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Mountains, lochs, | 0:00:02 | 0:00:03 | |
distant islands, hills and glens, | 0:00:03 | 0:00:06 | |
the classic landscapes of picture-postcard Scotland. | 0:00:06 | 0:00:11 | |
These were the landscapes that people wrote home about in Victorian times. | 0:00:11 | 0:00:16 | |
But the tourists who put pen to paper | 0:00:16 | 0:00:19 | |
usually came from a tiny social elite - the rich. | 0:00:19 | 0:00:23 | |
For most of the population, a holiday was just a dream. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:29 | |
But when working people eventually won the right to some free time, | 0:00:30 | 0:00:35 | |
by far the majority of them didn't rush off to the Highlands to enjoy the view. | 0:00:35 | 0:00:39 | |
Most postcards home were sent from the seaside. | 0:00:39 | 0:00:42 | |
This is the last of my six journeys | 0:00:47 | 0:00:50 | |
to discover how Scotland became a major tourist destination. | 0:00:50 | 0:00:54 | |
For inspiration, I've been following a well-thumbed copy of Black's Victorian Guidebook. | 0:00:54 | 0:01:00 | |
It's been in my family for generations and has always served us well. | 0:01:00 | 0:01:05 | |
Letting its pages guide me, | 0:01:05 | 0:01:07 | |
I've travelled across Scotland in the footsteps of the early tourists. | 0:01:07 | 0:01:12 | |
My final grand tour sees me in the southeast of the country, | 0:01:12 | 0:01:17 | |
tracing the rise of the seaside as a worker's playground. | 0:01:17 | 0:01:21 | |
Scotland has thousands of miles of coastline, and here, | 0:01:33 | 0:01:37 | |
on the eastern seaboard, are some of the most beautiful beaches. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:41 | |
I'll be travelling from the seaside town of St Andrews, | 0:01:41 | 0:01:44 | |
hopping across the Firth of Forth to North Berwick, | 0:01:44 | 0:01:47 | |
and ending up in the capital city, Edinburgh. | 0:01:47 | 0:01:50 | |
My journey begins here, in St Andrews, | 0:01:53 | 0:01:56 | |
a place of pilgrimage for almost 1,500 years. | 0:01:56 | 0:01:59 | |
And, in Black's day, a significant tourist destination. | 0:01:59 | 0:02:04 | |
My copy of Black's was written long before the age of day trips and mass tourism, | 0:02:04 | 0:02:10 | |
and has the middle-class Victorian traveller very much in mind. | 0:02:10 | 0:02:14 | |
They were a high-minded lot, the Victorians, and any leisure activity had to be improving | 0:02:14 | 0:02:20 | |
or educational in some way, which no doubt explains why Black's is stuffed full of historical references. | 0:02:20 | 0:02:28 | |
Heaven forbid you enjoy yourself on holiday! | 0:02:28 | 0:02:31 | |
To help educate the visitor, | 0:02:33 | 0:02:35 | |
the pages of Black's Guide are crammed with edifying facts, | 0:02:35 | 0:02:39 | |
and St Andrews provides a rich vein to mine. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:43 | |
Founded in the 8th century, | 0:02:43 | 0:02:46 | |
the town became the most important ecclesiastical centre in Scotland. | 0:02:46 | 0:02:49 | |
The bones of St Andrew, Scotland's patron saint, were kept in the cathedral, | 0:02:53 | 0:02:58 | |
and pilgrims came from across Scotland to pay their respects - | 0:02:58 | 0:03:02 | |
triggering a medieval style of mass tourism. | 0:03:02 | 0:03:06 | |
Long after the last pilgrim paid homage here, | 0:03:06 | 0:03:09 | |
St Andrews continues to attract devotees. | 0:03:09 | 0:03:12 | |
But, 500 years on, these new pilgrims are followers of another religion. | 0:03:12 | 0:03:18 | |
Today, St Andrews is the world-renowned home of golf. | 0:03:18 | 0:03:22 | |
But it's hard to believe that, in 1862, when my copy of Black's was published, | 0:03:22 | 0:03:27 | |
the game was an overlooked minority sport and would not have been a reason for visiting the town. | 0:03:27 | 0:03:34 | |
In fact "gowff", as it was called in these parts, had often been frowned upon. | 0:03:39 | 0:03:45 | |
In the 15th century, it was actually banned by the Scottish Parliament. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:49 | |
Good citizens were meant to spend their time practising archery for home defence against the English | 0:03:49 | 0:03:56 | |
and not wasting time on the golf course. | 0:03:56 | 0:03:59 | |
And even after the game was officially sanctioned, | 0:03:59 | 0:04:03 | |
it could not be played on Sundays, on pain of excommunication. | 0:04:03 | 0:04:08 | |
Some players simply couldn't help themselves, and preferred | 0:04:08 | 0:04:12 | |
the prospect of eternal damnation to the thought of missing a game. | 0:04:12 | 0:04:17 | |
One sinner, caught playing on a Sunday, responded angrily, | 0:04:17 | 0:04:21 | |
saying, "Farts in your teeth and prayers baith!" | 0:04:21 | 0:04:25 | |
It wasn't until Victorian times that golf flourished, and I'm off to meet the man who's credited with | 0:04:27 | 0:04:33 | |
popularising the modern game that we know today. | 0:04:33 | 0:04:37 | |
Which should be interesting, since he's been dead for over 100 years. | 0:04:37 | 0:04:41 | |
-Old Tom Morris, as I live and breathe. How are you, sir? -Ah, good. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:45 | |
I recognise you from your photographs. You're wearing remarkably well. | 0:04:45 | 0:04:49 | |
You were a legend in your own lifetime, as well as being | 0:04:49 | 0:04:52 | |
a bit of a legend in death, as the father of Scottish golf. | 0:04:52 | 0:04:56 | |
I suppose you could say that. It's longevity more than anything else, | 0:04:56 | 0:04:59 | |
and being in the right place at the right time, you know. | 0:04:59 | 0:05:02 | |
I was born in 1821 and, you know, my demise was in 1908, so | 0:05:02 | 0:05:07 | |
I've witnessed all the major changes in the evolution of this great game. | 0:05:07 | 0:05:11 | |
It's been my life in St Andrews. | 0:05:11 | 0:05:12 | |
'The spirit of Old Tom Morris is still very much in evidence today | 0:05:12 | 0:05:17 | |
'around the Old Course, which he remodelled, and is brought to life by actor David Joy. | 0:05:17 | 0:05:23 | |
'And so, bizarrely, I find myself getting a lesson from a very late golfing legend.' | 0:05:23 | 0:05:29 | |
-Hit through the ball! Oh, fanta... Oh! -You're going to hit somebody. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:33 | |
Swing back. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:37 | |
Aye, you see, you jabbed at it. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:40 | |
I'm feeling quite nervous now. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:41 | |
Aye, well, what you're gonna do is you're going to take the club | 0:05:41 | 0:05:43 | |
-back as full as you can and then just release it. -Right. Release it. | 0:05:43 | 0:05:46 | |
-Head down. -Looking at the ball the whole time? -Aye, dinnae force it. | 0:05:46 | 0:05:50 | |
That's a difficult club to use, if you've not played with it before. | 0:05:50 | 0:05:53 | |
Oh, pathetic! Look at that! | 0:05:53 | 0:05:54 | |
-You lifted your head, that's all. -Why do you think golf is so popular? | 0:05:54 | 0:05:58 | |
Because it has drawn in hundreds and thousands of tourists. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:01 | |
-It's man's instinct to just compete against each other, you know. -Yeah. | 0:06:01 | 0:06:05 | |
If it was a stone and a stick, I could hit this further than you. | 0:06:05 | 0:06:09 | |
-I could reach that duned area in fewer swipes than you, sir. -Right. | 0:06:09 | 0:06:12 | |
-And that's, in a way, how the game developed in the 14th and 15th century. -Here in Scotland? | 0:06:12 | 0:06:16 | |
Oh, aye. Aye. Particularly here. | 0:06:16 | 0:06:18 | |
-Do you think there were other games similar to golf being played elsewhere? -Oh, throughout the world. | 0:06:18 | 0:06:23 | |
As I say, it's man's instinct to hit a stone with a stick, isn't it? | 0:06:23 | 0:06:25 | |
But we claim it for ourselves. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:27 | |
Well, until you cut a hole out of the ground and you have a set of rules, which we developed | 0:06:27 | 0:06:32 | |
-in the late 17th century, that's why we claim it as our game. -Right. | 0:06:32 | 0:06:36 | |
And then you could say that St Andrews rose as a pilgrim city again | 0:06:36 | 0:06:39 | |
under the banner of "the home of golf" during my lifetime. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:42 | |
-So that was very reassuring. -So it's a second pilgrimage. -Aye. | 0:06:42 | 0:06:45 | |
It was amazing watching that whole Victorian era | 0:06:45 | 0:06:48 | |
and all the gentlemen and the ladies coming in here to take the sea air, | 0:06:48 | 0:06:52 | |
all these courses springing up everywhere. | 0:06:52 | 0:06:55 | |
'The east coast was ideal golfing territory. | 0:06:55 | 0:06:58 | |
'With it's sandy soil and endless dunes, | 0:06:58 | 0:07:01 | |
'dozens of links courses sprang up across Fife and East Lothian. | 0:07:01 | 0:07:05 | |
'As you might have guessed, I've never been a golfer.' | 0:07:06 | 0:07:09 | |
Oh, now, that was a braw shot, sir! | 0:07:11 | 0:07:13 | |
'But I think I'm beginning to get the hang of it.' | 0:07:13 | 0:07:17 | |
To make the next leg of my journey, | 0:07:17 | 0:07:20 | |
I need to get from St Andrews to North Berwick. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:24 | |
In Victorian times, this journey would have been easily made by steamer. | 0:07:24 | 0:07:29 | |
But, sadly, in the name of progress, the steamers, | 0:07:29 | 0:07:32 | |
together with many of the east coast train lines, are long gone. | 0:07:32 | 0:07:36 | |
To make the short hop across the Forth, I've therefore had to | 0:07:38 | 0:07:42 | |
resort to a less than conventional mode of transport - microlight. | 0:07:42 | 0:07:47 | |
What better way to see the sights than a seagull's-eye view? | 0:07:55 | 0:07:58 | |
Down there is the Isle of May. | 0:08:05 | 0:08:07 | |
Back in Victorian times there was a regular steamer service | 0:08:07 | 0:08:11 | |
that allowed visitors to explore the ruins of a ninth-century Celtic chapel. | 0:08:11 | 0:08:17 | |
But the Victorians were even more fascinated by the Bass Rock. | 0:08:21 | 0:08:26 | |
Popular with sportsmen, who came to take pot shots at the gannets, | 0:08:26 | 0:08:30 | |
its remote and isolated position made it the ideal location | 0:08:30 | 0:08:34 | |
for Scotland's first high-security prison. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:37 | |
Back in the 16th century, | 0:08:37 | 0:08:39 | |
prisoners were sent to languish and die on this lonely rock. | 0:08:39 | 0:08:44 | |
Safely back on land, | 0:08:50 | 0:08:52 | |
I'm continuing my journey to the pretty seaside town of North Berwick, | 0:08:52 | 0:08:56 | |
which Black's Guidebook describes as "the most fashionable watering place on the east coast". | 0:08:56 | 0:09:04 | |
It may seem surprising today, but 100 years ago | 0:09:10 | 0:09:13 | |
North Berwick was an internationally famous holiday destination. | 0:09:13 | 0:09:17 | |
It was a real celebrity hotspot. | 0:09:17 | 0:09:20 | |
The richest of the rich came here. | 0:09:20 | 0:09:22 | |
World leaders and royalty all enjoyed the delights of a town known as the Biarritz of the North. | 0:09:22 | 0:09:30 | |
A glittering array of rich, famous and powerful people came here | 0:09:34 | 0:09:38 | |
to stay on the chilly shores of the Firth of Forth. | 0:09:38 | 0:09:43 | |
The Prince of Wales came, the Prime Minister played golf on the links, | 0:09:43 | 0:09:48 | |
while European royals enjoyed the bracing fresh air. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:53 | |
North Berwick basked in the reflected glory of its celebrity visitors, | 0:09:55 | 0:09:59 | |
whose presence here pushed the resort to number one in the top of the posh charts. | 0:09:59 | 0:10:05 | |
Part of North Berwick's popularity was down to the Victorian obsession | 0:10:07 | 0:10:11 | |
with the health benefits of sea water. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:14 | |
Very quickly, the fashionable, rich and health conscious | 0:10:14 | 0:10:18 | |
were making a beeline for the briny, ready to take the plunge. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:22 | |
Now, the original idea wasn't to go for a swim at all | 0:10:23 | 0:10:27 | |
but to immerse yourself completely in the sea. | 0:10:27 | 0:10:31 | |
This was actually quite a complicated affair | 0:10:31 | 0:10:35 | |
and great emphasis was placed on discretion and modesty - | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
lest the tiniest bit of flesh appeared on public display. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:44 | |
Which no doubt accounts for this less than flattering bathing costume. | 0:10:44 | 0:10:49 | |
Right, here goes! | 0:10:49 | 0:10:51 | |
Horse-drawn bathing machines were provided | 0:10:55 | 0:10:58 | |
for the use of those keen to dunk themselves in the deep. | 0:10:58 | 0:11:01 | |
These huts on wheels provided a discreet changing room, | 0:11:01 | 0:11:05 | |
where gentlemen and ladies could undress | 0:11:05 | 0:11:08 | |
and, with the help of an assistant, prepare for their invigorating ordeal. | 0:11:08 | 0:11:13 | |
Now, take it from me, you have to be a very hardy soul indeed | 0:11:16 | 0:11:20 | |
to enjoy the chilly waters of the Firth of Forth. | 0:11:20 | 0:11:24 | |
But there's no pain without gain. | 0:11:24 | 0:11:26 | |
And, as my old gym teacher used to say, if it hurts it's doing you good. | 0:11:26 | 0:11:31 | |
So, in full expectation of utter agony, | 0:11:31 | 0:11:36 | |
I'm about to take the plunge. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:37 | |
Whoa! | 0:11:40 | 0:11:41 | |
Ugh! Ugh! Ahh... | 0:11:41 | 0:11:45 | |
It's not that bad actually. Urgh! | 0:11:45 | 0:11:48 | |
I could spend all day out here. | 0:11:48 | 0:11:50 | |
Ugh! | 0:11:50 | 0:11:52 | |
Wealthy families would decant to North Berwick for the whole summer, | 0:11:57 | 0:12:01 | |
staying in one of the resort's many good hotels. | 0:12:01 | 0:12:05 | |
But, just as steamers and railways had transformed seaside towns like North Berwick, | 0:12:08 | 0:12:13 | |
the invention of the internal combustion engine | 0:12:13 | 0:12:16 | |
changed not only how people got to their destination, | 0:12:16 | 0:12:19 | |
but where they went and how long they stayed. | 0:12:19 | 0:12:22 | |
To find out more, I'm continuing my journey in a highly appropriate vehicle - a vintage Daimler. | 0:12:22 | 0:12:29 | |
In the passenger seat is travel historian Gemma McGrath. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:34 | |
And we're driving along in a very luxurious period Daimler. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:37 | |
Now, of course, this would have been an extremely expensive piece of kit back in the 1920s or 1930s. | 0:12:37 | 0:12:44 | |
What kind of people would have been driving machines like this? | 0:12:44 | 0:12:48 | |
Well, the very rich. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:50 | |
The people who first could afford cars were the upper classes. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:54 | |
North Berwick itself was home, in the holiday times, to the elite, | 0:12:54 | 0:12:59 | |
and so it was the new toy of the rich - the motorcar. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:03 | |
And of course they wanted to drive it round and explore other areas. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:07 | |
In a way, those people who were rich enough to afford a car | 0:13:07 | 0:13:11 | |
were the first independent tourists to go further afield without a guide. | 0:13:11 | 0:13:16 | |
The motorcar gave great freedom to venture beyond the resorts | 0:13:16 | 0:13:22 | |
and set their own agenda, which was a massive revolution. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:25 | |
So they could go places that no-one had been before, as tourists. | 0:13:25 | 0:13:29 | |
Can you imagine the excitement of saying, "Let's pack up and go for a picnic"? | 0:13:31 | 0:13:36 | |
It would have been quite amazing to have that freedom. | 0:13:36 | 0:13:40 | |
The motorcar opened up new horizons. | 0:13:44 | 0:13:47 | |
The era of mass tourism was dawning. | 0:13:47 | 0:13:50 | |
And with this new mode of transport came an all-too-familiar holiday experience. | 0:13:53 | 0:13:58 | |
Getting hopelessly lost. | 0:13:59 | 0:14:01 | |
-I seem to have lost all direction. -Well, that's the spirit of adventure, isn't it? | 0:14:01 | 0:14:07 | |
Losing direction. | 0:14:07 | 0:14:09 | |
Think we have a hamper with sandwiches in the back, so I'm sure we'll be OK, Paul. | 0:14:09 | 0:14:14 | |
Eventually, I managed to get back on my route | 0:14:17 | 0:14:20 | |
and continue my journey from North Berwick | 0:14:20 | 0:14:23 | |
to a very different type of seaside resort - | 0:14:23 | 0:14:26 | |
Portobello, on the outskirts of Edinburgh. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:30 | |
If the 19th century was about wealthy Victorians exploring the Scottish landscape, | 0:14:34 | 0:14:40 | |
then the 20th century was about ordinary Scots discovering their own country for themselves. | 0:14:40 | 0:14:46 | |
You often get the impression that the history of Scottish tourism | 0:14:46 | 0:14:49 | |
is all about rich people and the middle classes | 0:14:49 | 0:14:52 | |
but when you come here to Portobello | 0:14:52 | 0:14:54 | |
you very quickly realise that there's a wider story to be told. | 0:14:54 | 0:14:58 | |
How ordinary working people - the bulk of the population - enjoyed themselves. | 0:14:58 | 0:15:04 | |
I'm meeting up with writer Eric Simpson | 0:15:08 | 0:15:11 | |
to find out how the simple pleasures of a day at the seaside | 0:15:11 | 0:15:14 | |
finally became something that everyone could enjoy. | 0:15:14 | 0:15:18 | |
That's no good. That's the pointy bit! | 0:15:18 | 0:15:23 | |
-Ah-ha-ha! -Right. | 0:15:23 | 0:15:25 | |
When I nod my head, hit it. | 0:15:25 | 0:15:28 | |
It's about time we settled down to enjoy a traditional seaside picnic, Eric. | 0:15:28 | 0:15:35 | |
Eric, Portobello was really popular back in Victorian times. | 0:15:38 | 0:15:42 | |
But there would, I suppose, have been a degree of...I suppose we'd call it snobbery now, | 0:15:42 | 0:15:47 | |
around the kind of beach, the kind of resort that you went to. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:51 | |
If you were a middle-class person, you might choose to go to one resort | 0:15:51 | 0:15:54 | |
and if you were an ordinary person - an ordinary working person - | 0:15:54 | 0:15:58 | |
-you'd be lucky if you got a few hours on the beach here. -That's right. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:02 | |
-They didn't... Working people didn't have much time for holidays. -Tea? | 0:16:02 | 0:16:08 | |
This really only started in the middle of the 19th century, | 0:16:08 | 0:16:12 | |
when employers were gradually conceding, very reluctantly, | 0:16:12 | 0:16:16 | |
the occasional day off in the summertime, so that employees | 0:16:16 | 0:16:20 | |
could go on one of the excursions that were arranged by railway companies or paddle steamers. | 0:16:20 | 0:16:25 | |
Factories and workshops had machines which required overhauling and servicing. | 0:16:25 | 0:16:31 | |
They needed annual repairing. So it was convenient. | 0:16:31 | 0:16:34 | |
So this was really a holiday, not for the workers, but for the machines. | 0:16:34 | 0:16:37 | |
Yes. All unpaid of course. There was no such thing as holidays with pay, | 0:16:37 | 0:16:43 | |
for the majority of people, until the middle of the 20th century. | 0:16:43 | 0:16:48 | |
I think that's really interesting, because that was a big sacrifice, | 0:16:48 | 0:16:50 | |
they weren't being paid, which would have been a big deal in those days. | 0:16:50 | 0:16:54 | |
They must have felt it was worth it, to make that sacrifice to get | 0:16:54 | 0:16:57 | |
some time back for themselves, to get a life really. | 0:16:57 | 0:17:00 | |
Yes. They had this mass movement of people out of the cities, out of industrial towns, | 0:17:00 | 0:17:05 | |
down to seaside places. | 0:17:05 | 0:17:07 | |
Scotland's seaside resorts were increasingly packed with workers, | 0:17:11 | 0:17:14 | |
seeking fun and frolics away from the daily grind. | 0:17:14 | 0:17:18 | |
From photographs taken during its heyday, | 0:17:18 | 0:17:21 | |
Portobello looks like an overcrowded seal colony. | 0:17:21 | 0:17:25 | |
But not everyone approved of this newfound freedom for the proletariat | 0:17:25 | 0:17:28 | |
and there were numerous complaints | 0:17:28 | 0:17:31 | |
about rowdy behaviour and drunkenness. | 0:17:31 | 0:17:34 | |
Was there a sense amongst certain sections of society that all this free time | 0:17:37 | 0:17:42 | |
would lead inevitably to immorality of some kind? | 0:17:42 | 0:17:45 | |
It was all a little bit too free and easy. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:47 | |
Oh, yes, yes. Well, that's part of the reason why the better-off people | 0:17:47 | 0:17:53 | |
moved away from the more popular resorts like Portobello, Rothesay and Broughty Ferry | 0:17:53 | 0:18:00 | |
and they didn't want their children mixing with people that they considered riffraff. | 0:18:00 | 0:18:05 | |
Some people called them the Great Unwashed, | 0:18:05 | 0:18:08 | |
and the middle classes moved to other, quieter places, | 0:18:08 | 0:18:12 | |
or even further afield, to the Continent. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:15 | |
Can you paint a picture, Eric, of what this place might have been like in its heyday, about 150 years ago? | 0:18:15 | 0:18:21 | |
It would have been a busy beach on a fine day like this. | 0:18:21 | 0:18:25 | |
People from factories and shops. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:27 | |
And they would be wearing their best clothes, their Sunday clothes. | 0:18:27 | 0:18:31 | |
Just wandering back and forth. | 0:18:31 | 0:18:33 | |
Some of them would be paddling. | 0:18:35 | 0:18:36 | |
There were donkey rides for the children, seaside entertainers. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:40 | |
There were three picture houses. There was a dance hall. | 0:18:40 | 0:18:43 | |
There was... At the beginning of the 1900s, there was a zoo. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:47 | |
And, when they got tired of the zoo, they could move along and see the natives in the Somali village. | 0:18:47 | 0:18:53 | |
Somali village? With real Somalis? | 0:18:53 | 0:18:55 | |
Real Somalis, brought all the way from East Africa. | 0:18:55 | 0:18:58 | |
They were in their native costume. | 0:18:58 | 0:19:00 | |
The men had spears and had mock spear fights. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:04 | |
All very non-PC, of course. | 0:19:04 | 0:19:07 | |
-So it was quite a place. -Looking across the Forth of Firth, it's really still a great place to be. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:13 | |
-It's a splendid beach. -It is. I've just found my sandwich. | 0:19:13 | 0:19:16 | |
I'm starving. | 0:19:16 | 0:19:18 | |
Egg mayonnaise, perfect for a beach. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:20 | |
It seems to me that the freedom to enjoy yourself on the beach | 0:19:22 | 0:19:26 | |
symbolises a wider social change. | 0:19:26 | 0:19:28 | |
By the early 20th century, Scotland was becoming a place | 0:19:28 | 0:19:33 | |
where almost everyone could have a holiday experience of their own. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:39 | |
For the final part of my journey, I'm heading for the most visited | 0:19:41 | 0:19:45 | |
21st-century Scottish tourist destination of all - | 0:19:45 | 0:19:49 | |
Edinburgh. | 0:19:49 | 0:19:51 | |
You can tell from the guidebooks how important Edinburgh is. | 0:19:52 | 0:19:55 | |
Just about every single one of them starts with a chapter on this great city. | 0:19:55 | 0:20:00 | |
Black's Guide sets the trend, | 0:20:03 | 0:20:05 | |
with the claim that the view of the city is one of the finest to be had | 0:20:05 | 0:20:10 | |
of any capital in Europe. | 0:20:10 | 0:20:12 | |
"The prospect obtained is varied and extensive. | 0:20:12 | 0:20:15 | |
"Traced like a map, | 0:20:15 | 0:20:17 | |
"the landscape lies in cultured beauty, stretching wide." | 0:20:17 | 0:20:22 | |
Edinburgh is a truly stunning city. | 0:20:22 | 0:20:26 | |
Throughout its streets there's a strong sense of its rich history | 0:20:26 | 0:20:30 | |
and visitors come here from all over the world | 0:20:30 | 0:20:33 | |
to soak up its unique atmosphere. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:35 | |
Well, the first stop is the castle. | 0:20:35 | 0:20:37 | |
We don't have a lot of those in the states. Not really. | 0:20:37 | 0:20:40 | |
The whole town is amazing. | 0:20:40 | 0:20:42 | |
This is a European city and it's very different. | 0:20:42 | 0:20:45 | |
-It's lovely. Beautiful. -Absolutely beautiful. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:47 | |
You kind of are immersed in the culture, with the people, | 0:20:47 | 0:20:51 | |
with the ancient buildings. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:53 | |
You live the history. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:54 | |
But as I walk along the Royal Mile, | 0:20:57 | 0:20:59 | |
I'm also struck by the constant bombardment of tourist kitsch. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:04 | |
Kilts and bagpipes abound, and the casual visitor could be forgiven | 0:21:04 | 0:21:08 | |
for forming a picture of Scots wearing tartan, | 0:21:08 | 0:21:11 | |
eating haggis and roaming in the gloaming. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:14 | |
Of course, this image has virtually nothing to do with everyday life in Scotland today, and the truth is | 0:21:16 | 0:21:22 | |
that it never actually was like this for the majority of Scots. | 0:21:22 | 0:21:26 | |
So, where does this national stereotype come from? | 0:21:26 | 0:21:29 | |
Well, there's a huge monument on Princes Street to commemorate | 0:21:29 | 0:21:33 | |
the man who many claimed sold his idea of Scotland to the world | 0:21:33 | 0:21:38 | |
and, in particular, to England. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:41 | |
His name is Sir Walter Scott | 0:21:41 | 0:21:43 | |
and he's often described as the man who invented Scotland. | 0:21:43 | 0:21:48 | |
I'm meeting writer Stuart Kelly, who has studied this incredibly influential figure. | 0:21:48 | 0:21:53 | |
Stuart, was there a political agenda | 0:21:53 | 0:21:56 | |
behind Scott's presentation of his country as a romantic destination for tourists? | 0:21:56 | 0:22:01 | |
Absolutely. Scott was a committed unionist and, in promoting Scotland | 0:22:01 | 0:22:06 | |
as this destination, he was really trying to cement the union. | 0:22:06 | 0:22:09 | |
It does seem kind of ironic that emblems of Scottishness - | 0:22:09 | 0:22:13 | |
tartanry and the Celtic world of myth and legend - | 0:22:13 | 0:22:15 | |
become associated with the union. I mean, what was the thinking there? | 0:22:15 | 0:22:19 | |
I think the idea was that Scotland should be Scotland and England should be England | 0:22:19 | 0:22:23 | |
and Scott was almost negotiating between the two - | 0:22:23 | 0:22:26 | |
explaining Scotland to the English but also explaining England to the Scottish. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:30 | |
-So, in a sense, he was trying to broker a marriage of equals? -Yeah. -On cultural terms. | 0:22:30 | 0:22:36 | |
I've always said that Scott is more like a marriage guidance counsellor than a divorce lawyer. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:41 | |
Scott transformed the old image of Scotland | 0:22:42 | 0:22:45 | |
as a place bedevilled with poverty and rebellion. | 0:22:45 | 0:22:49 | |
In doing so, he literally rewrote history, repackaging it for an English audience. | 0:22:49 | 0:22:55 | |
Scots were portrayed as noble, loyal and devoted heroes, who belonged to | 0:22:55 | 0:23:01 | |
a bygone age - an exotic culture in a wild and romantic landscape. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:05 | |
And the Victorians lapped up Scott's verse. | 0:23:05 | 0:23:09 | |
"O Caledonia! stern and wild, Meet nurse for a poetic child! | 0:23:09 | 0:23:16 | |
"Land of brown heath and shaggy wood Land of the mountain and the flood | 0:23:16 | 0:23:22 | |
"Land of my sires! What mortal hand can e'er untie the filial band | 0:23:22 | 0:23:28 | |
"That knits me to thy rugged strand!" | 0:23:28 | 0:23:33 | |
Now, did this work? I mean, was it successful? | 0:23:33 | 0:23:35 | |
Almost from the outset, tourists were flooding to Scotland, looking, | 0:23:35 | 0:23:39 | |
not for the real country, but for the image that Scott had created, | 0:23:39 | 0:23:43 | |
what we now think of as the Scottish stereotype identity. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:45 | |
And that's why we all should be wearing kilts and living in a glen? | 0:23:45 | 0:23:49 | |
-Indeed. -And frolicking in the heather. | 0:23:49 | 0:23:51 | |
Scott's poems and novels inspired the shortbread-tin image | 0:23:51 | 0:23:56 | |
that has pulled in the tourists since the 19th century. | 0:23:56 | 0:24:00 | |
But, even as he wrote, Scotland was changing, and already had little in common with his romantic fantasy. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:06 | |
Scotland had become an industrial and scientific powerhouse of global significance, | 0:24:06 | 0:24:13 | |
but the image of a tartan-clad warrior was hardly an emblem of modernity and progress. | 0:24:13 | 0:24:20 | |
Some of the world's greatest thinkers and inventors had emerged during a period | 0:24:22 | 0:24:26 | |
that came to be known as the Scottish Enlightenment. | 0:24:26 | 0:24:29 | |
Adam Smith, David Hume, James Watt, to name just a few. | 0:24:29 | 0:24:35 | |
Yet Scotland was sold as the land of castles and couthy natives, | 0:24:35 | 0:24:39 | |
and still is. | 0:24:39 | 0:24:41 | |
Let's face it. Tourists have never come here to see the future. | 0:24:42 | 0:24:47 | |
They're only really interested in our past. | 0:24:47 | 0:24:49 | |
So, are we stuck with an image that's fundamentally backward-looking, | 0:24:50 | 0:24:55 | |
static and unable to evolve? | 0:24:55 | 0:24:57 | |
In a bid to see the capital through the eyes of a modern visitor, | 0:24:57 | 0:25:02 | |
I'm going to hop on a tour bus. And joining me is Peter Irvine, | 0:25:02 | 0:25:05 | |
author of the contemporary tourist guidebook Scotland The Best. | 0:25:05 | 0:25:10 | |
Peter, do you think we as a nation in Scotland depend too much on the past to attract people here? | 0:25:11 | 0:25:18 | |
I don't think so really. | 0:25:18 | 0:25:20 | |
That's why a lot of people come and we've got a lot to be proud of. | 0:25:20 | 0:25:24 | |
We're unique. We have something unique to offer. | 0:25:24 | 0:25:28 | |
-It's a really strong identity. -It is part of what we are. | 0:25:28 | 0:25:31 | |
-It's part of what we are. -Why do you think we have difficulty with it? | 0:25:31 | 0:25:34 | |
It is part of our identity and it is what a lot of tourists expect to see when they come to Scotland. | 0:25:34 | 0:25:39 | |
They expect to see at least one kilt in their five-day stay and, if they don't, they feel disappointed. | 0:25:39 | 0:25:44 | |
But why do we feel somehow uncomfortable with that? | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
Well, because we have a strong image of ourselves, | 0:25:48 | 0:25:52 | |
which may be slightly different to what, you know, visitors might think. | 0:25:52 | 0:25:57 | |
But I think the trick of course is to be both historical and contemporary | 0:25:57 | 0:26:03 | |
at the same time, to strike that balance. | 0:26:03 | 0:26:07 | |
You know, we are a creative people. | 0:26:07 | 0:26:09 | |
We're endlessly recreating and reinventing ourselves. That's what contemporary culture does. | 0:26:09 | 0:26:16 | |
This city has made a worldwide reputation as a festival city. | 0:26:16 | 0:26:21 | |
In fact, it's fairly true to say that we invented the arts festival 70 years ago. | 0:26:21 | 0:26:26 | |
So, do you think really one of our biggest assets, as a tourist destination, is our culture? | 0:26:26 | 0:26:32 | |
Contemporary culture mixed with the culture of the past. | 0:26:32 | 0:26:36 | |
Unquestionably. Culture and landscape are what we have. | 0:26:36 | 0:26:40 | |
And if it's draped with a little bit of tartan and there's a wee bagpipe player playing, maybe that's OK. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:46 | |
Edinburgh is the last stop on my journey. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:56 | |
I've been on the road for two months. | 0:26:56 | 0:26:58 | |
With my trusty Victorian guidebook, | 0:26:58 | 0:27:01 | |
I've followed in the footsteps of the first tourists to come to Scotland. | 0:27:01 | 0:27:06 | |
200 years ago, those early visitors came here in search of the romantic ideal - | 0:27:08 | 0:27:14 | |
in the belief that the awe-inspiring landscape | 0:27:14 | 0:27:17 | |
would not only help them to escape the dull routine of the modern world, | 0:27:17 | 0:27:22 | |
but would give them a sense of their own place in the universe. | 0:27:22 | 0:27:25 | |
Later tourists found the wide-open spaces of the north an ideal recreation ground - | 0:27:31 | 0:27:36 | |
a place where they could act out their own fantasy version of Scotland and Scottishness | 0:27:36 | 0:27:42 | |
- with or without the help of Sir Walter Scott and a bit of tartan. | 0:27:42 | 0:27:46 | |
As for me, well, being a tourist on my own grand tour of Scotland | 0:28:01 | 0:28:06 | |
has confirmed a prejudice I've held for a long time - that this is a glorious country. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:12 | |
There could be few places on Earth that combine such stunning and varied landscape | 0:28:12 | 0:28:18 | |
with such a compelling history. | 0:28:18 | 0:28:20 | |
And just when you think you've seen it all, you realise that there's still so much more to discover. | 0:28:20 | 0:28:26 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:28:53 | 0:28:56 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:28:56 | 0:28:59 |