Y Cymro a laddodd Richard III

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-Richard III, the King of England, -was killed in August 1485.	0:00:04	0:00:09
-Henry Tudor became -King in his place.	0:00:09	0:00:12
-Did a Welshman kill the old King?	0:00:12	0:00:14
-As an archaeologist and historian...	0:00:15	0:00:18
-..I have a big interest -in this Welshman's story...	0:00:18	0:00:21
-..which had been -forgotten by history until now.	0:00:21	0:00:24
-Bosworth, in the English Midlands.	0:00:38	0:00:40
-On 22 August 1485...	0:00:41	0:00:43
-..one of Britain's most famous -battles happened here.	0:00:43	0:00:47
-It was a battle that would change -the course of history.	0:00:47	0:00:51
-If it wasn't for this battle, -Elizabeth Windsor wouldn't be Queen.	0:00:51	0:00:55
-It's a battle that changed -thousands of lives.	0:00:55	0:00:59
-Three specifically, -Richard III, the King who died...	0:00:59	0:01:04
-..Henry Tudor, -the man who deposed him as King...	0:01:04	0:01:07
-..and a Welsh speaker from -the Llandeilo area, Rhys ap Thomas.	0:01:08	0:01:13
-We'll look at the evidence -that suggests Rhys ap Thomas...	0:01:18	0:01:21
-..was responsible -for Richard III's death.	0:01:22	0:01:24
-Rhys lived to be an old man.	0:01:24	0:01:26
-At the end of his life, as though -he repented for some things...	0:01:26	0:01:31
-..he went to the Greyfriars -in Carmarthen to die.	0:01:31	0:01:34
-Like many great powers -before and after him...	0:01:36	0:01:40
-..there may have been -some things on his mind.	0:01:40	0:01:43
-"I love the dubbed knight -of Carmarthen	0:01:49	0:01:51
-"The hawk of the fortress -of gold and wine is loved by all	0:01:51	0:01:55
-"I have loved Sir Rhys -and why would I not love him?	0:01:56	0:01:59
-"He is the love -of all the land of the South	0:01:59	0:02:02
-"I never saw a better man	0:02:02	0:02:06
-"Nor his equal in his castle"	0:02:06	0:02:09
-The bard Guto'r Glyn's words to me -were very generous.	0:02:09	0:02:14
-Are the words of bards empty?	0:02:15	0:02:18
-Is the truth to be found -between the lines?	0:02:18	0:02:22
-I've lived -for three quarters of a century.	0:02:24	0:02:27
-I now face the same hell -I created for many.	0:02:27	0:02:31
-It's easy to be intoxicated -by power and status.	0:02:33	0:02:36
-Or by tasting -blood and fear in battle.	0:02:37	0:02:40
-In here, in this little head...	0:02:42	0:02:46
-..I feel the sting of sobriety -and its truth.	0:02:46	0:02:50
-It's like a spear on flesh.	0:02:51	0:02:53
-Let's head back to Bosworth.	0:03:00	0:03:01
-By 1485, Richard III had been King -for almost two years.	0:03:02	0:03:06
-He was 32 years old.	0:03:06	0:03:09
-The Battle of Bosworth brought -an end to a century of fighting...	0:03:09	0:03:15
-..between the House of York -with its white rose...	0:03:15	0:03:18
-..and the House of Lancaster -with its red rose.	0:03:19	0:03:21
-It's hard for us to imagine -this kind of fighting...	0:03:22	0:03:25
-..amongst family these days.	0:03:25	0:03:27
-Power, status and money were -integral parts of being king.	0:03:27	0:03:31
-Every noble family -wanted a share of that.	0:03:31	0:03:35
-The question was raised, -who has the right for the crown?	0:03:38	0:03:41
-This was during -the Wars of the Roses...	0:03:41	0:03:44
-..where there was a struggle -for the English crown.	0:03:44	0:03:47
-A lot of families found it hard -to choose which side to support.	0:03:48	0:03:54
-If someone were -to make the wrong choice...	0:03:54	0:03:57
-..they could pay a terrible price.	0:03:57	0:03:59
-It's important to remember -that Owain Glyndwr's revolt...	0:04:01	0:04:05
-..had a huge effect on England's -relationship with Wales.	0:04:05	0:04:08
-The revolt ended in 1415.	0:04:08	0:04:11
-But its memory was very much alive.	0:04:11	0:04:14
-The Welsh suffered under strict laws -because of the revolt.	0:04:15	0:04:19
-They were unhappy -with the situation.	0:04:20	0:04:22
-The failure of that revolt was key.	0:04:24	0:04:28
-Many families, the nobility -amongst them, and commoners...	0:04:29	0:04:33
-Both the nobility and commoners -took part in the revolt.	0:04:33	0:04:37
-They'd come together to fight -for principles and ideals.	0:04:37	0:04:42
-They wanted to promote one of -their own to Prince of Wales.	0:04:43	0:04:47
-They wanted a Wales which was -politically independent of England.	0:04:47	0:04:53
-For a member of the Welsh nobility -to progress in the world...	0:04:53	0:04:59
-..he would, -to all intents and purposes...	0:04:59	0:05:02
-..have to prove he was English.	0:05:02	0:05:04
-One family who wanted a taste of -power and freedom in South Wales...	0:05:05	0:05:09
-..despite not being -from noble descent...	0:05:10	0:05:12
-..was the family of Rhys ap Thomas.	0:05:12	0:05:14
-I'm at Dinefwr Castle placed -on a rock above the Tywi river.	0:05:17	0:05:21
-The family home -of Sir Rhys ap Thomas.	0:05:21	0:05:24
-In terms of importance -in Welsh history...	0:05:25	0:05:27
-..this is one of the courts -of Lord Rhys, Rhys ap Gruffydd.	0:05:27	0:05:31
-He is famous for organizing -the first Eisteddfod in 1176.	0:05:31	0:05:36
-Two centuries later, -the descendants of Lord Rhys...	0:05:43	0:05:46
-..were not so prominent -in Welsh history.	0:05:46	0:05:49
-One man from this area -was eager to get on in the world.	0:05:49	0:05:53
-That man was Gruffydd ap Nicholas, -Rhys ap Thomas' grandfather.	0:05:53	0:05:57
-Gruffydd married a girl -from Lord Rhys' line in Dinefwr.	0:05:57	0:06:01
-He was a bit of a chancer.	0:06:03	0:06:05
-He was a bit of -a Del Boy of his time.	0:06:06	0:06:08
-He became quite wealthy...	0:06:08	0:06:10
-..due to a lot of -spurious activities he carried on...	0:06:10	0:06:14
-..around Carmarthenshire.	0:06:14	0:06:15
-There were opportunities.	0:06:16	0:06:18
-If a member of the Welsh nobility -saw one and went for it...	0:06:18	0:06:21
-..they could collect duties -and become influential over time.	0:06:21	0:06:25
-They could buy land -and marry into land too.	0:06:25	0:06:29
-Gruffydd ap Nicholas -was incredibly effective at that.	0:06:30	0:06:33
-Gruffydd went on to win favours -and rights on lands in Carmarthen...	0:06:38	0:06:42
-..Cardigan, Aberystwyth, Dinefwr, -Carreg Cennen.	0:06:42	0:06:45
-He was very loyal to the King.	0:06:46	0:06:48
-While his patrons were in power, -he did well.	0:06:49	0:06:52
-We learn about Gruffydd ap Nicholas -and his family...	0:06:55	0:06:58
-..from the work of poets.	0:06:59	0:07:00
-For the most part, -the nobles at the time...	0:07:01	0:07:04
-..were praised by bards -for being soldiers.	0:07:04	0:07:08
-In Gruffydd ap Nicholas' case, it's -obvious he was a gifted soldier.	0:07:09	0:07:13
-It isn't a stereotype in his case.	0:07:13	0:07:17
-What's important to remember -about this period...	0:07:18	0:07:21
-..is the importance of bards.	0:07:21	0:07:23
-They were a propaganda machine.	0:07:23	0:07:25
-It's not surprising -Gruffydd ap Nicholas...	0:07:26	0:07:28
-..held a large Eisteddfod -in the centre of Carmarthen...	0:07:29	0:07:32
-..during the 15th century.	0:07:32	0:07:34
-Dafydd ab Edmwnd was responsible.	0:07:34	0:07:36
-They managed to discuss -and agree on rules...	0:07:37	0:07:39
-..for cynghanedd -and strict metre poetry.	0:07:40	0:07:42
-Those rules are almost -unchanged since then.	0:07:42	0:07:46
-However, it was a period -of fighting.	0:07:46	0:07:48
-A very uncertain period.	0:07:49	0:07:51
-According to some, Gruffydd ap -Nicholas was killed in 1461...	0:07:51	0:07:55
-..at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross -near Hereford.	0:07:55	0:07:58
-This was a battle between Yorkists -and Lancastrians.	0:07:58	0:08:02
-Gruffydd supported Owen Tudor...	0:08:02	0:08:04
-..and his son Jasper Tudor -on the Lancastrian side.	0:08:05	0:08:08
-They lost. Gruffydd died -and Owen Tudor was executed.	0:08:09	0:08:14
-Jasper Tudor escaped.	0:08:14	0:08:17
-A year later, the Yorkists -attacked Carreg Cennen Castle.	0:08:19	0:08:22
-Rhys' family were responsible -for rebuilding the castle.	0:08:22	0:08:26
-Rhys and his father Thomas -had to surrender and flee Wales...	0:08:26	0:08:30
-..to the court of Philip the Good, -the Duke of Burgundy.	0:08:30	0:08:34
-My conscience is troubling me -but my memories are mixed.	0:08:46	0:08:51
-Some of them joyful.	0:08:52	0:08:54
-Philip's court in Burgundy. -What a place.	0:08:55	0:09:00
-It was full of culture and arts.	0:09:00	0:09:02
-The emphasis was learning -to behave nobly.	0:09:04	0:09:07
-Learning about European culture...	0:09:07	0:09:09
-..and also the continent's methods -of fighting.	0:09:09	0:09:13
-I was so young, -yet so eager to learn.	0:09:14	0:09:18
-And learn I did.	0:09:19	0:09:21
-Philip had a system of training -that came from the idea...	0:09:24	0:09:27
-..of the Knights -of the Golden Fleece.	0:09:27	0:09:30
-It was similar to the idea...	0:09:31	0:09:32
-..of the Knights of the Round Table -with King Arthur.	0:09:32	0:09:36
-The history of King Arthur -fills me with awe.	0:09:36	0:09:38
-The bards see me in that tradition.	0:09:39	0:09:41
-The court of Philip was one of -the most renowned courts in Europe.	0:09:42	0:09:47
-It was the best court in Europe.	0:09:47	0:09:49
-It knocked everything -into a cocked hat, everything else.	0:09:49	0:09:53
-It was based on the knightly virtues -of chivalry and honour.	0:09:53	0:09:58
-There were lots of jousts.	0:09:58	0:10:00
-Young men were trained -in the art of warfare...	0:10:01	0:10:06
-..but also Philip -was a very well-educated man.	0:10:06	0:10:09
-He had lots of scholars -at his court, lots of poets.	0:10:10	0:10:13
-It was really -quite a staggering place to be.	0:10:13	0:10:18
-I think for a young man like Rhys, -who was 14 at the time...	0:10:18	0:10:21
-..it must have been overwhelming -to the senses.	0:10:21	0:10:24
-Rhys and his father -returned to Wales.	0:10:26	0:10:29
-Rhys was now an ambitious young man.	0:10:29	0:10:32
-He was wed to Efa, the daughter -and heir to Cwrt Henri, Llangathen.	0:10:32	0:10:36
-His main court -was his mother's home...	0:10:36	0:10:39
-..that was Abermarlais, a few miles -to the north east of Dinefwr.	0:10:40	0:10:43
-The majority of the Tywi valley -came under his control.	0:10:43	0:10:47
-Following the death of his -two brothers and father...	0:10:48	0:10:51
-..Rhys was the sole heir to his -family's wealth and lands.	0:10:51	0:10:54
-Rhys ap Thomas' father, Thomas ap -Gruffydd, was killed in battle.	0:10:56	0:11:01
-He was killed by the Herbert family -near Machynlleth.	0:11:02	0:11:05
-That family was Yorkist.	0:11:05	0:11:07
-This was a part of the feud between -the Yorkists and Lancastrians.	0:11:07	0:11:12
-It's no wonder Rhys supported -the Lancasters eventually.	0:11:12	0:11:16
-The bards, big and small, -were witness to this.	0:11:18	0:11:21
-They referred to him -as a generous patron.	0:11:21	0:11:24
-It is clear that he -was a powerful nobleman.	0:11:24	0:11:27
-He was a huge patron of the bards.	0:11:28	0:11:31
-Not only a lot of lesser bards but -the biggest bards of the time too.	0:11:34	0:11:39
-People like Guto'r Glyn.	0:11:39	0:11:41
-We have the evidence -of Polydore Vergil...	0:11:42	0:11:44
-..who wrote during -Henry VII's reign.	0:11:44	0:11:47
-He says that Rhys ap Thomas -had two main traits.	0:11:47	0:11:50
-The first was his willpower.	0:11:50	0:11:52
-The second was his skill -as a military leader.	0:11:52	0:11:55
-The situation between -the Houses of York and Lancaster...	0:11:57	0:12:00
-..continued to be difficult.	0:12:01	0:12:02
-When Henry Tudor was born -in 1457 in Pembroke Castle...	0:12:02	0:12:06
-..it was argued that -he was the true heir of the crown...	0:12:06	0:12:09
-..and the only Lancastrian claimant.	0:12:09	0:12:12
-Just like a game of chess, families -sided with one house or the other.	0:12:12	0:12:18
-They also switched sides in order -not to lose favour, land and power.	0:12:18	0:12:22
-I learned early that you won't -always win through rebellion.	0:12:30	0:12:35
-Playing games, conspiring -and buying time bring rewards.	0:12:37	0:12:42
-Don't mention values and principles.	0:12:45	0:12:48
-Rare are the material rewards -gained from those.	0:12:48	0:12:51
-But now, with the end nearing...	0:12:53	0:12:56
-..values and principles -are more important.	0:12:58	0:13:02
-Certainly, they're a balm -for the troubled conscience.	0:13:05	0:13:08
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-In 1483, -following the death of Edward IV...	0:13:24	0:13:27
-..his sons, Edward V and Richard, -were 12 and 9 years old.	0:13:28	0:13:32
-Their uncle, Richard of York, -was in control.	0:13:32	0:13:36
-But, the young princes disappeared.	0:13:36	0:13:39
-Richard was crowned -as Richard III in their place.	0:13:40	0:13:43
-Some people, the Yorkists, -were very happy with this.	0:13:44	0:13:48
-Others, the Lancastrians, -were furious.	0:13:49	0:13:51
-All commoners hoped for peace.	0:13:53	0:13:56
-By now, Rhys ap Thomas was outwardly -supportive of Richard III.	0:13:57	0:14:01
-According to some, he'd made an -oath that only over his body...	0:14:02	0:14:06
-..could anyone come through Wales -to attack the King.	0:14:07	0:14:10
-There was, of course, a problem...	0:14:11	0:14:14
-..when Richard III, Edward IV's -brother, ascended the throne.	0:14:14	0:14:20
-The allegations are -that he'd killed Edward IV's sons...	0:14:20	0:14:25
-..to gain authority.	0:14:25	0:14:28
-That certainly caused problems -in terms of loyalty.	0:14:30	0:14:34
-Even during this bloody period -of the War of the Roses...	0:14:36	0:14:40
-..killing innocent children -was considered unforgivable.	0:14:40	0:14:44
-But there was one other matter that -enraged Rhys ap Thomas at the time.	0:14:45	0:14:49
-This was Richard III's request...	0:14:49	0:14:51
-..to keep Rhys' son Gruffydd -hostage in the royal court...	0:14:52	0:14:55
-..to ensure Rhys ap Thomas' support.	0:14:55	0:14:58
-Some suggest -that Richard's request...	0:15:00	0:15:05
-..to hold Rhys ap Thomas' son -hostage...	0:15:05	0:15:10
-..was secondary to the offer -that Rhys ap Thomas...	0:15:10	0:15:16
-..would be his right-hand man -in South Wales.	0:15:16	0:15:21
-The job was his...	0:15:22	0:15:24
-..but his son would be an insurance -policy against a rebellion.	0:15:24	0:15:30
-Yes, I sent a letter by the hand -of Talley Abbot...	0:15:32	0:15:35
-..promising Richard my support.	0:15:35	0:15:37
-The words are still in my memory.	0:15:38	0:15:40
-My conscience binds me to love -and serve my King and country.	0:15:41	0:15:46
-My vow can do no more.	0:15:46	0:15:48
-Richard wanted to take -my son as a hostage.	0:15:48	0:15:51
-My four-year-old son -a hostage for my loyalty.	0:15:52	0:15:55
-This was too much -for both myself and his mother.	0:15:57	0:16:01
-Such presumption from the King.	0:16:01	0:16:04
-To take my son!	0:16:04	0:16:06
-What kind of man -would do that to a four-year-old?	0:16:06	0:16:10
-Despite signing the letter...	0:16:12	0:16:14
-.."most obedient and most faithful -subject and servant"...	0:16:14	0:16:17
-..the request itself -had hurt and infuriated me.	0:16:17	0:16:22
-No, he would not get my son -as hostage.	0:16:23	0:16:26
-But I had to ensure I did not show -my true feelings to anyone.	0:16:26	0:16:31
-Buy time.	0:16:32	0:16:34
-There would be an opportunity -to strike back.	0:16:34	0:16:37
-Rhys must have been very aware...	0:16:38	0:16:39
-..that the cost of supporting -the losing side would be his head.	0:16:40	0:16:43
-When choosing sides, these things -must have gone through his mind.	0:16:45	0:16:49
-His old loyalty to Lancaster -would still be pulling.	0:16:49	0:16:53
-He was also aware of the huge risk -this meant for him and his family.	0:16:53	0:16:58
-By 1485, both Richard III's son -and wife, Anne, had died.	0:17:00	0:17:06
-That left him -in a very weak position.	0:17:06	0:17:09
-He was a King with no heir.	0:17:09	0:17:11
-Henry Tudor and his uncle, -Jasper Tudor were in France.	0:17:12	0:17:15
-They were busy collecting an army to -land in Britain and attack Richard.	0:17:15	0:17:20
-Richard III required support from -men like Rhys ap Thomas in Wales.	0:17:21	0:17:27
-Richard didn't know -where Henry would land.	0:17:28	0:17:31
-He knew he was coming -but he didn't know where he'd land.	0:17:31	0:17:34
-He'd moved to Nottingham -by the summer of 1485...	0:17:34	0:17:37
-..to be in the centre -of the kingdom...	0:17:37	0:17:40
-..ready to strike -at Henry's landing site.	0:17:40	0:17:42
-He needed people locally -in many areas to watch the coasts.	0:17:42	0:17:49
-In Kidwelly, there lived a lawyer -named Trahaearn ap Morgan.	0:17:52	0:17:56
-He was one of the links...	0:17:56	0:17:57
-..between Henry Tudor and supportive -nobles in Britain, including Rhys.	0:17:58	0:18:02
-Another was John Morgan -from Tredegar, the lawyer's brother.	0:18:02	0:18:06
-He would later become -the Bishop of St Davids.	0:18:07	0:18:09
-Rhys was careful -not to show his true colours...	0:18:10	0:18:12
-..or cunning in continuing to appear -to support King Richard III.	0:18:13	0:18:17
-Gold. -I loved its colour and its touch.	0:18:18	0:18:21
-Too much.	0:18:22	0:18:23
-Richard III gave me an annual sum -to buy my support.	0:18:23	0:18:29
-Threatening to keep my son hostage -was one step too far.	0:18:31	0:18:35
-Under Richard III -and the Yorkists...	0:18:38	0:18:40
-..there was little chance -of climbing higher politically.	0:18:40	0:18:44
-Henry Tudor offered more.	0:18:46	0:18:49
-Yes, there was danger...	0:18:49	0:18:51
-..but through good planning -and conspiring...	0:18:51	0:18:55
-..it was possible -to conquer Richard.	0:18:55	0:18:58
-I may have sworn an oath -of fealty to him...	0:18:58	0:19:01
-..and I won't go back on my word -if it isn't in my interest.	0:19:02	0:19:06
-Henry and Jasper had deliberately -chosen to land in Wales.	0:19:08	0:19:13
-They were hoping there wouldn't be -any direct resistance.	0:19:14	0:19:17
-They would have time to gather -an army and travel towards Richard.	0:19:17	0:19:21
-They could do that without someone -resisting them straight away.	0:19:22	0:19:25
-What Richard wanted...	0:19:26	0:19:27
-..was for his supporters in Wales -to deal with Henry early.	0:19:27	0:19:31
-That's not how it was.	0:19:31	0:19:33
-On 1 August 1485, Henry Tudor -sailed towards Wales.	0:19:35	0:19:38
-He had the support -of the King of France.	0:19:38	0:19:41
-He landed about two miles from Dale -in Pembrokeshire on 7 August.	0:19:42	0:19:47
-When Henry Tudor landed here, -he changed the course...	0:19:50	0:19:54
-..not only of Welsh history, -but British history too.	0:19:54	0:19:58
-He put Rhys ap Thomas -in quite a quandary.	0:19:58	0:20:01
-What would he do?	0:20:02	0:20:04
-Fight the incoming claimant -or support Henry Tudor?	0:20:05	0:20:09
-This place is a turning point -in our history.	0:20:11	0:20:15
-According to one old legend...	0:20:45	0:20:47
-..because Rhys swore that nobody -could come through Wales...	0:20:47	0:20:51
-..to attack Richard III -only over his body...	0:20:51	0:20:54
-..the then bishop of St Davids -advised him to do exactly that.	0:20:54	0:20:57
-That would release him -from the oath.	0:20:58	0:21:00
-And it's what he did.	0:21:00	0:21:02
-He lay down under Mullock bridge...	0:21:02	0:21:04
-..while Henry's soldiers -marched over his body.	0:21:05	0:21:08
-The myth that Rhys lies down -under Mullock bridge...	0:21:12	0:21:16
-..while Henry Tudor marches across -so that Rhys doesn't break his word.	0:21:16	0:21:20
-It's just a myth.	0:21:21	0:21:22
-Rhys was halfway up country by then.	0:21:24	0:21:27
-He wouldn't have had time to get -back and lie under Mullock bridge.	0:21:28	0:21:31
-It would have been pointless.	0:21:33	0:21:35
-Rhys kept everyone guessing by not -siding with one side or the other.	0:21:41	0:21:46
-That is part, most likely, -of his success.	0:21:47	0:21:49
-This choice of different routes -is very interesting.	0:21:52	0:21:56
-It isn't completely obvious...	0:21:56	0:21:59
-..that Rhys has made -the final decision to join Henry.	0:21:59	0:22:04
-It could be suggested that he was -waiting to see what would happen.	0:22:04	0:22:10
-There is evidence that he and Henry -had been in contact...	0:22:10	0:22:13
-..that messages -went back and forth...	0:22:14	0:22:17
-..and that they both knew -the plans...	0:22:17	0:22:19
-..and that they'd planned to meet -at Welshpool, close to the border.	0:22:19	0:22:24
-The natural way for him -to go to claim the crown...	0:22:24	0:22:28
-..was straight across South Wales...	0:22:28	0:22:30
-..just as if he'd caught -a Great Western train...	0:22:30	0:22:33
-..if such things existed -at that time, straight for London.	0:22:33	0:22:37
-That's not what he did, is it?	0:22:37	0:22:41
-He headed to the North West -along the coast.	0:22:41	0:22:45
-Rhys' path went more -through the heart of Wales.	0:22:46	0:22:50
-He went through Carmarthen, -Brecon, Builth Wells...	0:22:50	0:22:55
-..Llangurig up to Welshpool.	0:22:55	0:22:57
-That follows a path...	0:22:57	0:22:59
-..along the western side -of the Marches.	0:23:00	0:23:04
-More to the east, there was more -support for the house of York.	0:23:04	0:23:08
-The South West was a traditional -Lancaster stronghold.	0:23:08	0:23:12
-What Rhys was doing, in a way...	0:23:12	0:23:14
-..was following the border -with Yorkist territory.	0:23:14	0:23:19
-By doing that...	0:23:19	0:23:20
-..he may have been sheltering -Henry from an Eastern attack.	0:23:20	0:23:24
-On the way to Bosworth, Henry Tudor -stayed near Machynlleth...	0:23:26	0:23:31
-..with the prophetic poet -Dafydd Llwyd o Fathafarn.	0:23:31	0:23:35
-Dafydd Llwyd o Fathafarn -was the broadcast mouthpiece...	0:23:36	0:23:40
-..of the War of the Roses in Wales.	0:23:40	0:23:43
-If the Lancastrians -had their broadcast minister...	0:23:43	0:23:48
-..that man was Dafydd Llwyd.	0:23:48	0:23:50
-There was a good reason why -Henry Tudor visited Dafydd Llwyd.	0:23:51	0:23:56
-According to tradition, -and I accept that tradition...	0:23:56	0:24:00
-..he spent the night at Mathafarn.	0:24:01	0:24:03
-Over supper that night...	0:24:06	0:24:08
-..Henry Tudor questioned -Dafydd Llwyd about his fate.	0:24:08	0:24:12
-The prophetic poet promised -an answer in the morning.	0:24:12	0:24:16
-During the night...	0:24:18	0:24:20
-..Dafydd Llwyd tossed and turned, -but he couldn't sleep.	0:24:20	0:24:24
-According to tradition, -his wife turned to him and said...	0:24:24	0:24:30
-.."Just tell him he's certain -to win and claim the crown."	0:24:30	0:24:36
-If that doesn't happen, he's -unlikely to come back to bother you.	0:24:36	0:24:41
-If he is victorious, there's -a good chance you'll be rewarded.	0:24:41	0:24:47
-I managed to win the support -of my people and the young men.	0:24:52	0:24:55
-They were happy to fight -for a Welshman, Henry Tudor.	0:24:56	0:24:59
-I'm a strong proponent -of physical exercise...	0:24:59	0:25:03
-..and nurturing strength -to fight in battle.	0:25:03	0:25:07
-If I ever learned something, -it was military strategy.	0:25:08	0:25:12
-Knowing where to be -and when to strike.	0:25:12	0:25:16
-Henry had made me many promises.	0:25:17	0:25:20
-I shared the hope -of seeing a Welshman...	0:25:20	0:25:22
-..on the throne -of England and Wales.	0:25:22	0:25:24
-One bard referred to Henry -as the second great redeemer.	0:25:26	0:25:30
-We all hoped he'd be more successful -than the first, Owain Glyndwr.	0:25:30	0:25:35
-The August of 1485 was a turning -point, in more ways than one.	0:25:38	0:25:45
-I was young, -in the prime of my days.	0:25:46	0:25:49
-.	0:25:54	0:25:54
-Subtitles	0:25:57	0:25:57
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:25:57	0:25:59
-During harvest time...	0:26:06	0:26:08
-..around 16 August 1485...	0:26:08	0:26:13
-..Henry Tudor's army -and Rhys ap Thomas' army...	0:26:13	0:26:16
-..made their way through Wales -on the way to the English Midlands.	0:26:17	0:26:21
-Their aim, -to defeat King Richard III.	0:26:21	0:26:24
-At the same time, -the King was in Nottingham...	0:26:24	0:26:27
-..preparing -for the inevitable battle.	0:26:28	0:26:31
-Rhys had shown his support -for Henry Tudor by now...	0:26:36	0:26:39
-..and Richard III knew it.	0:26:39	0:26:42
-What a plot to deceive Richard.	0:26:44	0:26:47
-To create doubt.	0:26:47	0:26:49
-But the leaders of the -North Wales lands joined us too...	0:26:49	0:26:53
-..William Gruffydd ap Robin -and Rhys Fawr ap Maredudd...	0:26:53	0:26:57
-..Hugh Conway -and Rhisiart ap Hywel from Mostyn.	0:26:57	0:27:01
-The Welsh were fervent -in their support for Henry Tudor.	0:27:01	0:27:05
-I may as well admit it here...	0:27:05	0:27:07
-..my army, -my 1,000 disciplined soldiers...	0:27:07	0:27:11
-..were the most important, -and Henry Tudor knew this.	0:27:11	0:27:15
-Richard moved his soldiers from his -base in Nottingham to Leicester...	0:27:21	0:27:26
-..and from there to Ambion Hill -outside Market Bosworth.	0:27:26	0:27:30
-Leicester was one of the main -administrative centres back then...	0:27:30	0:27:35
-..not London, -as it was more central.	0:27:35	0:27:38
-In the same way, Wales was ruled -from Ludlow, on the border lands...	0:27:39	0:27:43
-..as it was easier...	0:27:44	0:27:45
-..to govern north and south -and the Marches from there.	0:27:45	0:27:49
-What a morning - -the morning of 22 August 1485.	0:28:00	0:28:05
-Between us and Richard's army, -the ground was wet and marshy.	0:28:05	0:28:09
-The Earl of Oxford was to attack on -behalf of Henry Tudor on one flank.	0:28:17	0:28:21
-Nearby, undecided if they'd support -Henry Tudor, were the Stanleys.	0:28:21	0:28:26
-Arrows were fired -by the Earl of Oxford's soldiers.	0:28:30	0:28:34
-The Stanleys joined in the battle -on the side of Henry Tudor.	0:28:36	0:28:40
-Then, and I don't understand why...	0:28:48	0:28:50
-..Richard -decided to attack Henry Tudor...	0:28:50	0:28:53
-..who had a small group of soldiers -nearby.	0:28:53	0:28:56
-My soldiers and I were there too.	0:28:57	0:28:59
-Henry's standard-bearer was killed, -Sir William Brandon.	0:29:02	0:29:06
-Rhys Fawr ap Maredudd -picked up the standard.	0:29:07	0:29:10
-I saw Richard coming towards Henry.	0:29:10	0:29:13
-I had the halberd.	0:29:20	0:29:21
-As he charged towards Henry, -he turned his back towards me.	0:29:24	0:29:27
-I lifted the weapon.	0:29:27	0:29:29
-We have this image of Richard III -falling off his horse...	0:29:32	0:29:36
-..throwing himself amongst Henry -VII's supporters on the battlefield.	0:29:36	0:29:41
-He apparently fought valiantly -on his feet...	0:29:41	0:29:44
-..shouting at the top of his voice, -"Treason"...	0:29:44	0:29:47
-..and was struck down.	0:29:47	0:29:49
-His skeleton suggests he received -many blows to his head and body...	0:29:49	0:29:54
-..so a cluster of Welsh people -surrounding Henry...	0:29:54	0:29:58
-..who shared the responsibility.	0:29:58	0:30:01
-The contemporary account -in a chronicle in Burgundy...	0:30:01	0:30:04
-..says he was killed by a Welshman.	0:30:04	0:30:06
-So it's possible that a Welshman -supporting Henry was responsible.	0:30:07	0:30:11
-Some name Rhys ap Maredudd -as the man who did the deed.	0:30:11	0:30:15
-There's a strong tradition -saying it was Rhys ap Thomas.	0:30:16	0:30:19
-After two hours of battle, -it was all finished.	0:30:22	0:30:26
-Henry Tudor was now -the King of England and Wales.	0:30:26	0:30:31
-After the morning of fighting...	0:30:38	0:30:41
-..Rhys ap Thomas was knighted -on Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor.	0:30:41	0:30:45
-Then, Henry Tudor -rode victoriously into Leicester...	0:30:48	0:30:52
-..followed by Richard III's body.	0:30:52	0:30:55
-The corpse was exhibited -for two days...	0:30:56	0:30:59
-..before it was buried -at Greyfriars Court.	0:30:59	0:31:03
-His remains were found in 2012 -under a car park in Leicester.	0:31:04	0:31:09
-They were reburied this spring.	0:31:09	0:31:12
-It was proved -that they belonged to Richard III.	0:31:13	0:31:16
-He was killed when his skull was -split by a weapon like a halberd.	0:31:16	0:31:20
-What's noteworthy...	0:31:24	0:31:26
-..and is perhaps further proof -that Sir Rhys killed Richard III...	0:31:26	0:31:31
-..is the poets' evidence.	0:31:31	0:31:33
-Guto'r Glyn composed a cywydd -of praise to Sir Rhys ap Thomas.	0:31:33	0:31:37
-In it, he refers to the part -that Sir Rhys ap Thomas played...	0:31:37	0:31:41
-..in the Battle of Bosworth.	0:31:41	0:31:43
-Sir Rhys ap Thomas, -to a large degree...	0:31:43	0:31:45
-..was the right man in -the right place at the right time.	0:31:46	0:31:49
-If Rhys ap Thomas killed Richard...	0:31:49	0:31:53
-..then it shows -that he was already a part...	0:31:53	0:31:56
-..of Henry Tudor's -very close circle.	0:31:57	0:32:00
-It confirms that there -had been careful planning.	0:32:00	0:32:05
-Interestingly, -Guto refers to the battle itself.	0:32:06	0:32:09
-He talks about...	0:32:09	0:32:10
-There are key lines in the cywydd.	0:32:11	0:32:14
-One of them is "killing the boar, -he shaved his head".	0:32:14	0:32:20
-Of course, -the boar refers to Richard III.	0:32:21	0:32:24
-For me, the only difficulty -is who carries out the deed.	0:32:25	0:32:31
-Is it the King, is it Sir Rhys?	0:32:31	0:32:34
-It's obvious -that Sir Rhys was present.	0:32:34	0:32:37
-But there's some confusion -as to who scored the crucial try...	0:32:38	0:32:43
-..which meant that Wales -was victorious on Bosworth field?	0:32:44	0:32:48
-I'm not certain.	0:32:48	0:32:50
-We've got Jean Molinet, -the chronicler...	0:32:50	0:32:52
-..who was a contemporary -of Bosworth.	0:32:53	0:32:55
-He says it's a Welshman -who killed Richard III.	0:32:55	0:32:58
-If Sir Rhys -had actually killed Richard...	0:32:59	0:33:02
-..I think Guto and a few -other bards had made more of it.	0:33:02	0:33:08
-Guto's cywydd suggests -that it's extremely likely...	0:33:09	0:33:15
-..that soldiers, -Sir Rhys ap Thomas' men...	0:33:15	0:33:18
-..were responsible -for killing Richard III.	0:33:19	0:33:23
-It's quite possible -that it wouldn't have been wise...	0:33:23	0:33:27
-..to boast too much -about who killed Richard III.	0:33:27	0:33:31
-Killing a king wasn't necessarily -something to be too vocal about.	0:33:31	0:33:37
-The tables might have turned and -then revenge would've been sought...	0:33:37	0:33:41
-..on whoever killed the King -from the York family.	0:33:41	0:33:44
-But the part he played -was clearly crucial.	0:33:45	0:33:48
-Within three days of the battle, -he was knighted, made a Sir.	0:33:48	0:33:53
-That was a reward.	0:33:53	0:33:56
-That says a lot.	0:33:57	0:33:58
-So I would say it points to the fact -that he probably did kill Richard...	0:33:59	0:34:03
-..because without Richard -being dead...	0:34:03	0:34:06
-..there is no way -Henry could ever be King.	0:34:06	0:34:08
-It was no good wounding him, -somebody had to kill him.	0:34:09	0:34:12
-Without a doubt, -Henry Tudor was delighted.	0:34:15	0:34:19
-He couldn't thank me enough.	0:34:19	0:34:21
-I was knighted on the spot.	0:34:21	0:34:23
-What would my grandfather -have made of this?	0:34:25	0:34:28
-Henry was true to his word...	0:34:28	0:34:30
-..and I was made -Chamberlain of South Wales...	0:34:30	0:34:33
-..a Steward of the King...	0:34:33	0:34:34
-..with land and control -over the lordship of Builth.	0:34:35	0:34:38
-Oh, things changed significantly -for me.	0:34:38	0:34:42
-On 30 October, two months -after the Battle of Bosworth...	0:34:45	0:34:49
-..Henry Tudor was crowned Henry VII.	0:34:49	0:34:53
-The Welsh -thought this was great news.	0:34:54	0:34:57
-A time for celebration.	0:34:57	0:34:59
-Immediately after Henry Tudor's -victory in Bosworth...	0:35:06	0:35:10
-..the bards were delighted.	0:35:11	0:35:13
-These prophecies had come true -at last.	0:35:13	0:35:16
-After years of prophesying...	0:35:16	0:35:19
-..that a Welshman would regain the -English crown, the London crown...	0:35:19	0:35:23
-..and become head of Britain again, -it had actually happened.	0:35:23	0:35:27
-Henry Tudor was their hero.	0:35:28	0:35:29
-As Henry Tudor had to please English -politicians to get anything done...	0:35:30	0:35:35
-..I think the bards at the time -had been smart enough to realize...	0:35:35	0:35:40
-..that this didn't answer -all of the Welsh's requirements.	0:35:40	0:35:44
-Sir Rhys ap Thomas continued -to receive honours and land...	0:35:45	0:35:50
-..making him richer even than his -grandfather, Gruffydd ap Nicholas.	0:35:50	0:35:54
-Rhys was very ready -to flaunt this wealth...	0:35:55	0:35:58
-..and to share it too.	0:35:58	0:36:00
-In Llanwenog -in southern Ceredigion...	0:36:01	0:36:04
-..the church tower was built under -the orders and cost of Sir Rhys...	0:36:04	0:36:08
-..as a thank you, possibly, to -the young soldiers from the area...	0:36:08	0:36:12
-..who were part of his army -in Bosworth.	0:36:12	0:36:15
-Engravings of Tudor roses -were made near the roof...	0:36:15	0:36:18
-..and Sir Rhys ap Thomas' -coat of arms is above the door.	0:36:18	0:36:22
-Many other battles were fought -to secure Henry VII's crown.	0:36:24	0:36:28
-Sir Rhys was a key part -of the battles.	0:36:28	0:36:31
-He was away from home more and more -doing work for the King.	0:36:31	0:36:35
-When Arthur was born, a son to -Henry VII and his wife Elizabeth...	0:36:40	0:36:44
-..the new Prince's carer -and best friend...	0:36:44	0:36:47
-..was Gruffydd ap Rhys, -Sir Rhys ap Thomas' son, no less.	0:36:48	0:36:51
-Sir Rhys' family were now -a prominent and central part...	0:36:51	0:36:56
-..of the royal family's court -on every level...	0:36:56	0:36:59
-..as well as governing in Wales.	0:36:59	0:37:01
-In truth, this was just the start.	0:37:02	0:37:04
-.	0:37:09	0:37:09
-Subtitles	0:37:12	0:37:12
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:37:12	0:37:14
-The fact that Rhys -progressed so much so quickly...	0:37:22	0:37:26
-..is proof of how Henry VII -felt indebted to him.	0:37:26	0:37:30
-Is this proof that he killed -Richard III on the battlefield?	0:37:30	0:37:34
-Rhys was given -considerable authority afterwards.	0:37:35	0:37:39
-He spent time in court in London.	0:37:39	0:37:41
-He was a member -of the Privy Council...	0:37:41	0:37:44
-..so the King turned to him -for advice...	0:37:44	0:37:46
-..in particular -on matters relating to Wales.	0:37:47	0:37:50
-He was asked to arrange a tomb -for Henry VII's father, Edmund...	0:37:50	0:37:54
-..who died unexpectedly -before Henry was born.	0:37:54	0:37:57
-He was known affectionately -as King of Carmarthen.	0:37:58	0:38:01
-He was virtually King -here in South Wales.	0:38:01	0:38:04
-He could do really -whatever he pleased.	0:38:05	0:38:07
-Henry VII's son was Arthur.	0:38:08	0:38:11
-Arthur married Catherine of Aragon -in 1501.	0:38:11	0:38:14
-They lived in Ludlow...	0:38:15	0:38:17
-..the main town governing -Wales and the Marches at the time.	0:38:18	0:38:22
-They were only married for -five months before Arthur died...	0:38:24	0:38:28
-..more than likely -of sweating sickness.	0:38:28	0:38:30
-Who was chosen -to arrange the funeral...	0:38:30	0:38:34
-..but his best friend Gruffydd ap -Rhys, the son of Sir Rhys ap Thomas.	0:38:34	0:38:38
-Prince Arthur -was buried at Worcester Cathedral.	0:38:38	0:38:43
-Sir Rhys received -one of his greatest honours...	0:39:01	0:39:05
-..from Henry VII in 1505.	0:39:05	0:39:08
-He was made Knight of the Garter.	0:39:08	0:39:10
-This was the highest form of -chivalry honour given by the King.	0:39:11	0:39:15
-Sir Rhys was the only Welshman -to receive this honour...	0:39:16	0:39:19
-..until the 20th century.	0:39:19	0:39:21
-The Garter emblem -can be seen clearly on his tomb...	0:39:21	0:39:24
-..at St Peter's Church, Carmarthen.	0:39:24	0:39:27
-To celebrate this in 1506...	0:39:28	0:39:31
-..Rhys ap Thomas held a big party...	0:39:31	0:39:34
-..in the house he had obtained...	0:39:35	0:39:37
-..because he had given someone a -mortgage who was then unable to pay.	0:39:37	0:39:42
-This was Carew Castle.	0:39:43	0:39:45
-He invited noblemen -from all over Wales.	0:39:45	0:39:48
-What a celebration!	0:39:54	0:39:55
-Me, a soldier -from the Dinefwr area...	0:39:55	0:39:58
-..being bestowed with one -of the greatest honours possible.	0:39:58	0:40:02
-Knight of the Garter.	0:40:02	0:40:04
-It was a prosperous time...	0:40:05	0:40:06
-..with many castles' land -and constableships coming to me...	0:40:07	0:40:10
-..and to my son, Gruffydd.	0:40:10	0:40:13
-It was a time of organization...	0:40:13	0:40:15
-..of ensuring that everyone -paid their rent...	0:40:15	0:40:18
-..and that soldiers were available -and were well-prepared.	0:40:18	0:40:22
-A time of ensuring -that a legal order was administered.	0:40:22	0:40:25
-When Henry VII died in 1509, -it was the end of an era.	0:40:27	0:40:32
-However, his son Henry VIII -wanted me to continue to advise...	0:40:33	0:40:37
-..and to rule on his behalf -in Wales.	0:40:37	0:40:39
-Even in 1512, at 63 years old, -I fought in France with the King.	0:40:41	0:40:46
-My main role at home -was to keep an eye on the seas...	0:40:48	0:40:51
-..so that no-one -could attack the country...	0:40:51	0:40:54
-..by landing on the coast -of south-west Wales.	0:40:54	0:40:57
-I was so proud of my son Gruffydd -at the time.	0:40:58	0:41:02
-My succession was safe.	0:41:02	0:41:04
-He was given more and more -responsibilities.	0:41:04	0:41:07
-He was also -one of the King's favourites.	0:41:07	0:41:10
-Those were good times.	0:41:11	0:41:12
-Despite the successes and honours, -tragedy hit the family in 1521.	0:41:15	0:41:20
-Gruffydd ap Rhys -died at the age of 43.	0:41:20	0:41:24
-It is likely he died while away -on business for the King in Calais.	0:41:25	0:41:28
-He was buried in Worcester, -close to the tomb of Prince Arthur.	0:41:28	0:41:33
-His death had a great effect -on Sir Rhys.	0:41:34	0:41:37
-His intention had been for Gruffydd -to inherit all his land.	0:41:38	0:41:42
-He was a brave soldier...	0:41:43	0:41:45
-..who had studied Law -at Lincoln's Inn in London.	0:41:45	0:41:48
-He had been groomed to be an adviser -on Wales for the King.	0:41:48	0:41:52
-Without another heir, -all of his kingdom...	0:41:54	0:41:57
-..was now likely to go to his -grandson, Rhys ap Gruffydd, aged 15.	0:41:57	0:42:02
-By 1524, Sir Rhys's health -was deteriorating.	0:42:09	0:42:13
-On 3 February 1525, he came -to Greyfriars Court in Carmarthen.	0:42:13	0:42:19
-It was a strange move, -as he had many homes in the area...	0:42:19	0:42:22
-..and enough money -to secure the best care possible.	0:42:23	0:42:26
-Was he turning to God -in his eleventh hour?	0:42:26	0:42:30
-Looking back, it is possible -that there were things he regretted.	0:42:31	0:42:35
-More than one life had ended -on the battlefield because of Rhys.	0:42:35	0:42:39
-We must remember -that Rhys was probably there...	0:42:39	0:42:42
-..when Richard's body was carted off -fairly ignominiously...	0:42:42	0:42:46
-..to the Greyfriars in Leicester.	0:42:46	0:42:48
-For a man like Rhys, -I think this would have been...	0:42:49	0:42:52
-..a very difficult thing -to cope with in his conscience.	0:42:52	0:42:55
-It's possible that he felt he needed -to reconcile with his God.	0:42:56	0:43:00
-I'm sorry for what I did. I'll end -my days here with the Greyfriars.	0:43:01	0:43:05
-Like my liege Lord Richard did. -The man I killed.	0:43:06	0:43:11
-The man that I destroyed.	0:43:11	0:43:12
-The end is nearing.	0:43:19	0:43:21
-Everything is weakening.	0:43:22	0:43:24
-Is it wise to look back?	0:43:25	0:43:27
-Yes, there were successes.	0:43:29	0:43:31
-When I was a child playing -around Dinefwr and Abermarlais...	0:43:32	0:43:35
-..who would have believed -I could have such success?	0:43:36	0:43:39
-And such losses.	0:43:40	0:43:42
-Oh, God, I tried to be honest...	0:43:44	0:43:48
-..and fair.	0:43:48	0:43:50
-I know I swore an oath of allegiance -to Richard III.	0:43:51	0:43:57
-I then betrayed him and killed him -at the Battle of Bosworth.	0:43:57	0:44:01
-But isn't this surely -the fate of soldiers?	0:44:01	0:44:04
-How will you judge me?	0:44:05	0:44:08
-Oh, God, do not judge me -on my faults alone.	0:44:09	0:44:14
-Forgive me -for what I did to Richard.	0:44:15	0:44:18
-# Amen #	0:44:19	0:44:26
-Sir Rhys ap Thomas -died on 9 February, 1525.	0:44:29	0:44:33
-He was 76 years old.	0:44:34	0:44:36
-He was buried with the monks -at Greyfriars Court in Carmarthen.	0:44:36	0:44:41
-Quite ironically, the site -is now Greyfriars Car Park.	0:44:41	0:44:47
-Strange, -when you consider what happened...	0:44:47	0:44:50
-..to the remains of Richard III -and the other car park in Leicester.	0:44:50	0:44:54
-After Henry VIII's -dissolution of the monasteries...	0:45:02	0:45:05
-..Sir Rhys's corpse -was moved to St Peter's Church...	0:45:06	0:45:09
-..in the centre of Carmarthen.	0:45:09	0:45:11
-Sir Rhys married twice.	0:45:13	0:45:15
-He had one son, who died young.	0:45:16	0:45:20
-In his will, -he provides for his daughters...	0:45:20	0:45:23
-..and for 12 children -born out of wedlock...	0:45:24	0:45:27
-..and their mothers, -who were his lovers.	0:45:29	0:45:31
-His grandson, Rhys, -inherited everything.	0:45:34	0:45:37
-But he was accused of treason -and was executed by Henry VIII.	0:45:38	0:45:43
-He was accused of conspiring -with the King of Scotland...	0:45:45	0:45:49
-..so that he would rule Wales.	0:45:50	0:45:53
-He called himself Fitz Urien -to connect with the Old North.	0:45:53	0:45:59
-Like all young men who come -into power at an early age...	0:46:00	0:46:04
-..he let it all slip away.	0:46:04	0:46:06
-That was the beginning of the end, -I think...	0:46:06	0:46:09
-..for the whole -Rhys ap Thomas story and legend.	0:46:09	0:46:13
-They just disappeared through -the bad behaviour of his grandson.	0:46:13	0:46:17
-And so the sun set on -Sir Rhys ap Thomas's large kingdom.	0:46:27	0:46:32
-However, his descendant, -Robert Talbot Rice...	0:46:40	0:46:43
-..continues the military connection.	0:46:43	0:46:45
-He is a Major General -in the Welsh Guards.	0:46:45	0:46:48
-I'm Sir Rhys ap Thomas's -fourteen-times great-grandson.	0:46:51	0:46:54
-He was a remarkable man. -He lived in violent times.	0:46:55	0:46:59
-He prospered in violent times.	0:46:59	0:47:02
-He did a great deal...	0:47:03	0:47:05
-..to bring Wales -into the heart of British politics.	0:47:05	0:47:10
-At the same time, I suspect he was -no saint to have got where he did.	0:47:10	0:47:16
-Saint or no saint, -St Peter's Church in Carmarthen...	0:47:20	0:47:25
-..plans to move the tomb.	0:47:25	0:47:26
-They wish to commemorate Sir Rhys -and his contribution...	0:47:26	0:47:30
-..as explained -by Canon Leigh Richardson.	0:47:31	0:47:33
-At the moment, you can't see -the other side of the tomb.	0:47:33	0:47:39
-We want a 360-degree view.	0:47:39	0:47:41
-We want to be able to see -the top as well.	0:47:42	0:47:45
-We want to create -an interpretation centre...	0:47:45	0:47:48
-..to show the history of Rhys, -the town and the church.	0:47:49	0:47:53
-Were it not for this Welshman -from Llandeilo...	0:48:00	0:48:03
-..the history of Wales, Britain -and possibly the world...	0:48:03	0:48:07
-..would be very different.	0:48:07	0:48:09
-Henry VIII would not have ruled...	0:48:10	0:48:13
-..nor would his daughter, -Elizabeth I.	0:48:13	0:48:16
-She authorized the translation -of the Bible into Welsh.	0:48:16	0:48:20
-Like new growth -in this cornfield...	0:48:20	0:48:22
-..the history of Sir Rhys ap Thomas -can either germinate anew or die.	0:48:23	0:48:27
-It's up to us.	0:48:28	0:48:30
-S4C Subtitles by Testun Cyf.	0:48:57	0:48:59
-.	0:48:59	0:48:59

Y Cymro a laddodd Richard III

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