | |
And, and it wasn't there. | 0:40:46 | 0:40:48 | |
Were the Cabinet aware that it wasn't there, that the buses wouldn't materialise? | 0:40:48 | 0:40:53 | |
Oh, yes, I think everybody did. | 0:40:53 | 0:40:56 | |
-It was just a sop? -Yeah. | 0:40:56 | 0:40:58 | |
The Government's vision of future transport lay elsewhere. | 0:41:00 | 0:41:04 | |
In the same way that the train defined the Victorian era, | 0:41:11 | 0:41:14 | |
the car was the ultimate expression of the 20th century. | 0:41:14 | 0:41:18 | |
A symbol of modernity for an individualistic age. | 0:41:20 | 0:41:23 | |
The car, from the mid 1950s, was, apart from anything else - | 0:41:27 | 0:41:31 | |
and beyond a means of transport - a consumer dream. | 0:41:31 | 0:41:34 | |
It was something you could own. | 0:41:34 | 0:41:36 | |
You can't own a railway. | 0:41:36 | 0:41:38 | |
A railway takes you where the railway goes, | 0:41:38 | 0:41:41 | |
a car takes you where, theoretically, you want to go. | 0:41:41 | 0:41:43 | |
The idea of having some exciting little Ford Anglia, | 0:41:43 | 0:41:46 | |
or Ford Prefect, with its plastic seats, was a terrific dream. | 0:41:46 | 0:41:50 | |
But even before today's environmental fears, | 0:41:51 | 0:41:56 | |
the downside of car culture was apparent. | 0:41:56 | 0:41:58 | |
Traffic congestion was a serious problem even when Beeching published his report. | 0:42:07 | 0:42:12 | |
Aware of this, the lines he chose to keep were often commuter links | 0:42:12 | 0:42:17 | |
or inter city routes, taking people in and out of the big urban centres. | 0:42:17 | 0:42:21 | |
Yet Beeching's efforts to ease congestion would make little impact | 0:42:23 | 0:42:27 | |
in the big scheme of things. | 0:42:27 | 0:42:29 | |
The national transport strategy was in the hands of Ernest Marples, | 0:42:30 | 0:42:36 | |
minister and sometime road construction magnate. | 0:42:36 | 0:42:40 | |
And he believed not in trains, but in tarmac. | 0:42:40 | 0:42:45 | |
Whilst we can squeeze the last ounce out of our existing roads | 0:42:45 | 0:42:49 | |
by traffic management and traffic engineers, | 0:42:49 | 0:42:53 | |
the solution ultimately to the problem must be new roads. | 0:42:53 | 0:42:58 | |
The section of the M6 was opened by Mr Marples, | 0:43:02 | 0:43:05 | |
adding 27 miles to the northern section of the Birmingham-Preston motorway. | 0:43:05 | 0:43:09 | |
The minister entered into the spirit of the occasion. | 0:43:09 | 0:43:12 | |
Some thought Marples' zeal for road building was, well, a bit dodgy. | 0:43:12 | 0:43:19 | |
Amongst his critics was a recently launched satirical magazine. | 0:43:19 | 0:43:24 | |
"Aim of the Marples Master Plan: | 0:43:25 | 0:43:27 | |
"to run down all forms of transport in Britain | 0:43:27 | 0:43:30 | |
"with the exception of the private motor car, | 0:43:30 | 0:43:33 | |
"so that Britain's roads become clogged to saturation. | 0:43:33 | 0:43:36 | |
"Thus far, Marples is acting in league with the motor cartels. | 0:43:36 | 0:43:40 | |
"Then will be his hour. | 0:43:40 | 0:43:41 | |
"His army of traffic wardens will take over all points of strategic importance. | 0:43:41 | 0:43:45 | |
"And Marples will assume supreme control of the national destiny." | 0:43:45 | 0:43:50 | |
Well, got a bit overexcited at the end there. | 0:43:50 | 0:43:53 | |
But actually that is pretty prophetic. | 0:43:53 | 0:43:55 | |
And that, of course, was Private Eye in 1962. | 0:43:55 | 0:43:59 | |
And as the current editor, I'm very impressed | 0:43:59 | 0:44:02 | |
that my illustrious predecessors had got Marples' number quite so early. | 0:44:02 | 0:44:06 | |
The man who'd built, financed and championed roads | 0:44:06 | 0:44:11 | |
was never going to be sympathetic to the railways' case. | 0:44:11 | 0:44:14 | |
Though he made a reasonable show of it in public. | 0:44:14 | 0:44:16 | |
It looks to outsiders rather as though if Dr Beeching says, "Close it", that's it. | 0:44:18 | 0:44:22 | |
Oh, not a bit of it, not a bit of it! | 0:44:22 | 0:44:24 | |
Dr Beeching, with whom I'm in a very friendly relationship, | 0:44:24 | 0:44:28 | |
cannot close a line that's objected to, a passenger line. | 0:44:28 | 0:44:32 | |
Only the minister on behalf of the Government can do that. | 0:44:32 | 0:44:35 | |
And I go into the evidence very carefully. | 0:44:35 | 0:44:39 | |
Beeching's job was strictly to identify the financial case for closure, | 0:44:40 | 0:44:45 | |
and leave it to politicians to decide | 0:44:45 | 0:44:47 | |
whether there was a social case for keeping a line or station open. | 0:44:47 | 0:44:52 | |
In 1964, with an election looming, Labour leader Harold Wilson | 0:44:56 | 0:45:01 | |
saw votes in stating his commitment to that social case. | 0:45:01 | 0:45:06 | |
He pledged to halt major rail closures whilst he worked out his own transport policy. | 0:45:06 | 0:45:13 | |
In Siloth and in Hull immediately before the General Election, | 0:45:13 | 0:45:17 | |
the Labour Party was saying, "We will re-open these lines next week if you vote Labour." | 0:45:17 | 0:45:22 | |
Of course, immediately after the election there was a hurried attempt | 0:45:22 | 0:45:25 | |
to redefine the words "major" and "halt", so that they could say | 0:45:25 | 0:45:29 | |
they had halted major rail closures without actually having to do that. | 0:45:29 | 0:45:34 | |
Once in power, Wilson, unsurprisingly, | 0:45:39 | 0:45:42 | |
saw the merits of Beeching's plan, after all. | 0:45:42 | 0:45:46 | |
He was on his own mission to modernise Britain. | 0:45:46 | 0:45:50 | |
But there were times when he found the political price of closures too high. | 0:45:50 | 0:45:55 | |
We had an argument about the Welsh lines | 0:45:58 | 0:46:01 | |
which were doing very, very little at that stage. | 0:46:01 | 0:46:06 | |
And Beeching's attitude to that was, well you just shut the thing down. | 0:46:06 | 0:46:10 | |
And then it eventually went to the Cabinet, as to what we would do. | 0:46:10 | 0:46:14 | |
After I had finished, there was a complete silence, | 0:46:14 | 0:46:18 | |
and George Thomas in those days, who was a friendly Welshman, said, | 0:46:18 | 0:46:23 | |
"Prime Minister, we can't do that." | 0:46:23 | 0:46:26 | |
And Harold Wilson said, "What do you mean we can't do it?" | 0:46:26 | 0:46:29 | |
"It goes through seven marginal constituencies," he said. | 0:46:29 | 0:46:34 | |
If he'd been there, I think he would have just exploded. | 0:46:34 | 0:46:38 | |
Beeching had no sympathy with such trifling conflicts of interest. | 0:46:40 | 0:46:45 | |
He was resolute that, if followed rigorously, his plan would deliver. | 0:46:45 | 0:46:49 | |
Beeching was mesmerised by the idea | 0:46:49 | 0:46:52 | |
that there could be a core railway that was profitable. | 0:46:52 | 0:46:57 | |
And therefore, if you cut enough branches, | 0:46:57 | 0:47:00 | |
you'd get a railway that could then pay for itself forever. | 0:47:00 | 0:47:05 | |
But really that's a myth. | 0:47:05 | 0:47:07 | |
It was a simplistic way of doing economics. | 0:47:09 | 0:47:13 | |
There's a railway with two lines, | 0:47:13 | 0:47:15 | |
we'll take one out and we'll save 50% of the cost. | 0:47:15 | 0:47:18 | |
Well, I'm sorry, it isn't like that. | 0:47:18 | 0:47:20 | |
You still have to maintain all the bridges, all the drains, everything. | 0:47:20 | 0:47:24 | |
Railways are really an onion, and if you strip bits off you never, | 0:47:26 | 0:47:30 | |
well, until you've destroyed it, get to the profitable core. | 0:47:30 | 0:47:34 | |
Private Eye at the time made it clear | 0:47:37 | 0:47:39 | |
that they thought Dr Beeching's policy of removing the branch lines | 0:47:39 | 0:47:43 | |
from the body of the railway was pretty silly. | 0:47:43 | 0:47:45 | |
And they illustrated this with a cartoon of Dr Beeching himself, | 0:47:45 | 0:47:48 | |
in which he does his job of cutting down the railways, | 0:47:48 | 0:47:51 | |
and then they remove his extremities, cutting off his arms and his legs, | 0:47:51 | 0:47:55 | |
and then they say, "With his arms and legs cut off, | 0:47:55 | 0:47:58 | |
"he's not much use, so let's sack him." | 0:47:58 | 0:48:00 | |
So they do. | 0:48:00 | 0:48:02 | |
A bit of satirical exaggeration there. Beeching wasn't fired. | 0:48:05 | 0:48:09 | |
However, in 1965 he left British Railways, | 0:48:09 | 0:48:13 | |
by "mutual agreement" with the Government. | 0:48:13 | 0:48:16 | |
As he laid down his axe, he picked up a peerage and returned to ICI | 0:48:20 | 0:48:25 | |
as Lord Beeching of East Grinstead, a town which had kept its station. | 0:48:25 | 0:48:30 | |
Can I have a single to Marylebone, please? | 0:48:36 | 0:48:38 | |
'He'd been hired to rationalise the railways. | 0:48:38 | 0:48:41 | |
'But, as it turned out, his methods weren't quite as rigorous as he'd thought.' | 0:48:41 | 0:48:47 | |
Beeching was mocked in a letter to the Times as a very efficient, very expensive computer. | 0:48:49 | 0:48:55 | |
But it was because he lacked the number-crunching skills | 0:48:55 | 0:48:59 | |
of a good computer, that he got some of his calculations wrong. | 0:48:59 | 0:49:02 | |
Nowadays, with electronic ticketing, | 0:49:02 | 0:49:04 | |
you know where and when a ticket was purchased. | 0:49:04 | 0:49:07 | |
And computer modelling allows you to predict passenger behaviour. | 0:49:07 | 0:49:11 | |
In his day, everything was entered in ledgers by hand, | 0:49:11 | 0:49:15 | |
and collecting exhaustive ticketing information simply wasn't feasible. | 0:49:15 | 0:49:19 | |
But even with more accurate figures, | 0:49:24 | 0:49:26 | |
many of Britain's railways would still have been doomed. | 0:49:26 | 0:49:30 | |
There is no doubt that Britain had too many railways | 0:49:39 | 0:49:42 | |
after the Second World War. | 0:49:42 | 0:49:44 | |
There were some branch lines that had really been built | 0:49:44 | 0:49:47 | |
on very shaky economic grounds, | 0:49:47 | 0:49:51 | |
and had been losing money for years and years. | 0:49:51 | 0:49:53 | |
But I think it's possible to say that maybe something like | 0:49:53 | 0:49:57 | |
a third of the mileage that he closed | 0:49:57 | 0:49:59 | |
should have remained open and would provide a very useful service today. | 0:49:59 | 0:50:05 | |
The fact is, this isn't ancient history. | 0:50:10 | 0:50:13 | |
The damage inflicted by Beeching is still felt today. | 0:50:13 | 0:50:17 | |
Which explains why I'm taking the car now, | 0:50:17 | 0:50:20 | |
when, 40 years ago, I'd be getting the train. | 0:50:20 | 0:50:23 | |
Once a railway line ran though this windswept countryside | 0:50:30 | 0:50:34 | |
in the remote Scottish Borders. | 0:50:34 | 0:50:36 | |
Edinburgh is 50 miles that way, and Carlisle about 50 that way. | 0:50:39 | 0:50:43 | |
And this railway was completed in 1862. | 0:50:43 | 0:50:46 | |
It quickly became known as the Waverley line, | 0:50:46 | 0:50:49 | |
because this is the wild and romantic countryside | 0:50:49 | 0:50:53 | |
in which Sir Walter Scott set his Waverley novels. | 0:50:53 | 0:50:56 | |
Neither the line's history | 0:50:59 | 0:51:01 | |
nor its value to the communities it served, could save it. | 0:51:01 | 0:51:05 | |
In 1968, the notice of final closure went up. | 0:51:08 | 0:51:14 | |
The town of Hawick would be hardest hit. | 0:51:16 | 0:51:18 | |
It would now be left further from a train than anywhere else in mainland Britain. | 0:51:18 | 0:51:24 | |
Madge Elliot, a local housewife, was appalled. | 0:51:26 | 0:51:31 | |
What did you think would happen if they closed the railway, what would be lost? | 0:51:31 | 0:51:35 | |
At that time it took just about three hours to go to Edinburgh, | 0:51:35 | 0:51:41 | |
52 miles in the bus. | 0:51:41 | 0:51:42 | |
Now that's quite a slice out of your day, isn't it? | 0:51:42 | 0:51:46 | |
And how long in the train? | 0:51:46 | 0:51:48 | |
An hour and 25 minutes. | 0:51:48 | 0:51:51 | |
I remember my mother saying to me, I said, "Someone should be doing something." | 0:51:51 | 0:51:56 | |
And she turned round and she said, "Well, what about you?" | 0:51:56 | 0:51:59 | |
That was it. | 0:51:59 | 0:52:00 | |
Madge organised a petition to save the railway, | 0:52:02 | 0:52:06 | |
and took it all the way to the Prime Minister. | 0:52:06 | 0:52:09 | |
This picture outside Downing St, that's you, isn't it? | 0:52:09 | 0:52:12 | |
That's me, a young me, a long time ago. | 0:52:12 | 0:52:16 | |
A very fetching suit! | 0:52:16 | 0:52:18 | |
I wouldn't be seen in it now! | 0:52:18 | 0:52:21 | |
You seem to have wrapped it up like a present. | 0:52:21 | 0:52:24 | |
That's right, in red paper because it was a Labour Government, | 0:52:24 | 0:52:27 | |
and the black ribbon because it was the death of our railway. | 0:52:27 | 0:52:32 | |
-But they did close the line anyway? -Yes, they did. | 0:52:33 | 0:52:36 | |
And your local paper here has got a special train | 0:52:36 | 0:52:40 | |
being sent down to London with a hearse on it. | 0:52:40 | 0:52:43 | |
-Yes. -And then there's this joke here, | 0:52:43 | 0:52:46 | |
because the advert at the time was, "It's quicker by train", | 0:52:46 | 0:52:49 | |
and you lot have put up, "It's quicker by hearse." | 0:52:49 | 0:52:51 | |
Yes. And that's a fact today, you know, Ian. | 0:52:51 | 0:52:54 | |
People that use the crematorium in Edinburgh, | 0:52:54 | 0:52:58 | |
the hearse gets through a lot quicker than the bus, public transport, | 0:52:58 | 0:53:03 | |
so it is quicker by hearse! | 0:53:03 | 0:53:06 | |
Very few lines were ever rescued by the militancy of crusading locals. | 0:53:08 | 0:53:13 | |
By 1973, almost 4,000 miles of track and over 3,500 stations | 0:53:26 | 0:53:31 | |
had either been dismantled or left to rot. | 0:53:31 | 0:53:35 | |
Despite Beeching's axe, the railways never did pay their way. | 0:53:40 | 0:53:45 | |
Britain had once shown the world the possibilities of rail travel. | 0:53:51 | 0:53:55 | |
Now the country had discarded a large part of that heritage. | 0:53:55 | 0:54:00 | |
What did we lose culturally when we lost those branch lines? | 0:54:02 | 0:54:07 | |
Everything that matters. We lost the poetry of the English landscape, I think really. | 0:54:07 | 0:54:11 | |
Everything became a bit prosaic after that. | 0:54:11 | 0:54:14 | |
When you put a branch line train in the landscape, | 0:54:14 | 0:54:16 | |
I don't know why, it always looks beautiful. | 0:54:16 | 0:54:19 | |
A lovely little Great Western Tank Engine puffing white clouds of steam, | 0:54:21 | 0:54:25 | |
that's an image that still charms us. | 0:54:25 | 0:54:27 | |
It's clear how much affection there is for this image of train travel, | 0:54:39 | 0:54:43 | |
because today, heritage lines are hugely popular with the public. | 0:54:43 | 0:54:48 | |
The Severn Valley Railway, a Beeching casualty, | 0:54:52 | 0:54:56 | |
is just one of more than 100 lines | 0:54:56 | 0:54:58 | |
which have been rescued by volunteers. | 0:54:58 | 0:55:01 | |
These engines, however, do more than just puff out nostalgia. | 0:55:13 | 0:55:19 | |
They are a reminder of a time before railways lost the nation's respect. | 0:55:19 | 0:55:24 | |
I love them. But I do know that this isn't | 0:55:25 | 0:55:29 | |
a totally accurate picture of what Britain before Beeching was like. | 0:55:29 | 0:55:33 | |
There was an idea that before Beeching, | 0:55:41 | 0:55:43 | |
the railways were a fantastic network, and you could travel | 0:55:43 | 0:55:46 | |
to every tiny village in the country by rail. | 0:55:46 | 0:55:48 | |
And you'd be met by a porter who'd take your ticket | 0:55:48 | 0:55:53 | |
and then maybe transport you to the local manor house or whatever. | 0:55:53 | 0:55:58 | |
And this is something of a myth. | 0:55:58 | 0:56:00 | |
The reality is if we want a better transport system, | 0:56:04 | 0:56:07 | |
we've got to be prepared to pay for it. | 0:56:07 | 0:56:09 | |
It's a lot easier to say, "Beeching got it wrong, | 0:56:09 | 0:56:13 | |
"Marples was a bad man, there was a conspiracy", | 0:56:13 | 0:56:16 | |
than to face the very difficult choices people faced at the time. | 0:56:16 | 0:56:19 | |
Beeching and Marples ultimately made their choice in purely economic terms. | 0:56:21 | 0:56:27 | |
But I still think their dismissal of the social | 0:56:27 | 0:56:29 | |
and cultural cost of cutting the railways was a real failure. | 0:56:29 | 0:56:33 | |
The railways do mean more to the nation than just one way to get from A to B. | 0:56:36 | 0:56:41 | |
And actually today, some of Beeching's axed lines could provide | 0:56:43 | 0:56:47 | |
an alternative to car travel, and ease the strain on the environment. | 0:56:47 | 0:56:53 | |
Millions are even now being spent on reinstating part of the cut Waverley Line. | 0:56:53 | 0:56:58 | |
Fortunately, other parts of our railway's heritage fared better. | 0:57:03 | 0:57:07 | |
In 1966, London's St Pancras Station, a Victorian masterpiece, | 0:57:10 | 0:57:16 | |
was destined for demolition. | 0:57:16 | 0:57:18 | |
It was only thanks to the protests of John Betjeman and others | 0:57:20 | 0:57:24 | |
that it escaped the wrecking ball. | 0:57:24 | 0:57:26 | |
Recently, it has been restored and adapted for the 21st century. | 0:57:30 | 0:57:35 | |
Here in this new state of the art station, there is a statue. | 0:57:38 | 0:57:42 | |
And is it of the visionary Dr Beeching? | 0:57:42 | 0:57:45 | |
No. It's of John Betjeman, | 0:57:45 | 0:57:47 | |
the nostalgic poet and champion of our railway heritage. | 0:57:47 | 0:57:51 | |
Not Beeching, who wanted a modern railway industry, but Betjeman, | 0:57:51 | 0:57:56 | |
who delighted in an old-fashioned train service. | 0:57:56 | 0:57:59 | |
What we all want, of course, is the best of both of their worlds, | 0:58:01 | 0:58:05 | |
and this struggle between them continues today. | 0:58:05 | 0:58:08 | |
How far do you go with cutting a public service | 0:58:08 | 0:58:11 | |
in the name of efficiency before you lose the whole point of it? | 0:58:11 | 0:58:14 | |
Not just with trains, but with buses, post offices and the NHS. | 0:58:14 | 0:58:18 | |
It's the same argument. | 0:58:18 | 0:58:20 | |
Personally, I want an up-to-date, reliable railway, | 0:58:20 | 0:58:24 | |
but I also want one that preserves what was so valuable in its past. | 0:58:24 | 0:58:28 | |
I realise I may have to wait some time for this. | 0:58:28 | 0:58:31 | |
But it would be worth it. | 0:58:31 | 0:58:33 | |
# No more will I go | 0:58:33 | 0:58:35 | |
# To Blandford Forum | 0:58:35 | 0:58:38 | |
# And Mortehoe | 0:58:38 | 0:58:41 | |
# On the slow train from Midsomer Norton | 0:58:42 | 0:58:46 | |
# And Mumby Road | 0:58:46 | 0:58:49 | |
# No-one departs, no-one arrives | 0:58:50 | 0:58:54 | |
# From Selby to Goole | 0:58:54 | 0:58:57 | |
# From St Erth to St Ives | 0:58:57 | 0:59:00 | |
# They've all passed out of our lives | 0:59:00 | 0:59:04 | |
# On the slow train... # | 0:59:04 | 0:59:06 |