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The megaliths of Stonehenge | 0:00:09 | 0:00:11 | |
are Britain's most investigated ancient monument. | 0:00:11 | 0:00:14 | |
Yet, despite centuries of scrutiny, | 0:00:18 | 0:00:23 | |
excavations and theories... | 0:00:23 | 0:00:26 | |
..the big questions remain. | 0:00:29 | 0:00:30 | |
What were its origins? | 0:00:33 | 0:00:35 | |
How did it evolve over thousands of years? | 0:00:35 | 0:00:38 | |
And which forces of nature and humanity inspired its creators? | 0:00:40 | 0:00:45 | |
Now, a group of experts are taking a hi tech approach | 0:00:50 | 0:00:52 | |
to unlocking Stonehenge's secrets. | 0:00:52 | 0:00:54 | |
A site like Stonehenge can only be understood | 0:01:01 | 0:01:03 | |
by looking at the monuments around it | 0:01:03 | 0:01:06 | |
and how that landscape's evolved. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:10 | |
For the first time, we're not just seeing little islands of activity, | 0:01:10 | 0:01:13 | |
but we get to see the big picture. | 0:01:13 | 0:01:15 | |
The new data, supported by wider archaeological evidence, | 0:01:17 | 0:01:22 | |
has thrown fresh light on 10,000 years of human progress. | 0:01:22 | 0:01:27 | |
It's quite an achievement | 0:01:27 | 0:01:28 | |
when you think that the people excavating this | 0:01:28 | 0:01:30 | |
were using stone and bone tools. | 0:01:30 | 0:01:32 | |
Its ancient people were meticulous planners... | 0:01:33 | 0:01:37 | |
This is really quite a big feature. It's clearly man-made. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:41 | |
..profound believers... | 0:01:41 | 0:01:42 | |
They had very peculiar rituals. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:45 | |
De-fleshment, cutting off of heads. | 0:01:46 | 0:01:50 | |
..and fearless warriors. | 0:01:50 | 0:01:52 | |
When things come to a boiling point, | 0:01:52 | 0:01:54 | |
the violence that does break out can be very brutal. | 0:01:54 | 0:01:58 | |
Just kill everything in front of you. | 0:01:58 | 0:02:00 | |
In just five years, 21st century archaeology has achieved | 0:02:03 | 0:02:07 | |
what conventional excavation would have taken a lifetime to complete. | 0:02:07 | 0:02:10 | |
Revealing a picture of Stonehenge... | 0:02:14 | 0:02:16 | |
..and its people | 0:02:19 | 0:02:21 | |
as never before. | 0:02:21 | 0:02:23 | |
Recent times have seen intense levels of activity around | 0:02:48 | 0:02:51 | |
the world's most famous prehistoric site. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:54 | |
To solve the mysteries of the monument, | 0:03:01 | 0:03:04 | |
the scientists have been using a novel strategy. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:07 | |
Not just focusing on the iconic stones, | 0:03:08 | 0:03:11 | |
they also investigated the wider landscape in which they sit. | 0:03:11 | 0:03:15 | |
The thing with Stonehenge is if you visit it, | 0:03:19 | 0:03:21 | |
you don't always get the sense of the enormity of the landscape. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:25 | |
It's only when you get above or you get away from it | 0:03:27 | 0:03:29 | |
that you can really get a sense of how everything fits together | 0:03:29 | 0:03:33 | |
and really that's at the heart of the whole project. | 0:03:33 | 0:03:36 | |
We're trying to look at the wider picture. | 0:03:36 | 0:03:38 | |
To understand Stonehenge, we have to look at the entire landscape, | 0:03:40 | 0:03:44 | |
both spatially, but also through time. | 0:03:44 | 0:03:47 | |
The most ambitious of these new studies | 0:03:49 | 0:03:54 | |
is the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project. | 0:03:54 | 0:03:57 | |
Led by experts from Birmingham University | 0:04:01 | 0:04:04 | |
and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute in Austria. | 0:04:04 | 0:04:08 | |
As people walk over the Stonehenge landscape, | 0:04:11 | 0:04:14 | |
they're aware of Stonehenge. | 0:04:14 | 0:04:15 | |
They may be aware of some of the larger monuments | 0:04:15 | 0:04:17 | |
but they don't appreciate | 0:04:17 | 0:04:19 | |
that thousands of years of human occupancy in this landscape | 0:04:19 | 0:04:22 | |
produces features that we simply do not know about. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:26 | |
The project is using remote-sensing technology to try and map that | 0:04:28 | 0:04:33 | |
to discover it and display it for the first time. | 0:04:33 | 0:04:36 | |
With state-of-the-art remote-sensing equipment, | 0:04:38 | 0:04:41 | |
the team have mapped every structure, | 0:04:41 | 0:04:43 | |
both visible and invisible, | 0:04:43 | 0:04:45 | |
across 10 square kilometres of the sacred site. | 0:04:45 | 0:04:49 | |
We can do a virtual dig of this landscape | 0:04:51 | 0:04:54 | |
and see what is hidden beneath the surface. | 0:04:54 | 0:04:56 | |
With machines like this, we can come up with a picture | 0:04:58 | 0:05:01 | |
which has a resolution of tenths of centimetres... | 0:05:01 | 0:05:05 | |
This is something absolutely new. | 0:05:05 | 0:05:07 | |
With all the scanned data collated, | 0:05:16 | 0:05:18 | |
the team have produced a multi-layered digital map, | 0:05:18 | 0:05:22 | |
that showed how the landscape developed over thousands of years. | 0:05:22 | 0:05:25 | |
In order to understand Stonehenge, | 0:05:27 | 0:05:29 | |
we have to look at the periods up to that construction. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:32 | |
So, going back 1,000 years or more beforehand. | 0:05:32 | 0:05:35 | |
And only by doing that | 0:05:35 | 0:05:36 | |
and understanding how the landscape evolves | 0:05:36 | 0:05:38 | |
do we get a sense of why Stonehenge is where it is. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:41 | |
The Hidden Landscapes Project's unprecedented big picture | 0:05:42 | 0:05:46 | |
has revealed a remarkable world of hidden monuments. | 0:05:46 | 0:05:49 | |
It was really quite exciting | 0:05:51 | 0:05:53 | |
when we looked at the data for the first time. | 0:05:53 | 0:05:56 | |
The team who was looking at it said, | 0:05:56 | 0:05:59 | |
"That looks like a henge," | 0:05:59 | 0:06:02 | |
and that is important. | 0:06:02 | 0:06:03 | |
As they analysed their data even further, | 0:06:04 | 0:06:07 | |
they found new information | 0:06:07 | 0:06:09 | |
about how the other monuments interconnect with Stonehenge. | 0:06:09 | 0:06:12 | |
The architecture of Stonehenge doesn't exist in isolation. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:17 | |
There's a form of connectivity in the landscape here | 0:06:17 | 0:06:20 | |
that we'd not realised before. | 0:06:20 | 0:06:21 | |
The discoveries made by the Hidden Landscapes Project | 0:06:22 | 0:06:25 | |
are backed by new finds from other research projects. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:28 | |
Together they are telling the full story of Stonehenge. | 0:06:30 | 0:06:34 | |
The first signs of human activity in the Stonehenge area | 0:06:53 | 0:06:56 | |
date back 10,000 years to a period known as the Mesolithic. | 0:06:56 | 0:07:01 | |
Around that time, | 0:07:03 | 0:07:05 | |
three large totem-like poles were erected, | 0:07:05 | 0:07:08 | |
250m from where Stonehenge now stands. | 0:07:08 | 0:07:11 | |
Their meaning and purpose has baffled experts | 0:07:14 | 0:07:17 | |
since their discovery in 1966. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:19 | |
Recently, at a site only 2km to the south east, | 0:07:25 | 0:07:29 | |
archaeologists have unearthed the first traces | 0:07:29 | 0:07:32 | |
of people living in the same period. | 0:07:32 | 0:07:34 | |
It's a find that may finally answer | 0:07:39 | 0:07:42 | |
why Stonehenge is located where it is. | 0:07:42 | 0:07:44 | |
Here's a section through one of the most interesting trenches | 0:07:48 | 0:07:51 | |
dug in modern history. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:53 | |
And in fact has all of modern history in it. | 0:07:55 | 0:07:57 | |
We've got a soil profile here, | 0:07:57 | 0:07:59 | |
which captures the very modern. | 0:07:59 | 0:08:01 | |
This chalk layer is from the 1960s, | 0:08:01 | 0:08:03 | |
dumped from the road that goes to Stonehenge. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:06 | |
Underneath that, we have a cobbled platform surface, | 0:08:06 | 0:08:10 | |
which is post medieval. | 0:08:10 | 0:08:11 | |
We've got some soil build up here. | 0:08:11 | 0:08:13 | |
But it's this lower bit that's really fascinating and interesting. | 0:08:13 | 0:08:17 | |
It's sealed by a cobbled surface almost certainly put in by man | 0:08:17 | 0:08:23 | |
sometime in pre-history and that's brilliant | 0:08:23 | 0:08:26 | |
because it's capped 14cm of intact Mesolithic archaeology. | 0:08:26 | 0:08:32 | |
Full of Mesolithic flint work and bone | 0:08:32 | 0:08:35 | |
and, as you can see, there's a nice, small piece here. | 0:08:35 | 0:08:39 | |
Ah, yeah, that's a very nice piece. | 0:08:40 | 0:08:42 | |
I think it's a little blade. | 0:08:42 | 0:08:44 | |
The big question is, what is so special about this place | 0:08:46 | 0:08:49 | |
that people are settling here, living here for a long time? | 0:08:49 | 0:08:52 | |
The rich array of artefacts excavated from this site | 0:09:02 | 0:09:06 | |
are striking clues as to what compelled these ancient people | 0:09:06 | 0:09:09 | |
to camp here. | 0:09:09 | 0:09:10 | |
This is just a sample of the amazing finds that we've got from this site. | 0:09:13 | 0:09:17 | |
We've got quite domestic-looking tools. | 0:09:17 | 0:09:19 | |
This type of thing would probably have been used | 0:09:19 | 0:09:22 | |
to pierce holes in animal skin. | 0:09:22 | 0:09:24 | |
We've also found much bigger tools. | 0:09:24 | 0:09:26 | |
This is an absolutely brilliant tranchet axe. | 0:09:26 | 0:09:30 | |
These things are the Porsche of the Mesolithic. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:33 | |
Really top-quality flint used for making boats | 0:09:33 | 0:09:36 | |
and chopping down trees. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:38 | |
It's not just about stone and flint tools, though. | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
We've got about 700 animal bones | 0:09:42 | 0:09:44 | |
and they're really big. | 0:09:44 | 0:09:46 | |
These are from aurochs. | 0:09:46 | 0:09:48 | |
These are three times the size of a normal cow. | 0:09:52 | 0:09:55 | |
We have at least six aurochs in our assemblage. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:01 | |
They must have been local. | 0:10:01 | 0:10:02 | |
They're so big it would have taken a big effort | 0:10:02 | 0:10:04 | |
to transport them a long way. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:06 | |
So, these animals are probably around Amesbury and Stonehenge. | 0:10:07 | 0:10:11 | |
Perhaps the people living all around where we are now | 0:10:19 | 0:10:22 | |
are seeing these animals move across the landscape | 0:10:22 | 0:10:25 | |
and getting opportunities to hunt. | 0:10:25 | 0:10:27 | |
The existence of a large clearing | 0:10:35 | 0:10:38 | |
in otherwise dense forest | 0:10:38 | 0:10:40 | |
made this a natural and bountiful hunting ground. | 0:10:40 | 0:10:44 | |
One of the reasons why it was an open plain... | 0:10:47 | 0:10:50 | |
perhaps it was because aurochs are such veracious eaters. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:54 | |
They're like nature's vacuum cleaners. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:56 | |
Any woodland or bush growth wouldn't have stood much of a chance | 0:10:56 | 0:11:01 | |
if you had a large herd of animals moving through a place like this. | 0:11:01 | 0:11:04 | |
As we move down in this landscape, we begin to be part of a funnel. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:11 | |
It would be a brilliant place for hunter-gatherers to hide | 0:11:18 | 0:11:21 | |
and observe the movement of these huge animals. | 0:11:21 | 0:11:25 | |
Topographical scans have revealed | 0:11:38 | 0:11:40 | |
the contours of this ancient landscape. | 0:11:40 | 0:11:42 | |
Features that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers could exploit. | 0:11:42 | 0:11:45 | |
Where this side valley is steep, | 0:11:48 | 0:11:50 | |
it's very likely that the animals would mass together | 0:11:50 | 0:11:53 | |
and then panic and then bolt. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:54 | |
A clever, intelligent hunter-gatherer | 0:12:01 | 0:12:03 | |
would almost certainly have had a strategy to position themselves | 0:12:03 | 0:12:07 | |
at points where they knew these animals would come | 0:12:07 | 0:12:09 | |
through the landscape. | 0:12:09 | 0:12:11 | |
At that point, that is exactly the best place to take one down. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:15 | |
So, we started to consider that in this bowl-like landscape | 0:12:23 | 0:12:27 | |
where you have this arrangement of small hillocks and side valleys, | 0:12:27 | 0:12:31 | |
you may well have got a brilliant place to hunt. | 0:12:31 | 0:12:34 | |
For David Jacques, the site held qualities that made it | 0:12:45 | 0:12:48 | |
more than just a rich hunting ground. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:51 | |
We're in a really extraordinary place here. | 0:13:09 | 0:13:12 | |
I mean, this is almost like a time capsule. | 0:13:12 | 0:13:14 | |
There's very little landscape change extraordinarily from the Mesolithic. | 0:13:18 | 0:13:22 | |
So, it's a special place. | 0:13:24 | 0:13:26 | |
The unexpected discovery of a rare natural phenomenon | 0:13:36 | 0:13:40 | |
may also explain the beginnings of Stonehenge's mystical reputation. | 0:13:40 | 0:13:45 | |
Well, something that's really interesting about this site | 0:13:45 | 0:13:48 | |
is that it appears that it's not all about the practical. | 0:13:48 | 0:13:51 | |
We've noticed a really strange phenomenon with the flint. | 0:13:54 | 0:13:58 | |
We've got a chemical reaction going on here. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:01 | |
The flint is turning brown | 0:14:01 | 0:14:03 | |
because there are traces of iron in the spring water. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:07 | |
Now, that's typical in a lot of places | 0:14:07 | 0:14:10 | |
on the edges of fresh water ponds and lakes and rivers. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:13 | |
But there is something peculiar happening here. | 0:14:13 | 0:14:16 | |
When a stone like this is pulled out of the water | 0:14:16 | 0:14:19 | |
and it's kept out of the water for about two to three hours, | 0:14:19 | 0:14:23 | |
something extraordinary happens. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:26 | |
It turns into a really bright, almost sort of violent magenta pink. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:33 | |
The remarkable change is triggered | 0:14:36 | 0:14:38 | |
by rare algae in the spring water. | 0:14:38 | 0:14:41 | |
But Mesolithic hunter-gatherers had no rational explanation | 0:14:50 | 0:14:54 | |
for this vivid change in the flint. | 0:14:54 | 0:14:56 | |
It would have been the most extraordinary, magical thing | 0:14:59 | 0:15:03 | |
in the Mesolithic to see a transformation like this. | 0:15:03 | 0:15:06 | |
They're living at a time where the colour palette | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
is dominated by green and brown and black and white. | 0:15:10 | 0:15:13 | |
Something as flamboyant as this | 0:15:15 | 0:15:17 | |
would have given this particular area a real local signature. | 0:15:17 | 0:15:21 | |
Something that would have meant 'this place' to people. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:26 | |
This is the place where memories and traditions start. | 0:15:26 | 0:15:30 | |
Stonehenge isn't just a new build. | 0:15:30 | 0:15:33 | |
It's in response to something. | 0:15:33 | 0:15:34 | |
The magical, pink flint and an abundant supply of meat | 0:15:40 | 0:15:44 | |
may have inspired the hunter-gatherers | 0:15:44 | 0:15:47 | |
to mark out the area with the totem pole-like monuments. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:50 | |
An act that Jacques believes may have been the start | 0:15:53 | 0:15:56 | |
of this landscape's mythical status. | 0:15:56 | 0:15:58 | |
There would be memories attached to that, stories attached to that. | 0:16:01 | 0:16:04 | |
Almost certainly the people involved are getting mythologized. | 0:16:04 | 0:16:08 | |
Does that mean down the line these ideas are getting monumentalised | 0:16:08 | 0:16:13 | |
and later take shape in structures | 0:16:13 | 0:16:15 | |
like the one we can see behind us at Stonehenge? | 0:16:15 | 0:16:18 | |
The evidence from the Mesolithic encampment | 0:16:27 | 0:16:30 | |
combined with the mysterious posts | 0:16:30 | 0:16:33 | |
establishes a compelling starting point for the Stonehenge story. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:37 | |
Then, around 8,200 years ago, | 0:16:39 | 0:16:42 | |
climate change had a dramatic impact | 0:16:42 | 0:16:44 | |
on the destiny of the Stonehenge landscape. | 0:16:44 | 0:16:47 | |
As the Last Ice Age thawed, | 0:16:50 | 0:16:53 | |
rising melt waters engulfed the territory known as Dogger Land. | 0:16:53 | 0:16:56 | |
And Britain became an island. | 0:16:59 | 0:17:00 | |
Cut off from continental influence, | 0:17:03 | 0:17:05 | |
life in Mesolithic Britain changed little. | 0:17:05 | 0:17:08 | |
For the next 2,000 years, | 0:17:11 | 0:17:12 | |
no new monuments appeared in the Stonehenge area. | 0:17:12 | 0:17:16 | |
A clue to the resumption of monument building | 0:17:19 | 0:17:21 | |
was found in a field 2km to the east of Stonehenge. | 0:17:21 | 0:17:26 | |
These enigmatic lines are the faint traces | 0:17:27 | 0:17:31 | |
of an ancient building. | 0:17:31 | 0:17:34 | |
Surveyed by the Hidden Landscapes Project's high resolution scanners, | 0:17:34 | 0:17:38 | |
their true significance was revealed. | 0:17:38 | 0:17:40 | |
We try now set out the points of the monument | 0:17:50 | 0:17:55 | |
that we actually detected in our magnetic data. | 0:17:55 | 0:17:59 | |
-OK. That's that one. -Yep. | 0:17:59 | 0:18:02 | |
Professor Wolfgang Neubauer and Eamon Baldwin staked out the find. | 0:18:03 | 0:18:08 | |
-So, that's the east side of the facade. -Yeah, let's see. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:15 | |
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine... | 0:18:15 | 0:18:23 | |
The structure was far more advanced than anything | 0:18:23 | 0:18:26 | |
that had previously been built in the region. | 0:18:26 | 0:18:28 | |
Based on similar discoveries in continental Europe, | 0:18:36 | 0:18:39 | |
Professor Neubauer identified it as a communal burial tomb, | 0:18:39 | 0:18:43 | |
known as a long barrow. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:45 | |
It's 33 metres. That's the normal length of a continental long barrow. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:49 | |
These are really huge buildings | 0:18:52 | 0:18:55 | |
and that we actually get this in this landscape, it's just amazing. | 0:18:55 | 0:18:59 | |
The data showed the monument's original layout | 0:19:06 | 0:19:08 | |
consisted of wooden pillars and timber walls. | 0:19:08 | 0:19:12 | |
The presence of long barrows marks a major shift | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
in the cultural life of this ancient world. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:20 | |
Around 9,000 years ago, mainland Europe underwent a social | 0:19:26 | 0:19:31 | |
and technological revolution - | 0:19:31 | 0:19:33 | |
the Neolithic era. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:34 | |
Characterised by farming and permanent settlements, | 0:19:36 | 0:19:39 | |
the new culture and its ideas slowly expanded west, | 0:19:39 | 0:19:43 | |
before they finally crossed into Britain about 4000 BCE. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:48 | |
Along with the development of agriculture, | 0:19:54 | 0:19:57 | |
the Neolithic age heralded the emergence | 0:19:57 | 0:19:59 | |
of long barrow burial tombs. | 0:19:59 | 0:20:02 | |
Like the one exposed by the Hidden Landscapes Project. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:06 | |
Well, now we've pegged out the whole thing. | 0:20:18 | 0:20:22 | |
This monument starts to make sense. | 0:20:22 | 0:20:24 | |
You see this full court with a palisade wall. | 0:20:24 | 0:20:29 | |
And this was the place where they prepared the dead for burial. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:34 | |
Bones from excavated long barrows tell of the new funeral practices | 0:20:49 | 0:20:54 | |
the Neolithic arrivals brought with them. | 0:20:54 | 0:20:57 | |
They had very peculiar rituals for burials. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:04 | |
They had de-fleshment. | 0:21:06 | 0:21:08 | |
They had cutting off of heads. | 0:21:12 | 0:21:14 | |
Heads were actually treated completely different | 0:21:16 | 0:21:18 | |
than the other parts of the body. | 0:21:18 | 0:21:20 | |
There was preparing of the bones to be put into this large tomb, | 0:21:25 | 0:21:30 | |
which was a tomb for the whole community. | 0:21:30 | 0:21:33 | |
The remains of up to 50 people - men, women and children - | 0:21:37 | 0:21:41 | |
were laid to rest in these mass graves | 0:21:41 | 0:21:43 | |
before they were finally sealed. | 0:21:43 | 0:21:45 | |
In the end, the whole building was covered with a huge amount of earth | 0:21:48 | 0:21:54 | |
dug out from big pits to build this long barrow | 0:21:54 | 0:21:59 | |
as a house for the dead people. | 0:21:59 | 0:22:01 | |
With other nearby long barrows added to the map, | 0:22:21 | 0:22:26 | |
this is how the area looked 6,000 years ago. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:29 | |
The arrival of the Neolithic culture from Europe | 0:22:32 | 0:22:35 | |
reaffirmed the landscape's sacred status. | 0:22:35 | 0:22:38 | |
Stonehenge is a unique landscape. | 0:22:40 | 0:22:43 | |
It encapsulates how early societies related to the landscape. | 0:22:43 | 0:22:48 | |
Their belief systems pervaded everyday life. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:54 | |
How ritual and religion was so important to them. | 0:22:54 | 0:22:57 | |
We see it in Stonehenge in a rather extreme manner, | 0:22:57 | 0:23:01 | |
but nonetheless, it demonstrates to us | 0:23:01 | 0:23:05 | |
just how important the position earlier communities had | 0:23:05 | 0:23:09 | |
with the landscape around them. | 0:23:09 | 0:23:11 | |
As well as the long barrows, another typical Neolithic structure, | 0:23:16 | 0:23:20 | |
known as a causewayed enclosure, | 0:23:20 | 0:23:22 | |
appeared for the first time in the Stonehenge area 5,600 years ago. | 0:23:22 | 0:23:27 | |
Four and a half kilometres to the north west, | 0:23:30 | 0:23:32 | |
faint scars on the grassland hint at its original shape. | 0:23:32 | 0:23:36 | |
This is Robin Hood's Ball. | 0:23:36 | 0:23:37 | |
You can see it beautifully from this side. | 0:23:37 | 0:23:40 | |
This is one of the earlier Neolithic monuments built in this landscape. | 0:23:40 | 0:23:44 | |
It consists of rings of circular ditches with gaps in them. | 0:23:51 | 0:23:55 | |
These gaps are the causeways, hence the name causewayed enclosure. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:05 | |
Structures like Robin Hood's Ball brought with them | 0:24:05 | 0:24:08 | |
the Neolithic concept of dividing up the land. | 0:24:08 | 0:24:11 | |
These monuments represent the first types of enclosure | 0:24:11 | 0:24:15 | |
we're finding in prehistory. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:16 | |
It's the first time people are actually enclosing | 0:24:16 | 0:24:19 | |
a particular space for a particular purpose. | 0:24:19 | 0:24:21 | |
In the evolution of Stonehenge, causewayed camps | 0:24:23 | 0:24:26 | |
and their demarcation of territory heralded a period of conflict | 0:24:26 | 0:24:29 | |
between competing groups. | 0:24:29 | 0:24:31 | |
On some of these sites, when they've been excavated, | 0:24:33 | 0:24:36 | |
they start to give an indication of warfare, | 0:24:36 | 0:24:39 | |
people killing each other, | 0:24:39 | 0:24:40 | |
potentially some sort of tension in society. | 0:24:40 | 0:24:43 | |
Evidence suggested that with the onset of conflict, | 0:24:43 | 0:24:47 | |
all major developments in the Stonehenge landscape | 0:24:47 | 0:24:49 | |
stopped for 300 years. | 0:24:49 | 0:24:51 | |
In total, over 70 structures | 0:24:54 | 0:24:56 | |
similar to Robin Hood's Ball | 0:24:56 | 0:24:57 | |
were built across Britain. | 0:24:57 | 0:24:59 | |
Their distribution has led some to suggest | 0:25:00 | 0:25:03 | |
they form a border between different groups across the country. | 0:25:03 | 0:25:06 | |
At one of these sites, Crickley Hill, | 0:25:09 | 0:25:11 | |
past excavations have discovered | 0:25:11 | 0:25:13 | |
what may be Britain's first major battle. | 0:25:13 | 0:25:16 | |
Crickley Hill gives us a completely new picture of the scale | 0:25:29 | 0:25:32 | |
of violence in prehistoric Britain. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:34 | |
It's really the first time that we see evidence for warfare | 0:25:35 | 0:25:39 | |
between separate communities or even groups of communities | 0:25:39 | 0:25:42 | |
on a completely different scale to what went on previously. | 0:25:42 | 0:25:46 | |
There's a sense that this was a planned event. | 0:25:46 | 0:25:48 | |
Possibly the preparations went on for months beforehand | 0:25:48 | 0:25:51 | |
and this was a very committed action. | 0:25:51 | 0:25:54 | |
The defenders included men, women and children. | 0:25:56 | 0:25:59 | |
The attackers, however, were probably mostly adult male. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:05 | |
THEY SHOUT | 0:26:05 | 0:26:07 | |
Studies of tribal warfare give some idea | 0:26:09 | 0:26:11 | |
why the neighbouring clans fought each other. | 0:26:11 | 0:26:14 | |
There may be a series of perceived injustices that build up, | 0:26:16 | 0:26:19 | |
over generations sometimes. | 0:26:19 | 0:26:21 | |
And when things come to a boiling point, | 0:26:21 | 0:26:23 | |
the violence that does break out | 0:26:23 | 0:26:25 | |
can take the form of trying | 0:26:25 | 0:26:27 | |
to actually exterminate a neighbouring community. | 0:26:27 | 0:26:30 | |
You would then be able to take over their resources, | 0:26:30 | 0:26:32 | |
to take over their land, their cattle, perhaps even their women. | 0:26:32 | 0:26:35 | |
400 flint arrowheads found at Crickley Hill | 0:26:37 | 0:26:41 | |
revealed how the conflict played out. | 0:26:41 | 0:26:43 | |
From the distribution of arrowheads, | 0:26:55 | 0:26:58 | |
it does look like the attackers | 0:26:58 | 0:27:00 | |
successfully overwhelmed the defence. | 0:27:00 | 0:27:01 | |
Once you are inside, you're in much closer proximity to people | 0:27:01 | 0:27:05 | |
and fighting at that point would have become hand-to-hand. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:08 | |
Crickley Hill is just one of a number of violent clashes | 0:27:12 | 0:27:15 | |
in southern Britain. | 0:27:15 | 0:27:17 | |
It was a period of instability | 0:27:19 | 0:27:20 | |
that seems to have brought monument building in these areas | 0:27:20 | 0:27:23 | |
to a standstill. | 0:27:23 | 0:27:24 | |
Excavated skulls from the period | 0:27:28 | 0:27:30 | |
provide an insight into the savagery of the fighting. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:33 | |
We have these individual examples of people that had died violently. | 0:27:38 | 0:27:42 | |
The original point of impact on this individual was from the side, | 0:27:44 | 0:27:48 | |
perhaps even slightly behind, coming in from this direction. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:51 | |
This was a very sharp, strong blow. | 0:27:51 | 0:27:53 | |
This is a rounded fracture arc. | 0:27:56 | 0:27:59 | |
There's no question that an injury of this severity | 0:27:59 | 0:28:02 | |
penetrating the cranium, driving the bone fragments into the brain | 0:28:02 | 0:28:05 | |
would be instantly lethal. | 0:28:05 | 0:28:07 | |
Research shows no-one was spared from the bloodshed. | 0:28:10 | 0:28:13 | |
This is an adult female skull. | 0:28:18 | 0:28:19 | |
In Neolithic societies, it seems possible to think | 0:28:22 | 0:28:25 | |
that women were not always just innocent bystanders. | 0:28:25 | 0:28:28 | |
They may have actually been involved in the conflict | 0:28:28 | 0:28:31 | |
and indeed fighting themselves. | 0:28:31 | 0:28:33 | |
You don't know who is armed. | 0:28:33 | 0:28:35 | |
There are no uniforms to know who's a combatant | 0:28:35 | 0:28:38 | |
and who's a non-combatant. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:39 | |
In this case, we have adhering bone that's slightly depressed | 0:28:39 | 0:28:43 | |
and that indicates to me that there was a degree of elasticity | 0:28:43 | 0:28:46 | |
in the bone that is typical of the bone being still fresh. | 0:28:46 | 0:28:50 | |
In other words, that was a lethal injury. | 0:28:50 | 0:28:52 | |
5,500 years ago... | 0:28:59 | 0:29:01 | |
..causewayed camps like Crickley Hill and Robin Hood's Ball | 0:29:03 | 0:29:06 | |
were abandoned. | 0:29:06 | 0:29:07 | |
Their decline signalled the end of large-scale hostilities | 0:29:11 | 0:29:14 | |
in ancient Britain. | 0:29:14 | 0:29:15 | |
In the relative peace that followed, | 0:29:20 | 0:29:23 | |
monument construction in the Stonehenge landscape | 0:29:23 | 0:29:25 | |
began once more... | 0:29:25 | 0:29:27 | |
..with the digging of huge oval ditches, | 0:29:30 | 0:29:33 | |
the largest of which is the Greater Cursus. | 0:29:33 | 0:29:36 | |
The largest monument in this landscape | 0:29:48 | 0:29:50 | |
is undoubtedly the Greater Cursus. | 0:29:50 | 0:29:52 | |
Interpreting the Cursus has been very, very difficult. | 0:29:55 | 0:29:59 | |
It's only when you start finding more detail about the architecture | 0:29:59 | 0:30:02 | |
that you start to get a better understanding | 0:30:02 | 0:30:04 | |
of what is essentially a very, very big, long, bank and ditch. | 0:30:04 | 0:30:08 | |
Over two and half kilometres long, | 0:30:11 | 0:30:14 | |
the Cursus represented a new scale of ambition for ancient engineering. | 0:30:14 | 0:30:18 | |
It required a huge area to be cleared | 0:30:21 | 0:30:24 | |
before 20,000 tonnes of chalk were excavated to form its immense ditch. | 0:30:24 | 0:30:28 | |
To meet these new ambitions, | 0:30:32 | 0:30:33 | |
the builders needed tools on a previously unheard of scale, | 0:30:33 | 0:30:37 | |
in particular, flint axes. | 0:30:37 | 0:30:39 | |
There's certainly an increase in the amount of effort | 0:30:42 | 0:30:44 | |
people are willing to put into constructing monuments. | 0:30:44 | 0:30:48 | |
270km away, in Norfolk, | 0:30:52 | 0:30:55 | |
evidence of a prehistoric mining operation | 0:30:55 | 0:30:58 | |
shows the extraordinary efforts the Neolithic people made | 0:30:58 | 0:31:02 | |
to meet the demand for high-grade, flint tools. | 0:31:02 | 0:31:04 | |
Well, here we are, at Grime's Graves in Norfolk, and we're standing | 0:31:07 | 0:31:09 | |
in the middle of an extremely pockmarked, cratered landscape. | 0:31:09 | 0:31:12 | |
There are around about 450 of these distinctive hollows. | 0:31:12 | 0:31:16 | |
Each one of these represents a Neolithic flint mine. | 0:31:17 | 0:31:20 | |
The quality of flint found in the area | 0:31:23 | 0:31:26 | |
made it a highly-prized commodity | 0:31:26 | 0:31:28 | |
and linked it directly to Stonehenge. | 0:31:28 | 0:31:32 | |
When you go to Stonehenge, a number of the barrows | 0:31:32 | 0:31:34 | |
and monuments around there have the Grime's Graves flint in with them. | 0:31:34 | 0:31:38 | |
And we're finding complete artefacts | 0:31:38 | 0:31:40 | |
finished to a very high quality and then they're being buried | 0:31:40 | 0:31:43 | |
in significant places, possibly as a ritual offering to the gods. | 0:31:43 | 0:31:47 | |
It's estimated around 18,000 tonnes of flint | 0:31:49 | 0:31:52 | |
were removed from Grime's Graves. | 0:31:52 | 0:31:54 | |
Enough to make millions of axes. | 0:31:58 | 0:32:00 | |
You can get a real sense of the mining endeavour | 0:32:06 | 0:32:09 | |
when you look across this whole field. | 0:32:09 | 0:32:12 | |
But to get an idea of the engineering achievement, | 0:32:12 | 0:32:14 | |
you need to go down into one of the shafts. | 0:32:14 | 0:32:17 | |
Now, this particular one has been excavated out in the 19th century, | 0:32:19 | 0:32:24 | |
so we've got an opportunity to go down there | 0:32:24 | 0:32:26 | |
and to experience the same kind of environment | 0:32:26 | 0:32:28 | |
that the Neolithic miners had. | 0:32:28 | 0:32:30 | |
So here we are at the bottom of one of the shafts. | 0:32:54 | 0:32:57 | |
It's a lot darker than it would have been in the Neolithic | 0:32:58 | 0:33:01 | |
because at the moment there is a modern, concrete cover | 0:33:01 | 0:33:04 | |
just to protect the archaeology. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:06 | |
Originally, that would have been open to the sky, | 0:33:06 | 0:33:08 | |
so the sun would have been coming in | 0:33:08 | 0:33:09 | |
and the walls all around us, the white chalk, | 0:33:09 | 0:33:11 | |
would have been reflecting that light, bouncing off the walls | 0:33:11 | 0:33:14 | |
and then extending out into all the excavation spaces beyond. | 0:33:14 | 0:33:17 | |
Each one of the 450 shafts that you can see on the surface | 0:33:19 | 0:33:22 | |
would have been like this. | 0:33:22 | 0:33:23 | |
This particular one descending 12.5 meters down | 0:33:25 | 0:33:27 | |
through the solid chalk. | 0:33:27 | 0:33:29 | |
Quite an achievement when you think that the people excavating this | 0:33:30 | 0:33:33 | |
were using stone and bone tools. | 0:33:33 | 0:33:36 | |
This would have taken months to excavate out down. | 0:33:36 | 0:33:39 | |
Once the miners reached the floorstone flint... | 0:33:44 | 0:33:46 | |
..they dug horizontal galleries | 0:33:48 | 0:33:51 | |
following the rich seams. | 0:33:51 | 0:33:52 | |
The galleries are extremely restricted in size. | 0:33:56 | 0:33:59 | |
So I think we are probably seeing some of the younger, | 0:34:01 | 0:34:04 | |
slighter elements of society, | 0:34:04 | 0:34:05 | |
who had engaged in the actual extraction process. | 0:34:05 | 0:34:08 | |
This is one of the larger gallery spaces down here in the mines. | 0:34:16 | 0:34:20 | |
A lot of them are far more restricted than this. | 0:34:20 | 0:34:23 | |
Because the preservation is so incredible, | 0:34:26 | 0:34:29 | |
we've still got a whole series of their antler picks. | 0:34:29 | 0:34:33 | |
The tools that they were using down here to chip away at the chalk. | 0:34:33 | 0:34:38 | |
Now, using the end sometimes to batter away blocks. | 0:34:38 | 0:34:42 | |
And also to lever the flint up. | 0:34:45 | 0:34:48 | |
The high-grade flint found at these depths | 0:34:52 | 0:34:55 | |
motivated the prehistoric miners. | 0:34:55 | 0:34:57 | |
This is some of the floorstone flint they're looking for | 0:35:04 | 0:35:07 | |
and you can see it's jet black colour. | 0:35:07 | 0:35:09 | |
It fractures beautifully and it's still razor sharp. | 0:35:09 | 0:35:13 | |
Russell also believes | 0:35:17 | 0:35:18 | |
the mines served an important ritualistic role. | 0:35:18 | 0:35:21 | |
Moving towards adulthood, you need a rite of passage. | 0:35:29 | 0:35:32 | |
You need to be doing something that's actually quite extreme. | 0:35:32 | 0:35:35 | |
And coming down here into the mine, crawling into the galleries, | 0:35:35 | 0:35:38 | |
into the unknown, into the mysterious, digging out the flint | 0:35:38 | 0:35:41 | |
and bringing it back up onto the surface | 0:35:41 | 0:35:44 | |
could move you from childhood to adult | 0:35:44 | 0:35:46 | |
especially if there is an audience up there waiting for you | 0:35:46 | 0:35:48 | |
to emerge with your flint in hand. | 0:35:48 | 0:35:50 | |
Excavated human bones from another Neolithic flint mine | 0:35:54 | 0:35:58 | |
highlighted the dangers miners faced. | 0:35:58 | 0:36:00 | |
When they looked at the skeletons | 0:36:02 | 0:36:04 | |
that were found down in the lower levels of the mine, | 0:36:04 | 0:36:06 | |
one was actually covered by rubble, | 0:36:06 | 0:36:08 | |
almost like the material just behind me here. | 0:36:08 | 0:36:11 | |
The body was lying stretched out in the gallery | 0:36:11 | 0:36:13 | |
as if going towards the flint. | 0:36:13 | 0:36:15 | |
When they looked at the bones, | 0:36:18 | 0:36:19 | |
they realised that it was the skeleton of a young woman. | 0:36:19 | 0:36:22 | |
I think it was easily plausible that this young woman was a miner | 0:36:29 | 0:36:33 | |
and that she did come to an unfortunate, untimely end... | 0:36:33 | 0:36:35 | |
..down in the galleries when the roof collapsed on her. | 0:36:39 | 0:36:42 | |
Her colleagues, perhaps feeling that she'd been claimed by the earth, | 0:36:44 | 0:36:47 | |
didn't go back and recover her. | 0:36:47 | 0:36:49 | |
The astonishing size of the mining complex at Grime's Graves, | 0:37:07 | 0:37:11 | |
reveals a people capable of planning and executing large-scale projects. | 0:37:11 | 0:37:16 | |
Attributes that were harnessed in the Stonehenge landscape | 0:37:23 | 0:37:27 | |
to create the vast Greater Cursus monument. | 0:37:27 | 0:37:29 | |
But while the function of the mines is proven, | 0:37:36 | 0:37:39 | |
the role of the Cursus remains a mystery. | 0:37:39 | 0:37:42 | |
We still don't know why such a huge amount of effort | 0:37:44 | 0:37:46 | |
was put into constructing such a big monument as the Cursus. | 0:37:46 | 0:37:50 | |
At the heart of the Stonehenge question - | 0:37:53 | 0:37:55 | |
you know, what is Stonehenge? - is the Cursus | 0:37:55 | 0:37:58 | |
and if we can't understand how that fits together, | 0:37:58 | 0:38:01 | |
we can't understand the landscape. | 0:38:01 | 0:38:02 | |
To solve the puzzle of the Cursus, | 0:38:12 | 0:38:14 | |
the Hidden Landscapes Project focused their survey | 0:38:14 | 0:38:18 | |
on every centimetre of the enormous monument. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:20 | |
After weeks of analysis, | 0:38:28 | 0:38:30 | |
the team detected a series of previously unknown breaks | 0:38:30 | 0:38:33 | |
in the perimeter. | 0:38:33 | 0:38:35 | |
When we surveyed the Cursus, there were a number of features | 0:38:35 | 0:38:38 | |
which were quite surprising for us. | 0:38:38 | 0:38:40 | |
The first was that there were a number of small entrances | 0:38:40 | 0:38:44 | |
into the enclosure itself. | 0:38:44 | 0:38:46 | |
It wasn't a single cohesive unit. There were gaps through it. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:50 | |
So it wasn't simply enclosed. There were ways of going in and out of it. | 0:38:55 | 0:38:58 | |
The discovery of entrance and exit points | 0:39:00 | 0:39:03 | |
supported the theory that the Cursus was a processional route. | 0:39:03 | 0:39:06 | |
But the gaps were only the first clues the survey team uncovered. | 0:39:07 | 0:39:11 | |
The data also revealed two previously unknown pits | 0:39:15 | 0:39:19 | |
inside the Cursus. | 0:39:19 | 0:39:21 | |
I'm standing at the centre of the pit in the west end of the Cursus. | 0:39:24 | 0:39:28 | |
This is really quite a big feature. | 0:39:28 | 0:39:30 | |
It's about 5 meters across and | 0:39:30 | 0:39:32 | |
1 to 1.5 meters deep, at least. | 0:39:32 | 0:39:35 | |
It has a pair at the other end of the Cursus. | 0:39:35 | 0:39:38 | |
These are clearly man-made, they're not natural features - | 0:39:38 | 0:39:41 | |
their depth, the way they're cut, their position within the Cursus. | 0:39:41 | 0:39:46 | |
These are clearly significant archaeological structures. | 0:39:46 | 0:39:50 | |
When the positions of the pits were computer-modelled | 0:39:54 | 0:39:56 | |
against the movement of the sun, | 0:39:56 | 0:39:59 | |
their true importance became clear. | 0:39:59 | 0:40:02 | |
The calculations showed that on midsummer's day | 0:40:04 | 0:40:07 | |
the eastern pit's alignment with the sunrise | 0:40:07 | 0:40:10 | |
and the western pit's alignment with sunset | 0:40:10 | 0:40:14 | |
intersect at the location of where Stonehenge would be built | 0:40:14 | 0:40:18 | |
some 400 years later. | 0:40:18 | 0:40:19 | |
Accurate solar alignment on this scale provided proof | 0:40:23 | 0:40:26 | |
of a daylong ceremony held to celebrate the passage of the sun | 0:40:26 | 0:40:30 | |
at the summer solstice. | 0:40:30 | 0:40:31 | |
The linkage of these pits with the Cursus, | 0:40:34 | 0:40:37 | |
which is sometimes regarded as a processional route | 0:40:37 | 0:40:40 | |
to mark the passage of the sun, | 0:40:40 | 0:40:42 | |
actually links the Cursus itself with the position of Stonehenge | 0:40:42 | 0:40:47 | |
because that's the point | 0:40:47 | 0:40:48 | |
which we presume observations were taking place. | 0:40:48 | 0:40:51 | |
So, at the point that the Cursus was built, | 0:40:51 | 0:40:53 | |
Stonehenge is acquiring significance as well. | 0:40:53 | 0:40:56 | |
The revelations about the Cursus | 0:41:03 | 0:41:05 | |
suggested that the site of Stonehenge had a ritual significance | 0:41:05 | 0:41:09 | |
at least four centuries earlier than originally thought. | 0:41:09 | 0:41:12 | |
It's possible that the pits predate Stonehenge | 0:41:18 | 0:41:22 | |
and they relate to the phase of activity | 0:41:22 | 0:41:24 | |
before Stonehenge was built associated with the Cursus. | 0:41:24 | 0:41:27 | |
This creates a very new and exciting aspect to the Stonehenge landscape, | 0:41:28 | 0:41:33 | |
which we've not recognised previously. | 0:41:33 | 0:41:36 | |
The precision and scale of the Greater Cursus design | 0:41:41 | 0:41:45 | |
indicates a technically advanced and knowledgeable people. | 0:41:45 | 0:41:48 | |
But the sophistication of Neolithic culture | 0:41:54 | 0:41:57 | |
wasn't only expressed in its monument building. | 0:41:57 | 0:42:00 | |
I've got three skulls on the table here, | 0:42:06 | 0:42:08 | |
all of which come from graves in the vicinity of Stonehenge. | 0:42:08 | 0:42:12 | |
But the other thing they have in common, | 0:42:13 | 0:42:15 | |
as well as where they come from, | 0:42:15 | 0:42:17 | |
is that they have all had surgery to the skull. | 0:42:17 | 0:42:20 | |
The idea of having surgical intervention so far back in time | 0:42:23 | 0:42:27 | |
sounds incredibly sophisticated and, in many ways, it is. | 0:42:27 | 0:42:30 | |
The reason for undertaking surgery of this type | 0:42:32 | 0:42:35 | |
was if somebody had a blunt weapon trauma to the skull, | 0:42:35 | 0:42:40 | |
they can see there's been some kind of damage to the skull, | 0:42:40 | 0:42:43 | |
bits of bone sticking into the brain | 0:42:43 | 0:42:45 | |
and they've got to be excised | 0:42:45 | 0:42:47 | |
otherwise it's going to kill that individual. | 0:42:47 | 0:42:50 | |
The technique, known as trepanning, | 0:42:53 | 0:42:56 | |
followed similar methods to those used by modern surgery. | 0:42:56 | 0:42:59 | |
But without the luxury of scalpels and anaesthetics. | 0:43:01 | 0:43:05 | |
Probably, the worst bit was actually having the skin flap cut... | 0:43:08 | 0:43:12 | |
..to expose the skull itself. | 0:43:13 | 0:43:15 | |
As in modern surgery, you would cut a flap of the scalp | 0:43:17 | 0:43:21 | |
and you would fold it back. | 0:43:21 | 0:43:23 | |
The forensic analysis revealed | 0:43:24 | 0:43:26 | |
an unexpectedly advanced grasp of human anatomy. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:29 | |
So, as you are cutting through the outer plate, | 0:43:31 | 0:43:34 | |
you can feel it because it's hard. | 0:43:34 | 0:43:37 | |
Slightly less hard when you get to the middle part, | 0:43:37 | 0:43:40 | |
then you know when you're at the inner plate, | 0:43:40 | 0:43:42 | |
so you know where you have got to be careful | 0:43:42 | 0:43:44 | |
because you do not want to start to hit the brain. | 0:43:44 | 0:43:47 | |
So, you've got control over this. | 0:43:52 | 0:43:54 | |
You would be cutting in from a wider outside circumference. | 0:43:54 | 0:43:58 | |
And you would cut carefully and would bevel in as you cut round, | 0:43:58 | 0:44:02 | |
and then you would change direction | 0:44:02 | 0:44:04 | |
and you would cut from the other side. | 0:44:04 | 0:44:07 | |
And when you get to where you want to be, | 0:44:10 | 0:44:13 | |
you cut out and lift out very carefully | 0:44:13 | 0:44:15 | |
the bits of bone you don't want in there. | 0:44:15 | 0:44:17 | |
Despite the crude nature of the surgical instruments, | 0:44:21 | 0:44:24 | |
signs of healing around the holes | 0:44:24 | 0:44:27 | |
showed how adept these early surgeons were | 0:44:27 | 0:44:29 | |
at performing delicate operations. | 0:44:29 | 0:44:32 | |
They knew how to do it. They know it worked. | 0:44:33 | 0:44:36 | |
And they were very successful at this because they nearly all heal. | 0:44:40 | 0:44:44 | |
Evidence of surgery, | 0:44:49 | 0:44:51 | |
industrial-scale flint mining | 0:44:51 | 0:44:54 | |
and a new understanding of the Cursus has revealed a people | 0:44:54 | 0:44:58 | |
capable of complex reasoning and planning, | 0:44:58 | 0:45:02 | |
who expressed their ceremonial beliefs | 0:45:02 | 0:45:04 | |
in precise, solar-aligned monuments. | 0:45:04 | 0:45:07 | |
This spiritual ambition and mastery of nature | 0:45:12 | 0:45:15 | |
would be fundamental to the creation of Stonehenge. | 0:45:15 | 0:45:18 | |
This is clearly the best view | 0:45:20 | 0:45:22 | |
you can ever have of Stonehenge - from above. | 0:45:22 | 0:45:24 | |
You can see the other parts of the monument, | 0:45:28 | 0:45:30 | |
things like the ditch, which runs round it, | 0:45:30 | 0:45:33 | |
which is from about 3000 BC. | 0:45:33 | 0:45:37 | |
It's kind of the beginning of what becomes Stonehenge. | 0:45:37 | 0:45:39 | |
Radiocarbon dating indicates | 0:45:42 | 0:45:44 | |
that around 400 years after the ditch was dug, | 0:45:44 | 0:45:47 | |
the stone circle was raised. | 0:45:47 | 0:45:49 | |
But while experts have a good idea of the order | 0:45:56 | 0:45:58 | |
in which Stonehenge was built, | 0:45:58 | 0:46:03 | |
the monument's seclusion has never been fully explained. | 0:46:03 | 0:46:06 | |
The usual sense has been | 0:46:16 | 0:46:17 | |
that Stonehenge sits in splendid isolation | 0:46:17 | 0:46:20 | |
within this broader landscape. | 0:46:20 | 0:46:22 | |
It's given rise to the idea that a sacred landscape developed | 0:46:22 | 0:46:26 | |
around Stonehenge during the Neolithic | 0:46:26 | 0:46:28 | |
within which very few other activities took place. | 0:46:28 | 0:46:32 | |
The work we've been doing | 0:46:32 | 0:46:33 | |
approaches this landscape in a radically different way. | 0:46:33 | 0:46:36 | |
The intention is to see it as a seamless survey. | 0:46:36 | 0:46:39 | |
Not just what is on top of the surface, | 0:46:39 | 0:46:41 | |
but what is below the surface. | 0:46:41 | 0:46:43 | |
In doing this, we're able to put Stonehenge in its landscape context | 0:46:46 | 0:46:50 | |
in a much richer, much more detailed way. | 0:46:50 | 0:46:52 | |
The challenge of discovering lost monuments | 0:46:54 | 0:46:57 | |
in the vacant space around the stone circle | 0:46:57 | 0:47:00 | |
was one of the Hidden Landscapes Project's core objectives. | 0:47:00 | 0:47:03 | |
Sector after sector was scanned, | 0:47:04 | 0:47:07 | |
but nothing was detected. | 0:47:07 | 0:47:09 | |
Finally, less than 1km to the north west... | 0:47:14 | 0:47:16 | |
..the archaeologists picked up signals of something unexpected. | 0:47:19 | 0:47:23 | |
I am standing on a small mound about 900m away from Stonehenge, | 0:47:26 | 0:47:31 | |
it is called Amesbury 50. | 0:47:31 | 0:47:33 | |
It's been known for quite a long time. | 0:47:35 | 0:47:38 | |
It's one of several hundred mounds | 0:47:38 | 0:47:41 | |
in the immediate vicinity of Stonehenge. | 0:47:41 | 0:47:43 | |
But the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project has been able | 0:47:46 | 0:47:49 | |
to use new technologies in a way that gives us new insights | 0:47:49 | 0:47:53 | |
into this mound and the structures that lie beneath it. | 0:47:53 | 0:47:56 | |
The high-resolution equipment detected far more detail | 0:47:58 | 0:48:00 | |
hidden beneath the mound. | 0:48:00 | 0:48:02 | |
It was really quite exciting | 0:48:04 | 0:48:06 | |
when we looked at the data for the first time. | 0:48:06 | 0:48:08 | |
First of all, you just saw the ditches around the mound, | 0:48:08 | 0:48:12 | |
but it was only after a minute that we started to realise | 0:48:12 | 0:48:15 | |
that inside the ditches, there were a whole series of large pits | 0:48:15 | 0:48:20 | |
or post holes and they were completely unexpected. | 0:48:20 | 0:48:24 | |
The moment we saw them, the team who was looking at it said, | 0:48:28 | 0:48:32 | |
"That looks like a henge," | 0:48:32 | 0:48:35 | |
and that is important. | 0:48:35 | 0:48:37 | |
Henge monuments like the one located by the survey | 0:48:41 | 0:48:44 | |
consist of a ditch and bank. | 0:48:44 | 0:48:46 | |
What made the discovery of this henge so exciting was its location. | 0:48:51 | 0:48:56 | |
We were particularly interested in this site | 0:49:02 | 0:49:05 | |
because it's actually a very short distance from Stonehenge. | 0:49:05 | 0:49:09 | |
At the time that we were doing this work, there was a presumption | 0:49:10 | 0:49:14 | |
that the area around Stonehenge was reserved for Stonehenge itself | 0:49:14 | 0:49:19 | |
and that there may well have been little activity around it. | 0:49:19 | 0:49:22 | |
For the first time, there was proof that other monuments existed | 0:49:23 | 0:49:27 | |
within the immediate sacred area of Stonehenge. | 0:49:27 | 0:49:31 | |
The scanning continued | 0:49:31 | 0:49:33 | |
and more structures began to appear. | 0:49:33 | 0:49:35 | |
As we started expanding the survey, your eye becomes more tuned | 0:49:38 | 0:49:41 | |
into the slightly weird things. | 0:49:41 | 0:49:44 | |
You start exploring the monuments you can see | 0:49:44 | 0:49:47 | |
trying to find something a bit unusual. | 0:49:47 | 0:49:49 | |
And quite frequently, you find it. | 0:49:49 | 0:49:52 | |
As even more data flowed into the Hidden Landscapes Project, | 0:49:52 | 0:49:55 | |
the number of identified monuments increased dramatically. | 0:49:55 | 0:50:00 | |
As we began to survey | 0:50:00 | 0:50:01 | |
much larger areas of the landscape around Stonehenge, | 0:50:01 | 0:50:04 | |
we began to see a number of other similar late Neolithic monuments, | 0:50:04 | 0:50:08 | |
which where hitherto unknown. | 0:50:08 | 0:50:10 | |
This monument, Amesbury 41, just to the north-east of Stonehenge, | 0:50:12 | 0:50:16 | |
long thought to have been a simple early Bronze age burial monument, | 0:50:16 | 0:50:20 | |
we can now see is something completely different. | 0:50:20 | 0:50:23 | |
It is an elongated enclosure with slightly angular sides, | 0:50:23 | 0:50:27 | |
with an entrance pointing due west. | 0:50:27 | 0:50:29 | |
In the same frame, we can see another small monument. | 0:50:29 | 0:50:33 | |
A little mini shrine, a small hengiform monument | 0:50:33 | 0:50:37 | |
very close to Stonehenge. | 0:50:37 | 0:50:39 | |
To the north-east, | 0:50:39 | 0:50:40 | |
these horseshoe-shaped arrangements of pits, | 0:50:40 | 0:50:43 | |
within which we must assume people gathered together | 0:50:43 | 0:50:46 | |
to undertake rituals and ceremonies. | 0:50:46 | 0:50:48 | |
In a separate study, | 0:50:51 | 0:50:52 | |
archaeologists from English Heritage re-examined old survey data | 0:50:52 | 0:50:57 | |
taken just 200 metres from the stone circle. | 0:50:57 | 0:51:01 | |
They, too, saw what appeared to be another henge monument. | 0:51:01 | 0:51:04 | |
All together, we found about 20 new late Neolithic ceremonial monuments | 0:51:06 | 0:51:11 | |
within the wider landscape around Stonehenge. | 0:51:11 | 0:51:14 | |
The discovery of so many shrines in areas once thought deserted | 0:51:17 | 0:51:21 | |
showed beyond all doubt that Stonehenge was not alone | 0:51:21 | 0:51:25 | |
and never had been. | 0:51:25 | 0:51:26 | |
Rather than seeing Stonehenge as standing uniquely in the plain, | 0:51:28 | 0:51:33 | |
we now start to see that there are a series of similar monuments. | 0:51:33 | 0:51:37 | |
They may have acted as shrines, the equivalent of a modern rural chapel | 0:51:37 | 0:51:41 | |
where families, groups would come to visit at certain times. | 0:51:41 | 0:51:46 | |
It begins to give us an insight | 0:51:48 | 0:51:50 | |
into how the wider landscape was used at the time | 0:51:50 | 0:51:54 | |
that Stonehenge was developing into the monument you see today. | 0:51:54 | 0:51:58 | |
Like many of the ceremonial shrines | 0:52:01 | 0:52:03 | |
located by the Hidden Landscapes Project... | 0:52:03 | 0:52:06 | |
..Stonehenge also began its life as a ditch and bank. | 0:52:08 | 0:52:12 | |
To be transformed into the iconic monument we know today | 0:52:15 | 0:52:19 | |
required the addition of giant standing stones. | 0:52:19 | 0:52:22 | |
The tradition of building stone monuments in pre-historic Europe | 0:52:29 | 0:52:33 | |
dates back about 7,000 years. | 0:52:33 | 0:52:35 | |
In the centuries that followed, | 0:52:39 | 0:52:41 | |
megaliths appeared across the continent, | 0:52:41 | 0:52:43 | |
following the spread of Neolithic culture. | 0:52:43 | 0:52:46 | |
One of the most impressive displays of ancient standing stones | 0:52:48 | 0:52:52 | |
can be seen near the French town of Carnac... | 0:52:52 | 0:52:55 | |
..where 10,000 menhirs, | 0:52:58 | 0:53:00 | |
most of which predate Stonehenge by many centuries, | 0:53:00 | 0:53:03 | |
stretch over 6km. | 0:53:03 | 0:53:05 | |
-FRENCH TRANSLATION: -The average weight of stones here | 0:53:08 | 0:53:12 | |
is between two and four tonnes. | 0:53:12 | 0:53:15 | |
Bigger blocks like this one can reach 20 tonnes. | 0:53:15 | 0:53:19 | |
Archaeologist Serge Cassen has investigated | 0:53:25 | 0:53:28 | |
the significance of megaliths to prehistoric peoples. | 0:53:28 | 0:53:31 | |
-FRENCH TRANSLATION: -You can commemorate an ancestor's tomb | 0:53:34 | 0:53:37 | |
with a standing stone. | 0:53:37 | 0:53:39 | |
You can also use them to show a person's change of status | 0:53:39 | 0:53:42 | |
and that person's ability to mobilise a large labour force | 0:53:42 | 0:53:46 | |
to raise the stones. | 0:53:46 | 0:53:47 | |
And the stones could be used to safeguard a person's future. | 0:53:49 | 0:53:53 | |
For example, the stone is used to offer protection | 0:53:53 | 0:53:57 | |
over a field of crops. | 0:53:57 | 0:53:59 | |
These three functions of standing stones can co-exist | 0:54:01 | 0:54:05 | |
on an enormous site like Carnac. | 0:54:05 | 0:54:09 | |
And it's this symbolic use of standing stones | 0:54:09 | 0:54:12 | |
that characterises the Neolithic age - 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. | 0:54:12 | 0:54:16 | |
When the Neolithic age reached Britain, | 0:54:22 | 0:54:25 | |
over 1,000 stone monuments were built | 0:54:25 | 0:54:29 | |
from the Orkneys to Cornwall. | 0:54:29 | 0:54:31 | |
In the Stonehenge region, | 0:54:34 | 0:54:37 | |
one of the earliest examples of the ceremonial use of stone | 0:54:37 | 0:54:41 | |
is the West Kennet burial chamber. | 0:54:41 | 0:54:44 | |
We see a whole host of changes accompanying the shift | 0:54:58 | 0:55:01 | |
from hunter-gatherers in the Mesolithic | 0:55:01 | 0:55:04 | |
to farmers in the Neolithic. | 0:55:04 | 0:55:07 | |
And that involved communal building projects | 0:55:07 | 0:55:09 | |
like Stonehenge, ultimately. | 0:55:09 | 0:55:11 | |
But before that, projects like West Kennet. | 0:55:11 | 0:55:13 | |
The stones had to be brought from some distance, | 0:55:15 | 0:55:17 | |
they're very large stones. | 0:55:17 | 0:55:19 | |
And so, these were important communal burial places | 0:55:19 | 0:55:21 | |
that brought the community together. | 0:55:21 | 0:55:23 | |
The monumental nature of these stones | 0:55:35 | 0:55:37 | |
symbolized a new level of collective endeavour and cultural ambition. | 0:55:37 | 0:55:41 | |
An ambition that would develop | 0:55:45 | 0:55:47 | |
into the ultimate expression of prehistoric building prowess - | 0:55:47 | 0:55:51 | |
Stonehenge. | 0:55:51 | 0:55:52 | |
The discoveries of the Hidden Landscapes Project | 0:56:00 | 0:56:04 | |
in conjunction with other archaeological evidence | 0:56:04 | 0:56:08 | |
have allowed the first 6,000 years of the Stonehenge story | 0:56:08 | 0:56:12 | |
to be told with more accuracy than ever before. | 0:56:12 | 0:56:15 | |
They've charted the area's evolution from its origins | 0:56:17 | 0:56:20 | |
as a mystical hunting ground... | 0:56:20 | 0:56:22 | |
..into a sacred site of unprecedented scale. | 0:56:26 | 0:56:29 | |
Revealed is a fast-developing civilisation | 0:56:33 | 0:56:36 | |
driven to exploit the region's natural and spiritual wealth | 0:56:36 | 0:56:40 | |
with increasing sophistication. | 0:56:40 | 0:56:42 | |
Now, the next chapter of the Stonehenge story can be told - | 0:56:46 | 0:56:50 | |
the ideas, ambition and technological prowess | 0:56:50 | 0:56:54 | |
that created Stonehenge itself. | 0:56:54 | 0:56:57 | |
A monument unique in the ancient world. | 0:56:57 | 0:57:00 | |
Next time, 21st century archaeology would unlock the intricate puzzle | 0:57:06 | 0:57:12 | |
of the stone circle's construction... | 0:57:12 | 0:57:14 | |
You couldn't build something like Stonehenge without a plan. | 0:57:14 | 0:57:17 | |
..lay bare its bloody rituals... | 0:57:19 | 0:57:22 | |
To be buried in that ditch at Stonehenge | 0:57:22 | 0:57:25 | |
suggests we have a sacrificial victim. | 0:57:25 | 0:57:27 | |
..show where its people lived... | 0:57:30 | 0:57:32 | |
When I first saw it, it was of course, | 0:57:33 | 0:57:36 | |
"Wow! Now, we have a settlement." | 0:57:36 | 0:57:37 | |
What we have been looking for all the time. | 0:57:37 | 0:57:40 | |
..display the extraordinary craftsmanship | 0:57:40 | 0:57:42 | |
of Stonehenge's golden age. | 0:57:42 | 0:57:43 | |
And reveal the stunning truth of how the monument appeared | 0:57:45 | 0:57:48 | |
at its zenith. | 0:57:48 | 0:57:50 |