Wish You Were Here Grand Tours of Scotland


Wish You Were Here

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Mountains, lochs,

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distant islands, hills and glens,

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the classic landscapes of picture-postcard Scotland.

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These were the landscapes that people wrote home about in Victorian times.

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But the tourists who put pen to paper

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usually came from a tiny social elite - the rich.

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For most of the population, a holiday was just a dream.

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But when working people eventually won the right to some free time,

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by far the majority of them didn't rush off to the Highlands to enjoy the view.

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Most postcards home were sent from the seaside.

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This is the last of my six journeys

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to discover how Scotland became a major tourist destination.

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For inspiration, I've been following a well-thumbed copy of Black's Victorian Guidebook.

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It's been in my family for generations and has always served us well.

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Letting its pages guide me,

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I've travelled across Scotland in the footsteps of the early tourists.

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My final grand tour sees me in the southeast of the country,

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tracing the rise of the seaside as a worker's playground.

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Scotland has thousands of miles of coastline, and here,

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on the eastern seaboard, are some of the most beautiful beaches.

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I'll be travelling from the seaside town of St Andrews,

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hopping across the Firth of Forth to North Berwick,

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and ending up in the capital city, Edinburgh.

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My journey begins here, in St Andrews,

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a place of pilgrimage for almost 1,500 years.

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And, in Black's day, a significant tourist destination.

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My copy of Black's was written long before the age of day trips and mass tourism,

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and has the middle-class Victorian traveller very much in mind.

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They were a high-minded lot, the Victorians, and any leisure activity had to be improving

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or educational in some way, which no doubt explains why Black's is stuffed full of historical references.

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Heaven forbid you enjoy yourself on holiday!

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To help educate the visitor,

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the pages of Black's Guide are crammed with edifying facts,

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and St Andrews provides a rich vein to mine.

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Founded in the 8th century,

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the town became the most important ecclesiastical centre in Scotland.

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The bones of St Andrew, Scotland's patron saint, were kept in the cathedral,

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and pilgrims came from across Scotland to pay their respects -

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triggering a medieval style of mass tourism.

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Long after the last pilgrim paid homage here,

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St Andrews continues to attract devotees.

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But, 500 years on, these new pilgrims are followers of another religion.

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Today, St Andrews is the world-renowned home of golf.

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But it's hard to believe that, in 1862, when my copy of Black's was published,

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the game was an overlooked minority sport and would not have been a reason for visiting the town.

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In fact "gowff", as it was called in these parts, had often been frowned upon.

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In the 15th century, it was actually banned by the Scottish Parliament.

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Good citizens were meant to spend their time practising archery for home defence against the English

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and not wasting time on the golf course.

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And even after the game was officially sanctioned,

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it could not be played on Sundays, on pain of excommunication.

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Some players simply couldn't help themselves, and preferred

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the prospect of eternal damnation to the thought of missing a game.

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One sinner, caught playing on a Sunday, responded angrily,

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saying, "Farts in your teeth and prayers baith!"

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It wasn't until Victorian times that golf flourished, and I'm off to meet the man who's credited with

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popularising the modern game that we know today.

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Which should be interesting, since he's been dead for over 100 years.

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-Old Tom Morris, as I live and breathe. How are you, sir?

-Ah, good.

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I recognise you from your photographs. You're wearing remarkably well.

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You were a legend in your own lifetime, as well as being

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a bit of a legend in death, as the father of Scottish golf.

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I suppose you could say that. It's longevity more than anything else,

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and being in the right place at the right time, you know.

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I was born in 1821 and, you know, my demise was in 1908, so

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I've witnessed all the major changes in the evolution of this great game.

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It's been my life in St Andrews.

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'The spirit of Old Tom Morris is still very much in evidence today

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'around the Old Course, which he remodelled, and is brought to life by actor David Joy.

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'And so, bizarrely, I find myself getting a lesson from a very late golfing legend.'

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-Hit through the ball! Oh, fanta... Oh!

-You're going to hit somebody.

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Swing back.

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Aye, you see, you jabbed at it.

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I'm feeling quite nervous now.

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Aye, well, what you're gonna do is you're going to take the club

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-back as full as you can and then just release it.

-Right. Release it.

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-Head down.

-Looking at the ball the whole time?

-Aye, dinnae force it.

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That's a difficult club to use, if you've not played with it before.

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Oh, pathetic! Look at that!

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-You lifted your head, that's all.

-Why do you think golf is so popular?

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Because it has drawn in hundreds and thousands of tourists.

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-It's man's instinct to just compete against each other, you know.

-Yeah.

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If it was a stone and a stick, I could hit this further than you.

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-I could reach that duned area in fewer swipes than you, sir.

-Right.

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-And that's, in a way, how the game developed in the 14th and 15th century.

-Here in Scotland?

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Oh, aye. Aye. Particularly here.

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-Do you think there were other games similar to golf being played elsewhere?

-Oh, throughout the world.

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As I say, it's man's instinct to hit a stone with a stick, isn't it?

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But we claim it for ourselves.

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Well, until you cut a hole out of the ground and you have a set of rules, which we developed

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-in the late 17th century, that's why we claim it as our game.

-Right.

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And then you could say that St Andrews rose as a pilgrim city again

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under the banner of "the home of golf" during my lifetime.

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-So that was very reassuring.

-So it's a second pilgrimage.

-Aye.

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It was amazing watching that whole Victorian era

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and all the gentlemen and the ladies coming in here to take the sea air,

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all these courses springing up everywhere.

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'The east coast was ideal golfing territory.

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'With it's sandy soil and endless dunes,

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'dozens of links courses sprang up across Fife and East Lothian.

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'As you might have guessed, I've never been a golfer.'

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Oh, now, that was a braw shot, sir!

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'But I think I'm beginning to get the hang of it.'

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To make the next leg of my journey,

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I need to get from St Andrews to North Berwick.

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In Victorian times, this journey would have been easily made by steamer.

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But, sadly, in the name of progress, the steamers,

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together with many of the east coast train lines, are long gone.

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To make the short hop across the Forth, I've therefore had to

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resort to a less than conventional mode of transport - microlight.

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What better way to see the sights than a seagull's-eye view?

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Down there is the Isle of May.

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Back in Victorian times there was a regular steamer service

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that allowed visitors to explore the ruins of a ninth-century Celtic chapel.

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But the Victorians were even more fascinated by the Bass Rock.

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Popular with sportsmen, who came to take pot shots at the gannets,

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its remote and isolated position made it the ideal location

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for Scotland's first high-security prison.

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Back in the 16th century,

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prisoners were sent to languish and die on this lonely rock.

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Safely back on land,

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I'm continuing my journey to the pretty seaside town of North Berwick,

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which Black's Guidebook describes as "the most fashionable watering place on the east coast".

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It may seem surprising today, but 100 years ago

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North Berwick was an internationally famous holiday destination.

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It was a real celebrity hotspot.

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The richest of the rich came here.

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World leaders and royalty all enjoyed the delights of a town known as the Biarritz of the North.

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A glittering array of rich, famous and powerful people came here

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to stay on the chilly shores of the Firth of Forth.

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The Prince of Wales came, the Prime Minister played golf on the links,

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while European royals enjoyed the bracing fresh air.

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North Berwick basked in the reflected glory of its celebrity visitors,

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whose presence here pushed the resort to number one in the top of the posh charts.

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Part of North Berwick's popularity was down to the Victorian obsession

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with the health benefits of sea water.

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Very quickly, the fashionable, rich and health conscious

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were making a beeline for the briny, ready to take the plunge.

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Now, the original idea wasn't to go for a swim at all

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but to immerse yourself completely in the sea.

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This was actually quite a complicated affair

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and great emphasis was placed on discretion and modesty -

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lest the tiniest bit of flesh appeared on public display.

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Which no doubt accounts for this less than flattering bathing costume.

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Right, here goes!

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Horse-drawn bathing machines were provided

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for the use of those keen to dunk themselves in the deep.

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These huts on wheels provided a discreet changing room,

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where gentlemen and ladies could undress

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and, with the help of an assistant, prepare for their invigorating ordeal.

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Now, take it from me, you have to be a very hardy soul indeed

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to enjoy the chilly waters of the Firth of Forth.

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But there's no pain without gain.

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And, as my old gym teacher used to say, if it hurts it's doing you good.

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So, in full expectation of utter agony,

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I'm about to take the plunge.

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Whoa!

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Ugh! Ugh! Ahh...

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It's not that bad actually. Urgh!

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I could spend all day out here.

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Ugh!

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Wealthy families would decant to North Berwick for the whole summer,

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staying in one of the resort's many good hotels.

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But, just as steamers and railways had transformed seaside towns like North Berwick,

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the invention of the internal combustion engine

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changed not only how people got to their destination,

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but where they went and how long they stayed.

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To find out more, I'm continuing my journey in a highly appropriate vehicle - a vintage Daimler.

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In the passenger seat is travel historian Gemma McGrath.

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And we're driving along in a very luxurious period Daimler.

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Now, of course, this would have been an extremely expensive piece of kit back in the 1920s or 1930s.

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What kind of people would have been driving machines like this?

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Well, the very rich.

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The people who first could afford cars were the upper classes.

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North Berwick itself was home, in the holiday times, to the elite,

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and so it was the new toy of the rich - the motorcar.

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And of course they wanted to drive it round and explore other areas.

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In a way, those people who were rich enough to afford a car

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were the first independent tourists to go further afield without a guide.

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The motorcar gave great freedom to venture beyond the resorts

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and set their own agenda, which was a massive revolution.

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So they could go places that no-one had been before, as tourists.

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Can you imagine the excitement of saying, "Let's pack up and go for a picnic"?

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It would have been quite amazing to have that freedom.

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The motorcar opened up new horizons.

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The era of mass tourism was dawning.

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And with this new mode of transport came an all-too-familiar holiday experience.

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Getting hopelessly lost.

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-I seem to have lost all direction.

-Well, that's the spirit of adventure, isn't it?

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Losing direction.

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Think we have a hamper with sandwiches in the back, so I'm sure we'll be OK, Paul.

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Eventually, I managed to get back on my route

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and continue my journey from North Berwick

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to a very different type of seaside resort -

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Portobello, on the outskirts of Edinburgh.

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If the 19th century was about wealthy Victorians exploring the Scottish landscape,

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then the 20th century was about ordinary Scots discovering their own country for themselves.

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You often get the impression that the history of Scottish tourism

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is all about rich people and the middle classes

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but when you come here to Portobello

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you very quickly realise that there's a wider story to be told.

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How ordinary working people - the bulk of the population - enjoyed themselves.

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I'm meeting up with writer Eric Simpson

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to find out how the simple pleasures of a day at the seaside

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finally became something that everyone could enjoy.

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That's no good. That's the pointy bit!

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-Ah-ha-ha!

-Right.

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When I nod my head, hit it.

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It's about time we settled down to enjoy a traditional seaside picnic, Eric.

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Eric, Portobello was really popular back in Victorian times.

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But there would, I suppose, have been a degree of...I suppose we'd call it snobbery now,

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around the kind of beach, the kind of resort that you went to.

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If you were a middle-class person, you might choose to go to one resort

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and if you were an ordinary person - an ordinary working person -

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-you'd be lucky if you got a few hours on the beach here.

-That's right.

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-They didn't... Working people didn't have much time for holidays.

-Tea?

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This really only started in the middle of the 19th century,

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when employers were gradually conceding, very reluctantly,

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the occasional day off in the summertime, so that employees

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could go on one of the excursions that were arranged by railway companies or paddle steamers.

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Factories and workshops had machines which required overhauling and servicing.

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They needed annual repairing. So it was convenient.

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So this was really a holiday, not for the workers, but for the machines.

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Yes. All unpaid of course. There was no such thing as holidays with pay,

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for the majority of people, until the middle of the 20th century.

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I think that's really interesting, because that was a big sacrifice,

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they weren't being paid, which would have been a big deal in those days.

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They must have felt it was worth it, to make that sacrifice to get

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some time back for themselves, to get a life really.

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Yes. They had this mass movement of people out of the cities, out of industrial towns,

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down to seaside places.

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Scotland's seaside resorts were increasingly packed with workers,

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seeking fun and frolics away from the daily grind.

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From photographs taken during its heyday,

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Portobello looks like an overcrowded seal colony.

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But not everyone approved of this newfound freedom for the proletariat

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and there were numerous complaints

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about rowdy behaviour and drunkenness.

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Was there a sense amongst certain sections of society that all this free time

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would lead inevitably to immorality of some kind?

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It was all a little bit too free and easy.

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Oh, yes, yes. Well, that's part of the reason why the better-off people

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moved away from the more popular resorts like Portobello, Rothesay and Broughty Ferry

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and they didn't want their children mixing with people that they considered riffraff.

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Some people called them the Great Unwashed,

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and the middle classes moved to other, quieter places,

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or even further afield, to the Continent.

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Can you paint a picture, Eric, of what this place might have been like in its heyday, about 150 years ago?

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It would have been a busy beach on a fine day like this.

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People from factories and shops.

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And they would be wearing their best clothes, their Sunday clothes.

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Just wandering back and forth.

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Some of them would be paddling.

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There were donkey rides for the children, seaside entertainers.

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There were three picture houses. There was a dance hall.

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There was... At the beginning of the 1900s, there was a zoo.

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And, when they got tired of the zoo, they could move along and see the natives in the Somali village.

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Somali village? With real Somalis?

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Real Somalis, brought all the way from East Africa.

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They were in their native costume.

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The men had spears and had mock spear fights.

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All very non-PC, of course.

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-So it was quite a place.

-Looking across the Forth of Firth, it's really still a great place to be.

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-It's a splendid beach.

-It is. I've just found my sandwich.

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I'm starving.

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Egg mayonnaise, perfect for a beach.

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It seems to me that the freedom to enjoy yourself on the beach

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symbolises a wider social change.

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By the early 20th century, Scotland was becoming a place

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where almost everyone could have a holiday experience of their own.

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For the final part of my journey, I'm heading for the most visited

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21st-century Scottish tourist destination of all -

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Edinburgh.

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You can tell from the guidebooks how important Edinburgh is.

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Just about every single one of them starts with a chapter on this great city.

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Black's Guide sets the trend,

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with the claim that the view of the city is one of the finest to be had

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of any capital in Europe.

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"The prospect obtained is varied and extensive.

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"Traced like a map,

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"the landscape lies in cultured beauty, stretching wide."

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Edinburgh is a truly stunning city.

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Throughout its streets there's a strong sense of its rich history

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and visitors come here from all over the world

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to soak up its unique atmosphere.

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Well, the first stop is the castle.

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We don't have a lot of those in the states. Not really.

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The whole town is amazing.

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This is a European city and it's very different.

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-It's lovely. Beautiful.

-Absolutely beautiful.

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You kind of are immersed in the culture, with the people,

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with the ancient buildings.

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You live the history.

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But as I walk along the Royal Mile,

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I'm also struck by the constant bombardment of tourist kitsch.

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Kilts and bagpipes abound, and the casual visitor could be forgiven

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for forming a picture of Scots wearing tartan,

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eating haggis and roaming in the gloaming.

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Of course, this image has virtually nothing to do with everyday life in Scotland today, and the truth is

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that it never actually was like this for the majority of Scots.

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So, where does this national stereotype come from?

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Well, there's a huge monument on Princes Street to commemorate

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the man who many claimed sold his idea of Scotland to the world

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and, in particular, to England.

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His name is Sir Walter Scott

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and he's often described as the man who invented Scotland.

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I'm meeting writer Stuart Kelly, who has studied this incredibly influential figure.

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Stuart, was there a political agenda

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behind Scott's presentation of his country as a romantic destination for tourists?

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Absolutely. Scott was a committed unionist and, in promoting Scotland

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as this destination, he was really trying to cement the union.

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It does seem kind of ironic that emblems of Scottishness -

0:22:090:22:13

tartanry and the Celtic world of myth and legend -

0:22:130:22:15

become associated with the union. I mean, what was the thinking there?

0:22:150:22:19

I think the idea was that Scotland should be Scotland and England should be England

0:22:190:22:23

and Scott was almost negotiating between the two -

0:22:230:22:26

explaining Scotland to the English but also explaining England to the Scottish.

0:22:260:22:30

-So, in a sense, he was trying to broker a marriage of equals?

-Yeah.

-On cultural terms.

0:22:300:22:36

I've always said that Scott is more like a marriage guidance counsellor than a divorce lawyer.

0:22:360:22:41

Scott transformed the old image of Scotland

0:22:420:22:45

as a place bedevilled with poverty and rebellion.

0:22:450:22:49

In doing so, he literally rewrote history, repackaging it for an English audience.

0:22:490:22:55

Scots were portrayed as noble, loyal and devoted heroes, who belonged to

0:22:550:23:01

a bygone age - an exotic culture in a wild and romantic landscape.

0:23:010:23:05

And the Victorians lapped up Scott's verse.

0:23:050:23:09

"O Caledonia! stern and wild, Meet nurse for a poetic child!

0:23:090:23:16

"Land of brown heath and shaggy wood Land of the mountain and the flood

0:23:160:23:22

"Land of my sires! What mortal hand can e'er untie the filial band

0:23:220:23:28

"That knits me to thy rugged strand!"

0:23:280:23:33

Now, did this work? I mean, was it successful?

0:23:330:23:35

Almost from the outset, tourists were flooding to Scotland, looking,

0:23:350:23:39

not for the real country, but for the image that Scott had created,

0:23:390:23:43

what we now think of as the Scottish stereotype identity.

0:23:430:23:45

And that's why we all should be wearing kilts and living in a glen?

0:23:450:23:49

-Indeed.

-And frolicking in the heather.

0:23:490:23:51

Scott's poems and novels inspired the shortbread-tin image

0:23:510:23:56

that has pulled in the tourists since the 19th century.

0:23:560:24:00

But, even as he wrote, Scotland was changing, and already had little in common with his romantic fantasy.

0:24:000:24:06

Scotland had become an industrial and scientific powerhouse of global significance,

0:24:060:24:13

but the image of a tartan-clad warrior was hardly an emblem of modernity and progress.

0:24:130:24:20

Some of the world's greatest thinkers and inventors had emerged during a period

0:24:220:24:26

that came to be known as the Scottish Enlightenment.

0:24:260:24:29

Adam Smith, David Hume, James Watt, to name just a few.

0:24:290:24:35

Yet Scotland was sold as the land of castles and couthy natives,

0:24:350:24:39

and still is.

0:24:390:24:41

Let's face it. Tourists have never come here to see the future.

0:24:420:24:47

They're only really interested in our past.

0:24:470:24:49

So, are we stuck with an image that's fundamentally backward-looking,

0:24:500:24:55

static and unable to evolve?

0:24:550:24:57

In a bid to see the capital through the eyes of a modern visitor,

0:24:570:25:02

I'm going to hop on a tour bus. And joining me is Peter Irvine,

0:25:020:25:05

author of the contemporary tourist guidebook Scotland The Best.

0:25:050:25:10

Peter, do you think we as a nation in Scotland depend too much on the past to attract people here?

0:25:110:25:18

I don't think so really.

0:25:180:25:20

That's why a lot of people come and we've got a lot to be proud of.

0:25:200:25:24

We're unique. We have something unique to offer.

0:25:240:25:28

-It's a really strong identity.

-It is part of what we are.

0:25:280:25:31

-It's part of what we are.

-Why do you think we have difficulty with it?

0:25:310:25:34

It is part of our identity and it is what a lot of tourists expect to see when they come to Scotland.

0:25:340:25:39

They expect to see at least one kilt in their five-day stay and, if they don't, they feel disappointed.

0:25:390:25:44

But why do we feel somehow uncomfortable with that?

0:25:440:25:48

Well, because we have a strong image of ourselves,

0:25:480:25:52

which may be slightly different to what, you know, visitors might think.

0:25:520:25:57

But I think the trick of course is to be both historical and contemporary

0:25:570:26:03

at the same time, to strike that balance.

0:26:030:26:07

You know, we are a creative people.

0:26:070:26:09

We're endlessly recreating and reinventing ourselves. That's what contemporary culture does.

0:26:090:26:16

This city has made a worldwide reputation as a festival city.

0:26:160:26:21

In fact, it's fairly true to say that we invented the arts festival 70 years ago.

0:26:210:26:26

So, do you think really one of our biggest assets, as a tourist destination, is our culture?

0:26:260:26:32

Contemporary culture mixed with the culture of the past.

0:26:320:26:36

Unquestionably. Culture and landscape are what we have.

0:26:360:26:40

And if it's draped with a little bit of tartan and there's a wee bagpipe player playing, maybe that's OK.

0:26:400:26:46

Edinburgh is the last stop on my journey.

0:26:540:26:56

I've been on the road for two months.

0:26:560:26:58

With my trusty Victorian guidebook,

0:26:580:27:01

I've followed in the footsteps of the first tourists to come to Scotland.

0:27:010:27:06

200 years ago, those early visitors came here in search of the romantic ideal -

0:27:080:27:14

in the belief that the awe-inspiring landscape

0:27:140:27:17

would not only help them to escape the dull routine of the modern world,

0:27:170:27:22

but would give them a sense of their own place in the universe.

0:27:220:27:25

Later tourists found the wide-open spaces of the north an ideal recreation ground -

0:27:310:27:36

a place where they could act out their own fantasy version of Scotland and Scottishness

0:27:360:27:42

- with or without the help of Sir Walter Scott and a bit of tartan.

0:27:420:27:46

As for me, well, being a tourist on my own grand tour of Scotland

0:28:010:28:06

has confirmed a prejudice I've held for a long time - that this is a glorious country.

0:28:060:28:12

There could be few places on Earth that combine such stunning and varied landscape

0:28:120:28:18

with such a compelling history.

0:28:180:28:20

And just when you think you've seen it all, you realise that there's still so much more to discover.

0:28:200:28:26

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