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In 1840, one man transformed travel in Britain. | 0:00:05 | 0:00:09 | |
His name was George Bradshaw | 0:00:09 | 0:00:11 | |
and his railway guides inspired the Victorians to take to the tracks. | 0:00:11 | 0:00:17 | |
Stop by stop, he told them where to travel, | 0:00:18 | 0:00:21 | |
what to see and where to stay. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:24 | |
Now, 170 years later, I'm making a series of journeys across the length | 0:00:24 | 0:00:30 | |
and breadth of the country to see what of Bradshaw's Britain remains. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:34 | |
My Bradshaw's is now steering me through Cumbria. | 0:00:58 | 0:01:01 | |
You might expect me to be headed for the Lake District, | 0:01:01 | 0:01:04 | |
but first, my journey takes me along the sea, | 0:01:04 | 0:01:07 | |
on the railway which, as Bradshaw says, | 0:01:07 | 0:01:10 | |
"Skirts the best part of the Cumberland coast." | 0:01:10 | 0:01:14 | |
Actually, it all looks pretty good to me. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:17 | |
On today's part of my journey, | 0:01:20 | 0:01:22 | |
I'll be taking a train from coast to mountain-top. | 0:01:22 | 0:01:25 | |
A little smut hits the eye to remind you of the joys of steam travel. | 0:01:25 | 0:01:31 | |
Gaining rare access to an industry that divides opinion worldwide - | 0:01:31 | 0:01:36 | |
nuclear power. | 0:01:36 | 0:01:38 | |
And it is absolutely massive. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:39 | |
The golf ball itself is probably about 60m high. | 0:01:39 | 0:01:42 | |
And attending the revelation of an extremely rare Cumberland luck. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:48 | |
This is, I must say, a rather emotional moment, isn't it? | 0:01:48 | 0:01:52 | |
This journey began on the Scottish border and is taking me | 0:01:55 | 0:01:58 | |
across the spectacular scenery of England at its narrowest point, | 0:01:58 | 0:02:01 | |
coast to coast, finishing up on the picturesque Isle of Man. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:05 | |
Today's run starts in | 0:02:06 | 0:02:07 | |
Cockermouth, near the Cumbrian coast, | 0:02:07 | 0:02:10 | |
and then I'll travel south | 0:02:10 | 0:02:11 | |
to the nuclear facility at Sellafield, | 0:02:11 | 0:02:13 | |
ending the day in marvellous countryside at Ravenglass. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:17 | |
I'm now headed for Cockermouth, which Bradshaw's informs me | 0:02:20 | 0:02:24 | |
is situated at the junction of the Cocker and the Derwent, | 0:02:24 | 0:02:28 | |
and he reminds me that the poet William Wordsworth is a native | 0:02:28 | 0:02:32 | |
and apparently is commemorated at St Mary's Church | 0:02:32 | 0:02:35 | |
with a memorial window. | 0:02:35 | 0:02:37 | |
Cockermouth stands on the north-western edge | 0:02:37 | 0:02:40 | |
of the Lake District. | 0:02:40 | 0:02:41 | |
A railway to carry coal from the West Cumberland pits | 0:02:41 | 0:02:44 | |
for shipment by sea was opened between the town | 0:02:44 | 0:02:47 | |
and the coast at Workington as early as 1847. | 0:02:47 | 0:02:51 | |
Once a passenger railway arrived in 1865, | 0:02:52 | 0:02:55 | |
the town flourished, as Victorian tourists flocked to the lakes | 0:02:55 | 0:02:59 | |
where the poet Wordsworth once lived. | 0:02:59 | 0:03:02 | |
As a Romantic writer, much stimulated by nature, | 0:03:02 | 0:03:05 | |
Wordsworth absorbed the landscapes surrounding the town | 0:03:05 | 0:03:09 | |
profoundly into his verses. | 0:03:09 | 0:03:11 | |
Sadly, Cockermouth station was closed in 1966, | 0:03:13 | 0:03:17 | |
so I've alighted at Workington, the closest point on the railway. | 0:03:17 | 0:03:22 | |
Reminiscing on his childhood, Wordsworth wrote, | 0:03:29 | 0:03:33 | |
"What joy was mine! How often in the course | 0:03:33 | 0:03:36 | |
"Of those glad respites, though a soft west wind | 0:03:36 | 0:03:39 | |
"Ruffled the waters to the angler's wish, | 0:03:39 | 0:03:41 | |
"For a whole day together, have I lain | 0:03:41 | 0:03:44 | |
"Down by thy side, O, Derwent! Murmuring stream." | 0:03:44 | 0:03:49 | |
If Bradshaw could enthuse about engineering, | 0:03:49 | 0:03:52 | |
why shouldn't the poet wax lyrical about water? | 0:03:52 | 0:03:56 | |
The isolated yet awe-inspiring landscape and the water | 0:03:59 | 0:04:03 | |
and mineral wealth contained within it, had proved attractive to | 0:04:03 | 0:04:06 | |
Victorian and modern-day visitors, artists and industries alike. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:11 | |
Water is key to Cockermouth, | 0:04:11 | 0:04:13 | |
being situated at the confluence of two rivers. | 0:04:13 | 0:04:16 | |
I've come here to visit a brewery, established at this spot in 1828, | 0:04:18 | 0:04:22 | |
precisely because of the purity of the waters | 0:04:22 | 0:04:25 | |
that Wordsworth eulogised. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:27 | |
In the 19th century, | 0:04:27 | 0:04:30 | |
British beer and brewing set the gold standard around the world. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:34 | |
In fact, Bass Ale from Burton-on-Trent is credited | 0:04:34 | 0:04:37 | |
as the world's first global brand, | 0:04:37 | 0:04:39 | |
as it was exported to so many countries. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:42 | |
Head brewer Jeremy Pettman is meeting me in the pump room. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:47 | |
There you have the brewery well - 80 feet deep. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:51 | |
I understand that the quality of water | 0:04:51 | 0:04:54 | |
is very important in the making of beer. | 0:04:54 | 0:04:56 | |
That's right, Michael. The water quality's absolutely paramount. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:00 | |
The water comes off the fells, it permeates down through | 0:05:00 | 0:05:03 | |
the rock strata to the east of the town itself. | 0:05:03 | 0:05:06 | |
It forms an artesian well source at the bottom of the brewery here. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:09 | |
We think that the water's been used since Norman times | 0:05:09 | 0:05:13 | |
and actually supplied the castle next door to the brewery. | 0:05:13 | 0:05:17 | |
By the 1870s, science and potent new technologies | 0:05:17 | 0:05:20 | |
had revolutionised the brewing industry. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:23 | |
It had metamorphosed from a cottage industry to a highly scientific | 0:05:23 | 0:05:28 | |
process utilising advances such as steam power and cooling systems. | 0:05:28 | 0:05:33 | |
Even microscopes, which were first introduced by brewers | 0:05:33 | 0:05:36 | |
trying to perfect beer yeast. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:37 | |
Staggeringly, after cotton spinning, brewing was one of the most | 0:05:40 | 0:05:43 | |
important industries in Britain in terms of sheer numbers employed | 0:05:43 | 0:05:47 | |
and the cash that it generated. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:48 | |
As I came in, I noticed your buildings are historic. | 0:05:48 | 0:05:52 | |
Do you pride yourselves really on brewing beer as it | 0:05:52 | 0:05:55 | |
used to be done in the 19th century? | 0:05:55 | 0:05:57 | |
This is a traditional brewery. | 0:05:57 | 0:05:59 | |
Whilst we've done a lot of improvement work over the years, | 0:05:59 | 0:06:02 | |
we've tended to maintain that traditionality. | 0:06:02 | 0:06:05 | |
We're a heritage industry, this is heritage brewing | 0:06:05 | 0:06:07 | |
and we're very proud of it. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:10 | |
The weather systems that cause an above average rainfall | 0:06:10 | 0:06:13 | |
in this area, and hence plentiful pure water, | 0:06:13 | 0:06:16 | |
can also be unpredictable and violent, | 0:06:16 | 0:06:18 | |
as Cockermouth found to its cost in recent history. | 0:06:18 | 0:06:22 | |
We all remember the terrible floods that afflicted Cockermouth in 2009. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:28 | |
What happened here? | 0:06:28 | 0:06:31 | |
Where you're stood at the moment, the well was completely covered. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:34 | |
You'd probably be somewhere waist deep, | 0:06:34 | 0:06:36 | |
maybe just above waist deep in water. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:39 | |
That obviously covered the well, it made it unusable. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:42 | |
The water actually came up in very quick fashion, | 0:06:42 | 0:06:45 | |
probably two, two and a half hours, and by one o'clock, | 0:06:45 | 0:06:48 | |
we had to pull the plug on the brewery itself | 0:06:48 | 0:06:50 | |
and literally just walk away and leave the water to its own devices. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:55 | |
Thankfully, after nine weeks of hard work over Christmas | 0:06:55 | 0:06:59 | |
and the New Year, the brewery resumed production. | 0:06:59 | 0:07:02 | |
I think it's time to sample some beer, | 0:07:02 | 0:07:05 | |
and see whether I can taste this Cumbria water, so loved by the poet. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:10 | |
We are exactly, as Bradshaw described it, | 0:07:10 | 0:07:13 | |
at the junction of the Cocker and the Derwent. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:16 | |
-All the best. -Your very, very good health. -Cheers. -Cheers. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:22 | |
The only thing that worries me is rain is coming on | 0:07:24 | 0:07:27 | |
and lovely though your water is, I don't want to get any in my beer. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:30 | |
Not a problem. | 0:07:30 | 0:07:31 | |
There's a saying around here that every drop of rain that falls | 0:07:31 | 0:07:34 | |
is another pint of Cockermouth ale. | 0:07:34 | 0:07:37 | |
Good saying. | 0:07:37 | 0:07:38 | |
Despite its powerful potential for destruction, the abundant water in | 0:07:41 | 0:07:45 | |
this beautiful landscape has clearly inspired both writers and brewers. | 0:07:45 | 0:07:49 | |
I've travelled to Whitehaven railway station, | 0:07:49 | 0:07:53 | |
nestled on the Cumbrian coast, to catch the train to a place | 0:07:53 | 0:07:56 | |
where the local water is used for something much more controversial. | 0:07:56 | 0:08:01 | |
An industry that both fuels our modern world, | 0:08:01 | 0:08:05 | |
but also furious debate. | 0:08:05 | 0:08:08 | |
Sellafield was once just a country railway station that | 0:08:08 | 0:08:12 | |
Victorian tourists used to access the delights | 0:08:12 | 0:08:15 | |
of local seaside resorts. | 0:08:15 | 0:08:16 | |
But its nature changed in the 1950s when it became home to Calder Hall, | 0:08:16 | 0:08:22 | |
the world's first commercial nuclear power station. | 0:08:22 | 0:08:25 | |
Power is at the heart of any modern society. | 0:08:29 | 0:08:32 | |
During the Industrial Revolution that so enthralled Bradshaw, | 0:08:32 | 0:08:36 | |
the steam engine moved man forward for the first time | 0:08:36 | 0:08:40 | |
from pure dependence on muscle and sweat. | 0:08:40 | 0:08:43 | |
I'm on my way now to see a new source of energy | 0:08:43 | 0:08:46 | |
developed during the 20th century whose impact was every bit | 0:08:46 | 0:08:50 | |
as revolutionary as the steam engine had been in its day. | 0:08:50 | 0:08:54 | |
In Bradshaw's day, the energy for homes, | 0:08:58 | 0:09:01 | |
industry and railways came from the burning of coal, | 0:09:01 | 0:09:03 | |
which provided a staggering 95% of Britain's energy needs. | 0:09:03 | 0:09:08 | |
But today, oil and natural gas are the nation's major fuel sources, | 0:09:10 | 0:09:14 | |
with nuclear power providing a sixth of our electricity. | 0:09:14 | 0:09:19 | |
It's hoped that these reactors will eventually make it possible | 0:09:19 | 0:09:22 | |
to produce power 20 times more cheaply than conventional methods, | 0:09:22 | 0:09:26 | |
and will, incredibly, make more fuel than it uses. | 0:09:26 | 0:09:28 | |
Nuclear power stations generate electricity from energy produced | 0:09:31 | 0:09:36 | |
by the fission, or splitting, of uranium atoms. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:40 | |
But its enormous potential comes with a problem. | 0:09:44 | 0:09:47 | |
Nuclear power generation produces spent fuel, containing | 0:09:47 | 0:09:51 | |
dangerous radioactive waste, which has to be dealt with safely | 0:09:51 | 0:09:55 | |
and stored for many hundreds, if not thousands, of years. | 0:09:55 | 0:09:58 | |
Sellafield now specialises in reprocessing spent nuclear fuel | 0:10:01 | 0:10:05 | |
and decommissioning facilities, and both local water | 0:10:05 | 0:10:09 | |
and the railways play a vital role in this controversial work. | 0:10:09 | 0:10:13 | |
I'm meeting Chris Halliwell, as this nuclear plant | 0:10:17 | 0:10:21 | |
is painstakingly disassembled or decommissioned. | 0:10:21 | 0:10:25 | |
As I understand it then, | 0:10:25 | 0:10:26 | |
we are now alongside a prototype nuclear reactor, | 0:10:26 | 0:10:30 | |
and you have decommissioned it, taken it out of service. | 0:10:30 | 0:10:33 | |
-How important is that? -It's a significant achievement, Michael. | 0:10:33 | 0:10:36 | |
It's the first power-generating nuclear reactor in the UK | 0:10:36 | 0:10:39 | |
to be fully decommissioned. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:41 | |
What does decommissioning mean? | 0:10:41 | 0:10:43 | |
We've effectively shut down the station. | 0:10:43 | 0:10:46 | |
We've removed all of the fuel elements that were inside. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:49 | |
That machine there is controlling a robotic arm | 0:10:49 | 0:10:52 | |
that you can see on the other screen here. | 0:10:52 | 0:10:54 | |
That disappears down into the reactor, | 0:10:54 | 0:10:56 | |
very deep, and that's what we've used to cut up and remove | 0:10:56 | 0:10:59 | |
all of the various components inside the reactor core. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:01 | |
The spent nuclear fuel is stored in large cooling ponds. | 0:11:04 | 0:11:08 | |
They're fed with water siphoned from Wast Water, | 0:11:08 | 0:11:12 | |
the Lake District's deepest lake, | 0:11:12 | 0:11:14 | |
which Wordsworth described as "long, stern and desolate." | 0:11:14 | 0:11:18 | |
These waters have now been harnessed to a modern use. | 0:11:18 | 0:11:22 | |
How long has that little job taken you? | 0:11:24 | 0:11:26 | |
It's taken the best part of 20 years to complete the reactor | 0:11:26 | 0:11:29 | |
to where we are now and we finished about May 2011. | 0:11:29 | 0:11:33 | |
Many of the 441 nuclear power stations in the world today will | 0:11:36 | 0:11:40 | |
come to the end of their operational lives in the next few decades. | 0:11:40 | 0:11:45 | |
Being able safely to recover and store radioactive waste | 0:11:45 | 0:11:50 | |
is fundamental to the future of nuclear generation. | 0:11:50 | 0:11:53 | |
Do we have to content ourselves with watching this on television, | 0:11:54 | 0:11:58 | |
-or can we get down there? -Absolutely not, Michael. | 0:11:58 | 0:12:00 | |
Perfectly clean and safe to go downstairs. | 0:12:00 | 0:12:02 | |
If you want to follow me, we can have a look. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:04 | |
I've been given incredibly rare access to the inside of the reactor | 0:12:08 | 0:12:13 | |
that Chris and his team are decommissioning. | 0:12:13 | 0:12:15 | |
Here we are, Michael. We're inside | 0:12:19 | 0:12:21 | |
the golf ball, the famous iconic structure at Sellafield, | 0:12:21 | 0:12:24 | |
and most people are familiar with it from the outside, | 0:12:24 | 0:12:27 | |
but very few have had the opportunity | 0:12:27 | 0:12:29 | |
to see it from this angle. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:30 | |
It is absolutely massive. | 0:12:30 | 0:12:32 | |
What kind of dimensions are we dealing with here? | 0:12:32 | 0:12:35 | |
The golf ball itself is probably about 60m high and we're now | 0:12:35 | 0:12:38 | |
sat on top of the reactor itself | 0:12:38 | 0:12:41 | |
and that extends maybe 25m down below us. | 0:12:41 | 0:12:44 | |
This was a prototype, so how does this compare in size | 0:12:44 | 0:12:48 | |
to the production models that were built? | 0:12:48 | 0:12:51 | |
It's an exact one-fifth scale replica | 0:12:51 | 0:12:53 | |
of a full-size advanced gas reactor. | 0:12:53 | 0:12:56 | |
Nuclear materials travel across the length and breadth of Britain | 0:12:56 | 0:13:00 | |
hundreds of times each year, with spent nuclear fuel being carried | 0:13:00 | 0:13:04 | |
by train to Sellafield for reprocessing. | 0:13:04 | 0:13:07 | |
Brian Howell, from the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, | 0:13:07 | 0:13:11 | |
is meeting me at Sellafield's dedicated railway sidings. | 0:13:11 | 0:13:14 | |
This is clearly a very special train. What exactly does it carry? | 0:13:14 | 0:13:19 | |
These trains carry specially designed flasks that contain | 0:13:19 | 0:13:22 | |
a potential range of nuclear materials | 0:13:22 | 0:13:25 | |
brought to Sellafield to be reprocessed. | 0:13:25 | 0:13:27 | |
You're taking spent nuclear fuel from power stations, | 0:13:27 | 0:13:31 | |
whether in the UK or abroad. | 0:13:31 | 0:13:33 | |
The stuff's brought here, reprocessed, | 0:13:33 | 0:13:35 | |
and the stuff that's useful is then sent back to the UK or to | 0:13:35 | 0:13:38 | |
-the customer abroad wherever it is, and all by rail. -Yeah. | 0:13:38 | 0:13:41 | |
In the UK, railway is the preferred route of transport. | 0:13:41 | 0:13:46 | |
A tried, tested, safe route. | 0:13:46 | 0:13:49 | |
How do you know they're safe, | 0:13:49 | 0:13:50 | |
because they could be involved in a rail accident, couldn't they? | 0:13:50 | 0:13:54 | |
Since 1992, we've travelled over ten million miles transporting | 0:13:54 | 0:13:57 | |
nuclear materials without an accident. | 0:13:57 | 0:13:59 | |
However, a number of years ago, they did do, obviously, | 0:13:59 | 0:14:04 | |
a thorough series of safety tests. | 0:14:04 | 0:14:06 | |
That included crashing a locomotive with two carriages | 0:14:06 | 0:14:09 | |
into one of these flasks. | 0:14:09 | 0:14:11 | |
After the crash, the locomotive was virtually written off. | 0:14:11 | 0:14:15 | |
However, the flask only had a couple of scratches | 0:14:15 | 0:14:18 | |
and a minor dent in it, so that gives us the confidence | 0:14:18 | 0:14:22 | |
that this is an extremely safe way of transporting these materials. | 0:14:22 | 0:14:26 | |
Transporting nuclear fuel by train has led to special engineering | 0:14:26 | 0:14:29 | |
within these wagons to protect their radioactive cargo. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:34 | |
If I could see inside those boxes, what would I find? | 0:14:35 | 0:14:39 | |
Inside the box is, in essence, | 0:14:39 | 0:14:41 | |
another highly engineered box which we call a flask, | 0:14:41 | 0:14:45 | |
that is designed to be very secure for impacts | 0:14:45 | 0:14:48 | |
and those kind of reasons, and then within special compartments | 0:14:48 | 0:14:51 | |
within that flask, the fuel is actually protected and loaded. | 0:14:51 | 0:14:55 | |
The fuel flasks can weigh anything from 50 to 150 tonnes | 0:14:57 | 0:15:02 | |
once fully laden and sit on specially engineered | 0:15:02 | 0:15:06 | |
low-loader wagons. | 0:15:06 | 0:15:07 | |
They arrive at the site many times a month by rail, | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
from the docks at Barrow-in-Furness or from rail-connected | 0:15:10 | 0:15:13 | |
power stations elsewhere in the UK. | 0:15:13 | 0:15:16 | |
With many nuclear facilities, they'll be in fairly isolated | 0:15:17 | 0:15:21 | |
or remote parts of the UK, where perhaps the road network | 0:15:21 | 0:15:24 | |
isn't everything you'd want it to be to transport nuclear materials. | 0:15:24 | 0:15:28 | |
Rail is a tried and tested route | 0:15:28 | 0:15:30 | |
and we think it's the best route for the kind of job that we have to do. | 0:15:30 | 0:15:34 | |
Despite the controversies that surround the use of nuclear power, | 0:15:36 | 0:15:39 | |
I can't help thinking that Bradshaw would have been impressed | 0:15:39 | 0:15:43 | |
that the Victorian technology of metal wheel on metal rail | 0:15:43 | 0:15:47 | |
coexists with processes that rely on human mastery of the atom. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:52 | |
After an absorbing day, I'm heading off to find a hotel for the night. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:59 | |
As ever, I've sought Bradshaw's advice for where to stay. | 0:16:00 | 0:16:05 | |
"Along the coast from Whitehaven, on or near the railway, | 0:16:05 | 0:16:08 | |
"is Muncaster Hall, the seat of Lord Muncaster." | 0:16:08 | 0:16:12 | |
What a place to stay. | 0:16:14 | 0:16:16 | |
This location is spectacular. | 0:16:20 | 0:16:23 | |
In fact, John Ruskin, Victorian poet, artist and critic, | 0:16:23 | 0:16:27 | |
described Muncaster as "the gateway to Paradise." | 0:16:27 | 0:16:30 | |
But Bradshaw's sparked interest in Muncaster not only for the view. | 0:16:30 | 0:16:36 | |
Inside the house, it says, is Henry VI's cup, | 0:16:36 | 0:16:41 | |
who took refuge after the Battle of Hexham in 1464. | 0:16:41 | 0:16:45 | |
Extraordinarily, that cup still exists over 500 years later. | 0:16:45 | 0:16:51 | |
The ancestral family are the Penningtons who, incredibly, | 0:16:51 | 0:16:55 | |
have resided in the castle since 1208. | 0:16:55 | 0:16:58 | |
Peter Frost-Pennington and his father-in-law Patrick | 0:16:58 | 0:17:02 | |
have kindly agreed to show me the cup. | 0:17:02 | 0:17:05 | |
This is, I must say, a rather emotional moment, isn't it? | 0:17:05 | 0:17:08 | |
Yes, people aren't usually allowed to see it. You're very privileged. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:12 | |
I am very privileged indeed. | 0:17:12 | 0:17:13 | |
It's very dirty because we never dare wash it. | 0:17:13 | 0:17:18 | |
It must never leave the place. | 0:17:18 | 0:17:21 | |
And here it is. The Luck of Muncaster. | 0:17:26 | 0:17:29 | |
I feel that I am present at a very special, unique ceremony. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:36 | |
This glass drinking bowl is a rare example of a Cumberland luck - | 0:17:36 | 0:17:40 | |
an object ensuring good fortune for those who possess it. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:44 | |
According to my Bradshaw's, | 0:17:44 | 0:17:45 | |
it was given by Henry VI after the Battle of Hexham. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:48 | |
What was the story? | 0:17:48 | 0:17:50 | |
He was running away with his two friends | 0:17:50 | 0:17:52 | |
and he was found at the tower outside that window | 0:17:52 | 0:17:56 | |
having tried to get shelter in the next-door valley, | 0:17:56 | 0:17:59 | |
but he was denied it. | 0:17:59 | 0:18:01 | |
He was found by the two shepherds | 0:18:01 | 0:18:02 | |
and brought here for two or three weeks. | 0:18:02 | 0:18:04 | |
When he left, he left his drinking bowl behind saying... | 0:18:04 | 0:18:07 | |
as long as it shall remain whole and unbroken, | 0:18:07 | 0:18:10 | |
the Penningtons would always be living and thriving at Muncaster. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:13 | |
What an awesome object, and how moving that it's survived so long. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:19 | |
The evident care that the Penningtons have over centuries | 0:18:20 | 0:18:23 | |
lavished on the bowl is now matched by the hospitality | 0:18:23 | 0:18:26 | |
lavished on their guest as I'm invited to join the family's supper. | 0:18:26 | 0:18:31 | |
Having wined and dined in elegant style. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:45 | |
I'm starting a new day at Ravenglass, | 0:18:45 | 0:18:48 | |
the only coastal village in the Lake District National Park. | 0:18:48 | 0:18:52 | |
The nearest station to Muncaster Castle is Ravenglass. | 0:18:55 | 0:18:58 | |
My Bradshaw's says, "12 miles distant | 0:18:58 | 0:19:01 | |
"is Wastwaster, and the Fells, the principle of which is Scafell, | 0:19:01 | 0:19:05 | |
"3,160 feet high." Luckily, there's a railway | 0:19:05 | 0:19:10 | |
that takes me most of the way. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:13 | |
Big mountain, small train. | 0:19:13 | 0:19:15 | |
'The Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway | 0:19:17 | 0:19:20 | |
'proved popular when it opened in 1875, | 0:19:20 | 0:19:24 | |
'between the sea and Scafell, the highest of the Cumbrian peaks. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:28 | |
'The Victorians used it to enjoy the spectacle | 0:19:28 | 0:19:31 | |
'and majesty of the mountains. | 0:19:31 | 0:19:32 | |
'But, like many railways, it started life with an industrial purpose. | 0:19:32 | 0:19:36 | |
'Peter van Zeller is today's train driver.' | 0:19:36 | 0:19:41 | |
-Hello, Peter. -Hello! | 0:19:41 | 0:19:44 | |
Great to see you. I'm really looking forward to this ride. | 0:19:44 | 0:19:47 | |
What's the history of the railway? | 0:19:47 | 0:19:49 | |
The railway was built to carry iron ore, for steel making. | 0:19:49 | 0:19:52 | |
They thought it was really suitable for the first steel-making processes. | 0:19:52 | 0:19:55 | |
'Once the iron ore had been ferried from the mines | 0:19:58 | 0:20:00 | |
'on the mountain at Boot to the coast at Ravenglass, | 0:20:00 | 0:20:03 | |
'passengers hopped aboard the empty wagons for the return ascent. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:08 | |
'The railway closed in 1913, after quarrying stopped, | 0:20:09 | 0:20:13 | |
'but a group of rail enthusiasts | 0:20:13 | 0:20:16 | |
'from a miniature railway engineering company | 0:20:16 | 0:20:19 | |
'saved and restored the line during the First World War.' | 0:20:19 | 0:20:22 | |
In the Bradshaw's of the 1920s, | 0:20:22 | 0:20:24 | |
you'll find this ran every day, Christmas Day included. | 0:20:24 | 0:20:28 | |
It carried the mails, it carried everybody's goods, | 0:20:28 | 0:20:31 | |
because the passengers weren't enough to keep the thing solvent. | 0:20:31 | 0:20:35 | |
What about your locomotive? What kind of vintage is that? | 0:20:35 | 0:20:39 | |
This one was built in 1923. | 0:20:39 | 0:20:41 | |
It looks like a miniature of a full-size engine, | 0:20:41 | 0:20:44 | |
but it was designed to do a real job. | 0:20:44 | 0:20:47 | |
It would pull 20 tonnes of stone through the winter, | 0:20:47 | 0:20:51 | |
or turn up and pull the 150 passengers | 0:20:51 | 0:20:53 | |
who might come off the main line railway, | 0:20:53 | 0:20:56 | |
with equal ease. | 0:20:56 | 0:20:59 | |
And it's still doing it 90 years later. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:02 | |
'The railway's dual purpose of ferrying quarried granite | 0:21:10 | 0:21:14 | |
'down from the mountains in winter | 0:21:14 | 0:21:16 | |
'and carrying tourists up in the summer | 0:21:16 | 0:21:18 | |
'kept the line operating until the 1950s. | 0:21:18 | 0:21:21 | |
'Victorian tourists could absorb a breath of fresh air | 0:21:23 | 0:21:27 | |
'in open wagons over seven miles, through two magnificent valleys, | 0:21:27 | 0:21:31 | |
'to the foot of England's highest mountains. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:34 | |
'Today, it's a heritage railway, | 0:21:34 | 0:21:36 | |
'affectionately known in the Cumbrian dialect | 0:21:36 | 0:21:39 | |
'as 'la'al ratty', or 'little railway'. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:42 | |
'I've been looking forward to my trip up to these daunting slopes.' | 0:21:42 | 0:21:45 | |
Travelling with a steam engine in an open-top carriage | 0:21:47 | 0:21:50 | |
is a very special experience. | 0:21:50 | 0:21:52 | |
Of course, you have the constant odour of the smoke in your nose. | 0:21:54 | 0:21:57 | |
It feels at times as if it's raining, | 0:21:57 | 0:22:00 | |
because the vapour from the stack is falling on my face, | 0:22:00 | 0:22:03 | |
and every now and again, a little smut hits the eye, | 0:22:03 | 0:22:06 | |
to remind you of the joys of steam travel. | 0:22:06 | 0:22:09 | |
'I'm told that beyond the last stop, | 0:22:11 | 0:22:14 | |
'the Victorians would also visit Wastwater, | 0:22:14 | 0:22:17 | |
'described as, "a rather fierce and deep stretch of water | 0:22:17 | 0:22:21 | |
'"that has claimed many lives." | 0:22:21 | 0:22:22 | |
'I think for today, the train journey will suffice.' | 0:22:22 | 0:22:25 | |
-That was wonderful. I really enjoyed it. -Good. Splendid. | 0:22:32 | 0:22:38 | |
Thank you very much indeed. | 0:22:38 | 0:22:41 | |
This seems like a model railway. It feels like a toy. | 0:22:41 | 0:22:44 | |
But I'm rather moved by the idea that once, it had a timetable, | 0:22:44 | 0:22:48 | |
that people relied on it, and that it carried their post. | 0:22:48 | 0:22:52 | |
'I've alighted from this beautiful little steam service at Irton | 0:22:53 | 0:22:57 | |
'to visit a Victorian mansion with extensive landscaped gardens, | 0:22:57 | 0:23:01 | |
'known as Gatehouse. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:04 | |
'Bradshaw describes the countryside | 0:23:04 | 0:23:07 | |
'in Westmoreland, which is now part of Cumbria, | 0:23:07 | 0:23:10 | |
'as, "a region of lofty mountains, naked hills, | 0:23:10 | 0:23:13 | |
'"and bleak, barren moors." | 0:23:13 | 0:23:15 | |
'So I'm intrigued to know | 0:23:15 | 0:23:17 | |
'how a garden could be conjured from such forbidding landscape. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:22 | |
'Local designer Chris Jones is my guide.' | 0:23:22 | 0:23:25 | |
-Hello, Chris. -Hello. | 0:23:25 | 0:23:27 | |
Good to see you. | 0:23:27 | 0:23:29 | |
What a wonderful estate. What's the history of it? | 0:23:29 | 0:23:32 | |
Like so many of these Northern estates and mansions, | 0:23:32 | 0:23:36 | |
it was basically Northern merchant wealth in Victorian times, | 0:23:36 | 0:23:42 | |
where they wanted to escape the cities, | 0:23:42 | 0:23:45 | |
and establish country seats for themselves, | 0:23:45 | 0:23:47 | |
become country squires, if you like. | 0:23:47 | 0:23:49 | |
'Gatehouse was built in 1896 as a country retreat for the Rea family, | 0:23:49 | 0:23:56 | |
'wealthy Liverpudlian coal and shipping merchants. | 0:23:56 | 0:24:00 | |
'Like many rich Victorian industrialists, | 0:24:00 | 0:24:02 | |
'they wanted both to escape the grime and squalor of the city, | 0:24:02 | 0:24:06 | |
'and to make their mark | 0:24:06 | 0:24:07 | |
'by constructing a thing of beauty and grace | 0:24:07 | 0:24:11 | |
'that would make them the envy of their peers.' | 0:24:11 | 0:24:13 | |
What did they have to do here? | 0:24:13 | 0:24:15 | |
They bought the local farm. All of this was a meadow. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:18 | |
First of all, they flooded the meadow, | 0:24:18 | 0:24:21 | |
and created this tarn, or lake. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:24 | |
They landscaped the whole area. | 0:24:24 | 0:24:26 | |
All of this planting here was put in by them. | 0:24:26 | 0:24:29 | |
They have cascades, they have formal gardens. | 0:24:29 | 0:24:33 | |
They had orchards, and so on. | 0:24:33 | 0:24:35 | |
'Railways, and steam-powered liners, reaching all corners of the globe | 0:24:35 | 0:24:42 | |
'allowed for exploration and discovery, | 0:24:42 | 0:24:44 | |
'opening up the world for well-heeled travellers. | 0:24:44 | 0:24:48 | |
'Back in Britain, the upper classes were keen to recreate | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
'the unfamiliar and wonderful flora they'd seen. | 0:24:51 | 0:24:54 | |
'So, the Victorian era became the golden age | 0:24:54 | 0:24:57 | |
'for exotic plant collecting, and for radical garden design.' | 0:24:57 | 0:25:02 | |
It was actually designed, at least in part, | 0:25:02 | 0:25:05 | |
by Thomas Mawson, the leading landscape architect of his day. | 0:25:05 | 0:25:11 | |
He came up with the expression 'landscape architecture', | 0:25:11 | 0:25:15 | |
because, prior to that, it would be the architect themselves | 0:25:15 | 0:25:20 | |
who established the gardens. | 0:25:20 | 0:25:23 | |
Thomas Mawson objected to that, | 0:25:23 | 0:25:25 | |
saying they didn't have the sensitivity to create a garden. | 0:25:25 | 0:25:28 | |
'Thomas Mawson reshaped the landscape. Then, in 1914, | 0:25:32 | 0:25:36 | |
'he created a Japanese garden | 0:25:36 | 0:25:38 | |
'for Lord Rea's sons, James and Russell. | 0:25:38 | 0:25:41 | |
'All things Eastern became extremely fashionable during this period, | 0:25:43 | 0:25:49 | |
'as Japan was opened up to the West during the 19th century. | 0:25:49 | 0:25:52 | |
'To have a Japanese garden on your estate was considered | 0:25:52 | 0:25:56 | |
'the height of sophistication.' | 0:25:56 | 0:25:59 | |
So, Michael, can you imagine a nice summer's evening, | 0:25:59 | 0:26:05 | |
the Reas and their guests coming on a woodland promenade, | 0:26:05 | 0:26:11 | |
after their dinner, in their finery, | 0:26:11 | 0:26:14 | |
and being presented with THIS, all of a sudden? | 0:26:14 | 0:26:17 | |
A unique Japanese garden. | 0:26:17 | 0:26:19 | |
The guests must have been very impressed. | 0:26:19 | 0:26:24 | |
These Reas have done something novel, really original, | 0:26:24 | 0:26:27 | |
-and opulent too. -I think that's right. | 0:26:27 | 0:26:29 | |
A lot of these gardens were inspired | 0:26:29 | 0:26:32 | |
by the 1910 Japan-Britain exhibition, | 0:26:32 | 0:26:35 | |
so you've only got a few gap years there, | 0:26:35 | 0:26:37 | |
so there weren't that many around at the time. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:40 | |
Here we are on a typical Japanese bridge. | 0:26:43 | 0:26:46 | |
What are the characteristics, otherwise, of Japanese gardens? | 0:26:46 | 0:26:50 | |
They were more interested in texture, form. | 0:26:50 | 0:26:53 | |
It could be the rustle of the bamboo, any of those qualities. | 0:26:53 | 0:26:56 | |
It's a different sensibility to British gardening. | 0:26:56 | 0:27:00 | |
The Japanese gardens themselves are meticulously cared for. | 0:27:00 | 0:27:03 | |
Meticulously groomed, and they're pieces of art. | 0:27:03 | 0:27:08 | |
'Chris has been working on the garden for the last 12 years | 0:27:08 | 0:27:13 | |
'and has high hopes that, one day, | 0:27:13 | 0:27:15 | |
'he and a dedicated band of volunteers | 0:27:15 | 0:27:18 | |
'will achieve a tranquil perfection | 0:27:18 | 0:27:21 | |
'that would not feel out of place in Japan.' | 0:27:21 | 0:27:23 | |
As the Industrial Revolution advanced, | 0:27:34 | 0:27:37 | |
poets and artists were gripped by Romanticism. | 0:27:37 | 0:27:40 | |
A love of lakes, and cascades, and chasms. | 0:27:40 | 0:27:44 | |
As Victorians saw their landscape changed by factories and cities, | 0:27:44 | 0:27:49 | |
they too longed for nature in the raw, | 0:27:49 | 0:27:54 | |
and crowded onto trains to take to the hills. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:57 | |
'On the next step of my journey, | 0:28:00 | 0:28:03 | |
'I'll be exploding the myths behind Cumbrian Slate.' | 0:28:03 | 0:28:07 | |
HOOTER WAILS | 0:28:07 | 0:28:09 | |
BANG | 0:28:09 | 0:28:11 | |
That was a much bigger bang than I'd expected. | 0:28:11 | 0:28:13 | |
'Submerging myself in a top-secret world.' | 0:28:13 | 0:28:16 | |
Not much room here, I can tell you. | 0:28:16 | 0:28:19 | |
'And discovering why Victorians loved 'the Hanging Town'.' | 0:28:19 | 0:28:22 | |
-And this is a short drop rope. -Meaning they'd be strangled. | 0:28:22 | 0:28:27 | |
-They danced on the end of the rope. -Indeed. | 0:28:27 | 0:28:30 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:28:51 | 0:28:53 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:28:53 | 0:28:57 |