Roundhead or Cavalier: Which One Are You?


Roundhead or Cavalier: Which One Are You?

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In the early 17th century, the British Isles were engulfed

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by bitter religious and political conflict.

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The people divided into two warring tribes,

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The Roundheads -

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radical parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell,

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fighting to create a more egalitarian church and state -

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SHOUTING AND SWORDS CLASHING

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and the Cavaliers - royalists led by Charles I

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fighting to preserve the political and religious hierarchy

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and the King's authority.

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SHOUTING AND HORSES WHINNYING

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The conflict came to a head in civil war

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that would revolutionise the culture and politics of Britain.

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MEN SHOUTING AND GALLOPING HOOVES

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'It shattered unified society forever.'

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And ever since then we've had,

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essentially, some kind of two party system.

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The division of Roundhead and Cavalier

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got perpetuated, in many ways, into Whig and Tory,

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Liberal and Conservative,

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Conservative and Socialist.

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The Civil War was more than a battle for political power.

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It was also a struggle between two conflicting attitudes to life

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and that struggle continues to this day.

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I think we subconsciously divide ourselves into Roundheads and Cavaliers.

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It's not a mark of wealth, it's not a question of class distinction,

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it's a, sort of, cast of mind.

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The Cavalier is flamboyant, a person of the grand gesture,

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they're not particularly interested in the nitty-gritty

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of organising life and politics.

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They probably don't have a huge overall plan.

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Rather vainglorious but also terribly affable and very friendly.

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Beautiful, beautiful style, not much substance.

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Roundheads I would say, more austere,

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more careful, more organised.

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Dour, godly, sincere, determined, thoughtful...

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People of principle, people of purpose...

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Very militant, power hungry, rebellious...

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The battle between Roundheads and Cavaliers

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continues to shape our national life.

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In architecture...

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..in the press...

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..on the sports field...

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..and in the kitchen.

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To understand the origins of this great divide

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is to understand what it means to be British.

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Prepare to march. March on!

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August Bank Holiday, Godalming, in Surrey.

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And The Sealed Knot -

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the Roundheads and Cavaliers of 21st Century Britain -

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are on the march.

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They regularly gather to re-create battles

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from a civil war that forged our national character.

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Very definitely pleased to say that I'm a royalist

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and definitely a Cavalier as well.

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And me now, you get Daddy!

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'Cavalier means a gentleman of the royalist ranks, really.'

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'I'm a Roundhead and I'm proud of it. Parliament for me.'

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One voice, one people, one vote.

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Without it where'd we be today?

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We'd all be living in the gutter, king'd still be living in castles.

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The first people to be called Roundheads

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were bands of apprentices rioting in London in 1641

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in protest against the power of the King and the Church of England.

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'Roundheads is a name that appeared out of the blue almost.'

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There was a short-lived fashion for people,

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Parliamentarians and Puritans in particular,

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to wear their hair very short

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and this made their heads look almost naked and bald or round.

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And the name stuck, even though the fashion itself did not last very long.

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The Roundheads were campaigning for a radical transformation

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of Britain's political and religious hierarchy.

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Radical Puritans had, in their day, a very advanced view of equality.

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That view came from their religious beliefs,

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where they were all equal before God,

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they were all going to be saved.

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And if they were all equal in religion

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they should be equal in politics

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and so the religion fed into the political demands.

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The Cavaliers were determined

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to stop this Puritanical Roundhead revolution.

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Cavaliers were fighting to protect the authority of the King

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and to protect the old established Church of England,

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and they saw the Roundheads as fanatics, essentially,

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who would bring down the church, bring down the state

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and bring down law and order itself.

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-ALL:

-King Charles!

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'The origin of the term Cavalier comes from the Spanish, "caballero,"

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'and it's used particularly to identify Royalists.'

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Royalist courtiers on horsebacks

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with their swords, with their honour code

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and as the propaganda campaign kicks off

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it also has connotations of drunkenness,

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rowdy behaviour, and can be used, also, as an insult

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as well as a way of identifying the enemy.

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As the conflict spread across the British Isles,

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the two tribes expressed their political and religious differences

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in the way they dressed.

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Cavaliers were flamboyant and extravagant.

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Some even sported ribbons on their codpieces.

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Roundheads valued simplicity and modesty as signs of godliness.

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'Puritans, seeing someone dressed in fine silk clothes'

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showed exactly how morally degraded they were.

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A puritan believed you displayed your own moral integrity

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by quiet, modest dress.

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So seeing those individuals in court full of their fine silks

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really exposed their fundamental moral depravity.

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The war of the wardrobes was fought out in sharply-worded pamphlets -

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precursors of the newspaper.

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One Puritan pamphlet raged against the Cavalier's long hair -

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The Unloveliness of Lovelocks.

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John Lilburne, a radical Roundhead and pamphleteer,

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was a model for the puritan values of modesty and restraint.

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'John Lilburne had an engraving done of him'

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and it promoted this image of the man in plain clothes,

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in black dress, unadorned, plain,

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just a little bit of ruff collar and a very simple hairstyle -

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the classic Roundhead with a few curls around the ears.

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The Cavaliers defended their exuberant exhibitionism

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with pamphlets of their own -

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and it wasn't just the men.

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'There is one wonderful pamphlet, by a woman, denouncing what she called,

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' "The ill-bred plebeian zealotry of Puritans," '

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and insisting that it was entirely up to women

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to wear hair as long as they liked,

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to wear beauty spots and cosmetics,

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and denounced religion as just as fickle as fashion had ever been.

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The English Civil War dropped a pebble into our pond

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and those ripples keep coming, keep coming.

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MUSIC: "Vogue" by Madonna

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'I think if we look at modern fashion then, obviously,'

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a sense of permissiveness, and pleasure, and glamour,

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and extravagance has won out.

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So the Cavaliers have definitely won.

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# Vogue

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# Let your body groove to the music

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# Hey, hey, hey!

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# Vogue... # What are you looking at?

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'I do think that the exposure,

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'which goes on in our streets at the moment, is plain immodest.

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'And I did use to say to some of the girls on Strictly,'

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"Are you feeling a bit cold?"

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Because they weren't really wearing very much and I do disapprove.

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And I do think that people should conduct themselves modestly.

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I mean, just the sense of disapproval of everything

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still happens today.

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The idea that dressing up is wrong, anything indulgent is wrong.

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It's about distracting you away from your core value,

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which, you know, obviously, for the Roundheads was God, was religion.

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In the early 1640s,

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the Roundheads stepped up their parliamentary campaign

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for democratic reform of church and state...

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but the Cavaliers refused to compromise

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the supremacy of the monarchy.

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'By the summer of 1642, their differences are irreconcilable.'

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They can only be decided on the field of war by the use of the sword.

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And that's what happens,

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both Parliament and the King set up their standards in August 1642,

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and the English Civil War is under way.

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On October 23rd 1642, at Edgehill, in Warwickshire,

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Roundhead and Cavalier armies faced each other for the first time.

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The King's Cavalry were crack troops led by his nephew,

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the 23-year-old Prince Rupert of the Rhine.

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One of the most experienced cavalry commanders in Europe,

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he was the very image of a Cavalier.

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'He was so dashing, he was definitely romantic.'

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And I love the fact he used to ride into battle with his standard poodle,

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which the parliamentary forces thought was his familiar,

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running along beside him.

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How do you train a poodle to take somebody's throat out

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if they're trying to hamstring your horse, I don't really know!

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'This the saddle belonging to Prince Rupert of the Rhine.

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'An extremely posh saddle.'

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The most expensive accessory which a household can have is tapestry

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and this is a miniature piece of tapestry.

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It's also extremely comfortable

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by the standards of saddles of that day and most.

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Instead of the usual hard leather thing,

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what you have here is velvet plush,

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really deep, and maximum comfort.

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At Edgehill, Rupert launched the Cavalier's secret weapon...

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..a manoeuvre he'd learnt on the battlefields of Europe...

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MEN SHOUTING

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..the thunderbolt charge.

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'You hear the sound of thousands and thousands

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'of horses' hooves striking the ground at once'

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and it's louder than thunder.

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It's an extraordinary cacophony of noise,

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which sweeps you along with it,

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as finally the canter turns into the all-out charge.

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Horses encourage each other,

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so as one moves faster the whole mass begins to go,

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and it's rather like something being released from a bow or from a gun.

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'Prince Rupert knew the shock value of cavalry.'

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He went straight in and hard.

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He knew if he broke the enemy cavalry they would never reform.

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He could then dominate the field.

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MEN SHOUTING

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The Cavalier Thunderbolt scattered the Roundhead cavalry

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but then Prince Rupert and his high-spirited horsemen

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continued charging...

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..off the battlefield and toward the Roundhead encampment.

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'And one of the most glorious things about old-fashioned warfare'

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is your ability to loot the defeated enemy.

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And here in the wagons were not just the foodstuffs, and the drink,

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and the cloth for the ordinary soldiers

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but all the valuables of the officers.

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And so what Rupert's troopers did

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was set about plundering for hours -

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behind them the battle was largely being lost.

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The Cavaliers' lack of self-discipline

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allowed the Roundheads to regain the initiative.

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As darkness fell, the battle of Edgehill ended in stalemate.

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'Cavaliers don't do self-discipline at all,'

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that's, the absolute antithesis of Cavalier thought is self control,

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it's all about letting it go.

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You know, about just enjoying the moment.

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It's carpe diem, it's gather ye rosebuds while ye may,

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all of that kind of stuff.

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'A Cavalier person, in a way, reflects Cavalier principles,

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'which are they don't care too much. They are there for the moment.'

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They are dazzling rather than detailed,

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they are, they are there to entertain and to move life along

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but they're not there, really, to do the nitty-gritty.

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Over the next three years, as the Civil War swept through the country,

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the radical Parliamentarian Oliver Cromwell

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emerged as the Roundheads' most effective military leader.

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Open your order from the centre!

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In 1644, he began building

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Britain's first full-time professional fighting force...

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Port your pike!

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..the New Model Army.

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Double your files!

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It became a showcase for the Roundhead values

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of godliness and discipline.

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Without discipline you get nowhere in life

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and that's very true of today, never mind the 17th century.

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You think this is your birthday, don't you, Josh?

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You have to have discipline,

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you have to have order

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and Cromwell was very good at instilling order into his troops.

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We believe, "Work hard and play hard."

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It wouldn't be unfair to say Ruperts believe,

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"Play hard, and play a bit harder."

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So, that's the main difference between the two units.

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Discipline was absolutely essential.

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And we know that the Parliamentary troops were far better disciplined.

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Everything from drunkenness and fornication

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being punished severely...

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The penalty for blasphemy was particularly severe.

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Somebody who was a persistent blasphemer

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would have his tongue drawn out of his mouth with pincers,

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and bored through with a red hot iron,

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so he ended up with a hole in his tongue.

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Cromwell now set out to improve the performance

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of the Roundhead cavalry.

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He trained them, and trained them, and trained them,

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until they would charge home,

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the thunderbolt charge, like Prince Rupert's men,

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but after the charge,

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they would regroup, return to the battlefield,

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and be good for another charge.

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And that, of course, was a tremendous advance.

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The Roundheads also introduced a military uniform for the first time.

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The famous redcoat,

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worn by the British army for the next two centuries.

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The New Model Army recruited according to military competence,

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not aristocratic birthright.

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Britain's feudal hierarchy was being replaced by the newly-emerging

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Roundhead state.

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You have new institutions. The committee for the army,

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the committee for the navy. And so, the state bureaucracy

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is inevitably increasing to a size previously unheard of.

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I think a good case can be made that the modern state begins

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in the 1640s, with the Civil War and these new bureaucratic institutions.

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Roundhead bureaucracy introduced a new spirit of professionalism

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into British life, that still endures.

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We work all the hours that God sends,

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and if you don't die of a heart attack,

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you might make a nice profit in your old age,

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when you're too old to enjoy it.

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But certainly that "Cavalier joy", as it's called,

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has gone in our attitude to work.

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We've definitely become the Roundhead state.

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Undoubtedly there is a more austere

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and professional attitude in British life.

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The great cult of the amateur, the great cult of the eccentric,

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the person who sort of organised life from the seat of their pants

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has rather gone, I think.

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I think we certainly do expect people to have a plan,

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to stick to it, and to understand the detail of the machine.

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Deep in the Cavalier heartlands of modern Britain,

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the cult of the amateur lives on.

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Henley of course started as the Regatta in 1839,

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and amateur sport was absolutely at the heart of it.

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There was something fundamental about the way you looked at sport.

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The amateur was not all about winning,

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it was the playing the part. It was about the whole man.

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The professional was about the prize.

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Ready for the contest, boys? Come on.

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The flower, it's all dying on you.

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I'm more a Cavalier.

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Cavalier, sir. Cavalier attitude and mannerism.

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Cavalier. And that's all about team spirit and enjoying yourself.

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It's not about winning.

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It's just about taking part.

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The buttonholes at the veterans'

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National Flower Day Competition would humble any 17th century dandy.

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These are calla lilies, Asiatic lily and estrelicia,

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the bird of paradise flying in and taking nectar from it.

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This is plucked from the garden this morning.

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These are all hand-reared. and smelling delightful.

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But even in this Cavalier stronghold,

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there's been a Roundhead incursion.

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Two British Olympic hopes, Andy Triggs-Hodge

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and Pete Reed have brought Roundhead professionalism onto the water.

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Rowing is 24 hours a day for us.

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I pressurise myself in training, to make sure I'm improving

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on a daily basis. I feel that that's a decent Roundhead attitude.

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And it's finding anything we can do.

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It's all the little things that help you through the day.

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If you can reduce the amount of hours you drive, if you can sleep longer.

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The quality of your bed, it all makes a difference.

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It's applying how we execute our finest 2km race in the Olympic Games,

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and how every bit of life affects that in the four years prior.

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At the end of the day, it is all about winning.

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But Olympic success still calls

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for a touch of the old "Cavalier" spirit.

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When I get on the water,

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there's got to be a bit of me that's a bit of a loose cannon,

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and you've just got to go out and do crazy things,

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cos if you don't, you'll never achieve your personal best.

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I think it's fascinating the way most sports teams require

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a combination of Roundhead and Cavalier.

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The England rugby team, for example, requires the Roundhead,

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Jonny Wilkinson, to kick the ball through the post

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with metronomic efficiency, but it also needs those extraordinary,

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flamboyant figures on the wing, who can suddenly carve through.

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I think it's the same of all sports, and perhaps it's true of all teams.

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You need a Boycott, but you also need to have a Kevin Pietersen.

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On June 14th, 1645,

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Roundhead discipline was put to the test at Naseby, in Northamptonshire.

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The New Model Army prepared to confront the Cavalier forces.

0:21:540:21:58

Prince Rupert began the battle with another thunderbolt charge.

0:22:000:22:04

At Naseby, Prince Rupert was on the Royalist right wing.

0:22:050:22:08

He charged and scattered the Parliamentary left wing.

0:22:080:22:13

But made the same mistake as at Edgehill.

0:22:130:22:17

His men scattered off in all directions,

0:22:170:22:19

plundered the baggage train,

0:22:190:22:22

and were not much use for the rest of the battle.

0:22:220:22:24

Cromwell's new, well-drilled cavalry were now ready to be deployed

0:22:250:22:30

with devastating effect.

0:22:300:22:32

On the right wing, Cromwell charged home,

0:22:330:22:36

scattered the Royalist left wing,

0:22:360:22:40

and then got his men to come to the assistance of the cavalry,

0:22:400:22:44

and then charge into the flank of the Royalist infantry,

0:22:440:22:48

and win the Battle of Naseby.

0:22:480:22:50

Naseby annihilates the King's own army,

0:22:540:22:57

it destroys a body of men he had built up over three years.

0:22:570:23:00

And he never manages to rebuild it.

0:23:000:23:02

It is the knockout blow of the English Civil War.

0:23:020:23:05

By October 1647,

0:23:070:23:08

the King was imprisoned,

0:23:080:23:11

and the Cavaliers were in disarray.

0:23:110:23:13

Roundhead forces were camped just outside the capital, here in Putney.

0:23:130:23:17

The more radical Roundheads were now demanding their reward

0:23:180:23:22

- a more equal society.

0:23:220:23:25

They became known as the Levellers.

0:23:250:23:27

These people wanted reform of the law,

0:23:300:23:33

religious toleration, reform of election procedure.

0:23:330:23:37

They wanted the soldiers who'd fought for parliament

0:23:370:23:40

to be rewarded in some way.

0:23:400:23:42

These were not mercenaries.

0:23:420:23:44

These were, in the language of the day, developing "citizens".

0:23:440:23:47

-Second colour, yes?

-ALL: Yes.

0:23:470:23:50

-Who's going to be second colour?

-Alex.

-No, we'll sort that out...

0:23:500:23:55

Today, the 21st century Roundheads are following tradition,

0:23:550:23:58

by voting for their commanding officer.

0:23:580:24:01

You've got advice...

0:24:010:24:03

It's important to have democracy,

0:24:030:24:05

because the Royalists had dictatorship,

0:24:050:24:07

and it didn't work.

0:24:070:24:08

ALL: Aye.

0:24:080:24:11

Inspired by radicals like John Lilburne,

0:24:110:24:15

the Levellers published their demands for human rights

0:24:150:24:17

and democratic reform

0:24:170:24:19

in a manifesto called The Agreement Of The People.

0:24:190:24:22

It's a radical vision of England.

0:24:240:24:26

It's an England, eventually, in which he would like to see

0:24:260:24:29

a greater extension in democracy. Voting rights for certain men.

0:24:290:24:33

Men, not women, one should add. Not servants, not beggars.

0:24:330:24:38

Religious toleration.

0:24:380:24:40

This is the type of England Lilburne would like to see.

0:24:400:24:43

It was a fascinating and fabulous moment in British history.

0:24:440:24:49

The Levellers, by The Agreement of the People

0:24:520:24:55

were proposing a bill of rights

0:24:550:24:58

that would give individuals,

0:24:580:25:02

autonomous individuals, certain rights against government.

0:25:020:25:07

So that is a very important, profoundly important idea today.

0:25:070:25:12

But the Roundhead forces were divided.

0:25:160:25:18

Even a committed Parliamentarian like Cromwell

0:25:180:25:22

feared the Levellers' egalitarian demands would lead to anarchy.

0:25:220:25:26

For 13 days, here in the Church of St Mary in Putney,

0:25:280:25:33

the two sides took part in a great debate

0:25:330:25:36

about the future of the nation.

0:25:360:25:38

The position of the generals was put by Cromwell's son-in-law,

0:25:390:25:42

Henry Ireton, who said the vote should be restricted

0:25:420:25:46

to those who traditionally had it.

0:25:460:25:49

To the people who had a stake in the country, who owned a piece of land.

0:25:490:25:53

From his point of view, this was only right and proper.

0:25:530:25:56

Why should you have a say in government

0:25:560:25:59

if you don't own anything, if you're poor?

0:25:590:26:02

If you're beholden to a people who are more powerful than you,

0:26:020:26:05

they will influence the way that you vote.

0:26:050:26:08

This is a profound moment.

0:26:080:26:10

There had been popular rebellions before in English history.

0:26:100:26:13

These had been about particular issues - food, taxation -

0:26:130:26:18

but not about a right to have a say in how government is chosen.

0:26:180:26:24

The Levellers began a debate about citizenship and democracy

0:26:270:26:30

that continues in modern Britain, and across the world.

0:26:300:26:34

It was John Lilburne who said famously,

0:26:360:26:40

that although we may die, our ideas will live on,

0:26:400:26:44

and it will be for later generations to implement them.

0:26:440:26:47

And, after all, this is what we are about today.

0:26:500:26:53

I always laugh about the Conservatives who dismiss

0:26:530:26:58

the European Convention on Human Rights,

0:26:580:27:02

because it goes back to these times

0:27:020:27:04

when torture was abolished,

0:27:040:27:06

when religious freedom - comparatively - was permitted,

0:27:060:27:10

when parliament was sovereign, when we were working out democracy.

0:27:100:27:14

These rights go back to Cromwell and the Levellers,

0:27:140:27:17

who argued them in this little Putney church.

0:27:170:27:19

With the King in prison, the Roundheads could now

0:27:210:27:24

set about moulding the nation in their own image.

0:27:240:27:26

But playful Cavalier traditions were deeply rooted in British life.

0:27:270:27:33

-Give me an 'O'.

-ALL: O!

-Give me an 'N'.

-ALL: N!

0:27:330:27:37

-Give me an 'I'.

-ALL: I!

0:27:370:27:38

-And an 'O'.

-ALL: O!

0:27:380:27:40

-And an 'N'.

-ALL: N!

-Onion!

-CHEERING

0:27:400:27:45

Here in Newent, Gloucestershire, the Roundhead struggle

0:27:450:27:48

to crush the town's Cavalier spirit has never been forgotten.

0:27:480:27:52

There's still remains of the Cavalier/Roundhead rivalry.

0:27:530:27:57

Gloucester being a Roundhead stronghold,

0:27:570:27:59

and the rural area surrounding being Cavalier.

0:27:590:28:02

There was fighting going on.

0:28:020:28:04

There was a battle around here,

0:28:040:28:06

and it can take hundreds of years for that to wear off.

0:28:060:28:09

SHOUTING

0:28:110:28:14

Every year, the people of Newent reaffirm their Cavalier spirit

0:28:140:28:19

with the pleasures of the 850-year-old Onion Fayre.

0:28:190:28:22

-CHEERING

-Who won?

0:28:230:28:26

ALL: Five, four, three,

0:28:260:28:29

-two, one.

-Go!

0:28:290:28:32

The climax of this festival is the World Onion-Eating Championship.

0:28:320:28:37

Put your hands in the air when you're finished, lads,

0:28:370:28:39

and open your mouths for the judges.

0:28:390:28:42

CHEERING

0:28:420:28:43

LOUD CHEERING

0:28:500:28:52

I've been practising nearly all week.

0:28:550:28:57

This is the fourth year now I've won it.

0:28:570:29:00

That was my slowest time ever.

0:29:020:29:04

Thank you very much. See you all again, hopefully, next year.

0:29:040:29:08

I've got to be Cavalier, without a doubt.

0:29:090:29:11

You have only got to look at today. The party atmosphere, the fun everybody is having.

0:29:110:29:16

I couldn't imagine that under Cromwell.

0:29:160:29:19

Puritans were not really in favour of fun.

0:29:200:29:23

The Puritans felt that a lot of popular behaviour

0:29:230:29:26

was bad for the people themselves, even if they liked doing it.

0:29:260:29:28

Their approach was to do what was good for the people,

0:29:280:29:31

not necessarily what the people merely wanted.

0:29:310:29:33

But the Roundheads were confronted by a pleasure-loving people.

0:29:370:29:41

And they were never happier than when they were getting drunk.

0:29:410:29:45

Puritans pretty much find drunkenness a despicable

0:29:450:29:48

form of immodesty.

0:29:480:29:50

Drunkenness allows your sins to come to the fore.

0:29:500:29:54

Drunkenness means you're out of control,

0:29:540:29:56

and you can't act in a godly way.

0:29:560:29:58

So, for the Puritan, the alehouses are these great sites of sinfulness,

0:29:580:30:02

and have to be policed and disciplined.

0:30:020:30:04

I don't know what makes the English a nation of binge drinkers.

0:30:070:30:12

There is something about the inhabitants of this island

0:30:120:30:14

which means we want to drink too much,

0:30:140:30:17

and not just get amusing with it, but actually pick a fight with it.

0:30:170:30:22

Of course, the Roundheads were terribly disapproving

0:30:220:30:25

about alcohol, because it is fundamentally pretty anti-social.

0:30:250:30:29

Drunken British people are absolutely appalling.

0:30:290:30:33

Where the Cavaliers have won,

0:30:350:30:37

is that, I think, most of the British population,

0:30:370:30:43

whatever their political beliefs, actually,

0:30:430:30:47

feel they have the right to get drunk if they want to.

0:30:470:30:51

They have the right to eat what they want to,

0:30:510:30:53

even if it makes them fat, they have the right not to go for a run.

0:30:530:30:57

That's their business.

0:30:570:30:59

They're perfectly happy with the government saying,

0:30:590:31:02

"You can't get drunk and then drive."

0:31:020:31:04

That's absolutely fine, but not, "You can't get drunk."

0:31:040:31:09

Perhaps that's the line between Roundhead and Cavalier.

0:31:090:31:13

In 1648, the Roundheads turned their attention

0:31:190:31:23

to one of the most popular forms of public entertainment,

0:31:230:31:26

the theatre.

0:31:260:31:28

Parliament issued an order for the "utter suppression

0:31:280:31:31

"and abolishing of all stage-plays."

0:31:310:31:35

Puritans were very suspicious of the theatre,

0:31:350:31:38

and almost everything involved with it.

0:31:380:31:40

They thought some of the plots were dealing with unsuitable subjects.

0:31:400:31:44

Violence, or bawdy comedy, they didn't like that.

0:31:440:31:47

They strongly disapproved of the actors -

0:31:470:31:49

the fact that all the female roles were taken

0:31:490:31:52

by young boys in drag, essentially,

0:31:520:31:54

and they said the emotions being created on stage were, of course,

0:31:540:31:57

artificial and false emotions - that was bad.

0:31:570:32:00

And finally they disapproved of the audiences,

0:32:000:32:02

that different ages and sexes were jumbled together,

0:32:020:32:05

and that theatres attracted pickpockets and prostitutes.

0:32:050:32:09

The Roundhead mission to control the people's pleasures

0:32:130:32:16

unleashed a culture war between high-minded Puritans

0:32:160:32:20

and populist Cavaliers.

0:32:200:32:22

It continues to this day.

0:32:220:32:24

The Cavalier culture has absolutely won out, as far as the arts go,

0:32:250:32:29

and erm...

0:32:290:32:30

It is sort of pushing out high art by popular art.

0:32:300:32:35

I feel deeply oppressed by what I see

0:32:370:32:40

when I run through the programmes on the television.

0:32:400:32:43

Oh! Watch it!

0:32:430:32:47

What I suspect about the drama is that it's facile, mostly.

0:32:470:32:53

It's designed to please.

0:32:530:32:56

It knows that it has to please

0:32:560:32:57

the greatest possible number of the population.

0:32:570:33:01

Oh, that dirty, disgusting monster!

0:33:010:33:03

There's a kind of run of repeated gestures,

0:33:030:33:07

and repeated emotions, which people satisfy themselves on,

0:33:070:33:11

like sausage in a bun, or ice cream.

0:33:110:33:18

Those things are OK, but too much of them isn't good for your life,

0:33:220:33:26

I feel, being a Roundhead.

0:33:260:33:29

I think that this is a very old contest

0:33:320:33:35

between the Roundhead critic of frivolity

0:33:350:33:39

and the Cavalier enjoyer of it.

0:33:410:33:43

-Welcome to Downton.

-Lady Grantham, this is so kind of you.

0:33:450:33:48

Not at all, Duke. We're delighted you could spare the time.

0:33:480:33:52

Very popular shows, of any kind,

0:33:520:33:54

bring out a sort of anger

0:33:540:33:56

among a certain kind of journalist.

0:33:560:34:01

I don't know what it is, quite.

0:34:010:34:03

Sometimes, you could say it's envy of the fact that their message

0:34:050:34:09

is reaching so few, and this other message,

0:34:090:34:12

which they consider worthless, is reaching so many.

0:34:120:34:15

That may be a good part of it.

0:34:150:34:18

But certainly, there is a Roundhead anger

0:34:180:34:24

at the extent of popular culture's reach.

0:34:240:34:28

But I don't think that's ever going to change.

0:34:280:34:33

Mama, may I present Matthew Crawley and Mrs Crawley.

0:34:330:34:35

My mother, Lady Grantham.

0:34:350:34:37

What should we call each other?

0:34:390:34:41

We could always start with "Mrs Crawley" and "Lady Grantham".

0:34:410:34:45

As the Puritan revolution unfolded,

0:34:490:34:51

the Roundhead parliament was still being challenged by Cavaliers

0:34:510:34:55

demanding the King's release from prison.

0:34:550:34:57

In 1649, Cromwell took action to assert Parliament's supremacy.

0:34:590:35:04

He put the King on trial for treason and war crimes against the people.

0:35:040:35:09

Putting the King on trial was almost inconceivable.

0:35:090:35:13

It is unthinkable.

0:35:130:35:15

Kings have been killed on the battlefield,

0:35:150:35:17

kings have been assassinated.

0:35:170:35:19

But trying a monarch - a divinely appointed king,

0:35:190:35:22

the power that exists by God's authority -

0:35:220:35:25

trying a king by authority of the people is almost unprecedented.

0:35:250:35:29

On the morning of January 20th, 1649,

0:35:320:35:35

Charles I was marched into Westminster Hall.

0:35:350:35:39

Up to 10,000 people watched

0:35:410:35:43

as the Roundhead Solicitor General John Cook and his team

0:35:430:35:47

prepared to make legal history.

0:35:470:35:50

What they do is make an argument that separates the office of the King

0:35:500:35:53

from the person of the King,

0:35:530:35:55

and what they are prosecuting is a wilful, wicked tyrant -

0:35:550:35:59

an individual not a king.

0:35:590:36:02

Everyone was aware of what an ominous moment it was

0:36:030:36:07

and what an iconic moment it was in British history.

0:36:070:36:11

It was the symbol of the end of absolute power.

0:36:110:36:16

And there's a telling moment. This is the King,

0:36:180:36:20

the man who is used to having his every whim served.

0:36:200:36:24

At some point, the silver top of his cane

0:36:240:36:28

falls off and rolls to the floor.

0:36:280:36:30

The King expects somebody else to pick it up

0:36:320:36:34

but he's instructed to pick it up himself.

0:36:340:36:37

And at that little moment, I think,

0:36:370:36:39

we can see the theatre of power that's going on.

0:36:390:36:41

These days, we've found a way

0:36:450:36:49

to put heads of state on trial

0:36:490:36:52

for a particularly heinous crime,

0:36:520:36:55

a crime against humanity,

0:36:550:36:57

against which their immunity does not operate.

0:36:570:37:01

And so Milosevic, Saddam Hussein,

0:37:030:37:06

Charles Taylor, Karadzic, and so forth,

0:37:060:37:11

will be prosecuted

0:37:110:37:13

on the basis that John Cook took the first nervous step

0:37:130:37:18

to bring down an all-powerful head of state,

0:37:180:37:22

namely on the grounds of their commission

0:37:220:37:26

of a crime against humanity, a crime against their own people.

0:37:260:37:30

After a seven-day trial the King was found guilty.

0:37:350:37:40

He would be executed here,

0:37:400:37:43

outside the banqueting hall of Whitehall Palace.

0:37:430:37:46

So January 30th, just before two o'clock,

0:37:490:37:52

a very nervous, anxious Charles I stepped out onto the scaffold,

0:37:520:37:55

having said farewell to his family.

0:37:550:37:57

And a few moments later, the axe fell.

0:38:020:38:04

SCREAMING

0:38:040:38:07

Around the gathered crowd, people reacted by fainting,

0:38:080:38:12

women miscarried. There was tremendous horror.

0:38:120:38:16

But that horror reverberated around the kingdom.

0:38:160:38:18

It was as if a great cataclysm in a sense of order had happened.

0:38:180:38:22

Like the twin towers, like those planes smashing into them,

0:38:220:38:25

there's a sudden horror and chaos.

0:38:250:38:28

The Roundheads now abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords.

0:38:310:38:36

An English republic was established.

0:38:370:38:39

The Roundhead revolution intensified.

0:38:420:38:46

The King had encouraged

0:38:490:38:50

the installation of ornate stained-glass windows

0:38:500:38:53

in churches all over the country.

0:38:530:38:55

The Roundheads were now determined to smash them

0:38:560:38:59

as they imposed their own austere form of Protestantism.

0:38:590:39:03

Charles loved ritual,

0:39:030:39:05

he loved beauty,

0:39:050:39:06

he loved holiness as a sort of experience

0:39:060:39:09

that brought someone closer to God,

0:39:090:39:11

whereas Puritans loved the idea of plain, unadorned, simple -

0:39:110:39:17

no stained glass in their churches.

0:39:170:39:19

In 1651, the Roundheads went into action

0:39:210:39:24

here at Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford.

0:39:240:39:27

The orders from the newly-installed dean

0:39:290:39:31

are written in the church records.

0:39:310:39:33

"All pictures representing God, good or bad angels, or saints,

0:39:330:39:38

"shall be forthwith taken down out of our church windows."

0:39:380:39:41

Well, when the windows were taken out,

0:39:410:39:44

they were laid out on the floor

0:39:440:39:47

and one of the canons who was appointed by Cromwell

0:39:470:39:50

was so against them being preserved

0:39:500:39:52

that he furiously stamped up and down on it,

0:39:520:39:54

destroying most of the glass.

0:39:540:39:56

Only one out of the 20 stained-glass windows

0:40:050:40:09

survived the Roundhead assault,

0:40:090:40:11

perhaps because it contains a powerful Roundhead message.

0:40:110:40:15

The prophet Jonah is on his way to warn the people of Nineveh

0:40:150:40:19

that they must give up the pleasures of the flesh

0:40:190:40:22

or face the wrath of God.

0:40:220:40:24

It's fantastic. I think it's got so much more detail

0:40:340:40:36

than any other stained-glass window in the cathedral

0:40:360:40:39

and every time you look at it, you see something new,

0:40:390:40:41

there's always something that sticks out that you've never seen before.

0:40:410:40:45

For centuries, the smashed stained-glass windows

0:40:540:40:56

were thought to have been totally destroyed.

0:40:560:40:58

But 13 years ago, the verger spotted something in a pile of rubbish

0:41:000:41:05

that was being cleared out of a coal hole.

0:41:050:41:08

It was like discovering buried treasure.

0:41:080:41:10

It was amazing.

0:41:100:41:13

You think, "What have I found?"

0:41:130:41:17

If you look at the glass without light behind it,

0:41:170:41:20

it looks just like a piece of slate, almost.

0:41:200:41:24

But then when I show it to the light...

0:41:240:41:27

This is the first piece of glass I found.

0:41:270:41:30

You can imagine my surprise!

0:41:300:41:32

We've probably most likely got Christ

0:41:330:41:36

disputing with the Doctors of Divinity

0:41:360:41:38

and all we have here are some of the doctors in that scene.

0:41:380:41:43

The central figure, which will have been Christ,

0:41:430:41:45

will have been destroyed at the time.

0:41:450:41:46

So it's very unlikely that there'll be any images of Christ left.

0:41:460:41:52

ALL CHANT: Rooster! Rooster! Rooster!

0:41:550:41:58

In 1653, Cromwell was confirmed as head of state,

0:42:010:42:06

Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

0:42:060:42:12

His government intruded ever more deeply into people's lives

0:42:120:42:16

and passed a law to make Sunday

0:42:160:42:19

a day of worship and quiet contemplation.

0:42:190:42:22

Sunday should be hanging out with the guys, having a good time,

0:42:240:42:27

drinking a few drinks, watching some football.

0:42:270:42:29

There are enough things we're not allowed to do during the rest of the week,

0:42:290:42:33

so we deserve to do something we want to do on a Sunday.

0:42:330:42:36

Definitely not sitting in church and thinking.

0:42:360:42:38

BELL CHIMES

0:42:380:42:41

The Puritans wanted the whole of the Lord's day, as they called it,

0:42:440:42:47

to be devoted to religion alone, exclusively,

0:42:470:42:50

and they pushed through a series of ordinances and parliamentary acts

0:42:500:42:54

banning all the things of which they disapproved,

0:42:540:42:56

so that every conceivable activity pretty well was prohibited.

0:42:560:43:00

Hundreds of activities were banned.

0:43:050:43:07

It was forbidden to ride a horse...

0:43:070:43:11

sit on your own threshold...

0:43:110:43:15

or even to knit on a Sunday.

0:43:150:43:18

Where Puritans were in control locally,

0:43:210:43:23

they enforced these restrictions very tightly indeed,

0:43:230:43:25

and one remarkable case in a village not far from here -

0:43:250:43:28

Barnsley in Gloucestershire -

0:43:280:43:29

two village women were put in the stocks merely for having gone for a Sunday afternoon stroll,

0:43:290:43:35

even though they had already attended

0:43:350:43:37

two church services that morning.

0:43:370:43:39

Roundhead values would define the British Sunday

0:43:420:43:44

well into the 20th century.

0:43:440:43:47

Strict licensing laws, shops closed,

0:43:470:43:51

no sporting fixtures - an obligatory day of rest.

0:43:510:43:54

Sunday...

0:43:560:43:58

Without a doubt, the worst day of the week.

0:43:590:44:02

Everything was shut and the transport didn't run very much.

0:44:040:44:07

You were not allowed to do anything.

0:44:070:44:09

Church in the morning, walk to the zoo - wow -

0:44:110:44:14

Sunday lunch, nothing.

0:44:140:44:16

My father said he had to read books

0:44:180:44:20

about the holy deaths of little children

0:44:200:44:23

and the little children would lie in their beds and die

0:44:230:44:25

and the angels would come down and take them to heaven.

0:44:250:44:28

And my father said it was absolutely awful, but this was how it was.

0:44:280:44:32

Just like hell.

0:44:320:44:34

So I can't really support Cromwell and the repression of Sunday sports.

0:44:340:44:38

In August 1994, the Sunday Shopping Act

0:44:490:44:53

brought 300 years of Roundhead Sundays to an end.

0:44:530:44:58

I think if our Roundhead forebears

0:44:580:45:00

could see what we've done to Sundays,

0:45:000:45:02

they'd be spinning in their graves like fury.

0:45:020:45:06

You can hear their bucket top boots hitting the top of the coffin, just like this.

0:45:060:45:10

Because we have 100% ruined Sunday

0:45:100:45:13

compared to everything that they believed in.

0:45:130:45:16

I would like Sunday to be a quiet day.

0:45:160:45:20

I would like everything to stop on a Sunday, as it used to,

0:45:200:45:24

for people to be able to spend the day with their families,

0:45:240:45:28

for the church bells to ring out across the land,

0:45:280:45:32

and for there to be an active interest in church.

0:45:320:45:35

That is what I would like to see.

0:45:350:45:37

It's not what I'm going to see in my lifetime.

0:45:370:45:41

We fear Sunday, I think.

0:45:420:45:45

That's the problem that we've got -

0:45:450:45:48

we fear Sunday because it is a void.

0:45:480:45:51

If we're not careful, we might have to sit still,

0:45:510:45:55

be quiet and think about stuff, and this is the thing that none of us

0:45:550:46:00

let ourselves do any more.

0:46:000:46:02

And, of course, for the Puritans

0:46:020:46:04

that's exactly what you should do on a Sunday.

0:46:040:46:06

You should use it as an opportunity to explore your mind,

0:46:060:46:13

explore your spirituality.

0:46:130:46:14

Sunday had now been claimed for the Roundheads.

0:46:190:46:23

At the same time, they also passed a law

0:46:230:46:25

to abolish the celebration of Christmas.

0:46:250:46:28

Puritans strongly disapproved of Christmas.

0:46:300:46:32

They pointed out that there was no evidence that Christ was born on that particular day.

0:46:320:46:36

They pointed out too

0:46:360:46:38

that it had its origins as a Pagan mid-winter festival

0:46:380:46:41

and they strongly disapproved of the fact

0:46:410:46:43

that it had been turned into a general occasion for feasting,

0:46:430:46:46

merry-making, drinking, general profanity.

0:46:460:46:49

All those things were wrong in their eyes.

0:46:490:46:51

How miserable can you be?

0:46:530:46:56

How miserable can you be

0:46:560:46:59

that you do away with Christmas?

0:46:590:47:01

That should say it all about Oliver Cromwell!

0:47:030:47:05

I don't know how people can admire Cromwell!

0:47:050:47:09

# Have a holly jolly Christmas

0:47:090:47:11

# It's the best time of the year

0:47:110:47:15

# I don't know if there'll be snow... #

0:47:150:47:18

The Cavaliers fought back.

0:47:180:47:21

They circulated pamphlets

0:47:210:47:24

attacking the Puritan assault on the old Christmas.

0:47:240:47:27

People hated the fact Christmas was abolished

0:47:280:47:30

and even more hated the idea that they were supposed to treat it simply as another working day,

0:47:300:47:34

and, for the most part, they refused to accept that new regulation.

0:47:340:47:39

Despite the full force of the Roundhead state,

0:47:390:47:43

Cromwell failed to crush the Cavalier spirit of Christmas.

0:47:430:47:46

What you see now is a Christmas which is almost entirely Pagan.

0:47:500:47:55

Bringing in Christmas trees, giving of gifts, lighting candles,

0:47:550:47:58

all of that - this is the very much older history

0:47:580:48:01

that Cromwell couldn't eliminate.

0:48:010:48:04

The Roundheads have been absolutely defeated on Christmas.

0:48:060:48:09

I think Jesus may have been defeated on Christmas.

0:48:090:48:12

HUNTING HORN SOUNDS

0:48:130:48:17

It's like a cavalry charge, and it's every man for himself.

0:48:250:48:28

You have to be an adrenaline junkie to do it. You really do.

0:48:280:48:31

In the early 21st century,

0:48:330:48:35

there was a new stand-off between Roundheads and Cavaliers.

0:48:350:48:39

In 2004, demonstrators invaded Parliament

0:48:450:48:49

to protest against the passing of the Hunting Act,

0:48:490:48:53

which outlawed hunting foxes with hounds.

0:48:530:48:55

And the two tribes went to war once more.

0:48:580:49:02

I think very much that those of us who support hunting see themselves,

0:49:020:49:06

and probably rightly, as the descendants of the Cavaliers.

0:49:060:49:11

Certainly, the rank and file of the Parliamentarians,

0:49:170:49:20

if they were alive today, they would be hunt saboteurs.

0:49:200:49:23

The Atherstone Hunt in Leicestershire

0:49:260:49:29

is one of the oldest in Britain.

0:49:290:49:30

A loophole in the law permits them to continue running with hounds,

0:49:320:49:35

but only if a bird of prey is used for the kill.

0:49:350:49:39

Parliament has set out to ban hunting,

0:49:420:49:44

and that makes us a criminal. Should we kill a fox, we are a criminal.

0:49:440:49:48

Here we are.

0:49:500:49:52

There's absolutely loads of kit in this little bag.

0:49:520:49:55

From hats to gloves to nets...

0:49:550:50:00

Members of the League Against Cruel Sports

0:50:000:50:03

are now keeping close watch on hunts across Britain.

0:50:030:50:06

If the hunt is breaking the law, then with a bit of luck

0:50:060:50:10

we'll get good evidence, to catch them, possibly,

0:50:100:50:12

with their pants down, you know, by being hidden.

0:50:120:50:16

I think it's important that Parliament's will is upheld,

0:50:200:50:23

simply because if you believe in democracy, the law is the law.

0:50:230:50:28

And if we start choosing which law we want to abide by,

0:50:280:50:34

then we will soon slip into anarchy and civil unrest.

0:50:340:50:38

HUNTING HORN SOUNDS

0:50:380:50:40

A Roundhead Britain? Haven't we just lived through it?

0:50:410:50:45

People being told what they can and cannot do,

0:50:450:50:48

limitations on all our activities.

0:50:480:50:50

And I don't just mean hunting - there are plenty of other activities

0:50:500:50:54

that were limited by Mr Blair and his friends.

0:50:540:50:58

I'm afraid I think that modern Britain is decidedly Roundhead

0:50:580:51:03

because I measure that by,

0:51:030:51:05

"How much intrusion do we have from the state in our daily lives?"

0:51:050:51:09

Oh, and they try to protect us against ourselves

0:51:090:51:12

like very good Roundheads.

0:51:120:51:15

To play conkers, you must put goggles on,

0:51:150:51:17

don't do the backstroke in swimming baths in case you crack your dear little head at the end of it -

0:51:170:51:21

all with the force of law!

0:51:210:51:24

Oh, Cromwell would have loved it.

0:51:240:51:27

He would have loved it.

0:51:270:51:29

# ..But he will have a right

0:51:290:51:32

# To be a pilgrim. #

0:51:320:51:36

For all men and women of good will,

0:51:380:51:40

and especially for thy servant Oliver Cromwell...

0:51:400:51:44

ALL: We give thee thanks, O God.

0:51:440:51:47

For all associated with him in the struggle for liberty,

0:51:470:51:53

justice and truth...

0:51:530:51:55

ALL: We give thee thanks, O God.

0:51:550:51:58

Oliver Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector for nearly five years

0:51:580:52:03

until his death on September the 3rd, 1658.

0:52:030:52:07

Every year on this day,

0:52:070:52:09

the Cromwell Association gathers to mark the anniversary.

0:52:090:52:13

Cromwell is one of the great Britons

0:52:150:52:16

and, indeed, at the end of the last millennium

0:52:160:52:19

when they had various polls, he did make the top ten.

0:52:190:52:22

He didn't come first, unfortunately,

0:52:220:52:24

but he is one of the formative influences

0:52:240:52:26

in English and British history, for good and ill.

0:52:260:52:29

He's still a controversial person. He should still be remembered.

0:52:290:52:32

Cromwell was a great man. A greatly great man.

0:52:340:52:37

He bestrides English history like a colossus.

0:52:370:52:41

I mean, the time of his rule is usually whited out,

0:52:410:52:46

because he's the only non-royal,

0:52:460:52:48

which makes him, of course,

0:52:480:52:50

enormously important and infinitely superior to any of the royals.

0:52:500:52:55

I have no instinct towards vandalism at all

0:52:570:52:59

except when I pass Oliver Cromwell's statue outside the House of Commons

0:52:590:53:03

and I dearly wish I could push it over.

0:53:030:53:05

The conflict goes on.

0:53:120:53:15

But even the Cromwell Association

0:53:150:53:17

has called a truce with the monarchy.

0:53:170:53:19

We pray for our Queen and for all who are called at this time

0:53:220:53:27

to serve the state and lead the people.

0:53:270:53:31

'I don't think there is a contradiction in having prayers for both,'

0:53:310:53:36

the protector who was a regicide

0:53:360:53:38

'and having a prayer for the reigning monarch.'

0:53:380:53:40

Amen.

0:53:400:53:42

The impact of the Civil War,

0:53:420:53:44

the tide of blood, the regicide, all the overturning,

0:53:440:53:47

had a lasting effect on the British and the English psyche.

0:53:470:53:50

It makes us shy away from civil war, it makes us shy away from extremism.

0:53:500:53:53

So we're a broad church, and we're inclusive.

0:53:530:53:56

Within two years of Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored.

0:53:580:54:03

MUSIC: God Save The Queen

0:54:030:54:05

A Cavalier triumph.

0:54:070:54:09

But the new constitution placed significant limits on royal power.

0:54:090:54:13

The Roundheads had put Britain on the road to parliamentary democracy.

0:54:150:54:19

If we look at the 21st century, I think we are a republic in all but name.

0:54:220:54:26

Of course, we have a Queen,

0:54:260:54:29

we will soon have King Charles III...

0:54:290:54:33

..but in fact they have no power

0:54:350:54:38

and I think this is the legacy of the Roundheads.

0:54:380:54:42

Over 350 years after the Civil War came to an end,

0:54:510:54:54

Roundhead values have even infiltrated the Royal Family.

0:54:540:54:59

The Queen herself, it seems to me, is by instinct a sort of Roundhead -

0:55:000:55:05

dutiful, she knows the rules,

0:55:050:55:06

she abides by a code of behaviour that is very precise

0:55:060:55:09

and very austere, in some ways.

0:55:090:55:13

I mean, she lives a sort of very careful life.

0:55:130:55:15

Whereas Prince Charles, it seems to me, is sort of King Charles again.

0:55:150:55:19

There is somebody, we understand, to put toothpaste on his toothbrush.

0:55:190:55:22

This is a man who probably does deep down believe

0:55:220:55:25

in the divine right of kings.

0:55:250:55:27

Centuries of conflict

0:55:280:55:30

have had a surprising effect on the British character.

0:55:300:55:33

It now seems there's a little bit of Roundhead and Cavalier in us all.

0:55:330:55:38

In some ways, it's a strangely self-defining aspect

0:55:430:55:46

of our politics that people feel they are slotted into one or the other

0:55:460:55:50

and then spend quite a lot of time trying to break the mould.

0:55:500:55:53

I think fascinatingly at the moment we probably have

0:55:530:55:55

a prime minister who is, by instinct, a Cavalier,

0:55:550:55:59

but realises that the whole Bullingdon Club,

0:55:590:56:02

"let your hair down" person who is kind of born to rule

0:56:020:56:06

is a very dangerous aspect of his perhaps unfair public persona.

0:56:060:56:11

So Cameron spends a great deal of his time,

0:56:110:56:13

I think, trying to play down the Cavalier aspects of his image

0:56:130:56:16

and trying to play up the Roundhead ones.

0:56:160:56:19

Conversely, Ed Miliband seems to me to be probably a natural Roundhead.

0:56:190:56:22

He is somebody who seems to me to have a very clear and crisp set of ideas

0:56:220:56:25

of where he wants to go.

0:56:250:56:27

On the other hand, he's fighting the perception

0:56:270:56:29

that actually he's very boring.

0:56:290:56:31

I think the Cavaliers did win.

0:56:330:56:35

We have a society which is a pyramid of snobbery and wealth.

0:56:350:56:39

That seems to me a Cavalier Britain.

0:56:390:56:42

We are definitely getting more Cavalier.

0:56:460:56:49

We are now getting more Cavalier.

0:56:490:56:51

And that's not a good thing.

0:56:510:56:53

There are no Roundheads telling you what to do and what not to do,

0:56:540:56:59

you are encouraged to be a Cavalier and just get on with it on your own.

0:56:590:57:02

But, actually, most people are now suddenly realising

0:57:020:57:05

that you've got to have a bit of Roundhead backbone

0:57:050:57:08

in your Cavalier existence

0:57:080:57:10

or else it all implodes.

0:57:100:57:12

Over the last few decades

0:57:140:57:15

we've probably become a more Roundhead society.

0:57:150:57:19

I think we are much more carefully controlled,

0:57:190:57:21

there are many more CCTV cameras around

0:57:210:57:23

that I think Oliver Cromwell and his like would certainly have approved of.

0:57:230:57:27

On the other hand, I think, as a reaction to that,

0:57:270:57:30

when the Cavalier spirit breaks out, it breaks out with all feathers on.

0:57:300:57:34

And so I think in a way we've probably become more extreme

0:57:340:57:38

in both aspects of the national character.

0:57:380:57:41

Roundhead...

0:57:410:57:42

..or Cavalier?

0:57:440:57:46

The battle continues.

0:57:460:57:48

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