Cockermouth to Eskdale Great British Railway Journeys


Cockermouth to Eskdale

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In 1840, one man transformed travel in Britain.

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His name was George Bradshaw

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and his railway guides inspired the Victorians to take to the tracks.

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Stop by stop, he told them where to travel,

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what to see and where to stay.

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Now, 170 years later, I'm making a series of journeys across the length

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and breadth of the country to see what of Bradshaw's Britain remains.

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My Bradshaw's is now steering me through Cumbria.

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You might expect me to be headed for the Lake District,

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but first, my journey takes me along the sea,

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on the railway which, as Bradshaw says,

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"Skirts the best part of the Cumberland coast."

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Actually, it all looks pretty good to me.

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On today's part of my journey,

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I'll be taking a train from coast to mountain-top.

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A little smut hits the eye to remind you of the joys of steam travel.

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Gaining rare access to an industry that divides opinion worldwide -

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nuclear power.

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And it is absolutely massive.

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The golf ball itself is probably about 60m high.

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And attending the revelation of an extremely rare Cumberland luck.

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This is, I must say, a rather emotional moment, isn't it?

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This journey began on the Scottish border and is taking me

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across the spectacular scenery of England at its narrowest point,

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coast to coast, finishing up on the picturesque Isle of Man.

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Today's run starts in

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Cockermouth, near the Cumbrian coast,

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and then I'll travel south

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to the nuclear facility at Sellafield,

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ending the day in marvellous countryside at Ravenglass.

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I'm now headed for Cockermouth, which Bradshaw's informs me

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is situated at the junction of the Cocker and the Derwent,

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and he reminds me that the poet William Wordsworth is a native

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and apparently is commemorated at St Mary's Church

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with a memorial window.

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Cockermouth stands on the north-western edge

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of the Lake District.

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A railway to carry coal from the West Cumberland pits

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for shipment by sea was opened between the town

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and the coast at Workington as early as 1847.

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Once a passenger railway arrived in 1865,

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the town flourished, as Victorian tourists flocked to the lakes

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where the poet Wordsworth once lived.

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As a Romantic writer, much stimulated by nature,

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Wordsworth absorbed the landscapes surrounding the town

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profoundly into his verses.

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Sadly, Cockermouth station was closed in 1966,

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so I've alighted at Workington, the closest point on the railway.

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Reminiscing on his childhood, Wordsworth wrote,

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"What joy was mine! How often in the course

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"Of those glad respites, though a soft west wind

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"Ruffled the waters to the angler's wish,

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"For a whole day together, have I lain

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"Down by thy side, O, Derwent! Murmuring stream."

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If Bradshaw could enthuse about engineering,

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why shouldn't the poet wax lyrical about water?

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The isolated yet awe-inspiring landscape and the water

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and mineral wealth contained within it, had proved attractive to

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Victorian and modern-day visitors, artists and industries alike.

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Water is key to Cockermouth,

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being situated at the confluence of two rivers.

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I've come here to visit a brewery, established at this spot in 1828,

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precisely because of the purity of the waters

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that Wordsworth eulogised.

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In the 19th century,

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British beer and brewing set the gold standard around the world.

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In fact, Bass Ale from Burton-on-Trent is credited

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as the world's first global brand,

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as it was exported to so many countries.

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Head brewer Jeremy Pettman is meeting me in the pump room.

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There you have the brewery well - 80 feet deep.

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I understand that the quality of water

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is very important in the making of beer.

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That's right, Michael. The water quality's absolutely paramount.

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The water comes off the fells, it permeates down through

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the rock strata to the east of the town itself.

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It forms an artesian well source at the bottom of the brewery here.

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We think that the water's been used since Norman times

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and actually supplied the castle next door to the brewery.

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By the 1870s, science and potent new technologies

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had revolutionised the brewing industry.

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It had metamorphosed from a cottage industry to a highly scientific

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process utilising advances such as steam power and cooling systems.

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Even microscopes, which were first introduced by brewers

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trying to perfect beer yeast.

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Staggeringly, after cotton spinning, brewing was one of the most

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important industries in Britain in terms of sheer numbers employed

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and the cash that it generated.

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As I came in, I noticed your buildings are historic.

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Do you pride yourselves really on brewing beer as it

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used to be done in the 19th century?

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This is a traditional brewery.

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Whilst we've done a lot of improvement work over the years,

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we've tended to maintain that traditionality.

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We're a heritage industry, this is heritage brewing

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and we're very proud of it.

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The weather systems that cause an above average rainfall

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in this area, and hence plentiful pure water,

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can also be unpredictable and violent,

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as Cockermouth found to its cost in recent history.

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We all remember the terrible floods that afflicted Cockermouth in 2009.

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What happened here?

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Where you're stood at the moment, the well was completely covered.

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You'd probably be somewhere waist deep,

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maybe just above waist deep in water.

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That obviously covered the well, it made it unusable.

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The water actually came up in very quick fashion,

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probably two, two and a half hours, and by one o'clock,

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we had to pull the plug on the brewery itself

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and literally just walk away and leave the water to its own devices.

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Thankfully, after nine weeks of hard work over Christmas

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and the New Year, the brewery resumed production.

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I think it's time to sample some beer,

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and see whether I can taste this Cumbria water, so loved by the poet.

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We are exactly, as Bradshaw described it,

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at the junction of the Cocker and the Derwent.

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-All the best.

-Your very, very good health.

-Cheers.

-Cheers.

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The only thing that worries me is rain is coming on

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and lovely though your water is, I don't want to get any in my beer.

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Not a problem.

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There's a saying around here that every drop of rain that falls

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is another pint of Cockermouth ale.

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Good saying.

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Despite its powerful potential for destruction, the abundant water in

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this beautiful landscape has clearly inspired both writers and brewers.

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I've travelled to Whitehaven railway station,

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nestled on the Cumbrian coast, to catch the train to a place

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where the local water is used for something much more controversial.

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An industry that both fuels our modern world,

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but also furious debate.

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Sellafield was once just a country railway station that

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Victorian tourists used to access the delights

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of local seaside resorts.

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But its nature changed in the 1950s when it became home to Calder Hall,

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the world's first commercial nuclear power station.

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Power is at the heart of any modern society.

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During the Industrial Revolution that so enthralled Bradshaw,

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the steam engine moved man forward for the first time

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from pure dependence on muscle and sweat.

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I'm on my way now to see a new source of energy

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developed during the 20th century whose impact was every bit

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as revolutionary as the steam engine had been in its day.

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In Bradshaw's day, the energy for homes,

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industry and railways came from the burning of coal,

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which provided a staggering 95% of Britain's energy needs.

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But today, oil and natural gas are the nation's major fuel sources,

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with nuclear power providing a sixth of our electricity.

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It's hoped that these reactors will eventually make it possible

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to produce power 20 times more cheaply than conventional methods,

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and will, incredibly, make more fuel than it uses.

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Nuclear power stations generate electricity from energy produced

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by the fission, or splitting, of uranium atoms.

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But its enormous potential comes with a problem.

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Nuclear power generation produces spent fuel, containing

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dangerous radioactive waste, which has to be dealt with safely

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and stored for many hundreds, if not thousands, of years.

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Sellafield now specialises in reprocessing spent nuclear fuel

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and decommissioning facilities, and both local water

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and the railways play a vital role in this controversial work.

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I'm meeting Chris Halliwell, as this nuclear plant

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is painstakingly disassembled or decommissioned.

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As I understand it then,

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we are now alongside a prototype nuclear reactor,

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and you have decommissioned it, taken it out of service.

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-How important is that?

-It's a significant achievement, Michael.

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It's the first power-generating nuclear reactor in the UK

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to be fully decommissioned.

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What does decommissioning mean?

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We've effectively shut down the station.

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We've removed all of the fuel elements that were inside.

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That machine there is controlling a robotic arm

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that you can see on the other screen here.

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That disappears down into the reactor,

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very deep, and that's what we've used to cut up and remove

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all of the various components inside the reactor core.

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The spent nuclear fuel is stored in large cooling ponds.

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They're fed with water siphoned from Wast Water,

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the Lake District's deepest lake,

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which Wordsworth described as "long, stern and desolate."

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These waters have now been harnessed to a modern use.

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How long has that little job taken you?

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It's taken the best part of 20 years to complete the reactor

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to where we are now and we finished about May 2011.

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Many of the 441 nuclear power stations in the world today will

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come to the end of their operational lives in the next few decades.

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Being able safely to recover and store radioactive waste

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is fundamental to the future of nuclear generation.

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Do we have to content ourselves with watching this on television,

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-or can we get down there?

-Absolutely not, Michael.

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Perfectly clean and safe to go downstairs.

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If you want to follow me, we can have a look.

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I've been given incredibly rare access to the inside of the reactor

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that Chris and his team are decommissioning.

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Here we are, Michael. We're inside

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the golf ball, the famous iconic structure at Sellafield,

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and most people are familiar with it from the outside,

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but very few have had the opportunity

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to see it from this angle.

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It is absolutely massive.

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What kind of dimensions are we dealing with here?

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The golf ball itself is probably about 60m high and we're now

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sat on top of the reactor itself

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and that extends maybe 25m down below us.

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This was a prototype, so how does this compare in size

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to the production models that were built?

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It's an exact one-fifth scale replica

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of a full-size advanced gas reactor.

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Nuclear materials travel across the length and breadth of Britain

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hundreds of times each year, with spent nuclear fuel being carried

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by train to Sellafield for reprocessing.

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Brian Howell, from the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority,

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is meeting me at Sellafield's dedicated railway sidings.

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This is clearly a very special train. What exactly does it carry?

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These trains carry specially designed flasks that contain

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a potential range of nuclear materials

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brought to Sellafield to be reprocessed.

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You're taking spent nuclear fuel from power stations,

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whether in the UK or abroad.

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The stuff's brought here, reprocessed,

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and the stuff that's useful is then sent back to the UK or to

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-the customer abroad wherever it is, and all by rail.

-Yeah.

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In the UK, railway is the preferred route of transport.

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A tried, tested, safe route.

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How do you know they're safe,

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because they could be involved in a rail accident, couldn't they?

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Since 1992, we've travelled over ten million miles transporting

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nuclear materials without an accident.

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However, a number of years ago, they did do, obviously,

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a thorough series of safety tests.

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That included crashing a locomotive with two carriages

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into one of these flasks.

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After the crash, the locomotive was virtually written off.

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However, the flask only had a couple of scratches

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and a minor dent in it, so that gives us the confidence

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that this is an extremely safe way of transporting these materials.

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Transporting nuclear fuel by train has led to special engineering

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within these wagons to protect their radioactive cargo.

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If I could see inside those boxes, what would I find?

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Inside the box is, in essence,

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another highly engineered box which we call a flask,

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that is designed to be very secure for impacts

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and those kind of reasons, and then within special compartments

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within that flask, the fuel is actually protected and loaded.

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The fuel flasks can weigh anything from 50 to 150 tonnes

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once fully laden and sit on specially engineered

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low-loader wagons.

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They arrive at the site many times a month by rail,

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from the docks at Barrow-in-Furness or from rail-connected

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power stations elsewhere in the UK.

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With many nuclear facilities, they'll be in fairly isolated

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or remote parts of the UK, where perhaps the road network

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isn't everything you'd want it to be to transport nuclear materials.

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Rail is a tried and tested route

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and we think it's the best route for the kind of job that we have to do.

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Despite the controversies that surround the use of nuclear power,

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I can't help thinking that Bradshaw would have been impressed

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that the Victorian technology of metal wheel on metal rail

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coexists with processes that rely on human mastery of the atom.

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After an absorbing day, I'm heading off to find a hotel for the night.

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As ever, I've sought Bradshaw's advice for where to stay.

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"Along the coast from Whitehaven, on or near the railway,

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"is Muncaster Hall, the seat of Lord Muncaster."

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What a place to stay.

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This location is spectacular.

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In fact, John Ruskin, Victorian poet, artist and critic,

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described Muncaster as "the gateway to Paradise."

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But Bradshaw's sparked interest in Muncaster not only for the view.

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Inside the house, it says, is Henry VI's cup,

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who took refuge after the Battle of Hexham in 1464.

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Extraordinarily, that cup still exists over 500 years later.

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The ancestral family are the Penningtons who, incredibly,

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have resided in the castle since 1208.

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Peter Frost-Pennington and his father-in-law Patrick

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have kindly agreed to show me the cup.

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This is, I must say, a rather emotional moment, isn't it?

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Yes, people aren't usually allowed to see it. You're very privileged.

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I am very privileged indeed.

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It's very dirty because we never dare wash it.

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It must never leave the place.

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And here it is. The Luck of Muncaster.

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I feel that I am present at a very special, unique ceremony.

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This glass drinking bowl is a rare example of a Cumberland luck -

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an object ensuring good fortune for those who possess it.

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According to my Bradshaw's,

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it was given by Henry VI after the Battle of Hexham.

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What was the story?

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He was running away with his two friends

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and he was found at the tower outside that window

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having tried to get shelter in the next-door valley,

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but he was denied it.

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He was found by the two shepherds

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and brought here for two or three weeks.

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When he left, he left his drinking bowl behind saying...

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as long as it shall remain whole and unbroken,

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the Penningtons would always be living and thriving at Muncaster.

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What an awesome object, and how moving that it's survived so long.

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The evident care that the Penningtons have over centuries

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lavished on the bowl is now matched by the hospitality

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lavished on their guest as I'm invited to join the family's supper.

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Having wined and dined in elegant style.

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I'm starting a new day at Ravenglass,

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the only coastal village in the Lake District National Park.

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The nearest station to Muncaster Castle is Ravenglass.

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My Bradshaw's says, "12 miles distant

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"is Wastwaster, and the Fells, the principle of which is Scafell,

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"3,160 feet high." Luckily, there's a railway

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that takes me most of the way.

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Big mountain, small train.

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'The Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway

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'proved popular when it opened in 1875,

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'between the sea and Scafell, the highest of the Cumbrian peaks.

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'The Victorians used it to enjoy the spectacle

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'and majesty of the mountains.

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'But, like many railways, it started life with an industrial purpose.

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'Peter van Zeller is today's train driver.'

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-Hello, Peter.

-Hello!

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Great to see you. I'm really looking forward to this ride.

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What's the history of the railway?

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The railway was built to carry iron ore, for steel making.

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They thought it was really suitable for the first steel-making processes.

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'Once the iron ore had been ferried from the mines

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'on the mountain at Boot to the coast at Ravenglass,

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'passengers hopped aboard the empty wagons for the return ascent.

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'The railway closed in 1913, after quarrying stopped,

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'but a group of rail enthusiasts

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'from a miniature railway engineering company

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'saved and restored the line during the First World War.'

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In the Bradshaw's of the 1920s,

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you'll find this ran every day, Christmas Day included.

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It carried the mails, it carried everybody's goods,

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because the passengers weren't enough to keep the thing solvent.

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What about your locomotive? What kind of vintage is that?

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This one was built in 1923.

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It looks like a miniature of a full-size engine,

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but it was designed to do a real job.

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It would pull 20 tonnes of stone through the winter,

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or turn up and pull the 150 passengers

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who might come off the main line railway,

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with equal ease.

0:20:560:20:59

And it's still doing it 90 years later.

0:20:590:21:02

'The railway's dual purpose of ferrying quarried granite

0:21:100:21:14

'down from the mountains in winter

0:21:140:21:16

'and carrying tourists up in the summer

0:21:160:21:18

'kept the line operating until the 1950s.

0:21:180:21:21

'Victorian tourists could absorb a breath of fresh air

0:21:230:21:27

'in open wagons over seven miles, through two magnificent valleys,

0:21:270:21:31

'to the foot of England's highest mountains.

0:21:310:21:34

'Today, it's a heritage railway,

0:21:340:21:36

'affectionately known in the Cumbrian dialect

0:21:360:21:39

'as 'la'al ratty', or 'little railway'.

0:21:390:21:42

'I've been looking forward to my trip up to these daunting slopes.'

0:21:420:21:45

Travelling with a steam engine in an open-top carriage

0:21:470:21:50

is a very special experience.

0:21:500:21:52

Of course, you have the constant odour of the smoke in your nose.

0:21:540:21:57

It feels at times as if it's raining,

0:21:570:22:00

because the vapour from the stack is falling on my face,

0:22:000:22:03

and every now and again, a little smut hits the eye,

0:22:030:22:06

to remind you of the joys of steam travel.

0:22:060:22:09

'I'm told that beyond the last stop,

0:22:110:22:14

'the Victorians would also visit Wastwater,

0:22:140:22:17

'described as, "a rather fierce and deep stretch of water

0:22:170:22:21

'"that has claimed many lives."

0:22:210:22:22

'I think for today, the train journey will suffice.'

0:22:220:22:25

-That was wonderful. I really enjoyed it.

-Good. Splendid.

0:22:320:22:38

Thank you very much indeed.

0:22:380:22:41

This seems like a model railway. It feels like a toy.

0:22:410:22:44

But I'm rather moved by the idea that once, it had a timetable,

0:22:440:22:48

that people relied on it, and that it carried their post.

0:22:480:22:52

'I've alighted from this beautiful little steam service at Irton

0:22:530:22:57

'to visit a Victorian mansion with extensive landscaped gardens,

0:22:570:23:01

'known as Gatehouse.

0:23:010:23:04

'Bradshaw describes the countryside

0:23:040:23:07

'in Westmoreland, which is now part of Cumbria,

0:23:070:23:10

'as, "a region of lofty mountains, naked hills,

0:23:100:23:13

'"and bleak, barren moors."

0:23:130:23:15

'So I'm intrigued to know

0:23:150:23:17

'how a garden could be conjured from such forbidding landscape.

0:23:170:23:22

'Local designer Chris Jones is my guide.'

0:23:220:23:25

-Hello, Chris.

-Hello.

0:23:250:23:27

Good to see you.

0:23:270:23:29

What a wonderful estate. What's the history of it?

0:23:290:23:32

Like so many of these Northern estates and mansions,

0:23:320:23:36

it was basically Northern merchant wealth in Victorian times,

0:23:360:23:42

where they wanted to escape the cities,

0:23:420:23:45

and establish country seats for themselves,

0:23:450:23:47

become country squires, if you like.

0:23:470:23:49

'Gatehouse was built in 1896 as a country retreat for the Rea family,

0:23:490:23:56

'wealthy Liverpudlian coal and shipping merchants.

0:23:560:24:00

'Like many rich Victorian industrialists,

0:24:000:24:02

'they wanted both to escape the grime and squalor of the city,

0:24:020:24:06

'and to make their mark

0:24:060:24:07

'by constructing a thing of beauty and grace

0:24:070:24:11

'that would make them the envy of their peers.'

0:24:110:24:13

What did they have to do here?

0:24:130:24:15

They bought the local farm. All of this was a meadow.

0:24:150:24:18

First of all, they flooded the meadow,

0:24:180:24:21

and created this tarn, or lake.

0:24:210:24:24

They landscaped the whole area.

0:24:240:24:26

All of this planting here was put in by them.

0:24:260:24:29

They have cascades, they have formal gardens.

0:24:290:24:33

They had orchards, and so on.

0:24:330:24:35

'Railways, and steam-powered liners, reaching all corners of the globe

0:24:350:24:42

'allowed for exploration and discovery,

0:24:420:24:44

'opening up the world for well-heeled travellers.

0:24:440:24:48

'Back in Britain, the upper classes were keen to recreate

0:24:480:24:51

'the unfamiliar and wonderful flora they'd seen.

0:24:510:24:54

'So, the Victorian era became the golden age

0:24:540:24:57

'for exotic plant collecting, and for radical garden design.'

0:24:570:25:02

It was actually designed, at least in part,

0:25:020:25:05

by Thomas Mawson, the leading landscape architect of his day.

0:25:050:25:11

He came up with the expression 'landscape architecture',

0:25:110:25:15

because, prior to that, it would be the architect themselves

0:25:150:25:20

who established the gardens.

0:25:200:25:23

Thomas Mawson objected to that,

0:25:230:25:25

saying they didn't have the sensitivity to create a garden.

0:25:250:25:28

'Thomas Mawson reshaped the landscape. Then, in 1914,

0:25:320:25:36

'he created a Japanese garden

0:25:360:25:38

'for Lord Rea's sons, James and Russell.

0:25:380:25:41

'All things Eastern became extremely fashionable during this period,

0:25:430:25:49

'as Japan was opened up to the West during the 19th century.

0:25:490:25:52

'To have a Japanese garden on your estate was considered

0:25:520:25:56

'the height of sophistication.'

0:25:560:25:59

So, Michael, can you imagine a nice summer's evening,

0:25:590:26:05

the Reas and their guests coming on a woodland promenade,

0:26:050:26:11

after their dinner, in their finery,

0:26:110:26:14

and being presented with THIS, all of a sudden?

0:26:140:26:17

A unique Japanese garden.

0:26:170:26:19

The guests must have been very impressed.

0:26:190:26:24

These Reas have done something novel, really original,

0:26:240:26:27

-and opulent too.

-I think that's right.

0:26:270:26:29

A lot of these gardens were inspired

0:26:290:26:32

by the 1910 Japan-Britain exhibition,

0:26:320:26:35

so you've only got a few gap years there,

0:26:350:26:37

so there weren't that many around at the time.

0:26:370:26:40

Here we are on a typical Japanese bridge.

0:26:430:26:46

What are the characteristics, otherwise, of Japanese gardens?

0:26:460:26:50

They were more interested in texture, form.

0:26:500:26:53

It could be the rustle of the bamboo, any of those qualities.

0:26:530:26:56

It's a different sensibility to British gardening.

0:26:560:27:00

The Japanese gardens themselves are meticulously cared for.

0:27:000:27:03

Meticulously groomed, and they're pieces of art.

0:27:030:27:08

'Chris has been working on the garden for the last 12 years

0:27:080:27:13

'and has high hopes that, one day,

0:27:130:27:15

'he and a dedicated band of volunteers

0:27:150:27:18

'will achieve a tranquil perfection

0:27:180:27:21

'that would not feel out of place in Japan.'

0:27:210:27:23

As the Industrial Revolution advanced,

0:27:340:27:37

poets and artists were gripped by Romanticism.

0:27:370:27:40

A love of lakes, and cascades, and chasms.

0:27:400:27:44

As Victorians saw their landscape changed by factories and cities,

0:27:440:27:49

they too longed for nature in the raw,

0:27:490:27:54

and crowded onto trains to take to the hills.

0:27:540:27:57

'On the next step of my journey,

0:28:000:28:03

'I'll be exploding the myths behind Cumbrian Slate.'

0:28:030:28:07

HOOTER WAILS

0:28:070:28:09

BANG

0:28:090:28:11

That was a much bigger bang than I'd expected.

0:28:110:28:13

'Submerging myself in a top-secret world.'

0:28:130:28:16

Not much room here, I can tell you.

0:28:160:28:19

'And discovering why Victorians loved 'the Hanging Town'.'

0:28:190:28:22

-And this is a short drop rope.

-Meaning they'd be strangled.

0:28:220:28:27

-They danced on the end of the rope.

-Indeed.

0:28:270:28:30

Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

0:28:510:28:53

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0:28:530:28:57

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