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Jerusalem, the Holy City, | 0:00:02 | 0:00:04 | |
is regarded by many as the actual centre of the world. | 0:00:04 | 0:00:09 | |
Since the Bronze Age, it's been the object of desire | 0:00:11 | 0:00:15 | |
for both conquerors and prophets. | 0:00:15 | 0:00:17 | |
Each one claiming the city, | 0:00:17 | 0:00:20 | |
and robbing their predecessors of their past. | 0:00:20 | 0:00:24 | |
Jerusalem is ever-changing - it's never been the same, | 0:00:24 | 0:00:27 | |
and that is both its blessing and its curse. | 0:00:27 | 0:00:31 | |
This beguiling place has changed hands many times, | 0:00:31 | 0:00:36 | |
often with violence and bloodshed. | 0:00:36 | 0:00:40 | |
And for many, this religious capital | 0:00:42 | 0:00:45 | |
will be the setting for the Day of Judgement, | 0:00:45 | 0:00:49 | |
when the world will end. | 0:00:49 | 0:00:51 | |
In the early 7th century, | 0:00:54 | 0:00:56 | |
a new faith arose out of the Arabian peninsula. | 0:00:56 | 0:00:59 | |
This faith would revere Jerusalem, | 0:01:00 | 0:01:03 | |
already sacred to Jews and Christians, | 0:01:03 | 0:01:06 | |
but the new movement would adapt and commandeer their traditions. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:11 | |
This was Islam. | 0:01:11 | 0:01:13 | |
Its followers believe that their founder, too, came here, | 0:01:14 | 0:01:19 | |
like Abraham and Jesus before him. | 0:01:19 | 0:01:21 | |
But what would the arrival of a third faith | 0:01:24 | 0:01:27 | |
mean for the unfolding story of Jerusalem? | 0:01:27 | 0:01:30 | |
I'm a writer and historian, | 0:02:01 | 0:02:03 | |
and I've been coming to Jerusalem since childhood. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:06 | |
It's been a holy place, | 0:02:09 | 0:02:10 | |
the site of a sacred spring, for some 4,000 years. | 0:02:10 | 0:02:15 | |
This was where the Jews built their temples | 0:02:16 | 0:02:20 | |
for the worship of their one God, | 0:02:20 | 0:02:23 | |
where the Canaanites, Greeks and Romans idolised their pagan gods, | 0:02:23 | 0:02:28 | |
and where Christianity was founded. | 0:02:28 | 0:02:31 | |
In the 4th century, Constantine the Great created Christian Jerusalem, | 0:02:35 | 0:02:40 | |
building the enormous Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre | 0:02:40 | 0:02:44 | |
and commandeering the sacred symbols and relics of Judaism. | 0:02:44 | 0:02:49 | |
The Temple Mount where the Jewish Temple once stood | 0:02:49 | 0:02:53 | |
was deliberately preserved in ruins | 0:02:53 | 0:02:55 | |
to celebrate the victory of Christianity over Judaism. | 0:02:55 | 0:03:00 | |
The Jews were a persecuted minority, and in the 7th century | 0:03:00 | 0:03:04 | |
they remained banned from Jerusalem by the Christian Byzantines, | 0:03:04 | 0:03:08 | |
who still ruled the Middle East. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:11 | |
The Christians had even claimed for themselves | 0:03:11 | 0:03:13 | |
many of the Jewish traditions of the Temple Mount, | 0:03:13 | 0:03:16 | |
and now they moved these, wholesale, | 0:03:16 | 0:03:19 | |
over to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre - | 0:03:19 | 0:03:21 | |
Adam's skull, Abraham's altar, | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
and the oil-bearing horn that had anointed King David | 0:03:24 | 0:03:27 | |
joined Christian relics | 0:03:27 | 0:03:29 | |
such as the lance that had pierced Jesus' side, and of course, | 0:03:29 | 0:03:33 | |
the true cross. They even moved the official centre of the world | 0:03:33 | 0:03:38 | |
from Temple Mount, to its new home, at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. | 0:03:38 | 0:03:43 | |
But the Byzantine Empire had grown weak. | 0:03:47 | 0:03:50 | |
And Christian Jerusalem was about to be changed | 0:03:50 | 0:03:53 | |
by the revelations given to one man. | 0:03:53 | 0:03:56 | |
800 miles away, in the Arabian desert, | 0:04:04 | 0:04:08 | |
a young merchant named Muhammad lived in the pagan town of Mecca. | 0:04:08 | 0:04:13 | |
But he knew of Jerusalem, and he came to respect | 0:04:19 | 0:04:22 | |
the Jewish AND Christian scriptures. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:24 | |
According to tradition, in 610 AD, | 0:04:31 | 0:04:34 | |
the Archangel Gabriel visited Muhammad. | 0:04:34 | 0:04:37 | |
He came to believe he was chosen to be God's messenger. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:43 | |
When the Prophet received God's revelations, | 0:04:45 | 0:04:49 | |
it was said that his face became flushed, he fell silent, | 0:04:49 | 0:04:53 | |
he lay limp on the floor, engulfed by visions and humming sounds. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:58 | |
And then, he began to recite these divine and poetical revelations. | 0:04:58 | 0:05:05 | |
At first, they were just chanted aloud | 0:05:05 | 0:05:08 | |
then they were divided into 114 chapters, | 0:05:08 | 0:05:11 | |
and finally, collated into a book, known as the Koran. | 0:05:11 | 0:05:15 | |
Muhammad preached submission - in Arabic, "Islam" - | 0:05:21 | 0:05:25 | |
to the one God, in return for universal salvation. | 0:05:25 | 0:05:30 | |
And for him, Jerusalem mattered. | 0:05:31 | 0:05:33 | |
Respectful of the Jewish and Christian prophets, | 0:05:35 | 0:05:38 | |
he venerated this place. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:42 | |
Unlike Jesus, Muhammad was not a miracle worker, | 0:05:42 | 0:05:45 | |
but one, apparently mystical, experience | 0:05:45 | 0:05:49 | |
would link him for ever with the city. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:52 | |
Muhammad's followers believed that one night | 0:05:56 | 0:05:59 | |
he was awoken by the angel Gabriel, | 0:05:59 | 0:06:01 | |
and mounted a stead with a human face, named Al-Buraq. | 0:06:01 | 0:06:05 | |
And together, they flew on his night journey | 0:06:05 | 0:06:08 | |
to a place called "the Furthest Sanctuary". | 0:06:08 | 0:06:11 | |
There he met and prayed with the most revered prophets of Judaism | 0:06:13 | 0:06:18 | |
and Christianity, including Abraham, Moses and Jesus, | 0:06:18 | 0:06:23 | |
and then ascended to Heaven. | 0:06:23 | 0:06:26 | |
And it's this that would turn the spotlight on Jerusalem | 0:06:28 | 0:06:31 | |
for the emerging faith. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:34 | |
From the earliest days of Islam, | 0:06:34 | 0:06:37 | |
this Furthest Sanctuary was identified with the Temple Mount. | 0:06:37 | 0:06:41 | |
And today, it's known as Haram Al-Sharif - the Noble Sanctuary. | 0:06:41 | 0:06:46 | |
Jerusalem remains a sacred destination | 0:06:55 | 0:06:57 | |
for Muhammad's followers. | 0:06:57 | 0:06:59 | |
On this day every year, Muslims gather here to commemorate | 0:07:01 | 0:07:05 | |
the night journey of the Prophet Muhammad to Jerusalem, | 0:07:05 | 0:07:09 | |
making this city one of the most holy places in the world | 0:07:09 | 0:07:14 | |
for Muslims today. | 0:07:14 | 0:07:16 | |
Al-Isra, or the Night Journey, | 0:07:18 | 0:07:20 | |
is celebrated in mosques across the city. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:23 | |
Mustafa Abu Sway leads fellow Muslims in prayer. | 0:07:28 | 0:07:31 | |
My understanding of the Night Journey is that | 0:07:35 | 0:07:37 | |
it's the night that established the perpetual relationship | 0:07:37 | 0:07:41 | |
between two parts of the Muslim world, Mecca and Jerusalem. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:45 | |
It's an invitation to the children of Abraham | 0:07:45 | 0:07:49 | |
to reconnect with Jerusalem. | 0:07:49 | 0:07:52 | |
It was a night in which the Prophet himself | 0:07:52 | 0:07:55 | |
connected personally with Jerusalem, | 0:07:55 | 0:07:58 | |
when everyone knows that all prophets | 0:07:58 | 0:08:00 | |
had that sublime relationship with this holy city. | 0:08:00 | 0:08:04 | |
Muhammad's message wasn't just one of prayer and peace - | 0:08:07 | 0:08:11 | |
he was also a formidable statesman, | 0:08:11 | 0:08:13 | |
and he sent an expeditionary force to probe the defences | 0:08:13 | 0:08:17 | |
of Byzantine Palestine. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:19 | |
I wonder if he was already dreaming of reaching Jerusalem. | 0:08:19 | 0:08:23 | |
In any case, Islam was getting closer. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:26 | |
Muhammad died in 632. | 0:08:33 | 0:08:35 | |
But his vision continued under his successors, | 0:08:35 | 0:08:38 | |
who were known as the caliphs, or "Commanders of the Faithful". | 0:08:38 | 0:08:43 | |
And just five years after their Prophet's death, | 0:08:46 | 0:08:50 | |
three Islamic armies were converging on Jerusalem. | 0:08:50 | 0:08:53 | |
It's thought there was a reason for their urgency. | 0:08:55 | 0:08:59 | |
That these early Muslims may have believed | 0:08:59 | 0:09:03 | |
the end of the world would take place here. | 0:09:03 | 0:09:06 | |
Muhsin Yusuf has studied what drove Muhammad's followers. | 0:09:10 | 0:09:14 | |
The Day of Judgement, the end day, | 0:09:15 | 0:09:17 | |
was extremely important for almost everybody. | 0:09:17 | 0:09:21 | |
The religious people especially came to Jerusalem | 0:09:21 | 0:09:23 | |
and they wanted to occupy it because they wanted to be here | 0:09:23 | 0:09:28 | |
in the Day of Judgement, because they think, | 0:09:28 | 0:09:31 | |
they thought in that time - | 0:09:31 | 0:09:32 | |
that they would ascend to Heaven from here, from Jerusalem, | 0:09:32 | 0:09:36 | |
so they wanted to be close. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:38 | |
But for the average soldiers, it was important, | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
but it's not like the religious people. | 0:09:42 | 0:09:44 | |
They wanted to revenge against the Byzantines | 0:09:44 | 0:09:48 | |
who tried to attack Muhammad. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:50 | |
Driven by these political AND religious motives, | 0:09:52 | 0:09:56 | |
the Islamic armies surrounded and laid siege to the Holy City. | 0:09:56 | 0:10:00 | |
Inside, the Christians, led by the Patriarch Sophronius, | 0:10:05 | 0:10:10 | |
thought the Muslims had been sent as punishment for their sins. | 0:10:10 | 0:10:14 | |
Fearful of a bloody storming of the city, | 0:10:16 | 0:10:19 | |
they started to negotiate and agreed to surrender, | 0:10:19 | 0:10:24 | |
on one condition - | 0:10:24 | 0:10:26 | |
that the terms of the takeover were personally guaranteed | 0:10:26 | 0:10:30 | |
by the Muslim Caliph himself, Omar, | 0:10:30 | 0:10:34 | |
a puritanical giant who reinforced his authority with a big stick. | 0:10:34 | 0:10:40 | |
The Caliph Omar arrived in Jerusalem to accept the surrender of the city. | 0:10:42 | 0:10:48 | |
The patriarch Sophronius presented him with the keys of Jerusalem, | 0:10:48 | 0:10:52 | |
in return for the promise that the Christians could worship freely. | 0:10:52 | 0:10:57 | |
The so-called "Pact of Omar". | 0:10:57 | 0:10:59 | |
Omar had won Jerusalem for the early Muslims. | 0:11:07 | 0:11:10 | |
But he went further still. | 0:11:12 | 0:11:13 | |
For him, the now ruined Jewish shrines on the Temple Mount | 0:11:13 | 0:11:17 | |
were important to Islam, too. | 0:11:17 | 0:11:19 | |
He and his warriors cleared away the debris to pray there. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:25 | |
He was deliberately co-opting, the ancient Jewish tradition | 0:11:27 | 0:11:30 | |
of sanctity there, for the new and final revelation of Islam. | 0:11:30 | 0:11:36 | |
And he even invited the Jews themselves, | 0:11:39 | 0:11:41 | |
who had been exiled by the Christians, back to the city | 0:11:41 | 0:11:45 | |
so they, too, could pray on the Temple Mount. | 0:11:45 | 0:11:48 | |
But the central importance of Jerusalem to Islam was paramount. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:57 | |
The new faith would build | 0:11:58 | 0:12:01 | |
right on the site of the Jewish Temple itself. | 0:12:01 | 0:12:04 | |
This would become the jewel in the crown of Islamic Jerusalem, | 0:12:04 | 0:12:10 | |
and a monument to the splendour of those Arab caliphs who built it - | 0:12:10 | 0:12:15 | |
the Umayyads. | 0:12:15 | 0:12:17 | |
The Umayyad empire was one of the largest in the world | 0:12:25 | 0:12:29 | |
and in 685 Abd al-Malik became its Caliph. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:34 | |
Abd al-Malik was a triumphant empire builder and religious reformer. | 0:12:35 | 0:12:40 | |
He won a vicious civil war against his enemies | 0:12:40 | 0:12:43 | |
and when he captured one rebel leader, he led him around | 0:12:43 | 0:12:46 | |
on a dog leash, hacked off his head and tossed it to the crowd. | 0:12:46 | 0:12:50 | |
But despite this brutal exterior, | 0:12:52 | 0:12:54 | |
he also indulged his more aesthetic sensibilities, | 0:12:54 | 0:12:59 | |
and his most enduring achievement is still breathtaking. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:04 | |
And it was the legacy of Judaism that he drew on | 0:13:08 | 0:13:11 | |
for the location of this most ambitious of projects... | 0:13:11 | 0:13:14 | |
..adding a new layer of holiness to an already sacred site. | 0:13:17 | 0:13:21 | |
It's one of the most successful | 0:13:23 | 0:13:26 | |
and beautiful religious buildings ever constructed. | 0:13:26 | 0:13:29 | |
Dominating the Temple Mount, it's the Dome of the Rock. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:34 | |
It's not a mosque, but a shrine, | 0:13:37 | 0:13:39 | |
and mysteriously, Abd al-Malik never said why he built it. | 0:13:39 | 0:13:43 | |
The design was exquisitely simple - | 0:13:46 | 0:13:48 | |
a dome, 65 feet in diameter supported by a drum... | 0:13:48 | 0:13:53 | |
..all resting on octagonal walls. | 0:13:54 | 0:13:57 | |
The golden Dome, the gleaming white marble | 0:13:59 | 0:14:02 | |
and the lavish decorations are a powerful combination. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:06 | |
It's unlike any other Islamic shrine in the world. | 0:14:11 | 0:14:16 | |
Directly beneath the Dome is the Rock itself. | 0:14:21 | 0:14:25 | |
Then, as now, this spot marks for so many the centre of the world. | 0:14:27 | 0:14:33 | |
This is a very ancient stone. | 0:14:34 | 0:14:36 | |
No-one knows its ultimate origin, | 0:14:36 | 0:14:39 | |
but this is certainly the holiest place in all of Jerusalem. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:44 | |
This is the place where some believe Adam's skull is buried, | 0:14:44 | 0:14:49 | |
where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac, | 0:14:49 | 0:14:52 | |
where the Jewish holy of holies, supposedly stood. | 0:14:52 | 0:14:56 | |
This is the place whence Muhammad the prophet ascended to heaven | 0:14:56 | 0:15:01 | |
during his night journey. | 0:15:01 | 0:15:02 | |
And it's an amazing place, just to stand, | 0:15:02 | 0:15:07 | |
and believe that this is the essence the foundation stone, | 0:15:07 | 0:15:13 | |
of Jerusalem sanctity. | 0:15:13 | 0:15:15 | |
Jerusalem now had an Islamic shrine, | 0:15:23 | 0:15:27 | |
but still needed a mosque for Friday prayers. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:30 | |
Built by Abd al Malik and his son, | 0:15:37 | 0:15:39 | |
it's known as "Al Aqsa", the farthest mosque. | 0:15:39 | 0:15:43 | |
Between them, Al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock, | 0:15:46 | 0:15:49 | |
celebrated Islam's claim to Jerusalem. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:52 | |
The Jewish Temple Mount was now an Islamic shrine, | 0:15:54 | 0:15:58 | |
and its magnificence outshone any of the Christian monuments. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:03 | |
Surely, that was always Abd al-Malik's intention. | 0:16:05 | 0:16:08 | |
For over 300 years, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre | 0:16:12 | 0:16:15 | |
had been the centre of all religious life in Jerusalem, | 0:16:15 | 0:16:19 | |
but now the Muslims had reactivated and reinvigorated the Temple Mount | 0:16:19 | 0:16:25 | |
adopting and adapting many of the traditions of the Jews | 0:16:25 | 0:16:29 | |
and the Christians, and of course, adding many of their own. | 0:16:29 | 0:16:33 | |
From now on, Jerusalem had two centres of sanctity - | 0:16:33 | 0:16:37 | |
the Christian and the Muslim. | 0:16:37 | 0:16:40 | |
The Umayyads ruled from Syria, but loved Jerusalem, | 0:16:51 | 0:16:55 | |
and even considered making it their imperial capital. | 0:16:55 | 0:16:59 | |
Right here, just south of the Temple Mount, | 0:17:00 | 0:17:03 | |
the Umayyad caliphs built a magnificent palace complex, | 0:17:03 | 0:17:07 | |
often using stones from the old Jewish temple. | 0:17:07 | 0:17:10 | |
There were vast expansive courtyards, and tinkling fountains. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:15 | |
And amazingly, they designed it so they could walk | 0:17:15 | 0:17:18 | |
straight from their third floor apartments | 0:17:18 | 0:17:20 | |
into their new and magnificent Al-Aqsa Mosque up there. | 0:17:20 | 0:17:24 | |
These carvings once decorated the Caliph's palaces. | 0:17:32 | 0:17:36 | |
They're 1,400 years old, | 0:17:36 | 0:17:38 | |
but give a glimpse into an Islamic world that today, is unimaginable. | 0:17:38 | 0:17:43 | |
The Umayyads were more like decadent Roman emperors | 0:17:45 | 0:17:49 | |
than puritanical Islamic rulers. | 0:17:49 | 0:17:53 | |
Islam actual banned the depiction of human faces, | 0:17:53 | 0:17:57 | |
but as you can see, from these decorations, | 0:17:57 | 0:18:00 | |
the Umayyads enjoyed naked dancing girls. | 0:18:00 | 0:18:03 | |
Some with cartoonish faces, and some bare-breasted and brazenly sexual. | 0:18:03 | 0:18:08 | |
This was not our traditional image of early Islam. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:16 | |
Far from it. In fact, it would have been fun to be an Umayyad. | 0:18:16 | 0:18:20 | |
Yet, even under this decadent, easy-going | 0:18:30 | 0:18:33 | |
and rather tolerant dynasty, | 0:18:33 | 0:18:35 | |
Islam was changing and becoming more exclusive. | 0:18:35 | 0:18:38 | |
The Jews had been allowed to worship on the Temple Mount | 0:18:38 | 0:18:41 | |
for about 80 years, | 0:18:41 | 0:18:44 | |
but in 720, the Caliph banned them | 0:18:44 | 0:18:47 | |
from entering those precincts at all. | 0:18:47 | 0:18:49 | |
They were allowed to continue to live in the city, | 0:18:49 | 0:18:52 | |
but the Jews weren't allowed on to the Temple Mount again | 0:18:52 | 0:18:55 | |
for over a thousand years. | 0:18:55 | 0:18:57 | |
Jerusalem was ruled by the Umayyads | 0:19:12 | 0:19:14 | |
and their successors, the Abbasids, for more than three centuries. | 0:19:14 | 0:19:19 | |
They were mainstream Sunni Muslims. | 0:19:20 | 0:19:23 | |
But since the 7th century, Islam had been split into two strands. | 0:19:23 | 0:19:27 | |
In 969, a new mystical dynasty from Egypt conquered the city. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:35 | |
They belonged to the other strand of Islam, the Shiites. | 0:19:35 | 0:19:40 | |
Their caliphs claimed descent from the Prophet's daughter Fatima. | 0:19:40 | 0:19:44 | |
They were known as Fatimids | 0:19:44 | 0:19:46 | |
and they were much more tolerant towards Christians and Jews. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:51 | |
Christian pilgrims were flocking to the city | 0:19:51 | 0:19:55 | |
as the new millennium approached. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:57 | |
Around this time, there were rumours that Jerusalem would be ruled | 0:20:00 | 0:20:03 | |
by a mystical last Christian emperor, | 0:20:03 | 0:20:07 | |
who would herald the End of Days. | 0:20:07 | 0:20:10 | |
But the Muslims regarded their own Fatimid Caliphs as sacred kings | 0:20:11 | 0:20:16 | |
and by the year 1000, a child was Caliph of the Fatimid Dynasty. | 0:20:16 | 0:20:22 | |
This sacred boy ruler was Al-Hakim. He grew up to be broad-shouldered, | 0:20:28 | 0:20:33 | |
handsome and his blue eyes were speckled with gold. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:37 | |
He adored poetry, he loved literature and he was aesthetic. | 0:20:37 | 0:20:42 | |
He was a popular and beloved young Caliph. | 0:20:42 | 0:20:44 | |
But he was increasingly obsessed with his own semi-messianic status. | 0:20:44 | 0:20:49 | |
He took to wandering the streets at night, | 0:20:49 | 0:20:52 | |
in mystical trances induced by opium. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:55 | |
Then he ordered massacres of dogs and cats, and banned chess. | 0:20:55 | 0:20:59 | |
Gradually, Hakim was going mad. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:04 | |
The Fatimid Caliphs considered themselves to be touched | 0:21:08 | 0:21:11 | |
by the divine, suspended between God and man. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:15 | |
But soon it seems Hakim believed he was wholly divine | 0:21:15 | 0:21:19 | |
and he began to exercise his powers to devastating effect. | 0:21:19 | 0:21:23 | |
Hakim, who was swiftly emerging as the Arab Caligula, | 0:21:26 | 0:21:30 | |
soon unleashed his first purge against the Jews and the Christians. | 0:21:30 | 0:21:34 | |
He ordered Jews to wear a grotesque cow-like halter | 0:21:34 | 0:21:37 | |
to remind them of the golden calf. | 0:21:37 | 0:21:40 | |
And they had to ring bells to warn Muslims of their approach. | 0:21:40 | 0:21:43 | |
Then he offered them the choice - death or conversion - | 0:21:43 | 0:21:47 | |
and thousands of Jews started to flee the country. | 0:21:47 | 0:21:50 | |
As for the Christians, | 0:21:52 | 0:21:54 | |
it was a sacred ritual performed just once a year | 0:21:54 | 0:21:57 | |
at their holiest site that provoked Hakim's dangerous fury - | 0:21:57 | 0:22:04 | |
the descent of the Holy Fire. | 0:22:04 | 0:22:07 | |
On Holy Saturday night, | 0:22:11 | 0:22:13 | |
crowds fought for a place in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:18 | |
Christ's tomb was sealed, and all lamps extinguished until, | 0:22:18 | 0:22:23 | |
amid emotional scenes, the patriarch entered the Tomb. | 0:22:23 | 0:22:27 | |
Thousands of pilgrims waited in spine-tingling anticipation, | 0:22:31 | 0:22:36 | |
and total darkness. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:37 | |
First, there was a spark, then a flicker, | 0:22:42 | 0:22:45 | |
then brightness flared. | 0:22:45 | 0:22:47 | |
And the patriarch emerged holding the Holy Fire... | 0:22:48 | 0:22:52 | |
..which was then passed from pilgrim to pilgrim in scenes | 0:22:55 | 0:22:59 | |
of total abandon and wild joy. | 0:22:59 | 0:23:02 | |
To the Christians, it was a miracle confirming the divinity of Christ. | 0:23:03 | 0:23:08 | |
But to Hakim, it was a piece of trickery, | 0:23:10 | 0:23:13 | |
an exhibition of fairground hucksterism, | 0:23:13 | 0:23:15 | |
and as soon as he heard about it, | 0:23:15 | 0:23:17 | |
he ordered the total demolition of THIS place. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:20 | |
The reconstruction of the Holy Sepulchre would take decades | 0:23:33 | 0:23:37 | |
and never even approached the glory or scale of the original. | 0:23:37 | 0:23:41 | |
Scarcely anything remains of Constantine's Basilica... | 0:23:44 | 0:23:48 | |
except here. | 0:23:48 | 0:23:49 | |
A three-minute walk away from today's Holy Sepulchre | 0:23:51 | 0:23:54 | |
is this little known Russian church, the Alexander Nevsky. | 0:23:54 | 0:23:58 | |
Hakim destroyed Constantine the Great's Basilica, | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
the first church of the Holy Sepulchre, almost down to bedrock | 0:24:03 | 0:24:07 | |
and virtually nothing was left, | 0:24:07 | 0:24:09 | |
but it's one of the joys of Jerusalem that you find | 0:24:09 | 0:24:12 | |
in the most unexpected places hidden treasures. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:16 | |
And this pillar is one of them. Here it stands, | 0:24:16 | 0:24:20 | |
down in the bell room of a 19th-century church. | 0:24:20 | 0:24:25 | |
And this pillar once stood in the magnificent basilica | 0:24:25 | 0:24:30 | |
of Constantine the Great. | 0:24:30 | 0:24:32 | |
And as you touch it, | 0:24:32 | 0:24:35 | |
you can feel the presence of his vanished Jerusalem. | 0:24:35 | 0:24:39 | |
Destroyed by the insane delusions, of a messianic tyrant, | 0:24:39 | 0:24:45 | |
Al-Hakim. | 0:24:45 | 0:24:47 | |
Despite Hakim's worst excesses, still the Christians kept coming | 0:24:49 | 0:24:54 | |
on holy pilgrimages that were increasingly fashionable. | 0:24:54 | 0:24:58 | |
But Fatimid Jerusalem now fell to Turkic warlords, | 0:25:00 | 0:25:04 | |
who threatened and massacred the Christian pilgrims. | 0:25:04 | 0:25:07 | |
Europe issued a rallying cry to rescue the Holy City. | 0:25:12 | 0:25:17 | |
In 1095, Pope Urban the Second created a new Christian concept - | 0:25:27 | 0:25:32 | |
holy war for Jerusalem. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:35 | |
In return for the remission of sins and salvation, | 0:25:35 | 0:25:39 | |
Christians would conquer Jerusalem | 0:25:39 | 0:25:41 | |
and cleanse the holy sites of the vile infidel. | 0:25:41 | 0:25:45 | |
Tens of thousands vowed to become holy warriors, | 0:25:47 | 0:25:50 | |
setting off through Europe into Asia Minor. | 0:25:50 | 0:25:53 | |
Some were organised armies led by princes and their knights. | 0:25:55 | 0:25:59 | |
Others were mobs led by holy men. | 0:25:59 | 0:26:01 | |
For around three years, these crusaders battled their way | 0:26:03 | 0:26:07 | |
towards their sacred goal. | 0:26:07 | 0:26:09 | |
Of 80,000 who set off, | 0:26:11 | 0:26:12 | |
probably only around 10,000 survived the perilous journey. | 0:26:12 | 0:26:17 | |
On Tuesday 7th June 1099, in punishing heat, | 0:26:20 | 0:26:25 | |
the crusaders finally received the reward for all their suffering. | 0:26:25 | 0:26:30 | |
They emerged from the hills around Jerusalem to see before them | 0:26:30 | 0:26:35 | |
the city of the king of kings, and before them too, | 0:26:35 | 0:26:38 | |
the tomb of their lord, Jesus Christ. | 0:26:38 | 0:26:41 | |
By nightfall, they were encamped around Jerusalem. | 0:26:41 | 0:26:45 | |
Far from home, the crusaders' choice was stark - | 0:26:51 | 0:26:56 | |
death, or victory on the ramparts of the Holy City. | 0:26:56 | 0:27:01 | |
Things seemed hopeless. | 0:27:04 | 0:27:06 | |
But Italian sailors arrived just in time. | 0:27:07 | 0:27:10 | |
They dismantled their ships | 0:27:10 | 0:27:12 | |
and built siege engines from the timbers. | 0:27:12 | 0:27:15 | |
There would be no going back. | 0:27:16 | 0:27:18 | |
Finally, at almost the last moment, | 0:27:23 | 0:27:26 | |
the crusaders identified the weakest point in Jerusalem's defences, | 0:27:26 | 0:27:30 | |
and somewhere around here, they rolled up their siege engines | 0:27:30 | 0:27:33 | |
against the wall where it was lowest and fought their way into the city. | 0:27:33 | 0:27:38 | |
Simultaneously, they broke in through the southern walls, too. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:45 | |
And began their vicious slaughter of the Muslim faithful, | 0:27:47 | 0:27:50 | |
whether citizens or soldiers. | 0:27:50 | 0:27:53 | |
The battle raged for hours, | 0:27:55 | 0:27:57 | |
the crusaders killed everyone they could find, | 0:27:57 | 0:28:00 | |
in the streets and the alleyways. | 0:28:00 | 0:28:03 | |
They didn't just chop off heads but also feet and hands, | 0:28:04 | 0:28:08 | |
delighting in the fountains of cleansing infidel blood. | 0:28:08 | 0:28:13 | |
They seized babies from their mothers | 0:28:13 | 0:28:15 | |
and dashed their heads against the walls. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:19 | |
Ultimately, they hacked and diced so much human flesh | 0:28:19 | 0:28:23 | |
that they literally rode up to their bridals in blood. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:28 | |
The fleeing Jerusalemites took refuge on the roofs | 0:28:33 | 0:28:36 | |
of the Al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock. | 0:28:36 | 0:28:38 | |
But the Crusaders smashed their way onto this crowded sacred esplanade. | 0:28:40 | 0:28:45 | |
Some Muslims leapt to their deaths. | 0:28:46 | 0:28:49 | |
Jews sought refuge in their synagogues, | 0:28:51 | 0:28:53 | |
but the Crusaders set them on fire. | 0:28:53 | 0:28:55 | |
After 48 hours, the slaughter was over. | 0:29:03 | 0:29:06 | |
At the Holy Sepulchre, princes and priests sang in praise of Christ, | 0:29:13 | 0:29:18 | |
clapping jubilantly and bathing the altar in tears of joy, | 0:29:18 | 0:29:23 | |
before parading through the streets. | 0:29:23 | 0:29:25 | |
But the city was almost empty. | 0:29:30 | 0:29:32 | |
The numbers killed have been exaggerated to as many as 70,000. | 0:29:32 | 0:29:37 | |
But the toll was probably between 10,000 and 30,000 dead. | 0:29:37 | 0:29:41 | |
Such was the slaughter that six months later, | 0:29:42 | 0:29:46 | |
Jerusalem would still stink of putrefying bodies. | 0:29:46 | 0:29:50 | |
The Crusaders who died in battle were laid to rest in this graveyard, | 0:29:52 | 0:29:57 | |
next to the Golden Gate, ready to rise on Judgement Day. | 0:29:57 | 0:30:02 | |
Benny Kedar has studied what drove them. | 0:30:04 | 0:30:08 | |
Evidently the Crusaders seeked to attain salvation | 0:30:09 | 0:30:13 | |
by joining the Crusade, | 0:30:13 | 0:30:16 | |
by fighting in it, by dying on it. | 0:30:16 | 0:30:19 | |
But this was not their only motivation one can ascribe to them. | 0:30:19 | 0:30:25 | |
Certainly, there were people who were seeking | 0:30:25 | 0:30:28 | |
a new life in a new country. | 0:30:28 | 0:30:31 | |
There were people who were adventurers and sometimes | 0:30:31 | 0:30:35 | |
their motivation was an amalgam of these three aims. | 0:30:35 | 0:30:39 | |
So what was the significance of this place outside the Golden Gate | 0:30:39 | 0:30:43 | |
to the Crusaders? | 0:30:43 | 0:30:45 | |
Of course, this is the place where, according to Jewish, Christian | 0:30:45 | 0:30:49 | |
and Muslim tradition, the End of Days is going to take place, | 0:30:49 | 0:30:53 | |
and everybody wants to have a good seat for that occasion, | 0:30:53 | 0:30:56 | |
and that's why you have all these cemeteries all around to this day. | 0:30:56 | 0:31:00 | |
The Crusaders had slaughtered the people of Jerusalem, | 0:31:07 | 0:31:10 | |
but they didn't destroy their holy places. | 0:31:10 | 0:31:13 | |
As so often in the city's history, | 0:31:15 | 0:31:17 | |
they seized their enemies' sacred sites and made them their own. | 0:31:17 | 0:31:22 | |
The Crusaders, like the Muslims before them, | 0:31:24 | 0:31:27 | |
believed many of the buildings in Jerusalem | 0:31:27 | 0:31:30 | |
had actually been constructed by David and Solomon. | 0:31:30 | 0:31:33 | |
So, they turned the Dome of the Rock into the temple of the lord, | 0:31:33 | 0:31:36 | |
Templum Domini. And they turned the Al-Aqsa mosque | 0:31:36 | 0:31:39 | |
into the temple, or palace, of Solomon, both became churches. | 0:31:39 | 0:31:44 | |
New bells were installed, their sound symbolising the Christian | 0:31:53 | 0:31:59 | |
and not the Islamic call to prayer. | 0:31:59 | 0:32:02 | |
Jews and Muslims were banned on pain of death from entering the city | 0:32:02 | 0:32:07 | |
and very few of them were even left alive. | 0:32:07 | 0:32:10 | |
Syrian and Armenian Christians were invited to settle in Jerusalem | 0:32:13 | 0:32:17 | |
to increase its population. | 0:32:17 | 0:32:20 | |
This now Christian city was once again the capital of a kingdom, | 0:32:22 | 0:32:26 | |
the Kingdom of Jerusalem, | 0:32:26 | 0:32:28 | |
whose lands included much of today's Israel, Jordan and Lebanon. | 0:32:28 | 0:32:32 | |
Crusader Jerusalem was about to enter its golden age, | 0:32:42 | 0:32:46 | |
under a remarkable woman who deserves to be better known, | 0:32:46 | 0:32:49 | |
Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem. | 0:32:49 | 0:32:52 | |
In 1129, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre | 0:33:02 | 0:33:08 | |
witnessed its first royal wedding. | 0:33:08 | 0:33:10 | |
Melisende, the daughter of King Baldwin II, | 0:33:10 | 0:33:14 | |
married Fulk, Count of Anjou. | 0:33:14 | 0:33:16 | |
And they then processed through cheering streets | 0:33:16 | 0:33:21 | |
and then spent their first night together in the royal apartments | 0:33:21 | 0:33:24 | |
of the Al-Aqsa mosque. | 0:33:24 | 0:33:26 | |
The pomp and popularity of the royal wedding | 0:33:31 | 0:33:34 | |
was a sign of what was to come for Jerusalem. | 0:33:34 | 0:33:36 | |
Under Queen Melisende, the city would flourish. | 0:33:38 | 0:33:42 | |
She embellished Jerusalem, creating much that we see today. | 0:33:44 | 0:33:48 | |
She built the classic Crusader Church of St Anne's | 0:33:51 | 0:33:56 | |
and the markets of Jerusalem. | 0:33:56 | 0:33:59 | |
They're still the markets today. | 0:33:59 | 0:34:02 | |
Melisende's Jerusalem had a population of around 30,000, | 0:34:03 | 0:34:08 | |
plus streams of pilgrims. | 0:34:08 | 0:34:09 | |
But it was a dangerous city. | 0:34:13 | 0:34:15 | |
The medieval version of the wild west. | 0:34:15 | 0:34:19 | |
Murderers, adventurers and whores came here to make their fortune. | 0:34:20 | 0:34:25 | |
Its political intrigues were notoriously sleazy, | 0:34:27 | 0:34:30 | |
even the respected Queen herself was implicated. | 0:34:30 | 0:34:34 | |
Melisende was famously beautiful and as formidable as any man. | 0:34:35 | 0:34:40 | |
But even she had her share of scandal. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:42 | |
Rather bored with her middle-aged husband, King Fulk, | 0:34:42 | 0:34:46 | |
she started to spend a lot of time with the young and handsome | 0:34:46 | 0:34:50 | |
Count Hugh of Jaffa. | 0:34:50 | 0:34:51 | |
King Fulk accused them of having an affair. | 0:34:52 | 0:34:55 | |
And one day, while Count Hugh was sitting in a Jerusalem cafe | 0:34:55 | 0:34:59 | |
playing dice, he was approached and stabbed by a mysterious knight. | 0:34:59 | 0:35:04 | |
King Fulk's critics claimed that he'd ordered | 0:35:04 | 0:35:07 | |
the assassination of his wife's lover. | 0:35:07 | 0:35:09 | |
When the knight was tried, tortured and then publicly dismembered, | 0:35:09 | 0:35:14 | |
only his tongue was left intact, | 0:35:14 | 0:35:17 | |
to prove the King's innocence. | 0:35:17 | 0:35:21 | |
Melisende and King Fulk made it up. | 0:35:23 | 0:35:26 | |
Even if the Queen had lost her love, she kept her power. | 0:35:26 | 0:35:30 | |
And soon she would celebrate her greatest achievement. | 0:35:32 | 0:35:36 | |
Melisende and her son rebuilt and reconsecrated | 0:35:37 | 0:35:41 | |
the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. | 0:35:41 | 0:35:43 | |
It remains to this day the masterpiece | 0:35:46 | 0:35:48 | |
and dazzling holy stage set of Crusader Jerusalem. | 0:35:48 | 0:35:52 | |
But even as the Crusader kingdom enjoyed its heyday, | 0:36:03 | 0:36:08 | |
Islam resolved to win back the Holy City. | 0:36:08 | 0:36:10 | |
And the man who would launch this new holy war was Saladin. | 0:36:14 | 0:36:18 | |
Saladin was a remarkably gifted statesman, | 0:36:24 | 0:36:28 | |
beloved by his princes and generals, whom he alone could bind together. | 0:36:28 | 0:36:32 | |
And by the standards of the 12th century, | 0:36:32 | 0:36:35 | |
he was a very attractive leader. | 0:36:35 | 0:36:37 | |
He was wise, moderate, humane. | 0:36:37 | 0:36:41 | |
But above all, he loved Jerusalem. | 0:36:41 | 0:36:44 | |
"I've had my fill, of earthly pleasures," he said. | 0:36:44 | 0:36:48 | |
From then on, he devoted himself to the holy war, to liberate Jerusalem. | 0:36:48 | 0:36:54 | |
Jerusalem's strategic nightmare was that Syria AND Egypt | 0:36:56 | 0:37:00 | |
would unite against her. | 0:37:00 | 0:37:01 | |
Now, Saladin seized both, encircling Jerusalem | 0:37:03 | 0:37:07 | |
and threatening to strangle the kingdom. | 0:37:07 | 0:37:09 | |
And he was fortunate in his enemies. | 0:37:13 | 0:37:15 | |
The dynasty of Christian warrior kings had run dry. | 0:37:16 | 0:37:20 | |
In 1187, Saladin defeated Jerusalem's army | 0:37:20 | 0:37:26 | |
and captured its inept king. | 0:37:26 | 0:37:28 | |
And so, on Sunday 20th September, Saladin surrounded Jerusalem | 0:37:33 | 0:37:39 | |
determined to storm the city and massacre the Christians. | 0:37:39 | 0:37:42 | |
Inside, women prayed for mercy at the Sepulchre. | 0:37:48 | 0:37:51 | |
Without a king, the Jerusalemites appointed a respected baron, Balian, | 0:37:52 | 0:37:57 | |
to lead them. | 0:37:57 | 0:37:59 | |
As Saladin's troops attacked the city, | 0:37:59 | 0:38:02 | |
the walls were defended by mere boys. | 0:38:02 | 0:38:04 | |
So Balian made an uncompromising offer. | 0:38:05 | 0:38:09 | |
He told Saladin, "First we will kill all our own women and children, | 0:38:11 | 0:38:14 | |
"then we will demolish your Dome of the Rock and your Al-Aqsa mosque | 0:38:14 | 0:38:19 | |
"and only then will you get the city." | 0:38:19 | 0:38:21 | |
To save Islam's holy places, | 0:38:22 | 0:38:25 | |
Saladin agreed to negotiate a peaceful surrender. | 0:38:25 | 0:38:28 | |
But the Christians would still pay a heavy price. | 0:38:30 | 0:38:34 | |
All the Jerusalemites would be ransomed or enslaved. | 0:38:35 | 0:38:39 | |
But for Saladin, this was the fulfilment | 0:38:39 | 0:38:42 | |
of his entire life's work - | 0:38:42 | 0:38:44 | |
Saladin got Jerusalem. | 0:38:44 | 0:38:47 | |
Saladin sat on his throne and watched, | 0:39:00 | 0:39:04 | |
as two vast columns of Christians left the city. | 0:39:04 | 0:39:07 | |
The Christians turned and wept, | 0:39:07 | 0:39:10 | |
as they gazed upon Jerusalem for the last time. | 0:39:10 | 0:39:14 | |
With the Christians gone, | 0:39:26 | 0:39:28 | |
Saladin turned his attention to the Dome of the Rock, | 0:39:28 | 0:39:32 | |
which he called, "The jewel of the signet ring of Islam." | 0:39:32 | 0:39:36 | |
When Saladin retook possession of the Haram al-Sharif, | 0:39:36 | 0:39:40 | |
the Temple Mount, for Islam, it was a triumphant personal moment | 0:39:40 | 0:39:43 | |
for him and for his dynasty and for the faith. | 0:39:43 | 0:39:46 | |
He immediately set about cleansing the Temple Mount | 0:39:46 | 0:39:50 | |
of any vestiges of Christianity. | 0:39:50 | 0:39:53 | |
He pulled down the cross from the top of the Dome | 0:39:55 | 0:39:58 | |
which had been used as a church, and ripped out the Crusader apartments | 0:39:58 | 0:40:03 | |
from within Al-Aqsa mosque. | 0:40:03 | 0:40:06 | |
When that was done, he brought vast quantities of rose water | 0:40:07 | 0:40:11 | |
up onto the Haram and Saladin himself, the sultan, his princes | 0:40:11 | 0:40:15 | |
and all his generals got down on their knees right here | 0:40:15 | 0:40:18 | |
and scrubbed the Haram's stones with rose water | 0:40:18 | 0:40:22 | |
to cleanse it for ever of the pollution of the Christian infidel. | 0:40:22 | 0:40:27 | |
Like the Crusaders before him, Saladin did not raze the city | 0:40:30 | 0:40:34 | |
but adapted and embroidered its sacred places, | 0:40:34 | 0:40:39 | |
using the buildings of his enemies. | 0:40:39 | 0:40:42 | |
These Christian decorations probably once stood in a Crusader church. | 0:40:44 | 0:40:49 | |
Now they adorn the Muslim Dome of the Ascension. | 0:40:49 | 0:40:53 | |
Saladin's mission was to re-create an Islamic Jerusalem. | 0:40:59 | 0:41:03 | |
He left the Church of the Holy Sepulchre intact, | 0:41:05 | 0:41:08 | |
but he banned all church bells. | 0:41:08 | 0:41:12 | |
FAINT CALL TO PRAYER | 0:41:15 | 0:41:18 | |
The Islamic call to prayer would hold the monopoly of sound, | 0:41:18 | 0:41:22 | |
and the sultan could enjoy the city that he adored. | 0:41:22 | 0:41:25 | |
After the expulsion of the Christians, | 0:41:33 | 0:41:36 | |
Saladin settled Muslims here from all over the Islamic world. | 0:41:36 | 0:41:40 | |
And brought back the Jews. | 0:41:42 | 0:41:44 | |
Saladin had won the city through the weakness of his opponents. | 0:41:50 | 0:41:54 | |
But the news of Jerusalem's fall had shocked Christian Europe, | 0:41:55 | 0:41:59 | |
from kings to peasants. | 0:41:59 | 0:42:02 | |
Saladin's luck was about to run out. | 0:42:04 | 0:42:07 | |
The greatest warrior in all Christendom | 0:42:07 | 0:42:10 | |
was on his way to rescue Jerusalem. | 0:42:10 | 0:42:13 | |
It was Richard the Lionheart. | 0:42:13 | 0:42:16 | |
Richard was six foot tall, red-haired and ruthlessly competent. | 0:42:19 | 0:42:24 | |
He was a showman and warrior who wielded a sword | 0:42:24 | 0:42:28 | |
that he claimed was Excalibur. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:30 | |
He was capable of surprising political and religious flexibility. | 0:42:33 | 0:42:38 | |
Richard and Saladin were evenly matched. | 0:42:38 | 0:42:42 | |
To take Jerusalem, Richard marched down the coast | 0:42:44 | 0:42:47 | |
and defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf. | 0:42:47 | 0:42:50 | |
Now the Christian Crusader was poised | 0:42:53 | 0:42:55 | |
to threaten Saladin's hold on Jerusalem. | 0:42:55 | 0:42:59 | |
Saladin waited nervously inside the city. His generals advised him | 0:43:00 | 0:43:05 | |
that if he didn't leave, he might be trapped inside a devastating siege. | 0:43:05 | 0:43:09 | |
Saladin wavered, but he knew that if he left the city, | 0:43:11 | 0:43:14 | |
his generals would surrender it to Richard. | 0:43:14 | 0:43:16 | |
The thought of abandoning his prize was too much. | 0:43:19 | 0:43:23 | |
Still a few days' march away, | 0:43:40 | 0:43:43 | |
Richard realised that even if he captured Jerusalem, | 0:43:43 | 0:43:47 | |
he would not be able to hold her | 0:43:47 | 0:43:49 | |
whilst Saladin's vast empire was in tact. | 0:43:49 | 0:43:52 | |
Richard's only option was to negotiate. | 0:43:53 | 0:43:57 | |
First, Richard wrote to Saladin - "The Muslims and the Christians | 0:43:59 | 0:44:04 | |
"are both done for, the lands are ruined at the hands of both of us. | 0:44:04 | 0:44:09 | |
"All we have to discuss is Jerusalem, | 0:44:09 | 0:44:10 | |
"the True Cross and the territories. | 0:44:10 | 0:44:14 | |
"But, Jerusalem is the centre of our worship, | 0:44:16 | 0:44:20 | |
"which we will never renounce." | 0:44:20 | 0:44:23 | |
Saladin replied to this. He said, | 0:44:23 | 0:44:26 | |
"Jerusalem is as much ours as yours, | 0:44:26 | 0:44:29 | |
"but it is greater for us. | 0:44:29 | 0:44:31 | |
"Because it is the place that our Prophet visited | 0:44:31 | 0:44:34 | |
"on his night journey." | 0:44:34 | 0:44:36 | |
Either way there was a big problem in the way of a deal. | 0:44:36 | 0:44:40 | |
Both men wanted to possess Jerusalem totally. | 0:44:40 | 0:44:44 | |
Unable to reach a settlement, the fighting between Richard | 0:44:51 | 0:44:54 | |
and Saladin continued until their armies were at a standstill. | 0:44:54 | 0:44:58 | |
Yvonne Friedman believes that these two men had much in common. | 0:45:01 | 0:45:06 | |
How important was Jerusalem to each of them, Richard and Saladin? | 0:45:06 | 0:45:10 | |
For both of them, it was the goal, the aim of the war. | 0:45:10 | 0:45:15 | |
But Saladin fought more wars against Muslims | 0:45:15 | 0:45:20 | |
than against Christians. | 0:45:20 | 0:45:22 | |
He couldn't envisage the possibility of giving up Jerusalem. | 0:45:22 | 0:45:28 | |
But... And it was the crown of his achievements. | 0:45:28 | 0:45:32 | |
For Richard, it was the goal he never achieved. | 0:45:32 | 0:45:37 | |
Who do you think was the greater man, Saladin or Richard? | 0:45:37 | 0:45:40 | |
They were both great men, | 0:45:40 | 0:45:43 | |
but Saladin was a better statesman, | 0:45:43 | 0:45:46 | |
a better politician. | 0:45:46 | 0:45:48 | |
While they were both great warriors, | 0:45:48 | 0:45:51 | |
Richard, on the battlefield, actually won. | 0:45:51 | 0:45:56 | |
And he was a great leader of soldiers. | 0:45:56 | 0:45:58 | |
He was not a great statesman, | 0:45:58 | 0:46:00 | |
and I don't think he was a great English king. | 0:46:00 | 0:46:03 | |
And so on 2nd September 1192, | 0:46:09 | 0:46:12 | |
the Sultan and King agreed the Treaty of Jaffa. | 0:46:12 | 0:46:16 | |
The first partition of Palestine. | 0:46:18 | 0:46:20 | |
The Christian kingdom received a new lease of life | 0:46:23 | 0:46:26 | |
with Acre as its capital. | 0:46:26 | 0:46:29 | |
Saladin kept his treasured Jerusalem, | 0:46:29 | 0:46:32 | |
only granting the Christians access to the Holy Sepulchre. | 0:46:32 | 0:46:36 | |
Richard, it seemed, had got the raw end of the deal. | 0:46:38 | 0:46:42 | |
Richard the Lionheart had failed. | 0:46:47 | 0:46:50 | |
Saladin the Islamic Sultan ruled Jerusalem. | 0:46:50 | 0:46:54 | |
And even though these two men shared the same passions, | 0:46:54 | 0:46:57 | |
the same love for Jerusalem, | 0:46:57 | 0:46:59 | |
the same chivalry and the same ruthlessness, they never met. | 0:46:59 | 0:47:03 | |
Saladin invited Richard to make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, | 0:47:03 | 0:47:07 | |
but Richard was adamant - | 0:47:07 | 0:47:09 | |
if he couldn't possess Jerusalem totally, | 0:47:09 | 0:47:12 | |
he preferred never to set eyes on it. | 0:47:12 | 0:47:15 | |
Six months after signing the treaty, Saladin died. | 0:47:27 | 0:47:31 | |
But his nephew, who loved the city, came to live here, | 0:47:33 | 0:47:36 | |
embellishing it with new buildings and new walls. | 0:47:36 | 0:47:40 | |
But within a generation, the Crusaders were back. | 0:47:42 | 0:47:46 | |
This time they invaded Egypt, | 0:47:48 | 0:47:51 | |
the jewel of the family's Empire. | 0:47:51 | 0:47:54 | |
Threatened by its loss, Saladin's nephews took a drastic step. | 0:47:54 | 0:47:59 | |
They believed that if the Crusaders took the city, | 0:47:59 | 0:48:02 | |
they would kill everyone inside it and dominate all of Syria. | 0:48:02 | 0:48:07 | |
So they demolished Jerusalem's walls to destroy her military value | 0:48:07 | 0:48:12 | |
and offered her up to save Egypt, | 0:48:12 | 0:48:16 | |
the lesser of two evils. | 0:48:16 | 0:48:18 | |
This desperate act backfired. | 0:48:18 | 0:48:21 | |
The Crusaders were defeated in Egypt and fled for home. | 0:48:21 | 0:48:25 | |
They never even got near Palestine, let alone the Holy City. | 0:48:25 | 0:48:29 | |
Saladin's family had destroyed the walls | 0:48:32 | 0:48:34 | |
of their beloved Jerusalem for nothing. | 0:48:34 | 0:48:37 | |
Today these stones are all that are left of the walls, | 0:48:40 | 0:48:44 | |
a poignant reminder of the glories and the decline | 0:48:44 | 0:48:48 | |
of the House of Saladin. | 0:48:48 | 0:48:50 | |
The Jerusalemites wept and fled. | 0:49:00 | 0:49:04 | |
The city was now left defenceless. | 0:49:04 | 0:49:07 | |
It seemed like the end for Jerusalem. On the Haram, | 0:49:10 | 0:49:13 | |
women, children and old men ripped their clothes and tore their hair | 0:49:13 | 0:49:17 | |
and scattered in all directions, as if it was the Day of Judgement. | 0:49:17 | 0:49:22 | |
And yet, Jerusalem was about to change hands again, | 0:49:25 | 0:49:28 | |
in an unlikely and forgotten deal | 0:49:28 | 0:49:31 | |
that strangely prefigures the peace negotiations of our own times. | 0:49:31 | 0:49:37 | |
Saladin's dynasty had become weakened by family feuds | 0:49:41 | 0:49:46 | |
when a new and unorthodox Crusader | 0:49:46 | 0:49:49 | |
arrived on a very different kind of crusade. | 0:49:49 | 0:49:51 | |
He would be the most eccentric ruler that Jerusalem has ever had. | 0:49:54 | 0:49:59 | |
This maverick was Frederick II. | 0:49:59 | 0:50:02 | |
King of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor, | 0:50:12 | 0:50:14 | |
Frederick was the most powerful monarch in Europe. | 0:50:14 | 0:50:18 | |
Heir to lands from the Baltic to the Mediterranean. | 0:50:18 | 0:50:22 | |
And more importantly, he knew his enemies. | 0:50:25 | 0:50:28 | |
Frederick was unique, because he was at home with Islam. | 0:50:29 | 0:50:33 | |
It was said that he'd grown up | 0:50:33 | 0:50:35 | |
in the back streets of semi-Islamic Sicily | 0:50:35 | 0:50:38 | |
running wild with a bunch of Arab urchins. | 0:50:38 | 0:50:40 | |
He spoke Arabic and he even had a harem. | 0:50:40 | 0:50:44 | |
His enemies regarded him as the Antichrist, | 0:50:44 | 0:50:46 | |
the beast of the apocalypse. | 0:50:46 | 0:50:49 | |
His friends, though, and admirers called him Stupor Mundi, | 0:50:49 | 0:50:52 | |
the wonder of the world. | 0:50:52 | 0:50:55 | |
Unlike other Crusaders before him, | 0:50:58 | 0:51:00 | |
Frederick realised that he was too weak to fight for Jerusalem. | 0:51:00 | 0:51:05 | |
But so, too, was his Muslim opponent, | 0:51:07 | 0:51:10 | |
Saladin's nephew, Sultan Kamil. | 0:51:10 | 0:51:12 | |
The solution? These two educated men immediately opened secret talks. | 0:51:14 | 0:51:20 | |
As the Sultan and the Emperor negotiated, | 0:51:23 | 0:51:25 | |
they discussed Aristotelian philosophy, arid geometry, | 0:51:25 | 0:51:28 | |
Islamic theology, and they also sent each other gorgeous dancing girls. | 0:51:28 | 0:51:33 | |
Frederick, of course, did everything his own way. | 0:51:33 | 0:51:36 | |
He lived like an Oriental potentate. | 0:51:36 | 0:51:39 | |
And in between bouts of serious negotiations, | 0:51:39 | 0:51:42 | |
he went on long hunting trips and spent time seducing new mistresses. | 0:51:42 | 0:51:47 | |
He even wrote chivalrous poetry to his new Syrian mistress. | 0:51:47 | 0:51:52 | |
When the negotiations wavered, | 0:51:58 | 0:52:00 | |
Frederick prepared his troops for battle. | 0:52:00 | 0:52:03 | |
This did the trick. His army wasn't needed. | 0:52:05 | 0:52:09 | |
Instead, a ground-breaking power-sharing deal was struck. | 0:52:09 | 0:52:13 | |
In 1229, Frederick achieved the undreamable - | 0:52:17 | 0:52:22 | |
in return for ten years' peace, | 0:52:22 | 0:52:24 | |
he received all of Jerusalem including this, the citadel. | 0:52:24 | 0:52:28 | |
The house of Saladin kept the Temple Mount, | 0:52:28 | 0:52:31 | |
and the Muslims enjoyed full freedom of worship and access. | 0:52:31 | 0:52:35 | |
Only the Jews were left out of this deal, | 0:52:35 | 0:52:38 | |
but very few of them remained in Jerusalem. | 0:52:38 | 0:52:41 | |
This shared sovereignty remains, even today, | 0:52:41 | 0:52:45 | |
the most daring peace deal in all of Jerusalem's history. | 0:52:45 | 0:52:49 | |
Through this shrewd alliance with Islam, | 0:52:58 | 0:53:00 | |
Frederick had won the city for Christianity. | 0:53:00 | 0:53:04 | |
But the fact that the Dome of the Rock remained under Muslim control | 0:53:04 | 0:53:08 | |
led to some accusing him of betraying the Crusader cause. | 0:53:08 | 0:53:12 | |
Reuven Amitai thinks that this free-wheeling polymath | 0:53:16 | 0:53:19 | |
wasn't just playing at politics. | 0:53:19 | 0:53:22 | |
Frederick had a pretty good idea what this was all about. | 0:53:22 | 0:53:25 | |
Frederick was, as is well known, | 0:53:25 | 0:53:27 | |
was a very successful, a very, very powerful, a very hands-on ruler. | 0:53:27 | 0:53:32 | |
And I think he knew that this was a relatively cheap way, | 0:53:32 | 0:53:36 | |
in terms of manpower and resources, | 0:53:36 | 0:53:39 | |
and just general aggravation, to achieve the main goal. | 0:53:39 | 0:53:43 | |
He wanted to look good. | 0:53:43 | 0:53:45 | |
He was certainly not a naive babe in the woods. | 0:53:45 | 0:53:48 | |
So what was the reaction of both sides to the secret deal? | 0:53:48 | 0:53:51 | |
I think that deep down, in both societies, | 0:53:51 | 0:53:55 | |
there was difficulty accepting | 0:53:55 | 0:53:57 | |
that one could make real peace with the other side. | 0:53:57 | 0:54:00 | |
The idea that two rulers would strike a deal of such magnitude, | 0:54:00 | 0:54:04 | |
and so publicly, perhaps, was difficult to swallow. | 0:54:04 | 0:54:07 | |
When the deal was complete, | 0:54:11 | 0:54:13 | |
Frederick received the keys to the city | 0:54:13 | 0:54:15 | |
from the Muslim commanders. | 0:54:15 | 0:54:18 | |
And characteristically, Frederick put his own stamp on the occasion. | 0:54:18 | 0:54:23 | |
Here in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, | 0:54:25 | 0:54:27 | |
Frederick held a crown-wearing ceremony, | 0:54:27 | 0:54:30 | |
attended not by priests, but by his German troops. | 0:54:30 | 0:54:34 | |
It wasn't so much a coronation, more a symbolic display | 0:54:34 | 0:54:38 | |
of his universal power as Christian emperor. | 0:54:38 | 0:54:42 | |
But his triumph was spoiled. | 0:54:46 | 0:54:50 | |
The Pope, to punish him for his haughty independence, | 0:54:50 | 0:54:53 | |
had excommunicated him. | 0:54:53 | 0:54:55 | |
And now he was forced to leave his own city. | 0:54:55 | 0:54:59 | |
He had won Jerusalem, but he could never enjoy it. | 0:54:59 | 0:55:03 | |
130 years after the First Crusaders' bloody conquest, | 0:55:14 | 0:55:18 | |
the city was Christian again. | 0:55:18 | 0:55:21 | |
But without its walls, Jerusalem was insecure. | 0:55:25 | 0:55:28 | |
And after the death of the co-signer of the treaty, Kamil, | 0:55:31 | 0:55:35 | |
peace didn't last. | 0:55:35 | 0:55:37 | |
The city was tossed back and forth between Islamic princelings | 0:55:38 | 0:55:42 | |
and Crusader barons. | 0:55:42 | 0:55:45 | |
On 11th July 1244, 10,000 Kharismian Tartars rode towards Jerusalem. | 0:55:57 | 0:56:04 | |
Recklessly invited in by Saladin's feuding descendants, | 0:56:07 | 0:56:11 | |
these mercenaries were now out of control. | 0:56:11 | 0:56:14 | |
The horsemen clattered into the city, | 0:56:18 | 0:56:21 | |
fighting and hacking their way through the streets. | 0:56:21 | 0:56:24 | |
They destroyed churches and houses. | 0:56:26 | 0:56:29 | |
Christian Jerusalem was under attack. | 0:56:31 | 0:56:35 | |
The Tartars burst into the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, | 0:56:38 | 0:56:42 | |
Christendom's holiest shrine. They set it on fire. | 0:56:42 | 0:56:44 | |
When they found the priests celebrating mass at the altar, | 0:56:44 | 0:56:48 | |
they beheaded them and disembowelled them. | 0:56:48 | 0:56:51 | |
Then they smashed into the tombs of the Crusader kings of Jerusalem, | 0:56:51 | 0:56:54 | |
right under this chapel. They pulled out the bodies | 0:56:54 | 0:56:57 | |
and threw them onto a bonfire. | 0:56:57 | 0:56:59 | |
And finally, they smashed the stone | 0:56:59 | 0:57:02 | |
at the door of the tomb of Jesus Christ himself. | 0:57:02 | 0:57:06 | |
When they had thoroughly destroyed and pillaged Jerusalem, | 0:57:12 | 0:57:15 | |
the Tartars galloped away. | 0:57:15 | 0:57:18 | |
Over 2,000 Christians were massacred. | 0:57:20 | 0:57:23 | |
Jerusalem was at rock bottom. | 0:57:28 | 0:57:30 | |
It resembled a devastated village, | 0:57:30 | 0:57:33 | |
without walls, ruined and half empty. | 0:57:33 | 0:57:36 | |
It seemed as if Jerusalem couldn't sink any lower. | 0:57:36 | 0:57:41 | |
For the moment Jerusalem was desolate, | 0:57:47 | 0:57:50 | |
controlled by different Islamic warlords. | 0:57:50 | 0:57:53 | |
Hoards of invaders galloped through her streets at will. | 0:57:55 | 0:58:00 | |
There were few Muslims, let alone Christians left... | 0:58:02 | 0:58:06 | |
..and just a handful of Jews. | 0:58:07 | 0:58:09 | |
And yet she remained sacred for the three faiths. | 0:58:11 | 0:58:14 | |
Could one of them provide a champion to rebuild her? | 0:58:15 | 0:58:19 | |
Could Jerusalem once again become THE Holy City, | 0:58:19 | 0:58:23 | |
the centre of the world? | 0:58:23 | 0:58:27 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:46 | 0:58:49 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:58:49 | 0:58:52 |