Y Rhufeiniaid ‹ Duwiau Coll

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-In the 8th Century BC...	0:00:02	0:00:04
-..when the Greek City States -were coming to power...	0:00:04	0:00:07
-..many tribes were living on the -hills above the river Tiber, Italy.	0:00:08	0:00:12
-They were farmers. Their lives -were being ruled by their gods.	0:00:14	0:00:18
-Shapeless ghosts -expressing themselves ...	0:00:19	0:00:22
-..through nature's powers -and the circle of the seasons.	0:00:22	0:00:26
-It was as the tribes grew -into an Empire...	0:00:28	0:00:31
-..that stretched from the -Atlantic Ocean to the Dead Sea...	0:00:31	0:00:34
-..that the gods -took on different forms.	0:00:35	0:00:39
-By the 2nd Century AD -there were 53,000 miles of road...	0:00:40	0:00:45
-..carrying their laws, their money, -their armies and their beliefs...	0:00:45	0:00:50
-..to more than 400 nations.	0:00:50	0:00:52
-Their achievements in art, -architecture and engineering...	0:00:55	0:00:59
-..are still awe-inspiring.	0:01:00	0:01:02
-Their famous poet, Horace said, -"Carpe diem" - seize the day.	0:01:03	0:01:10
-They seized the land, treasures -and gods of other civilizations.	0:01:11	0:01:16
-They were the Romans.	0:01:18	0:01:20
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-Rome, Italy	0:01:44	0:01:46
-This is one of Rome's most famous -symbols.	0:01:51	0:01:54
-Romulus, the founder of Rome -and his brother, Remus...	0:01:57	0:02:00
-..sucking on a female wolf.	0:02:01	0:02:03
-The wolf is Etruscan, -dating from about 500 years BC.	0:02:04	0:02:09
-The twins were added -200 years later.	0:02:10	0:02:13
-The history of Rome and its gods -begins elsewhere.	0:02:14	0:02:19
-Cerveteri, Italy	0:02:23	0:02:25
-The Romans adopted and adapted -the customs and the beliefs...	0:02:43	0:02:47
-..of the people they conquered.	0:02:48	0:02:50
-One of the most influential -was the Etruscans.	0:02:50	0:02:54
-By the year 650 BC -Caisra, or Cerveteri today...	0:02:58	0:03:03
-..was one of the wealthiest cities -in Europe...	0:03:03	0:03:06
-..trading with Egypt and Venice.	0:03:07	0:03:09
-As in Greece at the time, -the Etruscans had City States...	0:03:09	0:03:14
-..which were separated by politics -but unified by religion.	0:03:15	0:03:19
-The Etruscans believed in the -afterlife, similar to this one.	0:03:21	0:03:26
-They kept their ancestors -in the city of the dead.	0:03:26	0:03:30
-They carved thousands of graves -in the soft volcanic rock...	0:03:36	0:03:41
-..in a pattern similar to a city.	0:03:41	0:03:44
-In 1827, frescoes were found, as -fantastic as the best in Greece...	0:04:19	0:04:24
-..in Tomba dei Rilievi.	0:04:25	0:04:27
-They were painted on damp plaster.	0:04:27	0:04:30
-They show the cult of the dead...	0:04:30	0:04:32
-..similar to the one in Egypt -during the same era.	0:04:32	0:04:35
-The dead needed the pottery and -the pieces of art in the next life.	0:04:40	0:04:45
-What about their gods?	0:04:47	0:04:49
-The Etruscans believed in vernacular -and communal gods.	0:04:50	0:04:55
-They also believed in powerful gods, -based on the Greek Zeus and Hera.	0:04:55	0:05:02
-What the Etruscans took -from the Greeks...	0:05:10	0:05:13
-..the Romans took -from the Etruscans.	0:05:13	0:05:16
-From the Father god and the Mother -goddess to the ordinary gods...	0:05:16	0:05:19
-..the Romans stole it all...	0:05:19	0:05:21
-..when they conquered the Etruscans -in the year 280 BC.	0:05:21	0:05:26
-The Forum, Rome, Italy	0:05:28	0:05:31
-The Forum - the centre for trade -and religious custom.	0:05:35	0:05:38
-It was the heart -of the Roman republic.	0:05:39	0:05:42
-The Romans' religion included and -celebrated nature's powerful gods...	0:05:45	0:05:49
-..side by side -with the ordinary gods.	0:05:50	0:05:53
-In the shadow of Jupiter's temple, -the Father god...	0:05:54	0:05:57
-..who ruled thunder and lightning...	0:05:57	0:05:59
-..there would be maids -keeping the holy flame alight.	0:05:59	0:06:03
-It was a holy symbol -to the goddess Vesta...	0:06:03	0:06:06
-..who protected the homes -of the Romans.	0:06:06	0:06:09
-As the Empire expanded, -more and more kingdoms fell to Rome.	0:06:13	0:06:19
-The Romans would bring their loot -along the Via Flaminia...	0:06:23	0:06:26
-..and across the Milvius Bridge.	0:06:27	0:06:29
-They had mastered the craft -of the arch.	0:06:33	0:06:36
-They used it to bridge the Empire -and bring the wealth home to Rome.	0:06:36	0:06:42
-The victorious generals -would gain power...	0:06:44	0:06:47
-..and would compete for the main -prize - ruling Rome.	0:06:47	0:06:51
-The republic was under threat.	0:06:52	0:06:54
-A man came to stand in the breach -who claimed he was a descendent...	0:06:54	0:06:59
-..of the goddess Venus -and the Greek hero, Aeneas.	0:06:59	0:07:02
-He crossed the Rubicon -and occupied the capital city.	0:07:03	0:07:06
-His name was Julius Caesar.	0:07:08	0:07:10
-He gave the city a new Forum...	0:07:10	0:07:12
-..among grand buildings -that have long disappeared.	0:07:12	0:07:16
-He gave himself a title - pontifex -maximus, Rome's high priest.	0:07:16	0:07:21
-In 44 BC, -Caesar was murdered by senators...	0:07:22	0:07:26
-..who thought they were restoring -Rome's democratic values.	0:07:27	0:07:31
-What they did was exchange a tyrant -for an Emperor.	0:07:31	0:07:34
-Augustus' reign -was Rome's golden age.	0:07:36	0:07:39
-Art and architecture were thriving.	0:07:40	0:07:42
-Temples and marble monuments -were built for the gods...	0:07:42	0:07:45
-..who had been borrowed -from the Greeks.	0:07:45	0:07:48
-Zeus was changed to Jupiter.	0:07:51	0:07:53
-His wife, Hera was changed to Juno.	0:07:55	0:07:57
-Aphrodite became Venus.	0:07:58	0:08:01
-Poseidon, god of the Sea, -became Neptune.	0:08:02	0:08:05
-In Rome, the public could bathe -in the warm baths of Caracallia.	0:08:08	0:08:13
-They could swarm to the Colosseum -for their entertainment.	0:08:15	0:08:19
-The Pantheon, -home to all the gods...	0:08:39	0:08:42
-..became the religious heart -of the Roman Empire.	0:08:42	0:08:45
-It was designed by Hadrian -as a sanctuary for the Roman gods.	0:08:47	0:08:51
-It was dedicated to Emperor Augustus -who promoted the idea...	0:08:51	0:08:55
-..that he himself was a god.	0:08:55	0:08:57
-Pax Romana, the Roman peace, spread -to every corner of the Empire.	0:09:00	0:09:05
-Caerleon, Gwent, Wales	0:09:09	0:09:12
-There's a fort in Caerleon-on-Usk...	0:09:16	0:09:18
-..which was on the Roman Empire's -furthest borders.	0:09:18	0:09:21
-It was built in 75 AD - -it stretches over 50 acres.	0:09:21	0:09:26
-The walls that kept the Welsh out, -kept the Romans in.	0:09:30	0:09:35
-They recreated Rome -within these walls.	0:09:35	0:09:38
-There were 5,500 soldiers -living in 60 barracks in Caerleon.	0:09:44	0:09:50
-There are four ruins still here.	0:09:51	0:09:53
-The only Roman barracks in Europe -to survive.	0:09:53	0:09:56
-The Roman soldiers would bring their -gods with them everywhere.	0:09:57	0:10:02
-The Emperor could offer a sacrifice -to Minerva, the goddess of wisdom...	0:10:02	0:10:07
-..to light up his kingdom.	0:10:07	0:10:09
-Far from the safety of Rome, -the legionnaires in Caerleon...	0:10:10	0:10:14
-..would ask for the blessing -of Mars, the god of war.	0:10:14	0:10:17
-It would not be Rome or home -without an amphitheatre.	0:10:39	0:10:44
-Why did they build this one -outside the walls of the fort?	0:10:44	0:10:47
-I wonder if the only fighting -the soldiers saw...	0:10:48	0:10:51
-..were the gladiator contests -here, in front of a crowd of 6,000.	0:10:51	0:10:56
-There were many other Caerleons -along the borders of the Empire...	0:11:03	0:11:07
-..in forts and towns that were true -to the Roman customs and gods...	0:11:08	0:11:12
-..and they were protecting Rome -from the barbarians.	0:11:12	0:11:15
-Within the powerful Empire...	0:11:17	0:11:19
-..the line between the State and -religion became more and more fuzzy.	0:11:19	0:11:24
-Why should they be scared -of foreign gods?	0:11:24	0:11:27
-888	0:11:32	0:11:34
-Villa Hadrian, Rome, Italy	0:11:37	0:11:39
-Emperor Hadrian's villa in Tivoli...	0:11:50	0:11:54
-..was larger -than the Imperial Centre in Rome.	0:11:54	0:11:57
-Here, Hadrian created...	0:11:57	0:11:59
-..one of the largest exhibitions -of art and architecture ever.	0:12:00	0:12:03
-Most of it was copied -from the Greeks.	0:12:04	0:12:07
-The Romans believed -foreign gods had power...	0:12:10	0:12:14
-..over those who worshipped them.	0:12:14	0:12:17
-Hadrian hoped, by giving the gods -a fantastic home in Rome...	0:12:17	0:12:21
-..to channel that power -for the good of the Empire.	0:12:21	0:12:25
-His most ambitious design -was the Canopus.	0:12:26	0:12:29
-It was a replica of the Egyptian god -Serapis' sanctuary in Alexandria.	0:12:29	0:12:34
-For this, -he dug a canal 130 yards long...	0:12:35	0:12:40
-..with statues imported from Egypt -along the banks...	0:12:40	0:12:43
-..similar to those on the Acropolis.	0:12:43	0:12:46
-The statues of the Greek gods -in Tivoli...	0:12:50	0:12:53
-..show how the Roman gods had -evolved from shapeless deity...	0:12:53	0:12:58
-..into human forms and characters.	0:12:58	0:13:01
-The Greeks -gave the Roman gods faces.	0:13:01	0:13:05
-On an island in a round pool -among the columns...	0:13:21	0:13:25
-..the man who ruled the lives -of 50 million of his subjects...	0:13:25	0:13:29
-..found peace and quiet.	0:13:29	0:13:31
-Since the line between the State -and religion had disappeared...	0:13:33	0:13:36
-..it was only a small step from -being an Emperor to being a god.	0:13:37	0:13:41
-Here, in the maritime theatre...	0:13:45	0:13:47
-..much of the art and architecture -is a tribute to Antinous...	0:13:47	0:13:51
-..a young man Hadrian -was in love with.	0:13:51	0:13:54
-Antinous drowned in the river Nile.	0:13:54	0:13:56
-By order of Hadrian, he was made -a Roman god - the last one.	0:13:57	0:14:02
-In Tivoli, Hadrian built a refuge -with walls for foreign gods.	0:14:04	0:14:09
-It was also home to the art and -architecture of conquered nations.	0:14:09	0:14:14
-But, the threat to the Roman gods -would come from the East...	0:14:14	0:14:18
-..from a city given to Rome -as a gift from the Greeks.	0:14:18	0:14:22
-Ephesus, Selcuk, Turkey	0:14:27	0:14:30
-According to the historian, -Aristides...	0:14:36	0:14:39
-..Ephesus was Asia's largest trade -and banking centre.	0:14:39	0:14:43
-It was a city of marble streets -and splendid temples.	0:14:45	0:14:49
-Subject of admiration.	0:14:50	0:14:53
-It was established in the 13th -Century BC by the Greek, Androclus.	0:14:54	0:15:00
-Ephesus was presented to the Romans -in 133 BC.	0:15:00	0:15:04
-The Romans were willing for the -Ephesians to pay homage...	0:15:07	0:15:11
-..to the Greek goddess Artemis, -the Egyptian goddess Isis...	0:15:11	0:15:14
-..or any other god with a following -in the cosmopolitan city...	0:15:15	0:15:19
-..as long as they paid Roman taxes.	0:15:19	0:15:23
-Ephesus had been dedicated -to Artemis...	0:15:32	0:15:36
-..the goddess of the moon, -woods and fertility.	0:15:36	0:15:39
-A goddess who hated men.	0:15:39	0:15:41
-Her temple is one of the seven -wonders of the world.	0:15:42	0:15:46
-A simple column stands.	0:15:54	0:15:56
-Isolated on a swamp...	0:16:08	0:16:10
-..it's a worthy memorial -to the Greek architect, Theodorus.	0:16:11	0:16:14
-Someone dared him -to build a building on a swamp.	0:16:23	0:16:27
-He filled the foundations with coal -and then put leather on top of it.	0:16:27	0:16:32
-On that strange foundation...	0:16:32	0:16:34
-..he built a temple -which was 377ft long and 180ft wide.	0:16:34	0:16:41
-It was the largest marble temple -in the world.	0:16:41	0:16:44
-Theodorus' vision was amazing.	0:16:52	0:16:55
-127 columns supported a huge wooden -roof with cedar beams.	0:16:55	0:17:01
-It was the subject of great pride -in Ephesus.	0:17:01	0:17:05
-The city has other -architectural marvels.	0:17:08	0:17:12
-Celsus library was built in Ephesus -in the 2nd Century AD by Aquila...	0:17:29	0:17:34
-..as a decorative grave for his -father, the governor Polemaeanus.	0:17:34	0:17:39
-The challenge for the architect -was getting enough room for it...	0:17:41	0:17:44
-..between two existing buildings.	0:17:44	0:17:47
-He managed to create the impression -of height...	0:17:55	0:17:58
-..by putting an arch in the stairs -between the centre and the edges.	0:17:58	0:18:02
-He made the columns in the centre -larger than the ones on the side...	0:18:04	0:18:08
-..making the building look taller -than it was.	0:18:08	0:18:12
-The Romans' most beautiful gift -to Ephesus...	0:18:17	0:18:21
-..was dedicated to Emperor Hadrian -in the 2nd Century AD.	0:18:21	0:18:26
-It was famous because of the -craftsmanship of its facade.	0:18:29	0:18:33
-Two columns with Corinthian heads -support the stone lintel...	0:18:34	0:18:38
-..which contains a relief of Tyche, -the goddess of fortune.	0:18:39	0:18:42
-On the highest lintel, -there's a relief of Medusa...	0:18:45	0:18:48
-..one of the three Gorgons -of Greek mythology.	0:18:48	0:18:51
-When she appeared, -she could turn men into stone.	0:18:51	0:18:56
-But, the frieze around the door's -highest lintel...	0:18:59	0:19:02
-..is the clearest sign -of the Romans' influence on Ephesus.	0:19:02	0:19:06
-The Greek gods -and the Roman Emperors...	0:19:07	0:19:10
-..share the frieze with mythological -gods and heroes - everyone is equal.	0:19:10	0:19:15
-What kind of threat could there be -to the divine Roman Emperor...	0:19:17	0:19:21
-..who was equal to Zeus and Apollo, -in Ephesus, a conquered city?	0:19:22	0:19:26
-In this city, with its many gods, -a new god was being introduced...	0:19:45	0:19:50
-..in a theatre which could hold -24,000 Ephesians.	0:19:50	0:19:55
-Paul of Tarsus was here...	0:19:59	0:20:01
-..announcing the coming of a new god -- Jesus of Nazareth.	0:20:02	0:20:07
-The Romans were about to accept -one god too many.	0:20:10	0:20:15
-The new religion with one god -was about to grow roots in Rome...	0:20:18	0:20:23
-..and shatter the Pantheon -of Roman gods.	0:20:23	0:20:27
-San Clemente, Rome, Italy	0:20:39	0:20:41
-The Church of San Clemente -was built in the 12th Century...	0:20:45	0:20:49
-..above where some of Rome's secret -cults met underground.	0:20:49	0:20:54
-Meeting secretly -under the busy streets...	0:21:18	0:21:21
-..there were people -who longed for more...	0:21:21	0:21:24
-..than what the State's religion -could offer.	0:21:24	0:21:27
-The legionnaires -who were defending the Empire...	0:21:28	0:21:31
-..brought the cult of Mithras -from Persia to Rome...	0:21:31	0:21:34
-..in the 1st Century BC.	0:21:34	0:21:36
-He was a god of the sun and a hero.	0:21:37	0:21:39
-Mithras killed a bull until its -blood ran to rejuvenate the land...	0:21:39	0:21:44
-..and cleanse the followers -who met here...	0:21:44	0:21:48
-..at the lowest level -under San Clemente.	0:21:48	0:21:51
-In the 4th Century AD, on the level -above the Mithras temple...	0:21:55	0:22:00
-..another cult began worshipping -a man called Jesus.	0:22:00	0:22:04
-His blood, they said...	0:22:04	0:22:06
-..would rejuvenate the world -and save the believers.	0:22:06	0:22:10
-But, for a State which insisted -worshipping the Emperor...	0:22:16	0:22:20
-..and was home to, -and honoured many gods...	0:22:20	0:22:24
-..a religion which worshipped -one god and no-one else...	0:22:24	0:22:27
-..wouldn't be accepted.	0:22:27	0:22:29
-The Roman legions and Hadrian's -walls couldn't stand forever...	0:22:32	0:22:36
-..against the flow of history...	0:22:36	0:22:38
-..and the spiritual curiosity -in people's hearts.	0:22:38	0:22:41
-Emperor Constantine...	0:22:44	0:22:46
-..who was certain the new God, Jesus -had helped him in his battles...	0:22:47	0:22:51
-..became a Christian.	0:22:51	0:22:53
-Under Constantine, Christianity -became the State's religion.	0:22:56	0:23:01
-On street level, the majestic Church -of San Clemente...	0:23:11	0:23:14
-..is an ancient monument -to a religion...	0:23:14	0:23:17
-..which would spread to the furthest -fringes of the Empire...	0:23:17	0:23:20
-..and make Rome a religious capital.	0:23:20	0:23:24
-What about the Roman gods?	0:23:44	0:23:47
-In some ways, they had become -servants of the State...	0:23:47	0:23:51
-..after being elevated -because of its military power.	0:23:51	0:23:55
-Rome would turn into a city -of temples...	0:24:12	0:24:15
-..which were dedicated -to the new God...	0:24:16	0:24:19
-..and a cemetery to the lost gods.	0:24:20	0:24:23
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