Browse content similar to Damn Them, Are They Never Coming In?. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
Line | From | To | |
---|---|---|---|
The March attack had failed, | 0:01:30 | 0:01:33 | |
the April attack had failed. | 0:01:33 | 0:01:35 | |
By May 1st 1918, | 0:01:35 | 0:01:37 | |
Germany's situation was already becoming dangerous. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:40 | |
Hindenburg and Ludendorff had thrown the whole German army against the British. | 0:01:41 | 0:01:46 | |
Everything had been flung in. | 0:01:46 | 0:01:49 | |
The British had lost 240,000 men in 40 days. | 0:01:50 | 0:01:54 | |
The French had lost over 100,000. | 0:01:55 | 0:01:59 | |
But the Germans themselves had lost nearly 350,000 men. | 0:01:59 | 0:02:03 | |
Germany's failure went deeper than the great loss of men - | 0:02:07 | 0:02:10 | |
tragic as this was for her war-weary people. | 0:02:10 | 0:02:13 | |
She had also lost the 40 days. Time was more precious than ever before. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:21 | |
Field Marshall Hindenburg expressed the German problem. | 0:02:23 | 0:02:25 | |
"We had a new enemy, economically the most powerful in the world. | 0:02:25 | 0:02:30 | |
"An enemy possessing everything required for the hostile operations, | 0:02:30 | 0:02:35 | |
"reviving the hopes of all our foes and saving them from collapse, | 0:02:35 | 0:02:39 | |
"while preparing mighty forces. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:41 | |
"It was the United States of America and her advent was perilously near. | 0:02:43 | 0:02:48 | |
"Would she appear in time to snatch the victors' laurels from our brows? | 0:02:48 | 0:02:53 | |
"That and that only was the decisive question." | 0:02:53 | 0:02:56 | |
Nearly 13 months had passed since America had entered the war. | 0:03:00 | 0:03:04 | |
During those months, her Allies had each endured their severest ordeals. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:10 | |
Russia had fallen. | 0:03:10 | 0:03:11 | |
France had sunk to her lowest depths of weariness. | 0:03:12 | 0:03:16 | |
Italy had trembled on the edge of catastrophe. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:20 | |
Britain faced defeat by starvation at the hands of the U-boats. | 0:03:20 | 0:03:23 | |
Yet, the Allies had drawn hope from one thought - | 0:03:25 | 0:03:29 | |
the Americans would be coming, | 0:03:29 | 0:03:31 | |
some day, sooner or later. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:34 | |
As the weeks turned into months, and the months completed a year, | 0:03:37 | 0:03:42 | |
the sour truth emerged that it would be later. | 0:03:42 | 0:03:45 | |
Despite her vast resources, | 0:03:51 | 0:03:53 | |
America's unpreparedness for war exceeded that of any other country. | 0:03:53 | 0:03:56 | |
Britain's Prime Minister Lloyd George commented: | 0:03:58 | 0:04:00 | |
"The record of Britain's first ten months of blundering over equipment, | 0:04:00 | 0:04:06 | |
"robs of us of the right to point the finger of scorn at America. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:10 | |
"But when America entered into the struggle, | 0:04:11 | 0:04:16 | |
"her industry was already largely organised for war | 0:04:16 | 0:04:20 | |
"by the immense Allied orders for war materials." | 0:04:20 | 0:04:25 | |
Delay followed delay - delay in production, delay in organisation, | 0:04:31 | 0:04:36 | |
delay even in clothing America's new army, | 0:04:36 | 0:04:39 | |
all adding up to the worst delay of all... | 0:04:39 | 0:04:42 | |
the delay in arriving on the field of battle. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:46 | |
As the British awaited the first German onslaught in March, | 0:04:46 | 0:04:49 | |
the historian, FS Oliver remarked: | 0:04:49 | 0:04:52 | |
It's a question of holding out until the Americans come in. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:57 | |
"Goddamn them, are they ever coming in with all their boastful, glorious talk?" | 0:04:57 | 0:05:04 | |
The March battles were fought without American support. | 0:05:04 | 0:05:08 | |
So were the battles of April. | 0:05:08 | 0:05:11 | |
Now it was May. | 0:05:11 | 0:05:13 | |
On the 2nd, Oliver was asking: | 0:05:13 | 0:05:15 | |
"When is it reasonable to think that the Americans will be able to put in that immense army, | 0:05:15 | 0:05:21 | |
"each man with a hot water bottle, a gramophone and a medicine chest, | 0:05:21 | 0:05:26 | |
"which they tell us will get to Berlin and cook the goose of the Kaiser? When? | 0:05:26 | 0:05:46 | |
American energy was enormous. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:51 | |
American enthusiasm for the war was undoubted. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:58 | |
MUSIC: "Dixie Land" by Daniel D Emmett | 0:06:27 | 0:06:33 | |
On May 1st 1918, there were only 400,000 Americans in France. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:11 | |
There was only one American division on an active front, | 0:07:13 | 0:07:16 | |
only four divisions altogether. | 0:07:16 | 0:07:19 | |
Sickening for the Allies, | 0:07:19 | 0:07:22 | |
the frustration of the wait were sickening for Americans too. | 0:07:22 | 0:07:26 | |
American soldiers were disgusted that they depended on their allies | 0:07:26 | 0:07:31 | |
for the simplest munitions of war. | 0:07:31 | 0:07:33 | |
The British supplied clothing, transport, heavy artillery, tanks. | 0:07:33 | 0:07:39 | |
The French supplied the vast numbers of field guns needed, | 0:07:42 | 0:07:46 | |
aircraft and even machine guns. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:48 | |
The shipment of machine guns finally arrived. | 0:07:48 | 0:07:52 | |
When we opened them... | 0:07:52 | 0:07:56 | |
we found we had received Hotchkiss machine guns. | 0:07:56 | 0:08:00 | |
They were the guns the French used. | 0:08:00 | 0:08:02 | |
Well, there was a big commotion. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:07 | |
The officers got in touch with headquarters, | 0:08:07 | 0:08:10 | |
headquarters with supreme headquarters, | 0:08:10 | 0:08:13 | |
back and forth, back and forth, | 0:08:13 | 0:08:15 | |
but nothing happened. | 0:08:15 | 0:08:17 | |
The officer came in and said, "Men, I'm sorry, those are your weapons. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:23 | |
"That's what you'll have to use up front. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:27 | |
"You'd better learn how to operate them, tout suite." | 0:08:27 | 0:08:30 | |
Training, drilling, marching, practising, more training, | 0:08:39 | 0:08:44 | |
still more training. | 0:08:44 | 0:08:46 | |
French instructors, British instructors. | 0:08:46 | 0:08:49 | |
Whatever else they were, the Americans were not idle. | 0:08:49 | 0:08:52 | |
And so...we would train and we would train right down to the bone. | 0:08:59 | 0:09:04 | |
We awaited the call. | 0:09:04 | 0:09:06 | |
We were no jingoes or we were no screamers around for this or that. | 0:09:06 | 0:09:12 | |
We were trained for war, it was our profession, the regular Marines. | 0:09:12 | 0:09:17 | |
We didn't like the waiting behind the line. | 0:09:17 | 0:09:22 | |
We practically broke open the champagne when the word came | 0:09:22 | 0:09:26 | |
that we were to move in the next 48 hours. | 0:09:26 | 0:09:30 | |
We didn't care where. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:32 | |
We'd had enough of this business of play acting. | 0:09:32 | 0:09:36 | |
We wanted to get somewhere | 0:09:36 | 0:09:38 | |
where we could do some damage and get done and get home. | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
The first weeks of May passed quietly on the Western Front, | 0:09:44 | 0:09:47 | |
but it was a spurious calm. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:50 | |
While the Americans completed their training and organisation | 0:09:50 | 0:09:53 | |
and absorbed over 200,000 newcomers in France, | 0:09:53 | 0:09:58 | |
the Allies licked their wounds. | 0:09:58 | 0:10:00 | |
Every British division was below strength. | 0:10:00 | 0:10:03 | |
Ten out of 40 were so weakened, they were scheduled to be broken up. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:10 | |
Reinforcements consisted mostly of boys of 18-and-a-half | 0:10:10 | 0:10:14 | |
or wounded men returning to the ranks. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:17 | |
Old soldiers found it an ugly task to prepare boys fresh from school | 0:10:17 | 0:10:23 | |
for the hardest battlefields ever. | 0:10:23 | 0:10:26 | |
When they came to us, they were weedy, sallow, skinny, | 0:10:26 | 0:10:32 | |
frightened children. | 0:10:32 | 0:10:34 | |
Refuse of our industrial system as it was in those days. | 0:10:34 | 0:10:38 | |
They were in poor condition because of wartime shortages of food. | 0:10:38 | 0:10:42 | |
But after six months of good food, fresh air and physical exercise, | 0:10:42 | 0:10:49 | |
they changed so their mothers wouldn't have recognised them. | 0:10:49 | 0:10:53 | |
They'd put on an average of one stone in weight and one inch in height. | 0:10:53 | 0:10:59 | |
Frenchmen found it difficult to sympathise with manpower problems. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:04 | |
France herself had sacrificed, throughout the war, | 0:11:04 | 0:11:08 | |
the best of her manhood. | 0:11:08 | 0:11:10 | |
By April 1918, she was already calling on the conscripts of 1919, | 0:11:10 | 0:11:15 | |
to avoid breaking up divisions. | 0:11:15 | 0:11:18 | |
The Allied Commander in Chief, General Foch, protested to Haig. | 0:11:18 | 0:11:23 | |
"Foch is very anxious that no division should be reduced. | 0:11:23 | 0:11:27 | |
"He's sure that out of the 1,400,000 men wearing khaki in England, | 0:11:27 | 0:11:33 | |
"100,000 can be obtained to fill out our divisions sufficiently | 0:11:33 | 0:11:37 | |
"to hold a quiet part of the Front | 0:11:37 | 0:11:40 | |
"and release French divisions for the general reserve." | 0:11:40 | 0:11:43 | |
The French Prime Minister took the matter up officially with the British Government. | 0:11:43 | 0:11:48 | |
Reluctantly, Lloyd George released more men to fill the wasted ranks. | 0:11:48 | 0:11:53 | |
SHIP HORN SOUNDS | 0:11:54 | 0:11:57 | |
Haig, falling in with Foch's plan, dispatched five weak divisions | 0:12:03 | 0:12:08 | |
to recuperate on a quiet French sector - | 0:12:08 | 0:12:11 | |
the Chemin des Dames along the River Aisne. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:15 | |
"To battered troops, whose only knowledge of France | 0:12:15 | 0:12:19 | |
"was based on experiences on the Northern Front, | 0:12:19 | 0:12:22 | |
"the Champagne country in the full glory of spring was a revelation. | 0:12:22 | 0:12:26 | |
"Here, all was peace. | 0:12:26 | 0:12:28 | |
"The countryside basked in the sunshine, | 0:12:28 | 0:12:32 | |
"trim villages nestled by lazy streams, | 0:12:32 | 0:12:36 | |
"and tired eyes were refreshed by the sight of rolling hills | 0:12:36 | 0:12:39 | |
"and woods golden with laburnum." | 0:12:39 | 0:12:43 | |
Here, among the vineyards, | 0:12:43 | 0:12:45 | |
within two miles of the front line, | 0:12:45 | 0:12:49 | |
the British soldiers rested. | 0:12:49 | 0:12:51 | |
But their brief holiday was soon over, | 0:12:52 | 0:12:54 | |
for it was precisely here, by one of the war's bitter ironies, | 0:12:54 | 0:12:59 | |
that the next German blow was being prepared. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:03 | |
Ludendorff meant to continue as he had begun | 0:13:03 | 0:13:06 | |
by smashing the main British armies. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:09 | |
First it would be necessary to draw away the French reserves | 0:13:10 | 0:13:13 | |
which had gone to the British Front. | 0:13:13 | 0:13:15 | |
To do this he would have to attack the French. | 0:13:16 | 0:13:18 | |
The Germans transported their divisions and artillery | 0:13:19 | 0:13:23 | |
opposite the Chemin des Dames in deep secrecy. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:26 | |
Short weeks of calm passed by. | 0:13:28 | 0:13:30 | |
General Foch asked himself: | 0:13:32 | 0:13:34 | |
"What was hidden behind this silence? | 0:13:34 | 0:13:37 | |
"We knew the enemy had large numbers of troops at their disposal. | 0:13:37 | 0:13:40 | |
"Where would they suddenly appear? | 0:13:40 | 0:13:42 | |
"We searched the horizon, the mystery remained unsolved." | 0:13:44 | 0:13:48 | |
Not until a few hours before the German attack | 0:13:52 | 0:13:56 | |
were the Allied soldiers warned. | 0:13:56 | 0:13:58 | |
"The first news reached us about 3.45pm on May 26th. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:03 | |
""The enemy will attack on a wide front at 01.00 tomorrow, 27/5." | 0:14:03 | 0:14:08 | |
"Then followed orders for taking up battle stations." | 0:14:08 | 0:14:10 | |
"For a second, we looked at each other in silence. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
"In a flash the world had changed. The landscape smiled no longer. | 0:14:15 | 0:14:20 | |
"The sun blazed down, but it had lost its heat. | 0:14:20 | 0:14:24 | |
"For the first time, I had the feeling there was no-one behind us. | 0:14:24 | 0:14:28 | |
"No help that could be relied upon in case of need." | 0:14:28 | 0:14:31 | |
The blow fell at 1am on May 27th. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:43 | |
The weak British divisions were right in its path. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:47 | |
The Germans swept across the Chemin des Dames ridge and over the Aisne. | 0:14:47 | 0:14:52 | |
By evening, they had advanced ten miles. | 0:14:54 | 0:14:57 | |
Nothing like it had ever been seen on the Western Front. | 0:14:57 | 0:15:01 | |
On the second day, May 28th, they pressed forward another five miles. | 0:15:08 | 0:15:13 | |
But on this day, further to the west, | 0:15:22 | 0:15:24 | |
a different kind of omen appeared. | 0:15:24 | 0:15:26 | |
the American First Division went into action | 0:15:27 | 0:15:29 | |
at the little town of Cantigny. | 0:15:29 | 0:15:31 | |
We watched through binoculars and they had a creeping barrage | 0:15:44 | 0:15:49 | |
towards the town of Cantigny on high ground. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:52 | |
I could see some of the waves of American soldiers as they went forward. | 0:15:52 | 0:15:58 | |
I saw many fall. I saw some get up and follow the barrage again. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:03 | |
The Americans took Cantigny - their first victory of the war. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:37 | |
But more than this was needed to stop the great German advance on the Aisne. | 0:16:39 | 0:16:43 | |
And something more was forthcoming. | 0:16:44 | 0:16:46 | |
As the Germans swept towards the River Marne, | 0:16:47 | 0:16:50 | |
reviving the fears of 1914, | 0:16:50 | 0:16:54 | |
a wonderful spectacle was seen by the French. | 0:16:54 | 0:16:57 | |
"Swarms of Americans began to appear on the roads. | 0:16:57 | 0:17:01 | |
"They passed in interminable columns. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:04 | |
"The spectacle of these magnificent youths from overseas, | 0:17:04 | 0:17:08 | |
"these beardless children of 20 radiating strength and health, | 0:17:08 | 0:17:13 | |
"produced a great effect. | 0:17:13 | 0:17:16 | |
"They contrasted strikingly with our regiments in their faded uniforms, wasted by years of war, | 0:17:16 | 0:17:24 | |
"whose members thin, | 0:17:24 | 0:17:27 | |
"their sunken eyes shining with a dull fire, | 0:17:27 | 0:17:31 | |
"were no more than bundles of nerves | 0:17:31 | 0:17:33 | |
"held together by a will to heroism and sacrifice. | 0:17:33 | 0:17:37 | |
"We all had the impression that we were about to see a wonderful operation of transfusion of blood." | 0:17:38 | 0:17:44 | |
It was June 1st when the Americans entered this fight | 0:17:48 | 0:17:51 | |
near Chateau-Thierry, | 0:17:51 | 0:17:53 | |
another landmark of 1914. | 0:17:53 | 0:17:57 | |
By June 3rd, the Germans were halted, 56 miles from Paris. | 0:18:08 | 0:18:13 | |
At every level, a dangerous mood displayed itself. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:18 | |
French peasants spat on the remnants of British units retreating from the Aisne. | 0:18:18 | 0:18:23 | |
The British retorted bitterly. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:25 | |
"Conviction was growing that we were fighting on the wrong side. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:32 | |
"Conviction I'd heard many times since 1917, | 0:18:32 | 0:18:35 | |
"but never before with such feeling." | 0:18:35 | 0:18:37 | |
Sharp words were exchanged when the Allied leaders met at Versailles. | 0:18:39 | 0:18:45 | |
Now it was the turn of the French generals to find themselves under the cloud of defeat. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:52 | |
Even the prestige of General Foch was shaken. | 0:18:52 | 0:18:56 | |
Foch rounded upon Lloyd George with new demands | 0:18:56 | 0:19:01 | |
that the British Army should be brought up to strength. | 0:19:01 | 0:19:04 | |
The argument raged for two hours. | 0:19:04 | 0:19:06 | |
The French insisted on sending an expert to investigate British manpower. Lloyd George had to agree. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:13 | |
Yet the British and French were united on one subject - | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
America must send more men and send them fast. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:22 | |
All eyes turned upon General John J Pershing, | 0:19:23 | 0:19:26 | |
the American Commander in Chief. | 0:19:26 | 0:19:27 | |
Pershing had his own views of the part America must play in the war | 0:19:29 | 0:19:33 | |
and had made them clear. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:36 | |
"I was against us becoming a recruiting agency for anyone else. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:40 | |
"While realising the difficulties, | 0:19:42 | 0:19:44 | |
"it was understood that we should organise our own units | 0:19:44 | 0:19:49 | |
"and build a distinctive army of our own as rapidly as possible." | 0:19:49 | 0:19:53 | |
In America, the camps and depots filled. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:58 | |
There was a great gathering of men. | 0:19:58 | 0:20:01 | |
But the difficulties of making a new United States army | 0:20:01 | 0:20:04 | |
had proved to be beyond anyone's imagining. | 0:20:04 | 0:20:07 | |
It was unthinkable that America should send her soldiers to fight under other flags. | 0:20:07 | 0:20:14 | |
As the crises of 1918 developed, | 0:20:15 | 0:20:18 | |
the Allies put every pressure on Pershing to change his plan. | 0:20:18 | 0:20:23 | |
But Pershing was made of stubborn stuff. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:26 | |
At a meeting in May, General Foch had said: | 0:20:26 | 0:20:29 | |
"Are you willing to risk our being driven back to the Loire?" | 0:20:29 | 0:20:33 | |
Pershing retorted: "Yes, I'm willing to take the risk." | 0:20:33 | 0:20:37 | |
Ludendorff's arguments on the field of battle | 0:20:38 | 0:20:41 | |
proved more powerful than the pleas of the Allied leaders. | 0:20:41 | 0:20:45 | |
With the Germans across the Marne, Pershing was forced to compromise. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:51 | |
He cabled to Washington: "Consider military situation very grave. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:55 | |
"The time has come for us to take up the brunt of the war. | 0:20:56 | 0:21:01 | |
"England and France won't be able to keep at present strength for long." | 0:21:01 | 0:21:07 | |
CHEERING AND BAND MUSIC | 0:21:07 | 0:21:10 | |
Pershing agreed that 250,000 Americans should be brought to France in June | 0:21:12 | 0:21:17 | |
and another 250,000 in July. | 0:21:17 | 0:21:19 | |
He agreed the priority should be given to infantry, | 0:21:20 | 0:21:23 | |
trained or untrained - | 0:21:23 | 0:21:27 | |
just men. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:28 | |
Britain would find the shipping. | 0:21:30 | 0:21:32 | |
56% of these men were carried in British ships. | 0:21:32 | 0:21:36 | |
A blood transfusion on a scale never dreamt of now began. | 0:21:36 | 0:21:41 | |
MUSIC: "Over There" by George M Cohan | 0:21:41 | 0:21:45 | |
# Over there, over there | 0:21:53 | 0:21:57 | |
# Send the word Send the word over there | 0:21:57 | 0:22:02 | |
# That the Yanks are coming | 0:22:02 | 0:22:04 | |
# The Yanks are coming | 0:22:04 | 0:22:06 | |
# The drums rum-tumming everywhere | 0:22:06 | 0:22:10 | |
# So prepare, say a prayer | 0:22:10 | 0:22:14 | |
# Send the word Send the word to beware | 0:22:14 | 0:22:19 | |
# We'll be over We're coming over | 0:22:19 | 0:22:23 | |
# And we won't come back till it's over, over there... # | 0:22:23 | 0:22:28 | |
Pershing gained one point. | 0:23:15 | 0:23:17 | |
The Americans were fighting under their own command. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:22 | |
But American soldiers entered their grimmest experience so far. | 0:23:22 | 0:23:28 | |
On June 6th, the American 2nd Division, half of it Marines, | 0:23:29 | 0:23:33 | |
attacked at Belleau Wood. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:35 | |
We got into the edge of the woods and we dug in and took position. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:41 | |
The difficulty with Belleau Wood was you never knew where the front was. | 0:23:41 | 0:23:46 | |
Little groups of men got together to fight each other. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:52 | |
While you were fighting in one direction, | 0:23:52 | 0:23:56 | |
you'd find there were Germans to the rear of you. | 0:23:56 | 0:23:59 | |
They had to be mopped up. | 0:23:59 | 0:24:02 | |
Clean up, mop up and move ahead. | 0:24:02 | 0:24:04 | |
In open order and in mass | 0:24:41 | 0:24:43 | |
the Americans lost heavily at Belleau Wood, | 0:24:43 | 0:24:47 | |
but they were not to be denied. | 0:24:47 | 0:24:49 | |
As their first wounded came back, | 0:24:51 | 0:24:54 | |
khaki figures among the blue of the French, | 0:24:54 | 0:24:57 | |
a French nurse said to one of them, "Surely you're an American?" | 0:24:57 | 0:25:01 | |
He replied, "No, Ma'am, I'm a Marine." | 0:25:01 | 0:25:04 | |
There were three American divisions in battle now, with great promise. | 0:25:05 | 0:25:11 | |
But German plans would decide where and how the next battle would be fought. | 0:25:11 | 0:25:17 | |
It was not an easy decision. | 0:25:17 | 0:25:19 | |
A German commander wrote: "Our casualties were increasing greatly. | 0:25:19 | 0:25:23 | |
"Ammunition was running short, and the problem of supply was difficult. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:28 | |
"It was clear that action so stubbornly contested | 0:25:28 | 0:25:31 | |
"would never let us capture Paris. | 0:25:31 | 0:25:34 | |
"The brilliant offensive had petered out." | 0:25:34 | 0:25:38 | |
What should the Germans do? | 0:25:38 | 0:25:41 | |
Ludendorff, organiser of their great offensives, | 0:25:41 | 0:25:45 | |
was in a cruel dilemma. | 0:25:45 | 0:25:47 | |
He intended to attack the British front, | 0:25:47 | 0:25:51 | |
but was tempted to make a crushing blow against the French army. | 0:25:51 | 0:25:56 | |
Ludendorff became entangled in his own web. | 0:25:57 | 0:26:01 | |
He temporised. | 0:26:01 | 0:26:02 | |
The temptation was too strong. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:04 | |
He decided to attack the French again. | 0:26:04 | 0:26:07 | |
The first day's advance, on June 9th, was six miles deep. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:15 | |
The Germans took 8,000 prisoners. | 0:26:15 | 0:26:18 | |
The next day, they advanced another two miles... | 0:26:18 | 0:26:21 | |
..and then stopped. | 0:26:26 | 0:26:28 | |
On June 11th, the French struck back. | 0:26:28 | 0:26:31 | |
Two American divisions formed a spearhead, | 0:26:53 | 0:26:57 | |
supported by nearly 150 tanks, | 0:26:57 | 0:26:59 | |
and by low-flying aircraft. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:01 | |
No flags, no bright swords, no lines of battle, charging with a yell. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:30 | |
Combat groups of weary men, in drab and dirty uniform, | 0:27:31 | 0:27:35 | |
dressed approximately on a line, | 0:27:35 | 0:27:38 | |
spaced so that one shrapnel burst cannot include more than one group. | 0:27:38 | 0:27:43 | |
Laden like mules with gas masks, bandoliers, grenades, | 0:27:43 | 0:27:48 | |
trudging forward without haste or excitement. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:51 | |
They moved on an untidy wood where shells were raining, | 0:27:51 | 0:27:55 | |
a wood that did not answer back or show an enemy. | 0:27:55 | 0:27:58 | |
The French attack did not go far, but worked. The Germans were halted, | 0:28:06 | 0:28:11 | |
and Ludendorff surveyed the results of another month that had gone by | 0:28:11 | 0:28:16 | |
without producing victory. | 0:28:16 | 0:28:18 | |
"There may be 20 American divisions in France, | 0:28:18 | 0:28:23 | |
"more than I had believed possible. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:25 | |
"Our March superiority in numbers of divisions had been cancelled, | 0:28:25 | 0:28:29 | |
"and numbers were now to our disadvantage. | 0:28:29 | 0:28:34 | |
"For this reason America became the deciding factor in the war." | 0:28:34 | 0:28:38 | |
Now, once again, there was a brief period of calm on the Western Front. | 0:28:43 | 0:28:46 | |
Fighting died down into local actions. | 0:28:47 | 0:28:50 | |
Commanders drew breath and took stock of their position. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:55 | |
Like a ripple across the calm, | 0:28:56 | 0:28:58 | |
or a breath of fresh wind, | 0:28:58 | 0:29:00 | |
an idea stirred among the Allied leaders. | 0:29:00 | 0:29:03 | |
General Foch recorded: | 0:29:05 | 0:29:06 | |
"I did not forget the offensive task for which the Allies must get ready, | 0:29:06 | 0:29:11 | |
"and which had to be undertaken soon, | 0:29:11 | 0:29:14 | |
"since only offensive action could bring the war to a victorious end." | 0:29:14 | 0:29:19 | |
On June 28th, Foch met Haig, who wrote in his diary: | 0:29:19 | 0:29:22 | |
"I told Foch of two small projects which I contemplated carrying out, | 0:29:22 | 0:29:28 | |
"if the military situation allowed. | 0:29:28 | 0:29:30 | |
"He was pleased at my offensive intentions at the present time." | 0:29:30 | 0:29:34 | |
The British Army profited by its period of rest. | 0:29:38 | 0:29:41 | |
Spirits had revived. | 0:29:41 | 0:29:43 | |
The ranks were filling. | 0:29:43 | 0:29:45 | |
"Our troops are really wonderful", Haig commented. | 0:29:45 | 0:29:48 | |
One part of his army had never accepted defeat, | 0:29:50 | 0:29:54 | |
or submitted to enemy initiative. | 0:29:54 | 0:29:57 | |
On April 25th, the third anniversary of Anzac Day, | 0:29:57 | 0:30:01 | |
the Australians had counterattacked at Villers-Bretonneux, | 0:30:01 | 0:30:06 | |
marking the high-water line of the German advance towards Amiens. | 0:30:06 | 0:30:09 | |
All through May, and June, | 0:30:24 | 0:30:27 | |
the Australian front was fluid and active. | 0:30:27 | 0:30:29 | |
It was the Australians that Haig designated for an offensive project | 0:30:32 | 0:30:37 | |
at Le Hamel, an example of what they called "peaceful penetration". | 0:30:37 | 0:30:42 | |
With the Australians, there were men of the American 33rd division. | 0:30:51 | 0:30:55 | |
Haig had a high opinion of the Americans, | 0:30:55 | 0:30:58 | |
who had paraded for him earlier. | 0:30:58 | 0:31:01 | |
"I was impressed. | 0:31:01 | 0:31:02 | |
"They were a fine body of men. Keen, active and athletic-looking." | 0:31:02 | 0:31:06 | |
The date selected for the Le Hamel project was appropriate. | 0:31:08 | 0:31:12 | |
July 4th, Independence Day. | 0:31:12 | 0:31:14 | |
But there was an unexpected snag. | 0:31:16 | 0:31:19 | |
General Pershing was appalled to find that his soldiers, | 0:31:19 | 0:31:22 | |
whom he considered to be untrained, | 0:31:22 | 0:31:24 | |
had been given tasks in the Australian battle plan. | 0:31:24 | 0:31:27 | |
Pershing said the Americans must be withdrawn. | 0:31:29 | 0:31:32 | |
Haig had to agree, and told his commander Rawlinson, | 0:31:32 | 0:31:36 | |
who passed the news to Australian commander, General Monash. | 0:31:36 | 0:31:40 | |
Monash demanded to see Rawlinson. | 0:31:41 | 0:31:44 | |
"It was a tense meeting. I knew that the withdrawal of those Americans | 0:31:44 | 0:31:50 | |
"would result in confusion, | 0:31:50 | 0:31:52 | |
"and in dangerous gaps in our line of battle. | 0:31:52 | 0:31:55 | |
"So I resolved to take a firm stand, | 0:31:55 | 0:31:58 | |
"and pressed my views as strongly as I dared." | 0:31:58 | 0:32:00 | |
In effect, Monash told Rawlinson: "No Americans, no battle." | 0:32:02 | 0:32:06 | |
Rawlinson spoke again to Haig, | 0:32:07 | 0:32:09 | |
who authorised the use of American troops. | 0:32:09 | 0:32:12 | |
Monash remarked: "It appeared that great issues hung for an hour or so | 0:32:13 | 0:32:17 | |
"upon the chances of my being able to carry my point." | 0:32:17 | 0:32:21 | |
Great issues had hung indeed. | 0:32:21 | 0:32:24 | |
The following battle was a model for the whole war. | 0:32:25 | 0:32:29 | |
It was all over in an hour and a half. | 0:32:29 | 0:32:31 | |
By the end, at a cost of 750 Australians and 130 Americans, | 0:33:07 | 0:33:13 | |
1,500 Germans were captured, | 0:33:13 | 0:33:15 | |
and all the ground attacked had been won. | 0:33:15 | 0:33:18 | |
Monash commented: | 0:33:20 | 0:33:21 | |
"Le Hamel was the first offensive operation on any substantial scale | 0:33:21 | 0:33:26 | |
"fought by any Allies since the previous autumn. | 0:33:26 | 0:33:30 | |
"Its effect was electric, and it stimulated many to the realisation | 0:33:30 | 0:33:35 | |
"that the enemy was, after all, not invulnerable." | 0:33:35 | 0:33:38 | |
Now the war turned into a race. | 0:33:40 | 0:33:43 | |
Both Foch and Ludendorff pushed forward preparations for attack. | 0:33:43 | 0:33:47 | |
For the Germans, it was a matter, in Ludendorff's words, | 0:33:54 | 0:33:57 | |
"of striking one more blow to make the enemy ready for peace." | 0:33:57 | 0:34:03 | |
There was no other way. | 0:34:03 | 0:34:05 | |
"Headquarters decided to attack the enemy at his weak point. | 0:34:06 | 0:34:11 | |
"An attack on both sides of Reims was planned for the middle of July." | 0:34:11 | 0:34:16 | |
Foch perceived that this was the decisive moment of the year, and of the war. | 0:34:16 | 0:34:22 | |
"By mid-July, the time was fast approaching when the opposing forces would be practically equal. | 0:34:22 | 0:34:29 | |
"If the enemy did not attack, we would have to take the offensive. | 0:34:29 | 0:34:33 | |
"If he did attack, we'd accompany our parry with a counter stroke." | 0:34:33 | 0:34:38 | |
Once again, it was the Germans who completed their preparations first. | 0:34:39 | 0:34:42 | |
The German blow fell on July 15th, | 0:34:44 | 0:34:47 | |
a massive attack by 52 divisions, east and west of Reims. | 0:34:47 | 0:34:52 | |
Against them, Foch deployed a truly allied army, | 0:35:08 | 0:35:11 | |
French, British, Italians and Americans. | 0:35:11 | 0:35:14 | |
The western attack fell upon the Italians and had success. | 0:35:18 | 0:35:22 | |
British divisions were rushed up to hold the line. | 0:35:30 | 0:35:32 | |
The Americans were called to defend. | 0:35:33 | 0:35:37 | |
The eastern attack failed totally. | 0:35:55 | 0:35:58 | |
The French had deliberately withdrawn from their forward zone, | 0:35:58 | 0:36:02 | |
saving their strength for the counteroffensive. | 0:36:02 | 0:36:05 | |
A German officer wrote: | 0:36:06 | 0:36:08 | |
"I have lived through the most disheartening day of the whole war. | 0:36:08 | 0:36:11 | |
"This wilderness is not very big, | 0:36:12 | 0:36:15 | |
"but seems endless when one is held up in it, | 0:36:15 | 0:36:19 | |
"and we ARE held up. | 0:36:19 | 0:36:21 | |
"Our guns bombarded empty trenches. | 0:36:21 | 0:36:24 | |
"Our gas shells gassed empty artillery positions. | 0:36:24 | 0:36:28 | |
"Only in little hidden folds of the ground, sparsely distributed, | 0:36:28 | 0:36:32 | |
"lay machine-gun posts, like lice in the seams and folds of a garment, | 0:36:32 | 0:36:38 | |
"to give the attacking force a warm reception. | 0:36:38 | 0:36:40 | |
"After uninterrupted fighting | 0:36:41 | 0:36:43 | |
"from five in the morning until night, | 0:36:43 | 0:36:46 | |
"we only advanced about three kilometres." | 0:36:46 | 0:36:49 | |
The next day, the Germans only made slight progress. | 0:37:07 | 0:37:11 | |
The day after, none at all. | 0:37:11 | 0:37:13 | |
The same man wrote: | 0:37:14 | 0:37:15 | |
"I know that we are finished. | 0:37:15 | 0:37:17 | |
"My thoughts oppress me. | 0:37:18 | 0:37:19 | |
"Everything seems to be at a standstill. | 0:37:20 | 0:37:22 | |
"I do not believe we shall ever get our hands free again. | 0:37:24 | 0:37:28 | |
"The American army is there, a million strong. | 0:37:28 | 0:37:31 | |
"That is too much." | 0:37:33 | 0:37:35 | |
The Second Battle of the Marne, like the first, | 0:37:50 | 0:37:53 | |
marked a moment of equilibrium. | 0:37:53 | 0:37:55 | |
Now Foch, like Joffre before him, knew that his hour had come. | 0:37:55 | 0:38:00 | |
He greeted it with satisfaction. | 0:38:00 | 0:38:03 | |
"On July 17th, the Germans had been reduced to impotence. | 0:38:03 | 0:38:09 | |
"On the 18th, the guns of the Allies would make their thunder heard | 0:38:09 | 0:38:15 | |
"at the time and place which had been fixed upon." | 0:38:15 | 0:38:19 | |
Once again, as in 1914, | 0:38:19 | 0:38:22 | |
all the war, all its potential, | 0:38:22 | 0:38:25 | |
all its hopes, fears and deceitful promises, | 0:38:25 | 0:38:28 | |
were centred on the river Marne. | 0:38:28 | 0:38:30 | |
The wheel had come full circle. | 0:38:31 | 0:38:33 | |
Out there... | 0:39:29 | 0:39:31 | |
is the killer. | 0:39:31 | 0:39:33 | |
The liar. | 0:39:33 | 0:39:34 | |
And you know you must find them, | 0:39:34 | 0:39:37 | |
through the dark places of the world, | 0:39:37 | 0:39:40 |