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The Second World War was the ultimate conflict of the machine age. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:14 | |
And this machine was its iconic symbol, | 0:00:14 | 0:00:18 | |
the decisive weapon of the war on land. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:21 | |
From north Africa to the Russian front, tanks ruled the battlefield. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:26 | |
And if you didn't master armoured warfare, you faced annihilation. | 0:00:26 | 0:00:31 | |
It's quite terrifying, really, | 0:00:35 | 0:00:37 | |
because you could see these flashes of the enemy's guns | 0:00:37 | 0:00:40 | |
in the distance, and you think, "Any minute, one of them is going to hit me." | 0:00:40 | 0:00:44 | |
Tanks were there at the beginning of the war, | 0:00:47 | 0:00:49 | |
and tanks were there at the end. | 0:00:49 | 0:00:51 | |
The men who fought inside them | 0:00:51 | 0:00:53 | |
had an exceptional view of the entire conflict... | 0:00:53 | 0:00:56 | |
..from the fall of France, to the deserts of Africa. | 0:00:57 | 0:01:01 | |
From D-Day to the final victory in Germany. | 0:01:01 | 0:01:04 | |
As a young officer training in the Royal Tank Regiment, | 0:01:07 | 0:01:11 | |
I was indoctrinated in their exploits. | 0:01:11 | 0:01:14 | |
And who could fail to have been awe-inspired by the way those men | 0:01:14 | 0:01:18 | |
faced death time and time again, in these iron-clad monsters? | 0:01:18 | 0:01:23 | |
When I first went in, I thought it was going to be great fun, and all that. | 0:01:26 | 0:01:31 | |
But I realised it wasn't. | 0:01:31 | 0:01:33 | |
There was a tank near me, I saw just blown to bits. | 0:01:33 | 0:01:37 | |
A couple of my mates were in that. It was terrible. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:40 | |
The bond you established in Tank, | 0:01:42 | 0:01:45 | |
was not a normal relationships of friends. | 0:01:45 | 0:01:50 | |
You were a partnership, it was closer than friendship. | 0:01:50 | 0:01:54 | |
That crew were friends for life. | 0:01:54 | 0:01:56 | |
This is the story of six remarkable men from one armoured unit, | 0:01:57 | 0:02:03 | |
The 5th Royal Tank Regiment, 5 RTR. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:06 | |
Or to those who really knew them, the Filthy 5th. | 0:02:06 | 0:02:11 | |
Their war is brought to life not only by the few surviving veterans, | 0:02:11 | 0:02:15 | |
but also by previously unseen letters and diaries | 0:02:15 | 0:02:19 | |
that give us a real insight of the visceral reality of tank warfare. | 0:02:19 | 0:02:24 | |
Each of these men has his own story. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:29 | |
Some were wounded, some captured and some were killed. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:34 | |
A few, the lucky few, went all the way through. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:38 | |
Together their accounts form a unique picture of the war. | 0:02:38 | 0:02:42 | |
And they weren't called the Filthy 5th for nothing. | 0:02:42 | 0:02:45 | |
The Filthy 5th's odyssey began at the very beginning of the war. | 0:02:55 | 0:03:00 | |
Not with a bang...but a whimper. | 0:03:00 | 0:03:03 | |
In June 1940, men from the 5th Tanks are stuck at Cherbourg, waiting for a ship home. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:10 | |
Having been bloodied in the disastrous battle for France, | 0:03:12 | 0:03:15 | |
the unit was scattered. | 0:03:15 | 0:03:18 | |
Its men bitter and disillusioned. | 0:03:18 | 0:03:20 | |
It had, after all, only arrived a few weeks earlier. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
Their mission had been straightforward enough... | 0:03:29 | 0:03:32 | |
to reinforce the British expeditionary force in France, | 0:03:32 | 0:03:35 | |
and halt the German onslaught across northern Europe. | 0:03:35 | 0:03:39 | |
But as they approached the River Somme, in tanks that were fast | 0:03:42 | 0:03:45 | |
but poorly armoured and already obsolete, the 5th Tanks | 0:03:45 | 0:03:51 | |
were given the sledgehammer treatment by superior German Panzers. | 0:03:51 | 0:03:55 | |
By 1940, the tank was the essential component of warfare on the ground. | 0:04:01 | 0:04:06 | |
Yet Britain simply didn't have what was needed. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:10 | |
In the years before the war, they'd left it too late | 0:04:10 | 0:04:13 | |
to start their rearmament and there was nobody for whom that failure | 0:04:13 | 0:04:17 | |
was more galling than the Royal Tank Regiment. | 0:04:17 | 0:04:20 | |
Pursued by the German Panzer divisions, the 5th Tanks went to pieces, | 0:04:24 | 0:04:29 | |
claiming they never got any orders, let alone food. | 0:04:29 | 0:04:34 | |
As they retreated along with their French allies, | 0:04:34 | 0:04:36 | |
they left most of their equipment behind. | 0:04:36 | 0:04:39 | |
It was a shambles on a grand scale. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:43 | |
During those few weeks in France, they'd lost most of their tanks. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:52 | |
They could only claim a single, knocked out German one, | 0:04:52 | 0:04:56 | |
and many of the soldiers confessed they'd spent much of the time drunk. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:00 | |
The 5th Tanks' first experience of the war had been an exercise in humiliation. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:06 | |
Corporal Harry Finlayson, 25, a regular, | 0:05:10 | 0:05:13 | |
had already seen service in India. | 0:05:13 | 0:05:16 | |
But commanding a tank in France was bewildering. | 0:05:16 | 0:05:21 | |
Couldn't believe we'd be pushed back. | 0:05:21 | 0:05:23 | |
It never entered my head. I thought we'd go straight into Germany, | 0:05:23 | 0:05:27 | |
was so sure about it. | 0:05:27 | 0:05:30 | |
When we started getting pushed back, I couldn't believe it. | 0:05:30 | 0:05:33 | |
When you think of the tanks the Germans had and the tanks we had, they were all over us. | 0:05:37 | 0:05:43 | |
We didn't have a chance. | 0:05:43 | 0:05:45 | |
There were Germans everywhere, like. | 0:05:45 | 0:05:47 | |
Harry wasn't the only one dismayed by the 5th's French farce. | 0:05:57 | 0:06:01 | |
A canny 25-year-old Glaswegian, Trooper Jake Wardrop, | 0:06:03 | 0:06:07 | |
provided one of the most perceptive accounts, written in a pocket diary. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:11 | |
"It was all as inadequate as would have been an effort | 0:06:14 | 0:06:18 | |
"to tie down a mad bull with white cotton. | 0:06:18 | 0:06:21 | |
"We had a ridiculously small amount of material, | 0:06:21 | 0:06:24 | |
"and an even smaller amount of organisation. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:28 | |
"My own opinion of the Somme episode | 0:06:28 | 0:06:31 | |
"was that it was a very silly place to be." | 0:06:31 | 0:06:33 | |
Jake Waldrop was a great treasure to the 5th Tanks. | 0:06:35 | 0:06:39 | |
He was no fool, he was able to assess the situation very... | 0:06:40 | 0:06:43 | |
..adequately for his own satisfaction. | 0:06:46 | 0:06:48 | |
Hence the diaries he wrote. | 0:06:48 | 0:06:50 | |
Which, of course, he shouldn't have been writing. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:52 | |
Because if the tank was captured and the diary was in it, | 0:06:52 | 0:06:56 | |
positions and the details of the unit would be available. | 0:06:56 | 0:07:01 | |
But 5th Tanks had regard to those rules which... | 0:07:01 | 0:07:06 | |
they liked to abide by, and not those they didn't. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:10 | |
Back in England, the 5th Tanks regrouped at an army base in Surrey. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:17 | |
Here, the old regulars were joined by new recruits, | 0:07:18 | 0:07:21 | |
citizen soldiers, like 24-year-old Gerry Solomon. | 0:07:21 | 0:07:25 | |
When I arrived, I felt like a fish out of water, because there were we, more or less rookies, | 0:07:26 | 0:07:33 | |
as they called them, and all these other people | 0:07:33 | 0:07:37 | |
had just come back from France and they were more hardened soldiers. | 0:07:37 | 0:07:42 | |
They didn't sort of include you in their conversations. | 0:07:43 | 0:07:46 | |
"He's a new boy, so he wouldn't understand it." | 0:07:46 | 0:07:51 | |
But, eventually, I was accepted. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:54 | |
And just as Trooper Solomon was settling in, | 0:07:56 | 0:07:59 | |
5th Tanks was told to make ready for active service abroad. | 0:07:59 | 0:08:03 | |
CROWDS CHEER | 0:08:03 | 0:08:05 | |
In June 1940, the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, | 0:08:07 | 0:08:12 | |
declared war on Britain. | 0:08:12 | 0:08:14 | |
HE SPEAKS ITALIAN | 0:08:14 | 0:08:16 | |
CROWDS CHEER | 0:08:24 | 0:08:26 | |
His ambition was to conquer British-occupied Egypt | 0:08:28 | 0:08:32 | |
and the strategically vital Suez Canal. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:35 | |
Libya, an Italian colony, provided the launching pad for this invasion. | 0:08:35 | 0:08:41 | |
By the autumn of 1940, the men of 5th Tanks were on their way | 0:08:45 | 0:08:48 | |
to the Middle East to the Allied garrison, protecting Egypt. | 0:08:48 | 0:08:52 | |
For some, it all seemed like an adventure. | 0:08:55 | 0:08:57 | |
Well, I was excited about going abroad and seeing the Middle East. | 0:08:59 | 0:09:03 | |
I was regarding it as a sort of sightseeing tour, more than anything. | 0:09:04 | 0:09:08 | |
On the morning of Christmas Eve, 1940, after almost two months at sea, | 0:09:15 | 0:09:20 | |
the 5th Tanks gathered in the Egyptian port of Alexandria. | 0:09:20 | 0:09:24 | |
Far from home, each man thought of those they'd left behind. | 0:09:28 | 0:09:32 | |
My mother, she was very upset because I was going. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:39 | |
She said to me, "Promise me, Harry, that you'll come back." | 0:09:40 | 0:09:45 | |
I said, "Yeah, I promise you, I'll come back." And she was crying. | 0:09:45 | 0:09:49 | |
I told her, "No, don't worry, nobody there is going to kill me, | 0:09:49 | 0:09:54 | |
"I'll come back." | 0:09:54 | 0:09:55 | |
At the front, a small force of Allied troops was giving | 0:10:04 | 0:10:08 | |
the Italian invaders a beating. | 0:10:08 | 0:10:10 | |
For the loss of only 500, British forces had turned the tide and advanced into Libya. | 0:10:17 | 0:10:24 | |
News that cheered the newly landed 5th Tanks. | 0:10:24 | 0:10:27 | |
When we arrived we'd heard they had taken no end of Italian prisoners. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:35 | |
Everybody was very, sort of, jubilant about it all, | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
because I think it was possible we weren't going to be needed. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:42 | |
But if Gerry Solomon thought they might be spared the unpleasantness | 0:10:45 | 0:10:49 | |
of actual fighting, they were about to think again. | 0:10:49 | 0:10:52 | |
In February 1941, a battle-hardened German force | 0:10:56 | 0:11:00 | |
arrived in North Africa to rescue their Italian allies. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:04 | |
The Afrika Korps. | 0:11:04 | 0:11:06 | |
Armed with better tanks than the British, the Afrika Korps | 0:11:08 | 0:11:11 | |
was led by a man who would change the dynamic of desert warfare... | 0:11:11 | 0:11:15 | |
..Erwin Rommel. | 0:11:17 | 0:11:19 | |
Jake Wardrop described him as the bold, bad policeman. | 0:11:21 | 0:11:25 | |
But he was more commonly known as the Desert Fox. | 0:11:25 | 0:11:29 | |
The 5th Tanks had already encountered Rommel in France. | 0:11:30 | 0:11:35 | |
But it was out here that the German general's talents found a perfect arena. | 0:11:35 | 0:11:41 | |
It was, he wrote, "The only theatre where the principles | 0:11:41 | 0:11:46 | |
of motorised and tank warfare could be applied to the full." | 0:11:46 | 0:11:50 | |
And he had big plans for the Afrika Korps - | 0:11:50 | 0:11:53 | |
to conquer British Egypt and drive onwards to the Arabian oil fields. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:58 | |
On 24th March, 1941, Rommel launched an offensive. | 0:12:01 | 0:12:05 | |
British headquarters had believed he wouldn't be ready for months. | 0:12:06 | 0:12:10 | |
So when, on April Fools' Day, the 5th Tanks were attacked, | 0:12:12 | 0:12:16 | |
they had been told by their commanders it could only be the hapless Italians. | 0:12:16 | 0:12:21 | |
We'd got in this ditch and we saw some tanks coming, | 0:12:25 | 0:12:29 | |
huge great tanks with big, black crosses on them. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:32 | |
I said, "Bloody Germans!" We didn't have any Germans there. | 0:12:32 | 0:12:36 | |
And then we see lorries coming with Germans in them. | 0:12:36 | 0:12:40 | |
So I went back and reported and they wouldn't believe me. | 0:12:40 | 0:12:43 | |
Company commander wouldn't believe me. "There's no Germans there." | 0:12:43 | 0:12:46 | |
I said, "Well, they are." The next morning, we knew they were there. | 0:12:46 | 0:12:50 | |
The tanks we had against theirs was impossible. | 0:12:51 | 0:12:54 | |
They knew from bitter experience | 0:12:56 | 0:12:58 | |
that British tanks such as the A-13, | 0:12:58 | 0:13:01 | |
which had performed so poorly in the battle for France, | 0:13:01 | 0:13:05 | |
were simply no match for the German Panzers. | 0:13:05 | 0:13:09 | |
So, here it is - the A-13, a tank that embodies everything | 0:13:09 | 0:13:13 | |
that was worst about British inter-war armoured vehicle design. | 0:13:13 | 0:13:17 | |
It was overly ambitious in its technology | 0:13:17 | 0:13:20 | |
and shoddily executed in the way it was manufactured. | 0:13:20 | 0:13:24 | |
But the A-13 was also a death-trap to the men of the 5th. | 0:13:27 | 0:13:31 | |
Get inside one of these and you'll see how hard that was to do. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:38 | |
Or, more to the point, how hard it was to get out of them in a hurry. | 0:13:40 | 0:13:46 | |
And that, combined with the thin armour, | 0:13:46 | 0:13:49 | |
deprived the crew inside of the sense of security | 0:13:49 | 0:13:52 | |
that you might have expected them to have. | 0:13:52 | 0:13:54 | |
The 5th were now facing an enemy they simply weren't prepared for. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:03 | |
Their poorer tanks were struck down by German shot. | 0:14:05 | 0:14:09 | |
They were assailed from the skies by Stukas and Dorniers. | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
The British command structure went to pieces. | 0:14:13 | 0:14:16 | |
And, for some in the 5th, it was their first taste of action. | 0:14:16 | 0:14:20 | |
Once you get into battle, you think, "Well, this is it. It's me or them." | 0:14:20 | 0:14:26 | |
Everybody was scared. Everybody was sort of jittery and jumpy. | 0:14:28 | 0:14:33 | |
When you're in a tank and you're being fired at, | 0:14:34 | 0:14:39 | |
it's quite frightening. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:41 | |
Because you're sure that he's going to hit you before you hit him. | 0:14:41 | 0:14:48 | |
I don't think I ever prayed in the desert. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:52 | |
I often wondered afterwards why I didn't. | 0:14:54 | 0:14:58 | |
What Gerry Solomon and the others in 5th Tank were up against again was | 0:15:05 | 0:15:10 | |
the superiority of the German mark three, the Panzerkampfwagen III. | 0:15:10 | 0:15:15 | |
It had several advantages over British tanks. | 0:15:15 | 0:15:18 | |
It weighed nearly twice as much and most of that was armour. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:22 | |
And it was more reliable. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:24 | |
The mark three is very well designed from the human perspective. | 0:15:30 | 0:15:34 | |
The commander, who sat in this position, had fantastic all-round visibility - | 0:15:34 | 0:15:39 | |
better, in fact, than I did in the same slot on a Chieftain back on Cold War exercises in the 1980s. | 0:15:39 | 0:15:44 | |
He could also talk to other members of the crew very easily. | 0:15:44 | 0:15:47 | |
The gunner, for example, who sits where I am. They've got very easy eye contact and all the rest of it. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:52 | |
And, if it does all go horribly wrong, they've got escape hatches there, behind me and in the hull. | 0:15:52 | 0:15:57 | |
They can get out much faster than the British crew could. | 0:15:57 | 0:16:00 | |
As the German Panzers overran the British lines, | 0:16:05 | 0:16:07 | |
chaos and confusion spread like wildfire. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:11 | |
The funny thing was I don't think I felt scared. | 0:16:13 | 0:16:17 | |
I think I was more worried about my crew. | 0:16:17 | 0:16:22 | |
And I was telling the driver where to go. | 0:16:22 | 0:16:26 | |
And I felt disappointed because we didn't have the power | 0:16:26 | 0:16:30 | |
to knock Jerry tanks out. | 0:16:30 | 0:16:32 | |
In the midst of this | 0:16:36 | 0:16:37 | |
was a veteran officer aged just 26. | 0:16:37 | 0:16:42 | |
Lieutenant Arthur Crickmay. | 0:16:42 | 0:16:44 | |
Arthur Crickmay understood this landscape better than most. | 0:16:45 | 0:16:49 | |
Before the war, he'd been out here with his best friend, Ted, as students exploring. | 0:16:49 | 0:16:55 | |
Then he'd been posted ahead of 5th Tanks to another battalion | 0:16:55 | 0:16:58 | |
that was already "up the blue", as the army called this wilderness. | 0:16:58 | 0:17:03 | |
But he was dismayed at the failure of those in charge, | 0:17:05 | 0:17:09 | |
as his letters home show so eloquently. | 0:17:09 | 0:17:12 | |
"There was no information about what was happening. Rumour was rife. | 0:17:15 | 0:17:19 | |
"It was April 1 and no mistake. | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
"As the Daily Mail would say, 'Let us draw a merciful feel | 0:17:22 | 0:17:27 | |
" 'over the next six days of muddle and confusion, | 0:17:27 | 0:17:30 | |
" 'order and counter-order.' | 0:17:30 | 0:17:32 | |
"My most vivid memory is one of our tanks exploding. | 0:17:36 | 0:17:41 | |
"All the ammo inside must have gone up at once. | 0:17:41 | 0:17:45 | |
"I've seen many tanks on fire, | 0:17:45 | 0:17:47 | |
"but have never seen one go off like that before or since. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:51 | |
"The next few days were among some of the most unpleasant I can remember." | 0:17:51 | 0:17:55 | |
Lieutenant Arthur Crickmay understood only too well | 0:18:00 | 0:18:03 | |
what happened when a shell struck a tank. | 0:18:03 | 0:18:06 | |
It was the fate that befell so many of the men here. | 0:18:06 | 0:18:10 | |
The projectile penetrating one side | 0:18:10 | 0:18:13 | |
would lack the energy to exit through the other, | 0:18:13 | 0:18:17 | |
ricocheting about inside, tearing people to pieces. | 0:18:17 | 0:18:21 | |
If it struck ammunition or fuel, a fire could soon take hold. | 0:18:21 | 0:18:26 | |
Smoke and flames would billow from the turret and, within 30 seconds, | 0:18:26 | 0:18:31 | |
the temperature inside could match that of a furnace. | 0:18:31 | 0:18:35 | |
The crew would be incinerated. | 0:18:35 | 0:18:38 | |
Rommel's blue-eyed boys, as Wardrop called them, had in just over a week | 0:18:42 | 0:18:48 | |
reversed British fortunes | 0:18:48 | 0:18:49 | |
and regained all the territory the Italians had lost. | 0:18:49 | 0:18:53 | |
Rommel was good, of course he was, | 0:18:55 | 0:18:57 | |
but in this attack he hardly had to be brilliant. And here's why. | 0:18:57 | 0:19:02 | |
Of 5 RTR's 52 tanks, nine had been destroyed by the Germans, | 0:19:02 | 0:19:08 | |
two had limped into Tobruk, | 0:19:08 | 0:19:10 | |
and the rest - 41 of them - had broken down in the desert. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:16 | |
How good did the Afrika Korps have to be | 0:19:16 | 0:19:18 | |
when the British had tanks like that? | 0:19:18 | 0:19:21 | |
We were quite aware of the specifications of the German tanks. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:28 | |
All their tanks had longer barrels | 0:19:28 | 0:19:31 | |
which meant higher velocity for AP rounds. | 0:19:31 | 0:19:34 | |
And we never really caught up until late in the war. | 0:19:34 | 0:19:39 | |
Outgunned and outmanoeuvred, the 5th retreated | 0:19:42 | 0:19:46 | |
to the only town in eastern Libya that Rommel hadn't taken. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:50 | |
Tobruk. | 0:19:50 | 0:19:52 | |
Bereft of their tanks, Corporal Finlayson and his crew | 0:19:53 | 0:19:57 | |
were packed off to the trenches as infantry. | 0:19:57 | 0:20:00 | |
We were surrounded at Tobruk at the time. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:06 | |
And I was writing a letter to my wife. | 0:20:07 | 0:20:10 | |
And a mate of mine was writing - one of the chaps was writing - | 0:20:10 | 0:20:16 | |
a letter to his mother. | 0:20:16 | 0:20:18 | |
And he said to me, "If I don't come out of this, will you post this letter for me?" | 0:20:18 | 0:20:22 | |
I said, "Yeah. If I don't come out, post this letter." He said yes. | 0:20:22 | 0:20:26 | |
So we wrote these letters. | 0:20:26 | 0:20:30 | |
And we were in a trench. | 0:20:30 | 0:20:32 | |
We sat down there in the trench writing, | 0:20:32 | 0:20:34 | |
and when I had finished I turned around and looked at him. | 0:20:34 | 0:20:38 | |
He was lying there dead with a bullet through his head. | 0:20:38 | 0:20:41 | |
He was lying there, blood coming out of his head there, he was dead. | 0:20:43 | 0:20:47 | |
Oh, it was terrible. | 0:20:47 | 0:20:49 | |
And he'd only half done this letter. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:53 | |
I didn't know what the devil to do, whether to send it or not. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:56 | |
I thought, "No, I'd better not. It wouldn't be nice." Horrible thing. | 0:20:56 | 0:21:00 | |
He was writing that and died, so I thought I'd better not. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:03 | |
So I didn't send it. | 0:21:03 | 0:21:05 | |
I did get in touch with the mother | 0:21:05 | 0:21:07 | |
and told them I was with him when he died. | 0:21:07 | 0:21:09 | |
I said he didn't suffer, he was killed outright. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:15 | |
After weeks of being trapped in Tobruk, | 0:21:21 | 0:21:24 | |
the 5th Tanks were delivered from that hell by the Royal Navy, | 0:21:24 | 0:21:28 | |
taking their chances with the dive bombers | 0:21:28 | 0:21:31 | |
and leaving the port to be defended by the Australians. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:35 | |
By the time they returned to the comparative sanity | 0:21:36 | 0:21:39 | |
of their base outside Alexandria, it was the end of spring. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:44 | |
Having arrived at Christmas, | 0:21:44 | 0:21:46 | |
they'd yet to experience the roasting heat of an Egyptian summer. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:51 | |
Water was always an issue. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:53 | |
Water was rationed in the desert. | 0:21:54 | 0:21:57 | |
Each man got about this much to last 24 hours. | 0:21:57 | 0:22:01 | |
That's if supplies got through - that was often a big if - | 0:22:01 | 0:22:05 | |
and if they didn't have a leaking radiator on their tank | 0:22:05 | 0:22:08 | |
that they had to pour some in. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:10 | |
On their first march through the desert, | 0:22:10 | 0:22:13 | |
some of the men in 5th Tanks became so desperately thirsty | 0:22:13 | 0:22:17 | |
that they tore the seat cushions from their vehicles, | 0:22:17 | 0:22:20 | |
left them in the desert overnight to collect dew | 0:22:20 | 0:22:24 | |
and wrung them out into their mouths in the morning. | 0:22:24 | 0:22:27 | |
It tasted disgusting, but what choice did they have? | 0:22:27 | 0:22:32 | |
Some reprieve from the hardships of the desert | 0:22:34 | 0:22:37 | |
came when the 5th were given leave in Alexandria. | 0:22:37 | 0:22:41 | |
This allowed them to indulge in a little of what they fancied. | 0:22:41 | 0:22:46 | |
Jake Wardrop headed to one of his favourite haunts, The Golden Bar. | 0:22:46 | 0:22:51 | |
"At 9am, we hit the place. | 0:22:51 | 0:22:55 | |
"And at 5am the following morning, we decided to call it a day. | 0:22:55 | 0:23:00 | |
"What a time. A notable session." | 0:23:01 | 0:23:04 | |
Well, Jake Wardrop survived that particular visit | 0:23:07 | 0:23:11 | |
to The Golden Bar without a scrap. | 0:23:11 | 0:23:13 | |
In his diary, he's rather coy about how many beatings | 0:23:13 | 0:23:17 | |
he did in fact hand out. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:19 | |
But we know from others there were quite a few. | 0:23:19 | 0:23:22 | |
Wardrop himself said he couldn't resist tweaking the noses of those in authority. | 0:23:22 | 0:23:28 | |
And soon after he'd got to Egypt, | 0:23:28 | 0:23:30 | |
he was court martialled for a noisy drinking session in his tent. | 0:23:30 | 0:23:34 | |
Officers came to the view that | 0:23:34 | 0:23:37 | |
Wardrop was one of those men best kept in the field. | 0:23:37 | 0:23:40 | |
Jake Wardrop was a very nice fellow. | 0:23:42 | 0:23:46 | |
But he was a bit rough, if you know what I mean. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:50 | |
And, according to what I'd heard, | 0:23:50 | 0:23:53 | |
he was nothing but a source of trouble. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:57 | |
You know, he would be lance corporal one day | 0:23:58 | 0:24:00 | |
and a week or two later, he'd go out and get drunk | 0:24:00 | 0:24:05 | |
and sort of smash places up and he'd be back to a trooper. | 0:24:05 | 0:24:09 | |
But, of course, he was quite fearless. | 0:24:10 | 0:24:13 | |
But while Jake and the boys enjoyed the drinking dives of Alexandria, | 0:24:17 | 0:24:21 | |
everyone understood that in order to beat the Afrika Korps, | 0:24:21 | 0:24:25 | |
the 5th and the rest of the British forces | 0:24:25 | 0:24:28 | |
were going to need some new hardware. | 0:24:28 | 0:24:30 | |
On 22 July, the 5th Tanks received some new American-made armour. | 0:24:32 | 0:24:38 | |
The M3 Stuart - or, more commonly, the Honey. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:41 | |
The old sweats cast a hard eye over this new American import, the Honey. | 0:24:44 | 0:24:48 | |
And in some ways it was quite similar to the British tanks | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
they were used to. Same sort of weight, about 12 tonnes, | 0:24:51 | 0:24:55 | |
37mm gun also similar. | 0:24:55 | 0:24:57 | |
But the really key difference | 0:24:57 | 0:24:59 | |
was that the Americans used off-the-shelf technology | 0:24:59 | 0:25:02 | |
and that made it much more reliable. | 0:25:02 | 0:25:05 | |
The suspension - look at this - | 0:25:05 | 0:25:06 | |
came from a tractor that had been built in America in the '30s. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:11 | |
And the engine was from a fighter plane. It was a radial piston. | 0:25:11 | 0:25:15 | |
Now, what all of that meant was | 0:25:15 | 0:25:16 | |
it would keep going for far longer and far less trouble. | 0:25:16 | 0:25:19 | |
And a nice side effect of the air-cooled engine, | 0:25:19 | 0:25:23 | |
you didn't need water - very precious in the desert - | 0:25:23 | 0:25:26 | |
and it sucked its air through the crew compartment - air conditioning. | 0:25:26 | 0:25:32 | |
For the men of the 5th Tanks, the Honey was to be tested to the limit | 0:25:35 | 0:25:39 | |
in one of the most visceral battles of their war so far. | 0:25:39 | 0:25:42 | |
Operation Crusader. | 0:25:42 | 0:25:45 | |
On 18 November 1941, after four long months of preparation, | 0:25:48 | 0:25:54 | |
the 5th Tanks crossed the border into Libya. | 0:25:54 | 0:25:58 | |
As part of the 7th Armoured Division, | 0:25:58 | 0:26:00 | |
they were in a 750-tank army, | 0:26:00 | 0:26:02 | |
twice that of the Axis Forces put together. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
They also had generous air support. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:09 | |
Their mission was ambitious - | 0:26:11 | 0:26:14 | |
to retake eastern Libya, | 0:26:14 | 0:26:16 | |
relieve Tobruk, and destroy the Afrika Korps. | 0:26:16 | 0:26:19 | |
To do this, they hoped to envelop the Axis Forces along the frontier | 0:26:20 | 0:26:25 | |
with a great left armoured hook. | 0:26:25 | 0:26:28 | |
This would bring them up close to the Tobruk garrison | 0:26:28 | 0:26:31 | |
which would then break out to meet them. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:33 | |
The Afrika Korps would be trapped | 0:26:33 | 0:26:36 | |
between Tobruk and the Egyptian border. | 0:26:36 | 0:26:39 | |
Churchill signalled the importance of the battle to come. | 0:26:41 | 0:26:44 | |
He said, "For the first time, | 0:26:44 | 0:26:46 | |
"British and Empire troops will meet the Germans with modern weapons. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:51 | |
"The battle will affect the whole course of the war. | 0:26:51 | 0:26:55 | |
"The desert army may be able to write a page in history | 0:26:55 | 0:26:59 | |
"that will rank with Blenheim and Waterloo. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:03 | |
"All of our hearts go with you." | 0:27:03 | 0:27:06 | |
Within two days of crossing the border, the 5th Tanks had | 0:27:11 | 0:27:14 | |
bypassed their enemy's frontline and advanced an extraordinary 150 miles. | 0:27:14 | 0:27:20 | |
When we got the Honeys, | 0:27:21 | 0:27:24 | |
that was when we really started to get involved in the fighting. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:28 | |
The Honey was a very manoeuvrable tank, | 0:27:28 | 0:27:31 | |
it could get in places where others could not get. | 0:27:31 | 0:27:34 | |
The Honey's speed and reliability helped the 5th rush ahead | 0:27:37 | 0:27:40 | |
to the airfield of Sidi Rezegh near Tobruk. | 0:27:40 | 0:27:44 | |
The British seized it with a surprise attack, | 0:27:44 | 0:27:47 | |
but soon that success turned sour as British commanders | 0:27:47 | 0:27:51 | |
decided that the tactic of rushing the Germans, | 0:27:51 | 0:27:54 | |
rather like the charge of the Light Brigade, might keep working. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:58 | |
Balaclava charges, rushing towards the enemy, were a tactic | 0:28:02 | 0:28:06 | |
frequently used by British tank regiments in the desert. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:09 | |
To Jake Wardrop and his mates, that was absolute madness. | 0:28:11 | 0:28:15 | |
A - because it did not work, and B - because it cost lives. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:20 | |
"It was decided to give them the good old charge again. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:27 | |
"Quite frankly, I was not so strong for this charging business, | 0:28:27 | 0:28:31 | |
"although we continued to do it. | 0:28:31 | 0:28:33 | |
"Off we went. We went storming right into these tanks, firing as we went." | 0:28:33 | 0:28:38 | |
Rommel had to break out of the British encirclement or face defeat. | 0:28:43 | 0:28:47 | |
Sidi Rezegh became the focus of his efforts. | 0:28:47 | 0:28:52 | |
Anti-tank guns and tanks slugged it out. | 0:28:52 | 0:28:54 | |
It was like a scene from the Apocalypse. | 0:29:01 | 0:29:04 | |
My tank was hit. | 0:29:06 | 0:29:08 | |
It immediately went up into flames. | 0:29:08 | 0:29:11 | |
One of the crew scrambled out of the tank, and he was... | 0:29:13 | 0:29:18 | |
What little bit of clothing he had left was still flaming. | 0:29:18 | 0:29:23 | |
And, er... | 0:29:23 | 0:29:27 | |
he, when we managed to get to him and tend to him, | 0:29:27 | 0:29:31 | |
his skin had all rolled off, curled up and rolled off. | 0:29:31 | 0:29:38 | |
We thought we'd go and look in the burnt-out tank, and we looked down | 0:29:41 | 0:29:45 | |
and there was a bleached skeleton, right across the floor of the tank. | 0:29:45 | 0:29:51 | |
There was just these steel-rimmed glasses on the skull. | 0:29:51 | 0:29:59 | |
There. | 0:29:59 | 0:30:00 | |
Gerry Solomon had received a salutary lesson | 0:30:05 | 0:30:07 | |
in the limitations of the popgun, as he and the others | 0:30:07 | 0:30:11 | |
started calling the 37mm cannon mounted on their Honey tanks. | 0:30:11 | 0:30:15 | |
It fired one of these, | 0:30:15 | 0:30:17 | |
and in order to have a decent chance of knocking out a German | 0:30:17 | 0:30:20 | |
armoured vehicle, you had to get to within about 800 yards of it. | 0:30:20 | 0:30:24 | |
All the time you were trying to do that, you could be under | 0:30:24 | 0:30:27 | |
fire from an 88mm German gun with a range of two miles. | 0:30:27 | 0:30:32 | |
It fired one of these. | 0:30:34 | 0:30:36 | |
Desperate to avoid defeat, the Axis troops attacked again and again. | 0:30:42 | 0:30:47 | |
It became a grim slugging match, a battle of attrition in which | 0:30:47 | 0:30:52 | |
superior German guns and armour began to tell. | 0:30:52 | 0:30:56 | |
As regards firepower, the Honey was inadequate against the German armour, | 0:30:56 | 0:31:01 | |
which was three or four inches thick. | 0:31:01 | 0:31:06 | |
The shells would just bounce off. | 0:31:06 | 0:31:08 | |
By the evening of the 21st November, 5th Tanks had been | 0:31:12 | 0:31:16 | |
sucked into the desperate fighting on Sidi Rezegh airfield. | 0:31:16 | 0:31:20 | |
One of the commanders there, Brigadier Jock Campbell, | 0:31:20 | 0:31:23 | |
took matters into his own hands. | 0:31:23 | 0:31:26 | |
At the height of the battle, Brigadier Jock Campbell | 0:31:34 | 0:31:38 | |
appeared through a hail of shot and shell in an open-top staff car | 0:31:38 | 0:31:43 | |
and urged the 5th Tanks' Honeys to follow him forward. | 0:31:43 | 0:31:47 | |
It was an act of courage bordering on madness, for which he won the VC. | 0:31:47 | 0:31:51 | |
But an officer from the 5th Tanks tried to stop him, | 0:31:52 | 0:31:56 | |
and Brigadier Campbell drew his revolver, | 0:31:56 | 0:31:58 | |
telling the officer that the tank men had been sent there | 0:31:58 | 0:32:01 | |
to die anyway, and if he got in the way he would shoot him. | 0:32:01 | 0:32:05 | |
The price of this attack was heavy. | 0:32:12 | 0:32:14 | |
When Harry Finlayson's tank was knocked out that night, | 0:32:14 | 0:32:17 | |
he joined the list of those missing in action. | 0:32:17 | 0:32:21 | |
They just put a shell on my engine and blew it up. | 0:32:25 | 0:32:28 | |
That was it, we were right in the middle of the German lines, | 0:32:28 | 0:32:31 | |
we couldn't do anything else. | 0:32:31 | 0:32:33 | |
I stood on the top of the tank, put my hands out, | 0:32:34 | 0:32:36 | |
when they came round surrounding us, I got my crew out | 0:32:36 | 0:32:40 | |
and the German officer said, for you, the war is over. | 0:32:40 | 0:32:46 | |
After weeks of fighting, Rommel battered his way | 0:32:51 | 0:32:54 | |
out of the Allied trap, saving the Afrika Korps from destruction. | 0:32:54 | 0:32:58 | |
In early December, the British relieved Tobruk | 0:32:58 | 0:33:01 | |
and completed the reconquest of eastern Libya. | 0:33:01 | 0:33:05 | |
The 8th Army had succeeded in two out of three aims, | 0:33:05 | 0:33:09 | |
but Rommel's escape and the scale of the slaughter | 0:33:09 | 0:33:12 | |
meant its soldiers were hardly in a mood to celebrate. | 0:33:12 | 0:33:17 | |
Arthur Crickmay had lost his best friend. | 0:33:17 | 0:33:20 | |
The operation as a whole can only be described as a gigantic cock-up. | 0:33:22 | 0:33:27 | |
We won in the end, but at what cost? | 0:33:28 | 0:33:32 | |
Returning from the front, the men of 5 RTR lost themselves | 0:33:35 | 0:33:39 | |
in the bars and brothels of Alexandria and Cairo. | 0:33:39 | 0:33:43 | |
Having garrisoned the country for 60 years, | 0:33:46 | 0:33:48 | |
the British Army knew plenty about Egypt's brothels. | 0:33:48 | 0:33:52 | |
They gave the men condoms | 0:33:52 | 0:33:54 | |
and brought doctors to inspect the prostitutes for VD. | 0:33:54 | 0:33:58 | |
In the 1930s, a certain lieutenant colonel, Bernard Montgomery, | 0:33:58 | 0:34:03 | |
who we will meet again soon, | 0:34:03 | 0:34:04 | |
had insisted on medical inspections of this kind, because he said | 0:34:04 | 0:34:09 | |
his men absolutely required their horizontal refreshment. | 0:34:09 | 0:34:13 | |
Horizontal R&R and heavy drinking provided short-lived catharsis | 0:34:16 | 0:34:23 | |
for those in 5 RTR, | 0:34:23 | 0:34:25 | |
who'd come through the meat grinder of Operation Crusader. | 0:34:25 | 0:34:28 | |
For many in the 5th Tanks, | 0:34:28 | 0:34:31 | |
Sidi Rezegh marked their first real taste of the bitter reality of war. | 0:34:31 | 0:34:36 | |
For anyone still with the Battalion who thought the war was | 0:34:36 | 0:34:41 | |
a bit of a lark, illusions had been shattered. | 0:34:41 | 0:34:44 | |
They now wanted vengeance. | 0:34:44 | 0:34:47 | |
Vengeance for the 5th came in early 1942 in the form | 0:34:51 | 0:34:56 | |
of new tanks from Uncle Sam. | 0:34:56 | 0:34:58 | |
There's nothing quite like a bit of American overkill, | 0:35:06 | 0:35:09 | |
and this is a monster. | 0:35:09 | 0:35:11 | |
It weighs in at 26 tonnes, and look at the height of it. | 0:35:11 | 0:35:15 | |
But the most important feature was the arsenal of weapons. | 0:35:15 | 0:35:19 | |
It's got the same 37mm popgun up there | 0:35:19 | 0:35:22 | |
in the turret that the Honey had, | 0:35:22 | 0:35:24 | |
but the key thing is that it mounts this 75mm cannon here. | 0:35:24 | 0:35:28 | |
This, for the first time, allowed the British tank crews to knock | 0:35:28 | 0:35:32 | |
out not just Panzers, but anti-tank guns using high explosive shells. | 0:35:32 | 0:35:37 | |
It also has machine guns in the hull and on the turret. | 0:35:37 | 0:35:41 | |
One British commander described its arrival in the desert | 0:35:41 | 0:35:45 | |
as being like the shift from sail to steel. | 0:35:45 | 0:35:48 | |
Men were moving on, too - Arthur Crickmay was sent to Burma | 0:35:53 | 0:35:57 | |
and Gerry Solomon, the former grocer and one-time rookie, | 0:35:57 | 0:36:00 | |
was now a corporal commanding a tank. | 0:36:00 | 0:36:03 | |
Jake Wardrop, despite his longer service, was still just a driver. | 0:36:07 | 0:36:12 | |
The Allied front was settled on the Gazala line. | 0:36:14 | 0:36:17 | |
It stretched from Gazala on the coast to the old | 0:36:18 | 0:36:22 | |
Turkish fortress of Bir Hacheim, 40-odd miles to the south. | 0:36:22 | 0:36:26 | |
But this was a risky position. | 0:36:27 | 0:36:29 | |
The Gazala line didn't extend all the way to the impassable sands of the Sahara. | 0:36:29 | 0:36:36 | |
This open flank had been left | 0:36:36 | 0:36:38 | |
to allow the British to resume | 0:36:38 | 0:36:40 | |
their advance, unless the Germans went inland and used it first. | 0:36:40 | 0:36:45 | |
On the afternoon of 26 May, 1942, Rommel attacked the Gazala line. | 0:36:49 | 0:36:55 | |
His artillery pinned the Allied troops close to the sea, while his | 0:36:55 | 0:36:59 | |
armoured divisions were sent south of the Gazala line to attack their flank. | 0:36:59 | 0:37:04 | |
On the morning of 27 May, 5 RTR were told to pack up and get ready. | 0:37:09 | 0:37:15 | |
"The Bosch were not far away now, and we had to keep an eye on them. | 0:37:17 | 0:37:22 | |
"I got up, had a wash, shave, cleaned my teeth and slicked my hair up. | 0:37:22 | 0:37:27 | |
"In fact, it used to be quite a ritual with us to get queened up, | 0:37:27 | 0:37:31 | |
"as though we were going to the Plaza when we had a date with Erwin." | 0:37:31 | 0:37:35 | |
Throughout the small hours, reports had been flying around that | 0:37:40 | 0:37:44 | |
something very sizeable was going on to the south of the Gazala line. | 0:37:44 | 0:37:49 | |
At 7.30pm, the order came through to move to battle positions. | 0:37:50 | 0:37:54 | |
Five minutes later, the Honeys and the new Grants lurched forward. | 0:37:57 | 0:38:01 | |
In the confusion of a desert battle, your enemy could be two miles away, | 0:38:14 | 0:38:18 | |
and you have to scan the horizon with the utmost attention. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:22 | |
A kick of dust was a gun firing. | 0:38:22 | 0:38:25 | |
A second or two later, a sound like ripping paper announced | 0:38:26 | 0:38:30 | |
a high-velocity round flashing past you or overhead. | 0:38:30 | 0:38:33 | |
If the light burning in its tail was red, it was British fire. | 0:38:35 | 0:38:40 | |
If it was green or yellow, it was enemy. | 0:38:40 | 0:38:43 | |
Registering those fleeting sights | 0:38:43 | 0:38:45 | |
and sounds could make all the difference between life and death. | 0:38:45 | 0:38:49 | |
The hot, dry wind, which was so unpleasant that the Arabs | 0:39:03 | 0:39:06 | |
claimed it was enough to excuse murder, started to blow as well. | 0:39:06 | 0:39:10 | |
British commanders had been caught by surprise. | 0:39:13 | 0:39:17 | |
In the unfolding mayhem of confused close-range fights, the generals' | 0:39:17 | 0:39:22 | |
habit of keeping ordinary tank crews in the dark cost them dear. | 0:39:22 | 0:39:26 | |
It was very confusing, you could not get any definite information. | 0:39:31 | 0:39:35 | |
They didn't want you to have information, in case | 0:39:35 | 0:39:38 | |
you got captured and you gave it away. | 0:39:38 | 0:39:41 | |
They kept information from you. | 0:39:41 | 0:39:43 | |
They only told you what they wanted you to know. | 0:39:44 | 0:39:47 | |
On the 2nd June, the 5th Tanks suffered their worst day of the war. | 0:39:53 | 0:39:57 | |
Only eight Honeys and one Grant returned from battle. | 0:39:57 | 0:40:01 | |
Some 51 officers and men of tank crews were dead or missing. | 0:40:01 | 0:40:06 | |
The surviving officers decided to fortify their men by a method | 0:40:10 | 0:40:14 | |
used since antiquity, a rum ration. | 0:40:14 | 0:40:17 | |
Alcohol might have numbed them temporarily, | 0:40:22 | 0:40:24 | |
but the grim reality got clearer by the day. | 0:40:24 | 0:40:28 | |
The Gazala line had collapsed. | 0:40:28 | 0:40:31 | |
On 21 June, 1942, Tobruk's garrison of 30,000 surrendered. | 0:40:35 | 0:40:41 | |
After trying to take the city for two years, Rommel was triumphant. | 0:40:41 | 0:40:47 | |
The British Army was now in full retreat, | 0:40:52 | 0:40:55 | |
having been out-gunned, out-manoeuvred, and out-generalled. | 0:40:55 | 0:40:58 | |
Those in charge called it a strategic withdrawal, | 0:41:00 | 0:41:03 | |
but this was a disaster by any other name. | 0:41:03 | 0:41:07 | |
Just a few weeks before, the British had built up a huge | 0:41:08 | 0:41:11 | |
superiority in weapons, and were poised to mount their own | 0:41:11 | 0:41:15 | |
offensive, yet now they were in headlong retreat. | 0:41:15 | 0:41:18 | |
How had it happened? Many soldiers had a one-word explanation, Rommel. | 0:41:18 | 0:41:25 | |
It's true the conduct of his campaign had been brilliant. | 0:41:25 | 0:41:29 | |
In my view, the only one in the desert war where | 0:41:29 | 0:41:32 | |
he really deserved his stellar reputation. | 0:41:32 | 0:41:35 | |
But the real failure was that of British military leadership. | 0:41:35 | 0:41:39 | |
While Rommel basked in glory, Churchill was desperate. | 0:41:43 | 0:41:47 | |
He wrote, "Defeat is one thing, disgrace is another." | 0:41:48 | 0:41:52 | |
5 RTR had to be rebuilt - and quickly. | 0:41:56 | 0:42:00 | |
Dozens of new recruits arrived, like Bill Chorley | 0:42:00 | 0:42:03 | |
and fellow conscript Bob Lay, both in their early 20s. | 0:42:03 | 0:42:08 | |
Bill and I were in the same tank. | 0:42:09 | 0:42:12 | |
I was the operator and Bill was a gunner | 0:42:12 | 0:42:15 | |
and because of the loneliness | 0:42:15 | 0:42:20 | |
of the desert, your social life was | 0:42:20 | 0:42:23 | |
limited to your crew every day. | 0:42:23 | 0:42:26 | |
You knew everything, | 0:42:26 | 0:42:28 | |
everything there was to know about each other. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:31 | |
And you had a very, very good bond with them. | 0:42:33 | 0:42:37 | |
"Bob Lay has been with me since I joined up. | 0:42:40 | 0:42:43 | |
"We spent six weeks at base. | 0:42:43 | 0:42:45 | |
"Most of the time was taken up | 0:42:45 | 0:42:47 | |
"on wireless and driving courses. | 0:42:47 | 0:42:49 | |
"This was our introduction to the desert. It was a rough do, there." | 0:42:49 | 0:42:54 | |
By 30th June 1942, the British had fallen back to | 0:43:00 | 0:43:05 | |
the only defensible line between the frontier and the Nile Delta, | 0:43:05 | 0:43:10 | |
a railway halt just 60 miles from Alexandria, | 0:43:10 | 0:43:14 | |
El Alamein. | 0:43:14 | 0:43:15 | |
The geography of the North African coast offers very few places | 0:43:18 | 0:43:22 | |
where you can make a stand. | 0:43:22 | 0:43:24 | |
If you put in a blocking position on the coastal strip, | 0:43:24 | 0:43:28 | |
people can simply go round on the inland side and bypass it | 0:43:28 | 0:43:32 | |
and that's what Rommel did time and again. | 0:43:32 | 0:43:35 | |
This is one of the few places that's different, Alamein. | 0:43:35 | 0:43:39 | |
Inland, there's the | 0:43:39 | 0:43:40 | |
Qattara Depression, an impassable | 0:43:40 | 0:43:43 | |
area of sand dunes that Rommel | 0:43:43 | 0:43:45 | |
simply couldn't get through. | 0:43:45 | 0:43:47 | |
This is where the British chose to fight. | 0:43:47 | 0:43:50 | |
And Churchill decided that for this battle the Desert Army needed | 0:43:54 | 0:43:58 | |
a clean sweep at the top. | 0:43:58 | 0:44:00 | |
His senior generals had presided over woeful failure. | 0:44:00 | 0:44:04 | |
They hadn't delivered the victory he so craved | 0:44:04 | 0:44:07 | |
and that Britain so needed. | 0:44:07 | 0:44:09 | |
On 20th August, he made a personal appearance in the desert. | 0:44:10 | 0:44:14 | |
'We felt very proud and honoured when Churchill came | 0:44:15 | 0:44:18 | |
'and he was all praise for us.' | 0:44:18 | 0:44:21 | |
We knew very well the job wasn't done. | 0:44:21 | 0:44:25 | |
We had to go and make sure | 0:44:25 | 0:44:27 | |
the enemy was out of the desert. | 0:44:27 | 0:44:29 | |
Churchill was joined by | 0:44:31 | 0:44:33 | |
Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery. | 0:44:33 | 0:44:36 | |
The Times newspaper reported that, | 0:44:36 | 0:44:39 | |
"It may well be that historians will | 0:44:39 | 0:44:41 | |
"point to this date as decisive in determining the course of the war." | 0:44:41 | 0:44:45 | |
The one great thing that Montgomery did | 0:44:51 | 0:44:54 | |
was to ensure that | 0:44:54 | 0:44:56 | |
everybody knew what the opposition was, | 0:44:56 | 0:45:00 | |
what the objectives were, | 0:45:00 | 0:45:03 | |
so we had a concept of what was expected of us. | 0:45:03 | 0:45:07 | |
He was the type of man who would say, "You want me to beat the | 0:45:07 | 0:45:11 | |
"Germans in the desert, | 0:45:11 | 0:45:13 | |
"you must give me enough tanks and men to do it. | 0:45:13 | 0:45:18 | |
"And they are not going to do it until you do." | 0:45:18 | 0:45:21 | |
That was his attitude. | 0:45:21 | 0:45:22 | |
And so it was. | 0:45:22 | 0:45:25 | |
We couldn't believe the amount of stuff that was coming up there. | 0:45:25 | 0:45:28 | |
Monty also had a real flair for publicity. | 0:45:32 | 0:45:36 | |
He took to wearing a black RTR beret with the regimental tank badge | 0:45:36 | 0:45:40 | |
next to his general's one, | 0:45:40 | 0:45:42 | |
as a sort of sign of respect for men like Gerry Solomon and Bob Lay. | 0:45:42 | 0:45:48 | |
As to what they made of him, that was a more complex issue. | 0:45:48 | 0:45:52 | |
Many relished the change in atmosphere that his arrival brought, | 0:45:52 | 0:45:56 | |
but equally, they couldn't forget that he might send them | 0:45:56 | 0:46:00 | |
to their deaths and he didn't really understand tank warfare. | 0:46:00 | 0:46:03 | |
But what Montgomery did understand was that Rommel could be | 0:46:07 | 0:46:10 | |
relied upon to try the tactics | 0:46:10 | 0:46:13 | |
he'd used so effectively before. | 0:46:13 | 0:46:15 | |
And Monty had a plan. | 0:46:15 | 0:46:17 | |
He would secure his inland flank south of Alamein at a ridge | 0:46:17 | 0:46:22 | |
called Alam Halfa. | 0:46:22 | 0:46:24 | |
During the early hours of 31st August, | 0:46:29 | 0:46:32 | |
the Germans were sighted moving north. | 0:46:32 | 0:46:34 | |
British intelligence had pinpointed the time | 0:46:34 | 0:46:38 | |
and place of this thrust with precision. | 0:46:38 | 0:46:40 | |
Alam Halfa arose | 0:46:42 | 0:46:44 | |
because Rommel liked to make surprise attacks in force | 0:46:44 | 0:46:49 | |
and at speed. | 0:46:49 | 0:46:52 | |
We had Enigma then | 0:46:52 | 0:46:55 | |
and we prepared for it. | 0:46:55 | 0:46:58 | |
Rommel assumed that he had a clear desert ahead | 0:47:01 | 0:47:04 | |
and that he could repeat his Gazala success, | 0:47:04 | 0:47:07 | |
hardly imagining that it was now his turn to waltz into an ambush. | 0:47:07 | 0:47:12 | |
Waiting for him were, among others, 5 RTR. | 0:47:20 | 0:47:24 | |
And we waited | 0:47:27 | 0:47:29 | |
and he appeared. | 0:47:29 | 0:47:32 | |
We let him come on and when he was | 0:47:32 | 0:47:36 | |
in range, we let him have it. | 0:47:36 | 0:47:38 | |
It was at Alam Halfa that the | 0:47:44 | 0:47:46 | |
desert war reached its real turning point. | 0:47:46 | 0:47:50 | |
The British brigade had been deployed along this ridge, | 0:47:50 | 0:47:53 | |
slap bang in the path of a German Panzer division, | 0:47:53 | 0:47:56 | |
advancing from the south. | 0:47:56 | 0:47:58 | |
In a couple of hours, its integrated defence of artillery, | 0:48:05 | 0:48:09 | |
anti-tank guns and the Grants of 5th Tanks, | 0:48:09 | 0:48:11 | |
took apart the Panzer division. | 0:48:11 | 0:48:13 | |
Rommel had tried his old trick, | 0:48:17 | 0:48:20 | |
out-flanking from the inland side, and failed. | 0:48:20 | 0:48:23 | |
He'd been beaten at his own game. | 0:48:23 | 0:48:25 | |
One endeavoured to get as close to the enemy as possible, | 0:48:28 | 0:48:32 | |
so that your gun was in range | 0:48:32 | 0:48:34 | |
and could knock him out. | 0:48:34 | 0:48:37 | |
The Battle Of Alam Halfa lasted just over a week. | 0:48:45 | 0:48:48 | |
Alam Halfa was a significant battle | 0:48:50 | 0:48:53 | |
for the 5th RTR, because we'd | 0:48:53 | 0:48:56 | |
adopted new tactics | 0:48:56 | 0:48:59 | |
and we'd given the Panzer division a good hiding. | 0:48:59 | 0:49:03 | |
With his supply situation precarious | 0:49:08 | 0:49:11 | |
and superior Allied firepower, | 0:49:11 | 0:49:13 | |
Rommel fell back to regroup. | 0:49:13 | 0:49:15 | |
While the Afrika Korps licked its wounds, | 0:49:26 | 0:49:28 | |
British forces rehearsed every detail for the battle ahead. | 0:49:28 | 0:49:33 | |
5th Tanks, exhausted after two years of fighting, | 0:49:33 | 0:49:37 | |
were asked whether they were still up for it. | 0:49:37 | 0:49:40 | |
"A parade was called | 0:49:41 | 0:49:42 | |
"and we were given the choice of going to Cairo | 0:49:42 | 0:49:45 | |
"and missing the push, | 0:49:45 | 0:49:46 | |
"or staying on the blue and taking part in it. | 0:49:46 | 0:49:49 | |
"At the end of his speech, we were asked to step forward | 0:49:50 | 0:49:54 | |
"if we wanted to stay... | 0:49:54 | 0:49:55 | |
"..and the whole battalion took a pace forward." | 0:49:56 | 0:49:59 | |
Having rededicated themselves to the fight, | 0:50:02 | 0:50:05 | |
the 5th Tanks came back out to the Alamein position. | 0:50:05 | 0:50:09 | |
Montgomery had received vital strategic intelligence from | 0:50:09 | 0:50:13 | |
intercepted German communications - Ultra. | 0:50:13 | 0:50:16 | |
He also had hundreds of new tanks, | 0:50:16 | 0:50:19 | |
ample supplies | 0:50:19 | 0:50:21 | |
and substantial RAF support. | 0:50:21 | 0:50:24 | |
It was time for the 8th Army to take the offensive. | 0:50:24 | 0:50:28 | |
At 1900 hours, on 23 October 1942, | 0:50:33 | 0:50:38 | |
220,000 men and over 1,000 Allied tanks lined up along the front. | 0:50:38 | 0:50:44 | |
The long-awaited British assault to smash Axis forces | 0:50:47 | 0:50:51 | |
and then drive them out of Africa altogether was about to start. | 0:50:51 | 0:50:56 | |
To achieve this, the enemy needed | 0:51:01 | 0:51:04 | |
a bit of softening up. | 0:51:04 | 0:51:06 | |
EXPLOSIONS | 0:51:09 | 0:51:12 | |
The sky was illuminated by continuous flashes of light. | 0:51:18 | 0:51:22 | |
The whole horizon was covered. | 0:51:22 | 0:51:25 | |
Not good for your ears. Hearing aids. | 0:51:27 | 0:51:30 | |
The barrage lasted for six hours. | 0:51:34 | 0:51:37 | |
It could be heard all the way to Alexandria, over 60 miles away. | 0:51:37 | 0:51:41 | |
Once guns had been fired, German morale pummelled | 0:51:49 | 0:51:53 | |
and minefields breached, | 0:51:53 | 0:51:55 | |
it was time for Monty to let the armour loose. | 0:51:55 | 0:51:58 | |
British tanks, including the 5th Tank Regiment, | 0:52:01 | 0:52:04 | |
cut through the enemy lines. | 0:52:04 | 0:52:06 | |
The biggest tank battle of the Desert Campaign had begun. | 0:52:07 | 0:52:12 | |
We knew that this was going to be a God Almighty fight. | 0:52:18 | 0:52:22 | |
I think after about a week we did start to get through. | 0:52:24 | 0:52:28 | |
And I could see this monumental task that lay ahead of us. | 0:52:29 | 0:52:34 | |
Losses were heavy. | 0:52:38 | 0:52:39 | |
200 British tanks in the first 48 hours, | 0:52:39 | 0:52:44 | |
as many as the Germans had started the battle with. | 0:52:44 | 0:52:47 | |
But the 8th Army pressed on regardless. | 0:52:51 | 0:52:55 | |
They had overall superiority and they knew it. | 0:52:55 | 0:52:58 | |
GUNS FIRE | 0:53:03 | 0:53:05 | |
It became quite apparent, very quickly, | 0:53:13 | 0:53:17 | |
that they were making a run for it. | 0:53:17 | 0:53:20 | |
There were tanks burning all over the place. | 0:53:20 | 0:53:22 | |
And we were collecting prisoners, particularly the Italians, of course, | 0:53:25 | 0:53:28 | |
cos they were left behind. | 0:53:28 | 0:53:30 | |
"There were thousands | 0:53:33 | 0:53:34 | |
"and thousands of prisoners. | 0:53:34 | 0:53:36 | |
"If we happened to stop beside any, | 0:53:36 | 0:53:39 | |
"we nipped out, pinched their watches, | 0:53:39 | 0:53:41 | |
"binoculars, or anything else | 0:53:41 | 0:53:43 | |
"they had and carried on." | 0:53:43 | 0:53:45 | |
By the end of October, | 0:53:54 | 0:53:55 | |
the situation was critical for Rommel. | 0:53:55 | 0:53:58 | |
Having lost a vast quantity of his armour, | 0:53:58 | 0:54:01 | |
his position was hopeless. | 0:54:01 | 0:54:04 | |
On 4th November, the Afrika Korps | 0:54:09 | 0:54:11 | |
began a full retreat. | 0:54:11 | 0:54:13 | |
BELLS RING | 0:54:16 | 0:54:18 | |
In Britain, as the news came through, | 0:54:18 | 0:54:21 | |
Churchill ordered the church bells to be rung. | 0:54:21 | 0:54:24 | |
It was the first time that this had been allowed since Dunkirk. | 0:54:24 | 0:54:28 | |
On November 13th, Tobruk was retaken. | 0:54:32 | 0:54:35 | |
In mid January 1943, Tripoli fell. | 0:54:38 | 0:54:42 | |
Four months later, the Axis forces | 0:54:45 | 0:54:48 | |
had been overwhelmed in North Africa | 0:54:48 | 0:54:50 | |
and more than a quarter of a million prisoners taken. | 0:54:50 | 0:54:53 | |
Churchill sensed a turning point in the war. | 0:54:55 | 0:54:58 | |
CHURCHILL: 'Ah, this is not the end. | 0:55:01 | 0:55:04 | |
'This is not even the beginning of the end. | 0:55:04 | 0:55:08 | |
'But it is, perhaps, | 0:55:08 | 0:55:10 | |
'the end of the beginning.' | 0:55:10 | 0:55:11 | |
Churchill added, "When any man is asked what he did in the war, | 0:55:14 | 0:55:19 | |
it will be sufficient for him to say, 'I fought in the Desert Army.' " | 0:55:19 | 0:55:23 | |
Well, many in 5th Tanks took that as a hint that, in future, | 0:55:23 | 0:55:28 | |
others would be called upon. | 0:55:28 | 0:55:29 | |
No such luck. | 0:55:33 | 0:55:34 | |
As the 5th shared the Desert Army's triumph, they were | 0:55:34 | 0:55:37 | |
greeted by the news that they were now to be engaged in the fight | 0:55:37 | 0:55:41 | |
for Italy, piercing what Churchill called, | 0:55:41 | 0:55:45 | |
"Europe's soft underbelly." | 0:55:45 | 0:55:47 | |
GUN FIRES | 0:55:49 | 0:55:50 | |
After the desert, | 0:55:50 | 0:55:51 | |
the close-range fighting in southern Italy | 0:55:51 | 0:55:54 | |
came as a strain for everyone. | 0:55:54 | 0:55:56 | |
We thought we'd had enough. | 0:56:01 | 0:56:02 | |
Let somebody else have a go. | 0:56:02 | 0:56:04 | |
But, you see, they wanted seasoned troops | 0:56:05 | 0:56:09 | |
and there weren't many seasoned troops. | 0:56:09 | 0:56:11 | |
On 7th January 1944, | 0:56:14 | 0:56:17 | |
the 5th returned home at last. | 0:56:17 | 0:56:20 | |
They'd been away for three years and 69 days. | 0:56:20 | 0:56:24 | |
Most couldn't wait to get home, | 0:56:25 | 0:56:27 | |
but leave, like much else, was being rationed. | 0:56:27 | 0:56:31 | |
Men who'd been fighting overseas | 0:56:32 | 0:56:35 | |
for more than three years were | 0:56:35 | 0:56:37 | |
then given barely two weeks' leave. | 0:56:37 | 0:56:40 | |
That felt like an insult, because they knew that soldiers who'd | 0:56:40 | 0:56:43 | |
been sitting back in Britain throughout that period | 0:56:43 | 0:56:46 | |
got two weeks' leave every three months. | 0:56:46 | 0:56:49 | |
The 5th's new home was a secret military camp in Norfolk, | 0:56:51 | 0:56:55 | |
known as Shakers Wood. | 0:56:55 | 0:56:56 | |
Damp, grotty, and bitterly cold, | 0:56:56 | 0:56:59 | |
many of the 5th's veterans felt | 0:56:59 | 0:57:02 | |
they'd been dumped by an ungrateful government in the middle of nowhere. | 0:57:02 | 0:57:06 | |
But they'd been recalled for a reason. | 0:57:08 | 0:57:12 | |
Experienced, trusted and battle-hardened, they were part of | 0:57:12 | 0:57:15 | |
the famous Desert Rats, too valuable to sit out the rest of the war. | 0:57:15 | 0:57:20 | |
The fighting far from over, | 0:57:21 | 0:57:23 | |
who better than the 5th to spearhead a second front? | 0:57:23 | 0:57:27 | |
That's the way it was. | 0:57:31 | 0:57:33 | |
If you've ever witnessed a green regiment... | 0:57:33 | 0:57:36 | |
..going in for the first time, | 0:57:37 | 0:57:40 | |
you would understand how completely unprepared they are. | 0:57:40 | 0:57:45 | |
The experience of going into battle | 0:57:45 | 0:57:47 | |
is absolutely necessary to become competent. | 0:57:47 | 0:57:51 | |
And so, our heroes would fight again, | 0:57:54 | 0:57:56 | |
in some of the biggest battles of the Second World War. | 0:57:56 | 0:58:00 | |
Next episode, the 5th face D-Day... | 0:58:05 | 0:58:09 | |
..the battle for Normandy and the eventual defeat of the Nazis. | 0:58:10 | 0:58:15 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:23 | 0:58:27 |