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This is the story of how Britain came to be. | 0:00:04 | 0:00:09 | |
Of how our land and its people | 0:00:09 | 0:00:11 | |
were forged over thousands of years of ancient history. | 0:00:11 | 0:00:15 | |
This Britain is a strange and alien world. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:25 | |
A world that contains the epic story of our distant, prehistoric past. | 0:00:27 | 0:00:32 | |
For hundreds of years, | 0:00:33 | 0:00:35 | |
regional tribes had fought for the land of Iron Age Britain. | 0:00:35 | 0:00:41 | |
It was the time of heroes, of champions, | 0:00:41 | 0:00:43 | |
men who could wield swords. | 0:00:43 | 0:00:45 | |
This was a world of powerful Celtic warriors, | 0:00:45 | 0:00:50 | |
druids and kings, | 0:00:50 | 0:00:54 | |
before Britain was torn apart by an even greater force - | 0:00:54 | 0:00:58 | |
the Roman Army. | 0:00:58 | 0:01:01 | |
These men were executed, and their heads were stuck on spikes. | 0:01:01 | 0:01:07 | |
This was what would happen if you got in the way of Rome. | 0:01:07 | 0:01:10 | |
Now the journey continues | 0:01:12 | 0:01:15 | |
with the next chapter in our epic story, | 0:01:15 | 0:01:19 | |
a time when our land was being re-created | 0:01:19 | 0:01:21 | |
in the image of Rome itself. | 0:01:21 | 0:01:25 | |
This isn't just an abstract depiction of gladiatorial combat. | 0:01:25 | 0:01:30 | |
These people have names. | 0:01:30 | 0:01:32 | |
And its people had to come to terms with a bewildering, new, | 0:01:34 | 0:01:39 | |
and utterly modern world. | 0:01:39 | 0:01:41 | |
This is science fiction. | 0:01:41 | 0:01:43 | |
Britain, 200 AD. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:04 | |
The brutal violence of the Roman military campaign | 0:02:05 | 0:02:08 | |
was a distant memory. | 0:02:08 | 0:02:10 | |
Apart from the lands of the Picts to the north, | 0:02:10 | 0:02:13 | |
all this was a far-flung corner of empire. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:16 | |
Roman garrisons and administrators | 0:02:17 | 0:02:20 | |
ruling over a land of more than three million people. | 0:02:20 | 0:02:23 | |
The roads, buildings and cities | 0:02:24 | 0:02:27 | |
were established and impressive features | 0:02:27 | 0:02:29 | |
in the landscape of Britain. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:31 | |
People no longer felt that they had been invaded. | 0:02:31 | 0:02:36 | |
Instead, they were part of the most impressive, | 0:02:36 | 0:02:40 | |
the most technologically advanced empire the world had ever seen. | 0:02:40 | 0:02:45 | |
Britain was being dragged from its ancient pre-historic past | 0:02:49 | 0:02:52 | |
into a new and very modern world. | 0:02:52 | 0:02:56 | |
A world in which you could, perhaps, | 0:02:57 | 0:03:00 | |
be both British and Roman at the same time. | 0:03:00 | 0:03:04 | |
Today, the relics of Roman Britain | 0:03:13 | 0:03:16 | |
still lie buried right beneath our feet. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:19 | |
Here in central London, construction work is uncovering fragments | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
of a city that once stood here almost 2,000 years ago. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:30 | |
This building is completely derelict, as you can see, | 0:03:31 | 0:03:35 | |
and it's shortly going to be almost razed to the ground, | 0:03:35 | 0:03:38 | |
and replaced by something new. | 0:03:38 | 0:03:40 | |
But at the moment, there's just this brief window of time | 0:03:45 | 0:03:49 | |
that archaeologists can take advantage of, | 0:03:49 | 0:03:52 | |
and dig deep into the foundations. | 0:03:52 | 0:03:54 | |
And what they're revealing deep down here | 0:03:56 | 0:03:59 | |
is a rare glimpse of Roman London. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:01 | |
Alison Telfer and her team | 0:04:15 | 0:04:18 | |
are uncovering the preserved remains of streets and buildings. | 0:04:18 | 0:04:23 | |
This is planned, urban development. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:26 | |
Everything about this is amazing. It's so recognisable. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:34 | |
This is Roman timber. | 0:04:34 | 0:04:35 | |
Yes, and you can see the skill of the workmen who made this. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:39 | |
The timber survived very well because of the damp conditions, | 0:04:39 | 0:04:44 | |
and that's really helped preserve it. | 0:04:44 | 0:04:46 | |
In just a few generations, Roman London had grown | 0:04:50 | 0:04:53 | |
into Britain's most important trading town. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:56 | |
What's being discovered here | 0:04:56 | 0:04:58 | |
are some of the shops and workshops that stood right at its very heart. | 0:04:58 | 0:05:03 | |
Is that a fence line there? | 0:05:03 | 0:05:05 | |
It is a fence line dividing this building from the one over there, | 0:05:05 | 0:05:09 | |
and then heading that way, there might have been shop frontages, | 0:05:09 | 0:05:12 | |
and about 20 metres that way is probably the Roman road. | 0:05:12 | 0:05:15 | |
When you use words like shop frontages, | 0:05:15 | 0:05:18 | |
it suddenly sounds modern and recognisable. | 0:05:18 | 0:05:21 | |
At the time it would have been. | 0:05:21 | 0:05:23 | |
You could probably come and get your latest leather shoes here, | 0:05:23 | 0:05:26 | |
maybe get them made to measure. | 0:05:26 | 0:05:29 | |
It fascinates me that life down here is so vivid. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:32 | |
Yes. It makes people real, doesn't it? | 0:05:32 | 0:05:35 | |
Look at this. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:38 | |
This is a bag of leather pieces that have been excavated from here. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:41 | |
Now, how recognisable is that? | 0:05:41 | 0:05:44 | |
That's the sole of a leather, Roman shoe. | 0:05:44 | 0:05:49 | |
Look at that. And you can see on the sides, the holes for stitching. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:55 | |
And even more interesting, in a way, given that we're in a workshop, | 0:05:55 | 0:05:59 | |
is a piece like this, which is an offcut of leather. | 0:05:59 | 0:06:03 | |
That's been cut from a larger piece | 0:06:03 | 0:06:05 | |
during the shaping and the making of something, | 0:06:05 | 0:06:08 | |
and it's a find like this that shows | 0:06:08 | 0:06:11 | |
that shoes aren't just being sold from these premises. | 0:06:11 | 0:06:13 | |
They're actually being made here. | 0:06:13 | 0:06:16 | |
And it still smells ever so faintly of leather. | 0:06:16 | 0:06:19 | |
As early as AD50, a bridge had been built across the River Thames, | 0:06:25 | 0:06:30 | |
and London grew rapidly around it. | 0:06:30 | 0:06:33 | |
This was a trading hub - | 0:06:34 | 0:06:36 | |
the Thames connecting Britain to mainland Europe | 0:06:36 | 0:06:39 | |
and the furthest reaches of the Roman world. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:43 | |
Not only to France, Italy and Spain, but Africa and the Middle East. | 0:06:43 | 0:06:49 | |
Nearly 2,000 years ago, all of this was green fields | 0:06:49 | 0:06:53 | |
as far as the eye could see, | 0:06:53 | 0:06:55 | |
because there were no Britons settled on either bank. | 0:06:55 | 0:06:59 | |
This is the actual site of the very first bridge across the Thames, | 0:07:07 | 0:07:11 | |
built by Romans in the first century AD. | 0:07:11 | 0:07:14 | |
It would have taken its line across the Thames, | 0:07:14 | 0:07:18 | |
parallel to modern London Bridge up there, | 0:07:18 | 0:07:20 | |
and the settlement that grew up on either side, | 0:07:20 | 0:07:22 | |
they called Londinium, | 0:07:22 | 0:07:24 | |
a name that has such a profound and deep connection | 0:07:24 | 0:07:28 | |
to the city we know today. | 0:07:28 | 0:07:30 | |
The Roman city of London was built on two hills - | 0:07:38 | 0:07:41 | |
Cornhill and Ludgate Hill. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:44 | |
By around 200 AD, it stretched all the way | 0:07:44 | 0:07:48 | |
from where St Paul's Cathedral is today | 0:07:48 | 0:07:51 | |
to the site of the Tower of London. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:53 | |
It was home to maybe 40,000 people, | 0:07:53 | 0:07:56 | |
and it was Britain's very first metropolis. | 0:07:56 | 0:07:59 | |
The growth of urban living wasn't only felt in the southeast. | 0:08:05 | 0:08:09 | |
From Bath in the west, | 0:08:12 | 0:08:14 | |
to York in the north, | 0:08:14 | 0:08:16 | |
many early forts and garrison towns | 0:08:18 | 0:08:21 | |
had evolved into civilian centres of government and commerce. | 0:08:21 | 0:08:26 | |
The roads that had been built to transport troops | 0:08:28 | 0:08:31 | |
were now carrying the latest goods to growing centres of population. | 0:08:31 | 0:08:35 | |
Roman mass manufacturing was making decorative goods | 0:08:47 | 0:08:51 | |
ever more accessible to the aspirant middle classes. | 0:08:51 | 0:08:55 | |
Innovations such as glassware would have been a modern marvel. | 0:08:55 | 0:08:59 | |
Look at that! | 0:09:01 | 0:09:02 | |
Instant product! | 0:09:02 | 0:09:05 | |
And it's so detailed, just from the clay mould. | 0:09:05 | 0:09:08 | |
You've got the basis of mass production there, haven't you? | 0:09:10 | 0:09:13 | |
Even the idea of windows was new to Britain. | 0:09:17 | 0:09:21 | |
It's almost impossible for us to imagine a world without glass, | 0:09:21 | 0:09:25 | |
but try and put yourself into the mind of an Iron Age Briton, | 0:09:25 | 0:09:30 | |
for whom the world had only and always been glassless, | 0:09:30 | 0:09:34 | |
and think of the impact for him of standing inside a building, | 0:09:34 | 0:09:38 | |
and while being proof against the rain and the wind, | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
to still be bathed in sunlight. | 0:09:42 | 0:09:45 | |
And glass was far from the only modern marvel | 0:09:48 | 0:09:51 | |
that came with the Romans. | 0:09:51 | 0:09:53 | |
Look at this. | 0:09:53 | 0:09:55 | |
This would have been a wonder. | 0:09:55 | 0:09:59 | |
This is all that remains of a gigantic statue | 0:09:59 | 0:10:04 | |
that stood 20-feet high. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:05 | |
And it wouldn't have been green, either - | 0:10:05 | 0:10:08 | |
the figure would have been painted gold - | 0:10:08 | 0:10:10 | |
it would have been gilded. | 0:10:10 | 0:10:12 | |
The native tribes had never before seen likenesses of human beings, | 0:10:13 | 0:10:18 | |
but to see that these people were accompanied by golden giants, | 0:10:18 | 0:10:22 | |
three times the size of a human being - | 0:10:22 | 0:10:24 | |
what would that have said to you | 0:10:24 | 0:10:26 | |
about what these people were capable of? | 0:10:26 | 0:10:28 | |
And then look at this. So familiar. | 0:10:31 | 0:10:34 | |
It's exactly what it looks like. It's a padlock. | 0:10:34 | 0:10:38 | |
Here's the keyhole. | 0:10:38 | 0:10:40 | |
This could well be the key that fits. | 0:10:40 | 0:10:42 | |
It shows the way in which the Romans, quite literally, | 0:10:42 | 0:10:45 | |
brought the modern world. | 0:10:45 | 0:10:46 | |
They brought the future with them. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:49 | |
This is science fiction. | 0:10:49 | 0:10:52 | |
Of course, not everyone in Britain was so directly exposed | 0:10:58 | 0:11:02 | |
to the wonders of Rome. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:04 | |
Away from the heavily Romanised south, | 0:11:04 | 0:11:06 | |
the impact of Roman culture would have been much less, | 0:11:06 | 0:11:09 | |
but if you were living in one of the new urban centres, | 0:11:09 | 0:11:13 | |
then the classical, civilised Roman world | 0:11:13 | 0:11:15 | |
would have touched every part of your life. | 0:11:15 | 0:11:18 | |
And it wouldn't necessarily have been threatening and foreign - | 0:11:18 | 0:11:22 | |
it would have been exciting and seductive. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:25 | |
But if the new urban centres weren't enough, | 0:11:25 | 0:11:28 | |
the new commercial opportunities, the new technologies, | 0:11:28 | 0:11:31 | |
then Rome had something else to offer the people for the first time. | 0:11:31 | 0:11:35 | |
And that was mass entertainment, | 0:11:35 | 0:11:39 | |
often on a truly massive scale. | 0:11:39 | 0:11:41 | |
I'm cycling along a piece of invisible Roman Britain, | 0:11:51 | 0:11:56 | |
because where I am now used to be a racetrack | 0:11:56 | 0:11:59 | |
where charioteers would hurtle along, racing against one another. | 0:11:59 | 0:12:04 | |
That's once around. Another six to go. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:14 | |
Colchester was the first Roman retirement town, | 0:12:14 | 0:12:18 | |
where old soldiers could settle with their own plots of land. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:21 | |
Its racetrack, or circus, | 0:12:21 | 0:12:24 | |
was discovered by archaeologist Philip Crummy. | 0:12:24 | 0:12:27 | |
What we've found is the only circus known in Roman Britain. | 0:12:27 | 0:12:31 | |
Comparing it to these modern buildings, it's colossal, | 0:12:31 | 0:12:34 | |
even by modern standards. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:36 | |
Look at this massive industrial unit there, and the circus dwarfs it. | 0:12:36 | 0:12:40 | |
This is the largest Roman building that we know of in Britain. | 0:12:40 | 0:12:43 | |
This is the real deal, this is a giant thing. | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
Despite knowing its layout, | 0:12:48 | 0:12:50 | |
only fragments of the original structure have ever been excavated. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:54 | |
So it's half a kilometre long, | 0:12:55 | 0:12:57 | |
and we're taking out just this slot here. | 0:12:57 | 0:12:59 | |
That's right. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:00 | |
Inches beneath the ground, | 0:13:01 | 0:13:03 | |
evidence of building work still remains from the massive stadium. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:08 | |
Right, let's fire this up. | 0:13:08 | 0:13:10 | |
1,800 years ago, | 0:13:19 | 0:13:21 | |
Romans and Britons, rich and poor, citizens and slaves, | 0:13:21 | 0:13:26 | |
would have shared in one of the greatest sporting spectacles | 0:13:26 | 0:13:29 | |
of the ancient world - | 0:13:29 | 0:13:31 | |
a chariot race. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:34 | |
What you'd hear is the sound of the chariots | 0:13:38 | 0:13:41 | |
going seven times round the central barrier, | 0:13:41 | 0:13:44 | |
and the cheers of up to 15,000 people, yelling and screaming. | 0:13:44 | 0:13:47 | |
-This was the modern equivalent of football. -Right. | 0:13:47 | 0:13:51 | |
-So it's mass entertainment, almost on an industrial scale. -It is. | 0:13:51 | 0:13:55 | |
This is where you come for a bit of excitement. | 0:13:55 | 0:13:58 | |
So that's mortared masonry? | 0:13:58 | 0:14:01 | |
Oh, yeah. Look at that. | 0:14:01 | 0:14:03 | |
That's it, there. That mortar coming up there. | 0:14:06 | 0:14:09 | |
-Oh, yeah. -The start of Roman stuff, | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
Roman brick there. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
'These are the foundation remains | 0:14:18 | 0:14:21 | |
'of one of the greatest stadiums in northern Europe.' | 0:14:21 | 0:14:25 | |
Built under a car park. | 0:14:25 | 0:14:27 | |
It's good, isn't it? | 0:14:28 | 0:14:30 | |
But in Colchester, | 0:14:31 | 0:14:32 | |
the racetrack wasn't the only mass entertainment on offer. | 0:14:32 | 0:14:36 | |
People could also get a glimpse | 0:14:38 | 0:14:40 | |
of some of the sporting superstars of the age - | 0:14:40 | 0:14:43 | |
gladiators. | 0:14:45 | 0:14:47 | |
This piece of pottery, this vase, | 0:14:54 | 0:14:57 | |
encapsulates so much of what we think about the Roman world. | 0:14:57 | 0:15:02 | |
It was found in Colchester, near the circus. | 0:15:02 | 0:15:05 | |
It's widely regarded as one of the finest pieces | 0:15:05 | 0:15:08 | |
of Roman period pottery ever found in northern Europe. | 0:15:08 | 0:15:11 | |
These two men here are baiting what looks, to our eyes, like a dog, | 0:15:11 | 0:15:17 | |
but it's actually a bear. | 0:15:17 | 0:15:19 | |
And that is so much how we think about Roman sport, | 0:15:19 | 0:15:23 | |
Roman entertainment, | 0:15:23 | 0:15:25 | |
how it was all wound up in blood and cruelty. | 0:15:25 | 0:15:29 | |
But it's not just animals | 0:15:29 | 0:15:32 | |
that are on the receiving end of the violence. | 0:15:32 | 0:15:35 | |
On this side of the vase are two gladiators. | 0:15:35 | 0:15:39 | |
This one here is a class of gladiator called a Secutor. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:45 | |
He has armour, a helmet, a shield and, classically, a sword. | 0:15:45 | 0:15:51 | |
His opponent, however, is in all kinds of trouble. | 0:15:51 | 0:15:55 | |
He should be armed with a net and a trident, but he's lost both. | 0:15:55 | 0:16:01 | |
What makes this | 0:16:01 | 0:16:03 | |
vase so fascinating | 0:16:03 | 0:16:05 | |
is that this isn't an abstract notional depiction of gladiatorial combat. | 0:16:05 | 0:16:13 | |
These people have names. | 0:16:13 | 0:16:15 | |
Valentinus and Memnon. | 0:16:15 | 0:16:19 | |
Now, Valentinus was an international superstar of his age. | 0:16:19 | 0:16:23 | |
He was attached to a legion in Germany, so perhaps he was brought over | 0:16:23 | 0:16:29 | |
to Colchester, to Britain, to the provinces, | 0:16:29 | 0:16:32 | |
to entertain the locals here | 0:16:32 | 0:16:35 | |
and give them a taste of European glamour. | 0:16:35 | 0:16:39 | |
Nothing like this could have been seen, even conceived of | 0:16:40 | 0:16:44 | |
by the native British tribes, not until they had contact with Rome. | 0:16:44 | 0:16:49 | |
Ancient Britain had evolved gradually through thousands of years of prehistory. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:05 | |
But in the centuries following the Roman invasion, the face of Britain was being transformed. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:14 | |
And it was all part of a plan, | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
to feed and bolster the economy of an increasingly bloated Roman empire. | 0:17:19 | 0:17:24 | |
Look at this. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:30 | |
A silver, Roman coin. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:32 | |
It's got the head of the Emperor on one side. It's called a Denarius. | 0:17:32 | 0:17:36 | |
In its day, it was worth around £100. | 0:17:36 | 0:17:40 | |
And it was money and wealth like this | 0:17:40 | 0:17:42 | |
that was key to the control of Britain. | 0:17:42 | 0:17:45 | |
Across an empire of perhaps 80 million people, | 0:17:46 | 0:17:52 | |
the Romans needed to keep resources circulating and coming towards them. | 0:17:52 | 0:17:57 | |
So it's likely that Britain was taxed directly, | 0:17:57 | 0:18:02 | |
the individuals, for the very first time. | 0:18:02 | 0:18:04 | |
All the building, all the entertainments, | 0:18:04 | 0:18:08 | |
the military forts, the roads, they all had to be paid for. | 0:18:08 | 0:18:12 | |
So another coin, like this one, would have become a common sight. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:17 | |
It's called an as, and it was the pound coin of its day. | 0:18:17 | 0:18:21 | |
You can imagine it being handed over reluctantly by a worker from Londinium, | 0:18:21 | 0:18:26 | |
to a Roman tax collector. | 0:18:26 | 0:18:29 | |
It's usually the Roman military that gets all the attention, that has all the glamour. | 0:18:29 | 0:18:34 | |
In truth, when it comes to controlling a province like Britannia, | 0:18:34 | 0:18:38 | |
keeping control of its economy, | 0:18:38 | 0:18:41 | |
then the secret lies in Roman bureaucracy, its civil service. | 0:18:41 | 0:18:46 | |
London, the commercial gateway to Britain, | 0:18:48 | 0:18:51 | |
also became its political nerve centre. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:54 | |
At the heart of the city, the Roman administration | 0:18:57 | 0:19:00 | |
built a base for government in the shape of a vast basilica. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:05 | |
The one built here was three-stories high, so, an enormous building. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:10 | |
In fact, it wouldn't have been much smaller than the building that's here on the side today. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:16 | |
The Roman basilica, though, was part Court House, part Records Office, part Tax Office. | 0:19:16 | 0:19:22 | |
So all in all, a frighteningly imposing structure. | 0:19:22 | 0:19:26 | |
During the last 2,000 years, this ground has been built on over and over again. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:35 | |
But amazingly, a fragment of the ancient basilica still survives, | 0:19:35 | 0:19:40 | |
if you know where to look for it. | 0:19:40 | 0:19:42 | |
You're not going to believe what is behind this door. | 0:19:44 | 0:19:48 | |
Look at that. | 0:19:50 | 0:19:52 | |
Unbelievable as it may seem, this is all that remains of what was once | 0:19:53 | 0:19:58 | |
one of the largest, most impressive buildings of the Roman Empire. | 0:19:58 | 0:20:02 | |
One of the largest things they ever built north of the Alps. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:06 | |
It might have been a wonder of the Empire, it was certainly a wonder of ancient Roman Britain. | 0:20:06 | 0:20:11 | |
In London, Rome had created a provincial capital. | 0:20:22 | 0:20:26 | |
The capital of a single territory, | 0:20:26 | 0:20:30 | |
the very idea of Britannia that endures to this day. | 0:20:30 | 0:20:34 | |
What you've got here is the start of something quite new. | 0:20:34 | 0:20:38 | |
Whereas Iron Age Britain was based around local, tribal power bases, | 0:20:38 | 0:20:43 | |
the Romans had imposed a single unified political structure. | 0:20:43 | 0:20:46 | |
Look at this, it's a tile, | 0:20:46 | 0:20:49 | |
and it's stamped with the letters "PPBRLON", so it's from London. | 0:20:49 | 0:20:55 | |
It's stamped by the Authority of the Procurator | 0:20:55 | 0:20:57 | |
of the Province of Britannia. | 0:20:57 | 0:21:00 | |
What you've got here is the very start of the idea of Britain | 0:21:00 | 0:21:05 | |
as a separate country, a single unit, and it all starts with Rome. | 0:21:05 | 0:21:11 | |
For Rome, though, Britannia was just one part of something even greater still - | 0:21:15 | 0:21:21 | |
the Roman Empire itself. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
And just like today's cities, Roman towns were cultural melting pots. | 0:21:25 | 0:21:30 | |
Not only between the people of Britain and Rome, but people from all its far-flung provinces. | 0:21:32 | 0:21:38 | |
As far north as York, just 100 miles or so from Hadrian's Wall itself, | 0:21:43 | 0:21:48 | |
inhabitants would still have felt very much part of an exotic, international world. | 0:21:48 | 0:21:54 | |
This was about as far from Rome as you could get and still feel you were in a civilised city. | 0:21:54 | 0:22:00 | |
But even this far north, you would still have been bumping into people from all corners of the Empire, | 0:22:00 | 0:22:05 | |
people who were either from, or had their origins in Germany, France, the Middle East, even Africa. | 0:22:05 | 0:22:11 | |
Here, languages would have been heard from across the Empire, | 0:22:14 | 0:22:18 | |
but there was a common tongue - | 0:22:20 | 0:22:23 | |
Latin. | 0:22:23 | 0:22:24 | |
What made Latin special was that you couldn't just hear it, you could see it. | 0:22:25 | 0:22:30 | |
Latin brought writing to Britain for the very first time. | 0:22:30 | 0:22:33 | |
And that was a massive shift. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:36 | |
It took us from the pre-historic world into a world of records, names and dates. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:42 | |
The trouble is that so little remains of Britain at this time. | 0:22:42 | 0:22:46 | |
Most of what we have are abbreviated memorial slabs, gateways, tomb stones and the like. | 0:22:46 | 0:22:52 | |
So it's very difficult to know what ordinary people in Britain were writing about. | 0:22:52 | 0:22:56 | |
A rare collection of wax tablets | 0:23:03 | 0:23:05 | |
is revealing unique insights into ordinary life in Roman Britain. | 0:23:05 | 0:23:09 | |
It's a most remarkable find for Roman Britain, because | 0:23:09 | 0:23:12 | |
until this material came to light we had nothing like this, | 0:23:12 | 0:23:15 | |
either from this period, | 0:23:15 | 0:23:17 | |
or from the whole of the provincial era | 0:23:17 | 0:23:19 | |
of Britain under the Roman Empire. | 0:23:19 | 0:23:21 | |
The tablets were discovered at Hadrian's Wall in 1973, | 0:23:21 | 0:23:27 | |
but it's only now that new imaging technology is able to decode them fully. | 0:23:27 | 0:23:32 | |
These are private letters, written around 100 AD, and sent home from the very edge of Empire. | 0:23:34 | 0:23:41 | |
We've got one tablet which mentions a price paid for a small quantity of pepper. | 0:23:41 | 0:23:46 | |
We have another example in which a writer refers to someone | 0:23:46 | 0:23:50 | |
he's trying to help, as a man who is a lover of literary culture. | 0:23:50 | 0:23:54 | |
A really quite remarkable phrase to be using on the northern frontier of Britain at this time. | 0:23:54 | 0:24:00 | |
These fragments reveal Britain on the cusp of a new age. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:04 | |
The very beginnings of written history. | 0:24:04 | 0:24:08 | |
For Britain itself, there were a large number in the pre-Roman period | 0:24:08 | 0:24:11 | |
of different tribal units, different small kingdoms and fiefdoms | 0:24:11 | 0:24:16 | |
and one of the things the Roman presence did was to bring them all | 0:24:16 | 0:24:19 | |
under one political system, and that system was run in Latin. | 0:24:19 | 0:24:23 | |
Latin language and widening literacy were yet more unifying forces across the Empire. | 0:24:27 | 0:24:34 | |
If you had the chance, and you took the leap, | 0:24:35 | 0:24:38 | |
regardless of the heritage that you carried with you from birth, you could be Roman. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:43 | |
Even as far north as York, evidence can be found of the cultural mobility that came with Rome. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:54 | |
The remains of a woman who died nearly 1,800 years ago. | 0:24:55 | 0:25:00 | |
This is the skull of a young woman - | 0:25:05 | 0:25:08 | |
when she died, she was around 22, 23 years old. | 0:25:08 | 0:25:12 | |
She was buried with fantastic wealth - | 0:25:12 | 0:25:15 | |
this is a few of the things that were alongside her in her grave. | 0:25:15 | 0:25:19 | |
This is a necklace made of blue glass beads. | 0:25:19 | 0:25:24 | |
The individual beads are so beautifully made - | 0:25:24 | 0:25:29 | |
look at the way it allows the light through it. | 0:25:29 | 0:25:31 | |
Anyone who saw this woman wearing it would have | 0:25:31 | 0:25:34 | |
identified her as someone of status, someone with access to real money. | 0:25:34 | 0:25:39 | |
But then the story takes a strange twist, because alongside her | 0:25:39 | 0:25:43 | |
in the grave were bangles made of African elephant ivory. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:47 | |
With beautiful turned decoration on it. | 0:25:47 | 0:25:52 | |
Now, what on earth is an African ivory bangle | 0:25:52 | 0:25:56 | |
doing in a grave in York? | 0:25:56 | 0:25:59 | |
There are clues here in the skull itself. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:05 | |
First of all, she has a broad and quite flattened forehead, | 0:26:05 | 0:26:10 | |
which suggests someone of black African descent. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:13 | |
But when we look at her nose, her nose is typical of a white European, | 0:26:13 | 0:26:19 | |
so in this skull, we have the suggestion of someone of mixed race. | 0:26:19 | 0:26:26 | |
And when her teeth were subjected to chemical analysis, it was found | 0:26:26 | 0:26:30 | |
possible, even likely, | 0:26:30 | 0:26:33 | |
that she grew up in North Africa, somewhere like Libya or Tunisia. | 0:26:33 | 0:26:38 | |
Perhaps she is the wife or the daughter of a centurion posted to York. | 0:26:39 | 0:26:45 | |
She's this - to our eyes - exotic figure, with this luxury jewellery, | 0:26:45 | 0:26:51 | |
these luxury items, and yet, in Roman York, | 0:26:51 | 0:26:55 | |
when she walked around the streets, she wouldn't have been so very unusual. | 0:26:55 | 0:26:59 | |
To be a Roman wasn't about where you were born. | 0:27:06 | 0:27:09 | |
But about how you lived, how you dressed, | 0:27:09 | 0:27:13 | |
how you spoke, the values you held. | 0:27:13 | 0:27:17 | |
There was a sense that within the Roman Empire | 0:27:17 | 0:27:20 | |
you could make your own way, you weren't necessarily bound or handicapped by your ancestral class. | 0:27:20 | 0:27:27 | |
And whatever barriers Rome did put up, colour wasn't one of them. | 0:27:27 | 0:27:31 | |
But was it possible to be both Roman and British at the same time? | 0:27:33 | 0:27:38 | |
Or, 200 years after the invasion, | 0:27:38 | 0:27:41 | |
did that distinction even matter any more? | 0:27:41 | 0:27:44 | |
In Celtic Britain, tribal identity had always been central to who you were. | 0:27:53 | 0:27:59 | |
Now, under Rome, who and what you were | 0:27:59 | 0:28:02 | |
seemed to be becoming more of a choice, or a matter of circumstance. | 0:28:02 | 0:28:08 | |
You could either act as a Roman, or not. | 0:28:08 | 0:28:11 | |
You could either live an urban life, or not. | 0:28:11 | 0:28:15 | |
And that's aside from class - | 0:28:15 | 0:28:18 | |
whether you were wealthy and powerful, or a trader or craftsman, | 0:28:18 | 0:28:22 | |
or at the bottom, a slave. | 0:28:22 | 0:28:25 | |
Or even more grim than that, a slave's slave. | 0:28:25 | 0:28:29 | |
Think of that. | 0:28:29 | 0:28:30 | |
Despite the growth of Roman towns, most of the population of Britain remained rural. | 0:28:32 | 0:28:37 | |
But even out here, the influence of Rome was unmistakeable. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:44 | |
The modern Roman ways weren't restricted to the townsfolk. | 0:28:44 | 0:28:47 | |
As a Roman citizen, you could own land with proper legal title | 0:28:47 | 0:28:52 | |
which meant that it could be bought, sold, and inherited. | 0:28:52 | 0:28:56 | |
And in the southeast, amongst the very rich, that was to lead to something truly spectacular. | 0:28:56 | 0:29:03 | |
Rich agricultural estates, surrounding big country houses. | 0:29:04 | 0:29:09 | |
The villas of southern England. | 0:29:10 | 0:29:13 | |
To our eyes, this is incredibly ordinary, | 0:29:14 | 0:29:17 | |
but it's as staggeringly modern | 0:29:17 | 0:29:19 | |
as anything you would have seen in the Roman towns. | 0:29:19 | 0:29:22 | |
These buildings were built on top of the foundations of the original building | 0:29:22 | 0:29:27 | |
that stood here in the late Roman period, into the 300s. | 0:29:27 | 0:29:30 | |
And it's representative of a kind of architecture that had never been seen in Britain before the Romans. | 0:29:30 | 0:29:36 | |
You have to remember that Iron Age houses in Britain were round, single-room dwellings. | 0:29:36 | 0:29:42 | |
They look ancient. | 0:29:42 | 0:29:44 | |
But this is a house. | 0:29:44 | 0:29:46 | |
You've got a rectangular floor plan, | 0:29:46 | 0:29:49 | |
you've got separate rooms inside, there's even glass in the windows. | 0:29:49 | 0:29:52 | |
This is the future. | 0:29:52 | 0:29:54 | |
And wait till you see what's inside! | 0:29:54 | 0:29:56 | |
No-one knows who owned this villa and its surrounding estate | 0:30:04 | 0:30:08 | |
but we can be sure they were rich. | 0:30:08 | 0:30:11 | |
And that they enjoyed a life of luxury. | 0:30:11 | 0:30:14 | |
If this was my villa, this would have been the floor of my private dining room. | 0:30:14 | 0:30:20 | |
It's luxurious and lavish in the extreme, | 0:30:20 | 0:30:23 | |
it's a real show of status. | 0:30:23 | 0:30:26 | |
My guests would have been arranged around the outside of this mosaic floor | 0:30:26 | 0:30:30 | |
and it's covered in scenes of myth and Roman legend. | 0:30:30 | 0:30:34 | |
My guests would have listened to the soft sounds of the water tinkling in the fountain, | 0:30:41 | 0:30:47 | |
they'd have been drinking wine, celebrating the god Bacchus. | 0:30:47 | 0:30:51 | |
Their eyes were probably drawn to the depictions of topless lady dancers. | 0:30:51 | 0:30:57 | |
And maybe if it was a really special occasion, | 0:30:57 | 0:30:59 | |
I'd have laid on real topless dancers, make it a real party. | 0:30:59 | 0:31:02 | |
But in any event, this was and is a spectacular place. | 0:31:02 | 0:31:07 | |
Now, as well as all the grandeur, | 0:31:11 | 0:31:13 | |
this room affords us a glimpse of something else. | 0:31:13 | 0:31:17 | |
Because at some point, this part of the floor has collapsed, | 0:31:17 | 0:31:22 | |
revealing the underfloor central-heating system. | 0:31:22 | 0:31:25 | |
It's called a hypocaust, which means "heat from below". | 0:31:25 | 0:31:28 | |
And you can see in this void where all the vents... | 0:31:28 | 0:31:33 | |
have been positioned to circulate the hot air | 0:31:33 | 0:31:36 | |
and the heat comes from a purpose-built furnace | 0:31:36 | 0:31:39 | |
on the other side of that wall. | 0:31:39 | 0:31:41 | |
All the hot air is pushed through, makes the floor warm. | 0:31:41 | 0:31:44 | |
So the whole interior is heated, very cosy. | 0:31:44 | 0:31:47 | |
The big man, the owner of the estate, | 0:31:48 | 0:31:51 | |
would've sat at that end of the room, in pride of place. | 0:31:51 | 0:31:54 | |
He would've greeted his guests and visitors from there. | 0:31:54 | 0:31:58 | |
And he would've been close by where that mosaic of Venus is | 0:31:58 | 0:32:02 | |
and that is regarded as one of the very finest Roman mosaics anywhere in Britain. | 0:32:02 | 0:32:07 | |
Any rich landowner would also have enjoyed a rich Roman diet - | 0:32:15 | 0:32:20 | |
an aspect of life studied by Sally Grainger. | 0:32:20 | 0:32:24 | |
We've got... | 0:32:24 | 0:32:26 | |
-coriander and cumin, they are the dominant spices in curry today. -Yeah. | 0:32:26 | 0:32:31 | |
-We've got lovage... -Lovage. | 0:32:31 | 0:32:34 | |
It's very bitter - use too much of it, you make appalling food. | 0:32:34 | 0:32:39 | |
We can then add some fish sauce. It's rather fundamental to Roman... | 0:32:39 | 0:32:42 | |
-Fish sauce? -Yes. -That's quintessential Roman cuisine? -It is, it is. | 0:32:42 | 0:32:47 | |
Oh, that's so potent. | 0:32:47 | 0:32:49 | |
-Yeah, that's strong, whatever it is. -Yeah? | 0:32:49 | 0:32:52 | |
-Lentils in wine. -Are lentils Roman? | 0:32:54 | 0:32:58 | |
They are. They came to Britain in the first 20 years after the invasion, you'd find them on sale in London. | 0:32:58 | 0:33:04 | |
So compared to the way that native Britons would have approached food, | 0:33:04 | 0:33:08 | |
how much of a surprise would all this messing about with spices have been? | 0:33:08 | 0:33:13 | |
A great surprise, because archaeologically, | 0:33:13 | 0:33:15 | |
we have no evidence for use of spices in Britain. | 0:33:15 | 0:33:20 | |
What they were doing is roasting a lot of meat and drinking a lot of beer and eating a lot of bread. | 0:33:20 | 0:33:25 | |
But not actually developing a cuisine | 0:33:25 | 0:33:28 | |
-and I don't think it comes until the Romans. -Right. | 0:33:28 | 0:33:30 | |
The Romans wrote recipe books and created the first fine dining. | 0:33:32 | 0:33:37 | |
Fruits from cultivated orchards of apples and cherries. | 0:33:37 | 0:33:42 | |
New green vegetables - | 0:33:42 | 0:33:44 | |
cabbages, leeks, and peas, as well as exotic herbs. | 0:33:44 | 0:33:47 | |
Even modern staples like chicken begin with the Romans. | 0:33:47 | 0:33:51 | |
For rich Britons, it was a culinary revolution. | 0:33:51 | 0:33:56 | |
-Now we're going to flavour our pears. -OK. | 0:33:56 | 0:33:58 | |
And we're going to also add... | 0:33:58 | 0:34:02 | |
-the fish sauce. -The fish sauce? -The fish sauce. | 0:34:02 | 0:34:04 | |
Goodness! Why? | 0:34:04 | 0:34:08 | |
-Why ever do that? It's all going so well! -It works! | 0:34:08 | 0:34:10 | |
-It sounds so wrong! -It works! | 0:34:10 | 0:34:13 | |
I can't believe you put that in there! That just... | 0:34:13 | 0:34:16 | |
Oh, it's like varnish! | 0:34:17 | 0:34:20 | |
There we go. | 0:34:20 | 0:34:23 | |
Fairly crunchy on the outside but on the inside, there, you can see it looks pretty... | 0:34:25 | 0:34:30 | |
-At least, it's definitely cooked. -Very tender. It's falling off. | 0:34:30 | 0:34:35 | |
-Mm. -Mm. | 0:34:37 | 0:34:38 | |
-I must say... -It's good. | 0:34:38 | 0:34:39 | |
-I must hold my hands up and say I can't taste fish sauce in that at all. -Course you can't. | 0:34:39 | 0:34:45 | |
Somehow, all of this, the variety, | 0:34:45 | 0:34:48 | |
the spices, the care, seems almost more civilising | 0:34:48 | 0:34:52 | |
than so many other things the Romans are famous for. | 0:34:52 | 0:34:57 | |
There's something about all this fine food that would be so pleasing to people, | 0:34:57 | 0:35:02 | |
-it should lead to the betterment of society. -You'd think. | 0:35:02 | 0:35:05 | |
The trouble is that we don't know how many people it affected... | 0:35:05 | 0:35:08 | |
it's difficult to tell. | 0:35:08 | 0:35:10 | |
City life and some of the big villas, yes. | 0:35:10 | 0:35:13 | |
And I think as British natives became more Romanised and consumed more of this, it was great, it was wonderful. | 0:35:13 | 0:35:20 | |
But it's always for people with wealth and leisure. | 0:35:20 | 0:35:24 | |
And a slave cook! | 0:35:24 | 0:35:26 | |
I can't do without one, myself! | 0:35:26 | 0:35:28 | |
Rome might have transformed the lives of many people | 0:35:39 | 0:35:42 | |
but it didn't transform everyone's, not by a long way. | 0:35:42 | 0:35:46 | |
Of the 3-4 million people living in Britain, | 0:35:47 | 0:35:50 | |
only a tiny fraction lived in towns - even fewer around villas. | 0:35:50 | 0:35:55 | |
For over 90% of the population, for all Rome's apparent impact, | 0:35:57 | 0:36:02 | |
life carried on much as it had always done. | 0:36:02 | 0:36:05 | |
This is a living space up here, I think. | 0:36:10 | 0:36:14 | |
Up these steps. | 0:36:14 | 0:36:16 | |
They're very simple, massively built of stone, circular in shape, cellular in shape. | 0:36:17 | 0:36:24 | |
You look at it and you can think or assume | 0:36:24 | 0:36:27 | |
that it was built and lived in 1,000 years BC, during the Bronze Age, | 0:36:27 | 0:36:35 | |
because the whole site resonates with everything you think of when you think about ancient Britain. | 0:36:35 | 0:36:42 | |
In fact, this village was built right in the middle of the Roman period. | 0:36:48 | 0:36:54 | |
In 200 AD, these very ancient-looking houses were brand-new. | 0:36:54 | 0:36:59 | |
Away from the Roman centres, away from the towns and the forts, | 0:36:59 | 0:37:06 | |
you would have had so much more choice about just how Roman you actually wanted to be. | 0:37:06 | 0:37:12 | |
And so a village like Chysauster would be left behind | 0:37:12 | 0:37:17 | |
as a kind of relic of ancient Britishness. | 0:37:17 | 0:37:20 | |
A kind of passive resistance, if you like, to the centralised authority of the Roman empire. | 0:37:20 | 0:37:27 | |
For many Iron Age Britons, ancient Celtic identity was even more important in death | 0:37:30 | 0:37:37 | |
than in life. | 0:37:37 | 0:37:39 | |
This is the skeleton of a man who was around... | 0:37:45 | 0:37:50 | |
19, 20, 21 at the time of death. | 0:37:50 | 0:37:55 | |
He was buried in a very particular way - | 0:37:55 | 0:38:00 | |
he was buried in a crouched position, with the knees drawn up to the chest, like a baby in the womb. | 0:38:00 | 0:38:06 | |
A Roman in death would have been laid out, lying flat. | 0:38:08 | 0:38:14 | |
And furthermore, would have been buried far away from any settlement, in a dedicated cemetery. | 0:38:14 | 0:38:20 | |
It's fascinating to speculate that while in life, | 0:38:23 | 0:38:27 | |
this young man might have... | 0:38:27 | 0:38:30 | |
taken that on certain aspects of Rome - | 0:38:30 | 0:38:32 | |
he was using the same tableware, he might have worn a pendant, | 0:38:32 | 0:38:37 | |
ate the Roman way but in death, | 0:38:37 | 0:38:40 | |
he showed his true colours. | 0:38:40 | 0:38:42 | |
In his heart and in the heart of the people | 0:38:42 | 0:38:45 | |
who put him in the ground, he was no Roman, he was a Briton. | 0:38:45 | 0:38:50 | |
Rome might have established Britannia as a single entity | 0:39:05 | 0:39:09 | |
but behind the administration, this was a diverse, even fractured land. | 0:39:09 | 0:39:14 | |
The urban hordes and their mass entertainments, the villa'd elite | 0:39:17 | 0:39:22 | |
and all their luxuries, the serfs and slaves who worked for them... | 0:39:22 | 0:39:26 | |
..and the lives of the countless thousands of self-sufficient farmers. | 0:39:27 | 0:39:31 | |
And that's just counting the part of Britain that was actually under Roman control. | 0:39:33 | 0:39:39 | |
We're talking about the territories that would one day be called England and Wales. | 0:39:39 | 0:39:43 | |
Cos up here in Northumberland, beyond the edge of Empire, | 0:39:43 | 0:39:47 | |
there was an awful lot of Britain that the Romans never did control. | 0:39:47 | 0:39:50 | |
Ever since 136 AD, a defensive wall had stretched like a ribbon from coast to coast. | 0:39:54 | 0:40:00 | |
From Carlisle to Newcastle, guarded by 40,000 Roman soldiers. | 0:40:00 | 0:40:05 | |
This wall marked more than the limit of Empire. | 0:40:09 | 0:40:12 | |
For Rome, it was the very edge of civilisation itself. | 0:40:12 | 0:40:16 | |
Far beyond the wall, the Scottish Highlands still remained under the control of Celtic Iron Age tribes. | 0:40:24 | 0:40:31 | |
Pictish peoples, who were as fiercely resistant to Roman rule as they'd ever been. | 0:40:32 | 0:40:37 | |
And at the National Museum of Scotland, | 0:40:41 | 0:40:44 | |
there's a relic of a proud and fiercely independent Britain. | 0:40:44 | 0:40:47 | |
This fragment is the earliest, the oldest piece of tartan cloth ever found. | 0:40:56 | 0:41:03 | |
And for us in the modern world, it's also a potent symbol of Scottishness. | 0:41:03 | 0:41:10 | |
The people who made this, used this, wore this... | 0:41:10 | 0:41:15 | |
had their own culture, customs and traditions. | 0:41:15 | 0:41:19 | |
It wasn't by choice that Rome had drawn a line across Britain. | 0:41:25 | 0:41:29 | |
It had tried to conquer Caledonia a number of times. | 0:41:30 | 0:41:33 | |
But the Picts had repelled them again and again. | 0:41:35 | 0:41:38 | |
The name "Picts" means "painted people" | 0:41:40 | 0:41:44 | |
and when it came to battle, the warriors were in the habit of stripping off naked | 0:41:44 | 0:41:48 | |
to reveal these tattoos or painted designs on their skin. | 0:41:48 | 0:41:53 | |
The theory goes that they believed that the gods would look down upon them, | 0:41:53 | 0:41:57 | |
see the designs and confer their protection upon them. | 0:41:57 | 0:42:02 | |
The Picts generally avoided engaging the Roman army in set-piece battles, | 0:42:05 | 0:42:11 | |
preferring instead to employ guerrilla tactics, | 0:42:11 | 0:42:14 | |
striking fast and then disappearing into the forbidding landscape of mountains and forests. | 0:42:14 | 0:42:20 | |
And you can easily see, in terrain like this, | 0:42:20 | 0:42:23 | |
even a small group of lightly armed men, who understood this landscape, | 0:42:23 | 0:42:27 | |
could use it to turn it to their advantage so that they could harass and even damage a much larger force. | 0:42:27 | 0:42:34 | |
In the end, for the Romans, it simply wasn't worth the effort | 0:42:37 | 0:42:41 | |
and the tribal lands of Scotland always remained unconquered. | 0:42:41 | 0:42:45 | |
Even in second and third century AD, here in the north, | 0:42:48 | 0:42:51 | |
the customs, the traditions, | 0:42:51 | 0:42:53 | |
the lifestyle of ancient Iron Age Britain continued stubbornly beyond the reach of Empire. | 0:42:53 | 0:42:58 | |
Rome still needed to make sure the Picts couldn't cause any trouble further south, though. | 0:43:05 | 0:43:10 | |
And back in Edinburgh, there's evidence of how they managed | 0:43:13 | 0:43:16 | |
the slightly friendlier tribes of southern Scotland and Northumberland. | 0:43:16 | 0:43:21 | |
Look at this. | 0:43:25 | 0:43:26 | |
It's a tiny part of a huge hoard of Roman silver that dates from around 400 AD. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:32 | |
The whole horde, the whole collection would fill several museum cases. | 0:43:32 | 0:43:37 | |
It's thought that all this was a massive bribe | 0:43:40 | 0:43:44 | |
from the Romans to a local tribe called the Votadini. | 0:43:44 | 0:43:48 | |
You can see how it's been crudely cut up with shears of some kind. | 0:43:48 | 0:43:53 | |
Experts believe that before the Romans handed the silver over, | 0:43:53 | 0:43:58 | |
they themselves cut it up so that it was only going across as scrap silver. | 0:43:58 | 0:44:03 | |
Now, the Romans weren't bribing the Votadini because they had trouble with them. | 0:44:03 | 0:44:08 | |
Rather, they were determined to keep that tribe on side | 0:44:08 | 0:44:13 | |
because with the Votadini inside the tent, as it were, | 0:44:13 | 0:44:16 | |
the Romans were free to concentrate their attentions on the tribes, | 0:44:16 | 0:44:21 | |
the people further north in Scotland. | 0:44:21 | 0:44:24 | |
People considered potentially more dangerous. | 0:44:24 | 0:44:26 | |
It's about undermining inter-tribal allegiances. | 0:44:26 | 0:44:31 | |
This is classic divide and conquer. | 0:44:31 | 0:44:35 | |
Much of the success of Rome was down to the number of levels on which it operated. | 0:44:43 | 0:44:47 | |
At first, military might could crush you. | 0:44:47 | 0:44:50 | |
And then a finely tuned administration would control you. | 0:44:51 | 0:44:55 | |
The trappings of Roman civilisation could seduce you and turn you Roman yourself. | 0:44:58 | 0:45:04 | |
And if all that failed, well, the Empire could simply exclude you. | 0:45:04 | 0:45:10 | |
When Rome came, it changed your land. | 0:45:12 | 0:45:15 | |
It changed your entire way of life. | 0:45:15 | 0:45:17 | |
But the Romans were used to dealing with culture clash. | 0:45:17 | 0:45:20 | |
After all, they'd been doing it all across Europe, in parts of Africa and in the Middle East. | 0:45:20 | 0:45:25 | |
But they were also past masters at dealing with something much more personal - | 0:45:25 | 0:45:29 | |
religion and the clash of beliefs. | 0:45:29 | 0:45:32 | |
Rome might have transformed the land of Britain | 0:45:40 | 0:45:43 | |
and the lives of many of its people | 0:45:43 | 0:45:44 | |
but religion was something else altogether. | 0:45:44 | 0:45:48 | |
Ancient and heartfelt Celtic traditions and beliefs. | 0:45:48 | 0:45:52 | |
Every tribe might have had its own set of gods, | 0:45:54 | 0:45:57 | |
controlling a specific part of the countryside. Their hills, their woods, their rivers. | 0:45:57 | 0:46:03 | |
And then between the individual tribes were the druids, | 0:46:03 | 0:46:08 | |
the great priesthood of the Celtic world, | 0:46:08 | 0:46:11 | |
trying to make sense of it all. | 0:46:11 | 0:46:12 | |
The Romans worshipped very different gods - Jupiter and Mars, | 0:46:16 | 0:46:20 | |
Apollo, god of the sun | 0:46:20 | 0:46:23 | |
and Saturn, god of time. | 0:46:23 | 0:46:26 | |
Powerful supernatural beings that held sway over the mortal world. | 0:46:26 | 0:46:32 | |
The Romans had imposed all sorts of ideas on Britain. | 0:46:34 | 0:46:37 | |
Would they impose their gods on the people as well? | 0:46:37 | 0:46:41 | |
The city of Bath offers clues to how the Romans dealt with the most sensitive cultural invasion of all. | 0:46:55 | 0:47:01 | |
Because it was here that a spring, | 0:47:04 | 0:47:06 | |
producing a magical flow of hot water, | 0:47:06 | 0:47:08 | |
was sacred, venerated by the Britons. | 0:47:08 | 0:47:12 | |
As far as we can tell, the ancient Britons believed | 0:47:14 | 0:47:17 | |
that this spring was the domain of a goddess called Sulis | 0:47:17 | 0:47:21 | |
and she was all about wisdom and healing and insight. | 0:47:21 | 0:47:24 | |
And she had to be appeased with gifts and offerings. | 0:47:24 | 0:47:29 | |
When the Romans conquered Britain, they were presented with a choice. | 0:47:29 | 0:47:33 | |
Either they could leave the local gods and goddesses alone | 0:47:33 | 0:47:37 | |
or they could seek to obliterate goddesses like Sulis | 0:47:37 | 0:47:42 | |
and replace them with their own Roman deities. | 0:47:42 | 0:47:45 | |
The Romans found a pragmatic solution. | 0:47:50 | 0:47:53 | |
Often, they chose one of their own Roman gods | 0:47:53 | 0:47:57 | |
who seemed similar to the local British god and combined the two. | 0:47:57 | 0:48:01 | |
This is a depiction of the Roman goddess Minerva | 0:48:05 | 0:48:09 | |
but what's happening here is something very interesting. | 0:48:09 | 0:48:12 | |
It's really about the union of two goddesses - | 0:48:12 | 0:48:16 | |
one British and one Roman. | 0:48:16 | 0:48:18 | |
The Roman goddess, Minerva, here, is all about healing and wisdom, particularly military wisdom. | 0:48:18 | 0:48:24 | |
That made her the perfect partner for the British goddess, Sulis, | 0:48:24 | 0:48:29 | |
who was responsible for a lot of the same areas of business. | 0:48:29 | 0:48:33 | |
So what you've got here is a combination | 0:48:33 | 0:48:36 | |
and when it came to naming the goddess of the spring here in Bath, they called her Sulis-Minerva. | 0:48:36 | 0:48:42 | |
This combined deity inhabited the sacred spring | 0:48:49 | 0:48:53 | |
and continued to attract acolytes, who communicated with the goddess Sulis-Minerva | 0:48:53 | 0:48:59 | |
through mysterious lead tablets that give a rare insight into their beliefs. | 0:48:59 | 0:49:04 | |
Classicist Roger Tomlin has been studying them for 25 years. | 0:49:06 | 0:49:12 | |
Exactly what are these, Roger? | 0:49:12 | 0:49:15 | |
In very crude terms, they're called curses. | 0:49:15 | 0:49:19 | |
They're a specialised sort of curse. | 0:49:19 | 0:49:21 | |
They're really letters written to the goddess, | 0:49:21 | 0:49:23 | |
asking for ill health and misfortune to people who've done someone wrong. | 0:49:23 | 0:49:27 | |
This one... | 0:49:27 | 0:49:29 | |
is this woman, Basilia, who's lost her silver ring, | 0:49:29 | 0:49:33 | |
tells the goddess, "I've lost my silver ring. | 0:49:33 | 0:49:36 | |
"Curse the thief who did it. | 0:49:36 | 0:49:39 | |
"The thief should lose his eyes. | 0:49:39 | 0:49:40 | |
"He should have his intestines utterly eaten out." | 0:49:40 | 0:49:43 | |
This wonderfully exotic phrase "intestinis ex comesus", | 0:49:43 | 0:49:47 | |
"his intestines utterly eaten out" and so on. | 0:49:47 | 0:49:49 | |
-This for the theft of a ring? -Yes. | 0:49:49 | 0:49:52 | |
You couldn't be certain the ring's going to come back. | 0:49:52 | 0:49:54 | |
You tend to overreact. | 0:49:54 | 0:49:56 | |
If it was certain the ring was going to come back, you might say, "I'll give him dinner afterwards," | 0:49:56 | 0:50:00 | |
but there's always an element of uncertainty whether the god will react, | 0:50:00 | 0:50:04 | |
so people come out with this horrific language. | 0:50:04 | 0:50:07 | |
Also it's a bit like letting blood. | 0:50:07 | 0:50:09 | |
It reduces the pressure a bit. | 0:50:09 | 0:50:11 | |
Right. OK. | 0:50:11 | 0:50:12 | |
This one is written backwards in a rather peculiar way. | 0:50:12 | 0:50:17 | |
Each word is written backwards but the whole text isn't written backwards. | 0:50:17 | 0:50:21 | |
It makes it a devil to read because you never know where the word is ending. | 0:50:21 | 0:50:25 | |
And what's the logic? | 0:50:25 | 0:50:26 | |
I suppose it's to encrypt the text, to make it personal between you and the goddess. | 0:50:26 | 0:50:31 | |
No-one else can read it. | 0:50:31 | 0:50:32 | |
That's why you fold these things up, you throw them into water, you put them into graves. | 0:50:32 | 0:50:37 | |
They turn up in all sorts of places but particularly in this hot spring. | 0:50:37 | 0:50:40 | |
It doesn't really sound like religion. | 0:50:40 | 0:50:44 | |
It smacks more of an appeal to the authorities. | 0:50:44 | 0:50:48 | |
It's almost like a... | 0:50:48 | 0:50:49 | |
Trying to sue someone or seek legal redress rather than something to do with faith. | 0:50:49 | 0:50:55 | |
I think there's a strong element of legalism. The Roman world is somewhat under-policed | 0:50:55 | 0:51:00 | |
and if earthly authorities can't work, you appeal to a heavenly authority instead. | 0:51:00 | 0:51:05 | |
And using the language you might well use in addressing your patron. | 0:51:05 | 0:51:10 | |
Those healing pools and the temple to the combined gods of Sulis and Minerva | 0:51:12 | 0:51:17 | |
are a good illustration of how to handle a clash between religions. | 0:51:17 | 0:51:21 | |
And the twinning of gods would be tried again and again, all across Roman Britain. | 0:51:21 | 0:51:25 | |
But that cosy religious relationship that had served the Roman Empire so well | 0:51:25 | 0:51:30 | |
was about to be seriously disrupted. | 0:51:30 | 0:51:34 | |
In the first century AD, far away in the Middle East, | 0:51:44 | 0:51:48 | |
a new religious cult had started spreading that many Romans found absurd, | 0:51:48 | 0:51:54 | |
because this religion demanded faith to just one god - | 0:51:54 | 0:51:59 | |
a Christian God. | 0:51:59 | 0:52:00 | |
Look at this dazzling collection. | 0:52:05 | 0:52:09 | |
All of these spectacular items. | 0:52:09 | 0:52:13 | |
The finest early Christian artefacts found anywhere in the Empire | 0:52:13 | 0:52:18 | |
all come from Britain. | 0:52:18 | 0:52:20 | |
Look at this magnificent, glorious, silver... | 0:52:22 | 0:52:27 | |
cup, silver vessel. | 0:52:27 | 0:52:29 | |
It's quite possible that it was made and used for the quintessential Christian act, | 0:52:29 | 0:52:34 | |
that of turning wine into the blood of Christ, | 0:52:34 | 0:52:37 | |
and if that's what this was for, | 0:52:37 | 0:52:39 | |
then it's the earliest such vessel found anywhere in the world. | 0:52:39 | 0:52:44 | |
But as Christianity expanded, it was outlawed | 0:52:46 | 0:52:50 | |
and its followers had to practise in secret. | 0:52:50 | 0:52:54 | |
Look at this piece. | 0:52:54 | 0:52:55 | |
The symbol here is called the Chi Rho. | 0:52:55 | 0:52:59 | |
It was like a secret sign that let early Christians recognise one another. | 0:52:59 | 0:53:05 | |
Chi and Rho are the first two letters of Christ's name. | 0:53:05 | 0:53:09 | |
Also within the symbol are the letters alpha and omega, | 0:53:10 | 0:53:16 | |
showing that the person who used this or made this | 0:53:16 | 0:53:19 | |
believed also that Christ was all-powerful, from first to last. | 0:53:19 | 0:53:24 | |
Part of its popularity was the central tenet | 0:53:24 | 0:53:27 | |
that anyone who believed in Christ would never die, | 0:53:27 | 0:53:31 | |
would have everlasting life - | 0:53:31 | 0:53:33 | |
even slaves, and that was a truly subversive thought. | 0:53:33 | 0:53:39 | |
Despite the threat of persecution, there was no stopping such an enticing message. | 0:53:40 | 0:53:45 | |
Nevertheless, it wasn't until AD 313 that Christianity was finally legalised. | 0:53:45 | 0:53:52 | |
The Roman Emperor Constantine was sympathetic to Christianity | 0:53:52 | 0:53:57 | |
and then there came a day when his army secured a key victory | 0:53:57 | 0:54:02 | |
and while doing so, they had carried at their head a cross, | 0:54:02 | 0:54:07 | |
a Christian cross, as a symbol to bring them good fortune. | 0:54:07 | 0:54:10 | |
From that moment, Constantine decreed | 0:54:11 | 0:54:14 | |
that Christianity would be tolerated throughout the Roman Empire. | 0:54:14 | 0:54:19 | |
It was actually another political move. | 0:54:21 | 0:54:24 | |
With Christianity within the fold, | 0:54:24 | 0:54:27 | |
a religious hierarchy could be established, | 0:54:27 | 0:54:29 | |
controlled by the state. | 0:54:29 | 0:54:31 | |
Look at this ring. | 0:54:32 | 0:54:34 | |
Like the plaque here, it has on it the Chi Rho symbol. | 0:54:34 | 0:54:38 | |
Whoever wore this was obviously a Christian, a believer. | 0:54:38 | 0:54:42 | |
He may even have been a bishop... | 0:54:42 | 0:54:45 | |
in the country, while Christianity was spreading. | 0:54:45 | 0:54:48 | |
Look at that. Beautiful. | 0:54:51 | 0:54:53 | |
Christianity continued to flourish | 0:54:55 | 0:54:57 | |
and in AD 391, it was the old pagan religions that were banned. | 0:54:57 | 0:55:03 | |
The ancient spring of Sulis-Minerva was abandoned, | 0:55:05 | 0:55:08 | |
left to become silted up and to overflow, | 0:55:08 | 0:55:12 | |
its temples left to collapse. | 0:55:12 | 0:55:15 | |
It was the end of yet another ancient prehistoric tradition. | 0:55:15 | 0:55:20 | |
Tens of thousands of years ago, | 0:55:33 | 0:55:34 | |
the first nomadic hunters came to Britain. | 0:55:34 | 0:55:37 | |
Ever since, its people and the land they inhabited had been entwined. | 0:55:42 | 0:55:48 | |
Mountains holding up the sky... | 0:55:53 | 0:55:55 | |
..the seas that made our land an island... | 0:56:00 | 0:56:03 | |
..and the sacred springs and rivers that were so central to ancient religious beliefs. | 0:56:05 | 0:56:12 | |
All had shaped our history. | 0:56:14 | 0:56:16 | |
But with Rome and the modern world it brought, | 0:56:19 | 0:56:22 | |
a new world had been forged. | 0:56:22 | 0:56:24 | |
Not of nature's making... | 0:56:24 | 0:56:27 | |
but of man's. | 0:56:27 | 0:56:28 | |
The rule of Rome couldn't and didn't last forever. | 0:56:37 | 0:56:42 | |
By 410 AD, the Empire was collapsing and the Roman rule of Britain was at an end. | 0:56:42 | 0:56:48 | |
The cities decayed and people in many ways returned to the rural lives of the past. | 0:56:48 | 0:56:55 | |
But some of the ideas that had emerged under Rome couldn't be undone. | 0:56:55 | 0:56:59 | |
Christianity, writing, the very idea of Britannia. | 0:56:59 | 0:57:04 | |
Ideas that are still very much alive with us today. | 0:57:04 | 0:57:07 | |
When the Romans arrived, we didn't just start a new chapter. | 0:57:10 | 0:57:14 | |
We started a whole new story. | 0:57:14 | 0:57:16 | |
One that would be written down in the history of our land. | 0:57:16 | 0:57:20 | |
And when people look back 1,000 or 2,000 years from now, | 0:57:20 | 0:57:25 | |
perhaps they'll see the beginning of our world in that sudden break with prehistory, | 0:57:25 | 0:57:31 | |
in the coming of Rome. | 0:57:31 | 0:57:32 | |
And here we are, occupying this fleeting moment of time, | 0:57:38 | 0:57:42 | |
with our hopes and fears, pasts and futures, living our lives, | 0:57:42 | 0:57:48 | |
just one more generation in a story that continues. | 0:57:48 | 0:57:52 | |
The story of Britain and her peoples. | 0:57:52 | 0:57:56 | |
If you want to follow in the footsteps of our ancestors, go to... | 0:58:05 | 0:58:13 | |
to find out how to connect with ancient Britain in your area. | 0:58:13 | 0:58:17 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:24 | 0:58:27 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:58:27 | 0:58:29 |