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In 2006, Vladimir Putin launched a campaign against those | 0:00:02 | 0:00:07 | |
he considered to be Russia's enemies. | 0:00:07 | 0:00:09 | |
The Russian government released video of a fake rock which | 0:00:35 | 0:00:38 | |
they said was being used by British spies in Russia. | 0:00:38 | 0:00:42 | |
I'm afraid you're going to get | 0:00:42 | 0:00:43 | |
the old stock-in-trade of never | 0:00:43 | 0:00:45 | |
commenting on security matters. | 0:00:45 | 0:00:47 | |
Except when we want to, obviously. | 0:00:49 | 0:00:51 | |
It appeared that the British had been framed. | 0:00:53 | 0:00:56 | |
But the Prime Minister's Chief of Staff now reveals | 0:00:56 | 0:01:00 | |
that the footage was genuine. | 0:01:00 | 0:01:02 | |
There's not much you can say. | 0:01:02 | 0:01:03 | |
The spy rock was embarrassing. They had us bang to rights. | 0:01:03 | 0:01:06 | |
Clearly they had known about it for some time | 0:01:06 | 0:01:09 | |
and had been saving it for a political purpose. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:12 | |
That purpose was to justify a new law cracking down | 0:01:12 | 0:01:15 | |
on human rights and pro-democracy groups, | 0:01:15 | 0:01:18 | |
which Putin said were funded by western secret services. | 0:01:18 | 0:01:21 | |
Putin had come to power promising to defeat the rebellion in Chechnya. | 0:01:57 | 0:02:01 | |
He threw everything at it. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:04 | |
In three years his forces had retaken the territory, | 0:02:09 | 0:02:12 | |
but they could not bring peace. | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
Some Chechen fighters had found a safe haven | 0:02:17 | 0:02:21 | |
in a small corner of Georgia, the Pankisi Gorge. | 0:02:21 | 0:02:25 | |
From there they regularly slipped across the border to attack | 0:02:25 | 0:02:28 | |
Russian troops. | 0:02:28 | 0:02:30 | |
This conflict over the Pankisi Gorge | 0:02:30 | 0:02:33 | |
would bring America onto Russia's doorstep. | 0:02:33 | 0:02:38 | |
It began with a warning by Putin. | 0:02:38 | 0:02:41 | |
Sergei said, | 0:03:11 | 0:03:12 | |
they're not doing anything in Pankisi | 0:03:12 | 0:03:15 | |
and pretty soon the Russian army | 0:03:15 | 0:03:17 | |
will just take care of it, | 0:03:17 | 0:03:19 | |
we'll bomb them, we'll go in there. | 0:03:19 | 0:03:21 | |
They were not only Chechens in the Pankisi Gorge. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
There were Pakistanis, Arabs, you name it. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:28 | |
It was like an arc of Noah. | 0:03:28 | 0:03:31 | |
And I said "stop." | 0:03:31 | 0:03:33 | |
I said, "Russian Generals want no piece of the Pankisi Gorge | 0:03:33 | 0:03:36 | |
"and they're not going in there and you know that and I know that | 0:03:36 | 0:03:40 | |
"so stop threatening to do something you're not going to do." | 0:03:40 | 0:03:43 | |
Well, she didn't like, of course, | 0:03:43 | 0:03:44 | |
what we hinted what we would do in the future. | 0:03:44 | 0:03:47 | |
I said, "No way, we have to do it. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:51 | |
"Otherwise we are not joint partners in fighting terrorism." | 0:03:51 | 0:03:55 | |
And so we said, "Look, we'll train the Georgian forces | 0:03:55 | 0:03:58 | |
"to deal with the problem in the Pankisi." | 0:03:58 | 0:04:01 | |
US Special Forces arrived in Georgia. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
They helped expel the Chechens. | 0:04:09 | 0:04:12 | |
But then they stayed on and American interests there grew. | 0:04:12 | 0:04:17 | |
Georgia's president, | 0:04:17 | 0:04:19 | |
former Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze, | 0:04:19 | 0:04:22 | |
had been highly regarded. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:24 | |
But as opposition to him grew, the West financed pro-democracy groups. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:29 | |
The country was not being well run. | 0:04:31 | 0:04:33 | |
There was corruption, | 0:04:33 | 0:04:35 | |
there were things going on | 0:04:35 | 0:04:36 | |
that Shevardnadze could have done | 0:04:36 | 0:04:39 | |
something about and he didn't. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:41 | |
So, despite my personal affection for him, | 0:04:41 | 0:04:44 | |
and my professional admiration of him | 0:04:44 | 0:04:47 | |
when he was the Russian Foreign Minister, his time had passed. | 0:04:47 | 0:04:53 | |
In November 2003, Georgia's capital, Tbilisi, was shut down by protests. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:01 | |
Pro-democracy groups claimed that President Shevardnadze's party | 0:05:01 | 0:05:06 | |
had fixed parliamentary elections. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:08 | |
Mikheil Saakashvili, the former mayor, led the opposition. | 0:05:08 | 0:05:12 | |
Shevardnadze ignored the protests and summoned the new parliament. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:45 | |
But many members boycotted it. | 0:05:45 | 0:05:50 | |
Before he finished delivering his opening speech, | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
the opposition had to make a decision. | 0:05:54 | 0:05:56 | |
We had nothing to lose. | 0:05:56 | 0:05:58 | |
And actually, we came into one room | 0:05:58 | 0:06:02 | |
and actually I was the most radical one. | 0:06:02 | 0:06:05 | |
I had a hard time to convince them and ultimately told them, | 0:06:17 | 0:06:20 | |
"If you are not coming I'm leaving myself, on my own." | 0:06:20 | 0:06:23 | |
And then I heard the heels of Burjanadze following me, | 0:06:35 | 0:06:39 | |
the noise, and then I understood that yeah, they're coming as well. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:43 | |
Somehow there was very little resistance put up to us. | 0:06:53 | 0:06:56 | |
The crowds were huge, the troops demoralized, I mean, | 0:06:56 | 0:06:59 | |
with no motivation to resist, they just let us through. | 0:06:59 | 0:07:03 | |
CHEERING | 0:07:03 | 0:07:05 | |
And when we went in, | 0:07:15 | 0:07:16 | |
we saw Shevardnadze was stubbornly continuing to speak | 0:07:16 | 0:07:19 | |
and at a certain moment I started to scream, you know, | 0:07:19 | 0:07:22 | |
"Resign! Leave!" | 0:07:22 | 0:07:24 | |
And that was the moment when he was whisked away by his guards. | 0:07:28 | 0:07:35 | |
CHEERING | 0:07:35 | 0:07:38 | |
WHISTLING AND CHEERING | 0:07:47 | 0:07:49 | |
But her claim to be acting President faced a problem. | 0:08:06 | 0:08:10 | |
President Shevardnadze had not resigned. | 0:08:10 | 0:08:13 | |
That night in Moscow, | 0:08:33 | 0:08:35 | |
President Putin was treating his Security Council to dinner. | 0:08:35 | 0:08:38 | |
The Russian foreign minister flew immediately to Georgia. | 0:09:00 | 0:09:04 | |
The demonstration outside parliament was still in full flow, | 0:09:13 | 0:09:16 | |
so he went to see what was happening. | 0:09:16 | 0:09:18 | |
He spoke to the crowd and one of the opposition leaders helped him. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:25 | |
The gesture he made | 0:10:04 | 0:10:06 | |
when he addressed the protesters | 0:10:06 | 0:10:09 | |
in front of parliament | 0:10:09 | 0:10:11 | |
was pretty extraordinary. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:13 | |
And this underlined that the intentions of the Russian side | 0:10:13 | 0:10:18 | |
is not to intervene in the domestic affairs of Georgia. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:22 | |
Next, Ivanov went to meet the opposition leaders. | 0:10:23 | 0:10:26 | |
Basically his message was, "Don't do anything, guys. | 0:10:47 | 0:10:50 | |
"We need to negotiate. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:51 | |
"We need several days now. Everybody should take their time. | 0:10:51 | 0:10:55 | |
"You know, let me talk to both sides." | 0:10:55 | 0:10:59 | |
Finally Ivanov went to see the man who had summoned him. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:02 | |
Sheverdnadze had been his boss years earlier | 0:11:02 | 0:11:06 | |
when they were both Soviet diplomats. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:09 | |
Shevardnadze was persuaded to talk to the opposition. | 0:11:35 | 0:11:38 | |
Later that day, Ivanov went with Saakashvili to meet him. | 0:11:38 | 0:11:43 | |
The Russian foreign minister presented a compromise. | 0:11:43 | 0:11:47 | |
The opposition would get their demand, | 0:11:47 | 0:11:49 | |
a rerun of the parliamentary elections, | 0:11:49 | 0:11:52 | |
but Shevardnadze would remain president. | 0:11:52 | 0:11:54 | |
But as soon as Ivanov left, | 0:12:11 | 0:12:14 | |
Shevardnadze turned his back on the compromise. | 0:12:14 | 0:12:18 | |
He basically told us, "look," he told to Zurab Zhvania, | 0:12:18 | 0:12:22 | |
"Look, I have nurtured you, I have helped you to get into politics." | 0:12:22 | 0:12:27 | |
Then he turned to me and said, you know, | 0:12:27 | 0:12:29 | |
he never expected anything good from me. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:31 | |
He thought we always had bad relations, | 0:12:31 | 0:12:33 | |
or tense relation. And he basically told us, "Thank you, goodbye." | 0:12:33 | 0:12:38 | |
SHOUTING | 0:12:41 | 0:12:44 | |
A special presidential election was held to replace Shevardnadze. | 0:13:29 | 0:13:33 | |
At his inauguration, | 0:13:46 | 0:13:48 | |
the new president made it clear where he wanted to lead his country. | 0:13:48 | 0:13:53 | |
The Russian Foreign Minister, Igor Ivanov, was watching. | 0:13:55 | 0:13:59 | |
So was the US Secretary of State, Colin Powell. | 0:13:59 | 0:14:02 | |
When the national anthem was over and I was about to sit down, | 0:14:02 | 0:14:05 | |
another national anthem started and I looked to left | 0:14:05 | 0:14:09 | |
and the EU flag was being raised and Ode To Joy was being played, | 0:14:09 | 0:14:13 | |
and I said, | 0:14:13 | 0:14:14 | |
"Oh boy, I bet Igor isn't enjoying this part of the performance." | 0:14:14 | 0:14:18 | |
MUSIC: "Ode To Joy" by Beethoven | 0:14:18 | 0:14:24 | |
We had been training some of the Georgian units in American tactics | 0:14:34 | 0:14:39 | |
and I was just fascinated to watch some Georgian troops march by | 0:14:39 | 0:14:44 | |
marching like Soviet troops the way they had been trained | 0:14:44 | 0:14:48 | |
and then the next contingent go by marching like American soldiers. | 0:14:48 | 0:14:52 | |
Then, to top it all off, | 0:14:59 | 0:15:00 | |
President Saakashvili invited me to go back into the City Hall with him | 0:15:00 | 0:15:05 | |
and around the walls were flags posted. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:07 | |
Two flags, a Georgian flag and an American flag side by side. | 0:15:07 | 0:15:12 | |
There must have been 20 of them and I said, "Oh, my heavens." | 0:15:12 | 0:15:15 | |
Saakashvili said he would make Georgia a member of NATO, | 0:15:18 | 0:15:21 | |
the alliance that had been created to defend the West | 0:15:21 | 0:15:24 | |
against Soviet Russia. | 0:15:24 | 0:15:26 | |
The states freed from Soviet rule had been clamouring to join NATO. | 0:15:31 | 0:15:36 | |
Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic had done so. | 0:15:36 | 0:15:40 | |
In November 2002, seven new members were welcomed in. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:44 | |
Latvia lost its independence | 0:15:49 | 0:15:52 | |
for a very long time, | 0:15:52 | 0:15:54 | |
and it knows the meaning | 0:15:54 | 0:15:56 | |
both of liberty and the loss of it. | 0:15:56 | 0:15:59 | |
Latvia knows the meaning of security and the loss of it. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:02 | |
And this is why being invited in an alliance | 0:16:02 | 0:16:06 | |
that will ensure our security is a momentous moment | 0:16:06 | 0:16:12 | |
that will be writ large in the history of our nation. | 0:16:12 | 0:16:16 | |
The day after the celebration, | 0:16:34 | 0:16:36 | |
the alliance was to meet with other potential partners. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:39 | |
The most important was Ukraine, | 0:16:39 | 0:16:41 | |
where the next struggle between Russia and the West would erupt. | 0:16:41 | 0:16:45 | |
Some members, including America, | 0:16:48 | 0:16:51 | |
would have liked Ukraine to join NATO, | 0:16:51 | 0:16:54 | |
but its President, Leonid Kuchma, had been accused of murder | 0:16:54 | 0:16:58 | |
and corruption at home and sanctions-busting abroad. | 0:16:58 | 0:17:01 | |
A number of countries did not want | 0:17:03 | 0:17:05 | |
President Kuchma of Ukraine | 0:17:05 | 0:17:07 | |
to come to the summit. | 0:17:07 | 0:17:09 | |
He'd been involved in a pretty dodgy deal, | 0:17:20 | 0:17:22 | |
apparently selling anti-aircraft equipment to Saddam's Iraq. | 0:17:22 | 0:17:27 | |
He said it was a disgrace, he was entitled to come, | 0:17:35 | 0:17:37 | |
they were members of the Partnership For Peace. | 0:17:37 | 0:17:40 | |
He believed in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council | 0:17:40 | 0:17:43 | |
and why should he, you know, be prevented from coming? | 0:17:43 | 0:17:46 | |
It was quite clear I'd failed in my endeavour to stop him from coming. | 0:17:57 | 0:18:01 | |
And he came. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:03 | |
President Kuchma enjoyed hobnobbing with NATO | 0:18:09 | 0:18:11 | |
but Ukraine had no chance of getting in while he was in charge. | 0:18:11 | 0:18:16 | |
In 2004, though, the end of Kuchma's term in office was approaching. | 0:18:17 | 0:18:23 | |
The front runner in the race to succeed him was Viktor Yushchenko. | 0:18:30 | 0:18:34 | |
He was supported by the West and was a harsh critic of Kuchma. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:39 | |
Ukraine is almost ten times bigger than Georgia. | 0:19:01 | 0:19:05 | |
The main pipelines carrying Russia's gas exports to the West | 0:19:05 | 0:19:08 | |
cross Ukraine. | 0:19:08 | 0:19:10 | |
Russia's Black Sea Fleet is based in Ukraine. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:13 | |
Almost 8 million Russians live there. | 0:19:13 | 0:19:16 | |
Putin went to visit Kuchma to discuss how to get | 0:19:19 | 0:19:22 | |
an election result that would protect Russia's interests. | 0:19:22 | 0:19:25 | |
Putin sent his own campaign managers from Moscow | 0:19:56 | 0:19:59 | |
to help the Ukrainian president make sure that the right candidate won. | 0:19:59 | 0:20:04 | |
The man the Russians and President Kuchma set out to make the next president | 0:20:53 | 0:20:57 | |
came from Ukraine's Russian-speaking industrial heartland. | 0:20:57 | 0:21:02 | |
The Kremlin team supplied the Ukrainians with modern campaign advice. | 0:21:37 | 0:21:42 | |
And in the months leading up to the elections, | 0:21:48 | 0:21:52 | |
Putin made seven trips to Ukraine. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:55 | |
Putin was generally accompanied by a man | 0:22:14 | 0:22:17 | |
who would later go on to a glittering career. | 0:22:17 | 0:22:19 | |
The opposition was confronted with endless dirty tricks. | 0:22:55 | 0:22:59 | |
Despite all the obstacles put in his way, | 0:23:40 | 0:23:43 | |
Viktor Yushchenko led in the polls. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:46 | |
So the Kremlin, while continuing to oppose Yushchenko, | 0:23:48 | 0:23:51 | |
opened a secret back channel to him. | 0:23:51 | 0:23:53 | |
The opposition campaign manager made weekly visits to Moscow, | 0:24:25 | 0:24:28 | |
where Kremlin officials quizzed him. | 0:24:28 | 0:24:31 | |
At the end of that summer, | 0:25:06 | 0:25:07 | |
Yushchenko was still ahead in the polls. | 0:25:07 | 0:25:10 | |
He seemed unstoppable. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:11 | |
In the early hours of the 6th of September | 0:25:13 | 0:25:15 | |
he was driving home from a dinner. | 0:25:15 | 0:25:18 | |
It soon became clear that Yushchenko was gravely ill. | 0:26:25 | 0:26:29 | |
He was flown to a private clinic in Vienna | 0:26:29 | 0:26:32 | |
where he was found to have been poisoned by a huge dose of dioxin. | 0:26:32 | 0:26:36 | |
Whoever poisoned Yushchenko had succeeded in removing him | 0:27:38 | 0:27:41 | |
from the campaign. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:43 | |
But after only two weeks, | 0:27:45 | 0:27:47 | |
Yushchenko discharged himself from the hospital. | 0:27:47 | 0:27:51 | |
Make-up covered the scars, | 0:28:05 | 0:28:07 | |
and drugs from a portable drip dulled the pain. | 0:28:07 | 0:28:11 | |
International observers arrived in Ukraine for polling day. | 0:29:08 | 0:29:12 | |
They reported fraud, including bus-loads of supporters | 0:29:12 | 0:29:16 | |
of Kuchma's candidate voting again and again. | 0:29:16 | 0:29:20 | |
Putin decided Yanukovich had won even before the votes | 0:29:40 | 0:29:44 | |
were counted, and sent a message of congratulations. | 0:29:44 | 0:29:46 | |
The exit polls, overseen by the election monitors, | 0:30:06 | 0:30:10 | |
were showing that Yushchenko had won by 11%. | 0:30:10 | 0:30:13 | |
But the official announcement said Yanukovich had won by 3%. | 0:30:13 | 0:30:17 | |
CHANTING | 0:30:17 | 0:30:21 | |
Yushchenko called on his supporters | 0:30:29 | 0:30:31 | |
to come to Kiev's Independence Square to protest. | 0:30:31 | 0:30:34 | |
CHANTING | 0:30:34 | 0:30:38 | |
Thousands of protestors with their orange scarves | 0:30:59 | 0:31:02 | |
and banners demanded Yushchenko's victory be recognized. | 0:31:02 | 0:31:05 | |
They occupied Kiev's Independence Square. | 0:31:05 | 0:31:09 | |
Pro-democracy groups and foundations backed by Western money | 0:31:13 | 0:31:17 | |
had been preparing for a mass protest. | 0:31:17 | 0:31:20 | |
They swung into action. | 0:31:20 | 0:31:22 | |
There was a debate within the Administration | 0:31:25 | 0:31:27 | |
of how forward-leaning to be. | 0:31:27 | 0:31:29 | |
and there were some who were very cautious. | 0:31:29 | 0:31:31 | |
This is not our business, | 0:31:31 | 0:31:33 | |
let's let the process play out. | 0:31:33 | 0:31:35 | |
I came into the office | 0:31:35 | 0:31:36 | |
while this was all unfolding | 0:31:36 | 0:31:38 | |
and called in my team | 0:31:38 | 0:31:39 | |
and I said "Look, this is too big. | 0:31:39 | 0:31:42 | |
"We cannot simply stand by and say nothing." | 0:31:42 | 0:31:44 | |
We cannot accept | 0:31:44 | 0:31:46 | |
this result as legitimate | 0:31:46 | 0:31:47 | |
because it does not meet | 0:31:47 | 0:31:49 | |
international standards | 0:31:49 | 0:31:51 | |
and because there has not been an investigation | 0:31:51 | 0:31:53 | |
of the numerous and credible reports of fraud and abuse. | 0:31:53 | 0:31:57 | |
Putin pressed Kuchma to restore order. | 0:32:10 | 0:32:15 | |
Kuchma had turned to the EU member closest to Ukraine. | 0:33:00 | 0:33:04 | |
The protestors had been camped out for five days | 0:33:35 | 0:33:38 | |
by the time the Polish president arrived in Ukraine. | 0:33:38 | 0:33:41 | |
He had assembled a team of EU mediators. | 0:33:41 | 0:33:44 | |
Their plan was to get the two presidential candidates | 0:33:44 | 0:33:49 | |
to round table talks. | 0:33:49 | 0:33:50 | |
First, they saw President Kuchma, | 0:33:50 | 0:33:52 | |
who interrupted the meeting to take a call from Putin. | 0:33:52 | 0:33:56 | |
Then Kuchma let slip that thousands of miners were arriving in Kiev. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:45 | |
They were supporters of his candidate | 0:34:46 | 0:34:49 | |
and were preparing to attack the Orange demonstrators. | 0:34:49 | 0:34:52 | |
Kuchma saw he had to stop the miners. He knew who to call. | 0:35:27 | 0:35:31 | |
Later that day, with the pro-Yushchenko demonstration | 0:36:00 | 0:36:03 | |
still occupying the city centre, the presidential candidates | 0:36:03 | 0:36:07 | |
and the EU mission gathered. | 0:36:07 | 0:36:11 | |
President Kuchma chaired the meeting. | 0:36:30 | 0:36:33 | |
Instead of Yeltsin, | 0:36:49 | 0:36:50 | |
Putin had sent the Speaker of the Russian Parliament, Boris Gryzlov. | 0:36:50 | 0:36:56 | |
Then, Yanukovich made a crucial mistake. | 0:37:34 | 0:37:36 | |
Once each side had accused the other of fraud, | 0:37:54 | 0:37:56 | |
they had to agree that the accusations be reviewed | 0:37:56 | 0:37:59 | |
by Ukraine's Supreme Court. | 0:37:59 | 0:38:01 | |
The EU mediators insisted that the hearing be televised | 0:38:05 | 0:38:08 | |
so that the country could judge the court's fairness. | 0:38:08 | 0:38:12 | |
Kuchma was running out options. | 0:38:13 | 0:38:15 | |
The demonstrators continued to blockade | 0:38:24 | 0:38:27 | |
the key government buildings. | 0:38:27 | 0:38:29 | |
The night before the Supreme Court hearing was to start, | 0:38:29 | 0:38:33 | |
heavily-armed interior ministry troops prepared for an assault. | 0:38:33 | 0:38:38 | |
Troops ultimately under Kuchma's command. | 0:38:38 | 0:38:40 | |
The American Ambassador phoned to tell the Secretary of State | 0:38:41 | 0:38:46 | |
what was happening in Kiev. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:47 | |
He said interior ministry troops, the special troops, | 0:38:49 | 0:38:52 | |
were on the outskirts of the city, massed. | 0:38:52 | 0:38:55 | |
This is bad and we have to get to Kuchma telling him | 0:38:55 | 0:38:58 | |
"Do not do this." | 0:38:58 | 0:38:59 | |
And I called, I tried to call the President, | 0:38:59 | 0:39:01 | |
but he suddenly wasn't available. | 0:39:01 | 0:39:03 | |
The fact of the matter is, he may not have been available | 0:39:30 | 0:39:34 | |
but he knew why he was being called. | 0:39:34 | 0:39:36 | |
The call achieved its purpose. | 0:39:39 | 0:39:41 | |
The interior ministry troops were quietly turned around. | 0:39:41 | 0:39:45 | |
When I reached him the next morning, | 0:39:46 | 0:39:49 | |
I said "Mr President, we have heard word, | 0:39:49 | 0:39:51 | |
"we have seen things that are very troubling." | 0:39:51 | 0:39:54 | |
Three weeks later, Yushchenko won the rerun decisively. | 0:40:53 | 0:40:59 | |
Time was up for the Russian advisers. | 0:41:00 | 0:41:02 | |
Russia had failed. | 0:41:45 | 0:41:47 | |
The Kremlin had spent millions, and invested the personal prestige | 0:41:47 | 0:41:51 | |
of Putin himself in an attempt to prevent Yushchenko's victory. | 0:41:51 | 0:41:55 | |
The day after his inauguration, | 0:42:01 | 0:42:03 | |
the new president called on the man | 0:42:03 | 0:42:06 | |
who had tried so hard to keep him out. | 0:42:06 | 0:42:08 | |
The two men tried to appear on good terms. | 0:42:37 | 0:42:42 | |
In contrast, Washington received Yushchenko like a hero. | 0:42:42 | 0:42:48 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:42:48 | 0:42:51 | |
CHANTING: Yushchenko! Yushchenko! Yushchenko! | 0:42:54 | 0:42:57 | |
The more Washington supported democracy movements | 0:43:30 | 0:43:34 | |
on Russia's borders, the more dictatorial Putin became. | 0:43:34 | 0:43:38 | |
He changed the election rules, | 0:43:40 | 0:43:42 | |
making his party virtually unchallengeable. | 0:43:42 | 0:43:46 | |
Regional governors, who used to be elected, | 0:43:46 | 0:43:49 | |
were now appointed by the president. | 0:43:49 | 0:43:51 | |
His new system came to be known as the Power Vertical, | 0:43:51 | 0:43:55 | |
with Putin on top. | 0:43:55 | 0:43:56 | |
Four years earlier, George Bush said he had got a sense of Putin's soul. | 0:44:03 | 0:44:08 | |
Now he wasn't so sure. | 0:44:08 | 0:44:09 | |
That meeting was probably the testiest meeting the two leaders had | 0:44:11 | 0:44:16 | |
and the President anticipated | 0:44:16 | 0:44:19 | |
that it would be so. | 0:44:19 | 0:44:21 | |
He anticipated he was going to get | 0:44:21 | 0:44:23 | |
pushed back from President Putin on the democracy issue. | 0:44:23 | 0:44:29 | |
In private, Bush accepted none of this. | 0:44:56 | 0:45:00 | |
The President's case to President Putin | 0:45:00 | 0:45:02 | |
was that President Putin had a historic opportunity | 0:45:02 | 0:45:05 | |
to move Russia permanently to the West, | 0:45:05 | 0:45:08 | |
by building the institutions of a democratic state, | 0:45:08 | 0:45:12 | |
with checks and balances. | 0:45:12 | 0:45:14 | |
Build independent political parties. Build an independent media. | 0:45:14 | 0:45:18 | |
Build an independent judiciary and the rule of law. | 0:45:18 | 0:45:21 | |
BUSH: 'Democracies have things in common. | 0:45:21 | 0:45:24 | |
'They have the rule of law...' | 0:45:24 | 0:45:26 | |
I believe it was Sergei Prihodko | 0:45:38 | 0:45:40 | |
who started talking about the special character of Russian democracy | 0:45:40 | 0:45:44 | |
and what I'm mostly reminding him of is there are certain things | 0:45:44 | 0:45:48 | |
that come with democracy, | 0:45:48 | 0:45:50 | |
I don't care who you are and where you are, you get to choose | 0:45:50 | 0:45:53 | |
those who are going to govern you, they don't impose themselves on you. | 0:45:53 | 0:45:57 | |
You get to be free from the arbitrary power of the secret police, | 0:45:57 | 0:46:02 | |
and the knock... | 0:46:02 | 0:46:03 | |
and of the state, and you get to say what you wish you say. | 0:46:03 | 0:46:07 | |
President Bush continued to preach his freedom agenda. | 0:46:22 | 0:46:26 | |
He flew to Georgia to give the democratic revolution his blessing. | 0:46:26 | 0:46:30 | |
Georgia is today both sovereign and free | 0:46:35 | 0:46:38 | |
and a beacon of liberty for this region and the world. | 0:46:38 | 0:46:42 | |
You are making many important contributions to freedom's cause, | 0:46:45 | 0:46:50 | |
but your most important contribution is your example. | 0:46:50 | 0:46:53 | |
Such triumphs for democracy on Russia's borders scared the Kremlin. | 0:46:57 | 0:47:01 | |
The Kremlin team that had been sent to Ukraine now had a new project. | 0:47:19 | 0:47:25 | |
Many young Russians passionately supported Putin, | 0:47:25 | 0:47:29 | |
and Putin needed shock troops. | 0:47:29 | 0:47:33 | |
ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC | 0:47:33 | 0:47:36 | |
So the Kremlin created a new youth movement, Nashi. | 0:47:53 | 0:47:57 | |
They were treated to holiday camps that featured paramilitary training, | 0:47:57 | 0:48:01 | |
patriotic talks, and guest lecturers. | 0:48:01 | 0:48:04 | |
Within six months, Nashi grew to a hundred thousand members. | 0:48:50 | 0:48:54 | |
The Kremlin used Nashi to intimidate anyone it considered its enemy. | 0:48:57 | 0:49:01 | |
Especially those too keen on democracy. | 0:49:01 | 0:49:03 | |
In 2006, activists set up a new group, the Other Russia, | 0:49:05 | 0:49:10 | |
to defend democracy. | 0:49:10 | 0:49:12 | |
They invited Britain's ambassador to speak at their conference. | 0:49:12 | 0:49:15 | |
For some reason | 0:49:18 | 0:49:20 | |
the Russian authorities picked me, | 0:49:20 | 0:49:23 | |
and my speech out, | 0:49:23 | 0:49:24 | |
as something particularly worthy | 0:49:24 | 0:49:27 | |
of counterattack. | 0:49:27 | 0:49:29 | |
And this youth group, Nashi, demanded an apology | 0:49:29 | 0:49:32 | |
for Tony Brenton's interference in Russian internal politics. | 0:49:32 | 0:49:36 | |
Now there was no way I was going to apologise. | 0:49:36 | 0:49:40 | |
And they then camped outside my house, waving banners | 0:49:40 | 0:49:43 | |
and so on, followed me round the town, and the country, | 0:49:43 | 0:49:47 | |
shouted abuse at the back of various public meetings | 0:49:47 | 0:49:50 | |
that I went to speak at, | 0:49:50 | 0:49:51 | |
and so on, and generally were always there, | 0:49:51 | 0:49:55 | |
always loud, always hostile. | 0:49:55 | 0:50:00 | |
Western governments and foundations financed many of the 2,000 | 0:50:09 | 0:50:14 | |
pro-democracy groups in Russia. | 0:50:14 | 0:50:17 | |
The Kremlin launched a campaign to discredit them. | 0:50:17 | 0:50:20 | |
Lyudmila Alexeyeva was the most venerated of all the dissidents. | 0:50:23 | 0:50:27 | |
Through her Moscow Helsinki Group, | 0:50:27 | 0:50:29 | |
she had been fighting for human rights in Russia since the 1970s. | 0:50:29 | 0:50:33 | |
The Kremlin set out to get her. | 0:50:33 | 0:50:35 | |
The programme implied that the human rights groups | 0:51:41 | 0:51:46 | |
were receiving foreign funding covertly. | 0:51:46 | 0:51:49 | |
All of our activities with the NGOs were completely above board, | 0:51:49 | 0:51:53 | |
on our website, the sums of money, the projects, | 0:51:53 | 0:51:55 | |
all of that was completely public. | 0:51:55 | 0:51:58 | |
The boss of the Helsinki group decided to sue Russia's spy agency, | 0:51:58 | 0:52:03 | |
the FSB, for slander. | 0:52:03 | 0:52:05 | |
But, in court, the FAB's defence surprised her. | 0:52:05 | 0:52:08 | |
The film's other target, the British government, | 0:52:52 | 0:52:56 | |
kept quiet about the spy rock. | 0:52:56 | 0:52:58 | |
There's not much you can say. | 0:52:58 | 0:53:00 | |
You can't really call up and say, "Terribly sorry about that. | 0:53:00 | 0:53:03 | |
"Won't happen again." They had us bang to rights. | 0:53:03 | 0:53:06 | |
Clearly they had known about it for some time | 0:53:06 | 0:53:09 | |
and had been saving it up for a political purpose. | 0:53:09 | 0:53:12 | |
Putin used the spy rock to justify a new law drastically | 0:53:14 | 0:53:17 | |
restricting the work of non-government organisations, NGOs. | 0:53:17 | 0:53:22 | |
Putin's new law made it almost impossible for Russian NGOs | 0:53:52 | 0:53:55 | |
to receive foreign funding. | 0:53:55 | 0:53:57 | |
Many had to shut down. | 0:53:58 | 0:54:00 | |
The atmosphere in Russia turned uglier. | 0:54:17 | 0:54:21 | |
Nationalist gangs beat up migrant workers. | 0:54:29 | 0:54:31 | |
Anna Politkovskaya, | 0:54:37 | 0:54:38 | |
the leading reporter of human rights abuses in Chechnya, was murdered. | 0:54:38 | 0:54:43 | |
On a visit to the West, Putin was asked about her. | 0:54:46 | 0:54:50 | |
Among those who had warned Politkovskaya | 0:55:10 | 0:55:13 | |
that she risked assassination | 0:55:13 | 0:55:15 | |
was Alexander Litvinenko, an ex-FSB officer. | 0:55:15 | 0:55:19 | |
He had fled to Britain with his family, | 0:55:19 | 0:55:21 | |
claiming persecution by his old agency. | 0:55:21 | 0:55:24 | |
He had accused them of ordering political murders. | 0:55:24 | 0:55:28 | |
Litvinenko became a British citizen. | 0:55:49 | 0:55:52 | |
Ten days later he was poisoned with radioactive polonium. | 0:55:52 | 0:55:56 | |
Another former FSB officer, Andrei Lugovoi, was the main suspect. | 0:55:59 | 0:56:04 | |
This could hardly be more serious. | 0:56:07 | 0:56:08 | |
A British citizen had been murdered | 0:56:08 | 0:56:11 | |
on British streets by someone | 0:56:11 | 0:56:14 | |
who our own independent prosecuting authorities thought | 0:56:14 | 0:56:17 | |
had deep links into the Russian state. | 0:56:17 | 0:56:20 | |
It felt like a reversion to the worst of the Cold War. | 0:56:20 | 0:56:23 | |
Britain requested Lugovoi's extradition. | 0:56:24 | 0:56:28 | |
When Moscow refused it, Britain expelled four of their diplomats. | 0:56:28 | 0:56:32 | |
The British Intelligence Service, MI6, | 0:56:32 | 0:56:35 | |
stopped working with Russia's spy agencies. | 0:56:35 | 0:56:37 | |
We weren't trying to sort of knee Vladimir Putin in the goolies, | 0:56:37 | 0:56:42 | |
that was not the purpose of this. | 0:56:42 | 0:56:44 | |
It was a much more substantive state-to-state response | 0:56:44 | 0:56:48 | |
that tried to bring home the seriousness of this, | 0:56:48 | 0:56:51 | |
that recognised that Russia | 0:56:51 | 0:56:53 | |
wanted an honourable place in the international community of nations | 0:56:53 | 0:56:57 | |
but if it was going to have that, it couldn't behave in this way. | 0:56:57 | 0:57:01 | |
Russia countered by stopping | 0:57:02 | 0:57:03 | |
all counterterrorist cooperation with Britain. | 0:57:03 | 0:57:07 | |
After three months, David Miliband asked for a meeting | 0:57:07 | 0:57:11 | |
with the Russian foreign minister at the United Nations. | 0:57:11 | 0:57:15 | |
My goodness, it was a tough start. I went in on a football analogy. | 0:57:28 | 0:57:34 | |
I was talking to him about which football team he supported | 0:57:34 | 0:57:36 | |
but I got very short shrift on that. | 0:57:36 | 0:57:38 | |
We knew that there was a bar in the Russian constitution on extradition, | 0:57:58 | 0:58:02 | |
and so, we were clear that while it was a reasonably big ask, | 0:58:02 | 0:58:06 | |
it was not unreasonable to say that they should change their constitution | 0:58:06 | 0:58:10 | |
to make possible this sort of judicial cooperation. | 0:58:10 | 0:58:13 | |
His response was that this was inconceivable. | 0:58:13 | 0:58:16 | |
Russia was Russia and there was no way they were going change. | 0:58:16 | 0:58:20 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:48 | 0:58:50 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:58:50 | 0:58:52 |