Yr Eifftiaid Duwiau Coll
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Transcript
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-888 | 0:00:00 | 0:00:00 | |
-888 | 0:00:00 | 0:00:02 | |
-From time immemorial, -people have wondered about God. | 0:00:04 | 0:00:09 | |
-As images of their God -formed in their minds... | 0:00:13 | 0:00:17 | |
-..they began to portray him -in wood, paint and stone... | 0:00:17 | 0:00:21 | |
-..and kept him in sacred places. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:25 | |
-The ancient world -recognised innumerable gods. | 0:00:26 | 0:00:30 | |
-Today, one God -dominates the world of believers. | 0:00:32 | 0:00:36 | |
-So where did the old gods go? | 0:00:38 | 0:00:41 | |
-We shall delve back in time... | 0:00:42 | 0:00:44 | |
-..and look at those civilisations -that brought gods to power... | 0:00:46 | 0:00:51 | |
-..and honoured them -in art and architecture. | 0:00:51 | 0:00:54 | |
-We'll attempt to discover -the fate of the lost gods. | 0:00:55 | 0:00:59 | |
-888 | 0:01:00 | 0:01:02 | |
-888 | 0:01:06 | 0:01:08 | |
-888 | 0:01:12 | 0:01:14 | |
-The Egyptians | 0:01:16 | 0:01:19 | |
-This place was once a sea of grass, -waving in the breeze. | 0:01:32 | 0:01:37 | |
-On that savannah, gazelles grazed, -elephants roamed... | 0:01:37 | 0:01:40 | |
-..and men hunted. | 0:01:41 | 0:01:42 | |
-But 7,000 years ago, -the climate changed. | 0:01:43 | 0:01:47 | |
-Today, most of Egypt is desert. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:05 | |
-It is baked to a crisp by the sun. | 0:02:09 | 0:02:13 | |
-But this barren land -contains treasure... | 0:02:16 | 0:02:20 | |
-..that many other civilisations -would covet. | 0:02:20 | 0:02:24 | |
-The Nile river is a blue ribbon -between two fertile green borders. | 0:02:30 | 0:02:36 | |
-The Nile gave life to Egypt. | 0:02:37 | 0:02:40 | |
-As hunters and shepherds -became farmers... | 0:02:47 | 0:02:50 | |
-..they began to focus -on higher matters. | 0:02:50 | 0:02:53 | |
-Gods were born. | 0:02:54 | 0:02:55 | |
-There was a god for everything. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:09 | |
-The gods brought order to the world. | 0:03:09 | 0:03:12 | |
-When the country united -under one king... | 0:03:14 | 0:03:17 | |
-..he became the chief priest. | 0:03:17 | 0:03:20 | |
-They called him Pera - "Great House" -- the pharaoh. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
-He would make sure -that the gods were worshipped... | 0:03:27 | 0:03:31 | |
-..and that the Nile river -would bring life. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:34 | |
-What about the afterlife? | 0:03:37 | 0:03:38 | |
-The Egyptians believed -that every person had a soul... | 0:03:39 | 0:03:43 | |
-..that would survive after death. | 0:03:43 | 0:03:45 | |
-But the body had to be preserved, -to give the soul sustenance. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:51 | |
-That belief inspired Egyptian art -and architecture... | 0:03:52 | 0:03:56 | |
-..which are still considered -to be wonders of the world. | 0:03:57 | 0:04:01 | |
-Where can we see the first evidence -of the glory of ancient Egypt? | 0:04:13 | 0:04:19 | |
-Traditionally, the dead left the -dark, fertile land of the Nile... | 0:04:19 | 0:04:24 | |
-..for the red sand of the desert. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:27 | |
-Saqqara is a stone text. | 0:04:40 | 0:04:42 | |
-It records the history of the art -and architecture of the Old Kingdom. | 0:04:43 | 0:04:48 | |
-It is a gallery -of religious pictures. | 0:04:49 | 0:04:52 | |
-There was snobbery even in death. | 0:04:52 | 0:04:55 | |
-These were the tombs of the elite. | 0:04:55 | 0:04:59 | |
-These are the remains of a mastaba, -built of mud bricks. | 0:04:59 | 0:05:04 | |
-It illustrates the changes -in Egyptian architecture... | 0:05:04 | 0:05:07 | |
-..from the Nile's reeds, wood -and mud... | 0:05:07 | 0:05:11 | |
-..to stone. | 0:05:11 | 0:05:13 | |
-But mastabas -did not preserve bodies. | 0:05:14 | 0:05:18 | |
-Noblemen like Irukaptah arranged -statues of family members... | 0:05:19 | 0:05:24 | |
-..who would accompany them -into the afterlife. | 0:05:24 | 0:05:27 | |
-But money could not buy immortality. | 0:05:28 | 0:05:31 | |
-Later, they discovered -a substance called natron. | 0:05:34 | 0:05:37 | |
-Every day, people washed clothes -using washing soda... | 0:05:38 | 0:05:41 | |
-..and cleaned their teeth -with baking soda. | 0:05:41 | 0:05:44 | |
-When they put the two together... | 0:05:44 | 0:05:47 | |
-..they had a substance -that would dry and preserve bodies. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:50 | |
-This was the key -to eternal life - mummification. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
-Natron was a combination of the -salts found in washing soda... | 0:05:58 | 0:06:03 | |
-..and soda bread. | 0:06:03 | 0:06:05 | |
-It was applied to the corpse -to draw out moisture... | 0:06:05 | 0:06:09 | |
-..and thus preserve -a pharaoh's mummy. | 0:06:09 | 0:06:12 | |
-A mastaba was far too insignificant -for the immortal pharaoh. | 0:06:15 | 0:06:19 | |
-Egypt's first pyramid -can be seen here in Saqqara. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:23 | |
-It is the step pyramid of Djoser. | 0:06:23 | 0:06:26 | |
-Six mastabas -stacked on top of each other... | 0:06:26 | 0:06:30 | |
-..each one smaller -than the one beneath. | 0:06:30 | 0:06:33 | |
-The journey to the afterlife -was fraught with danger. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:37 | |
-Here are the sacred passwords -to eternal life... | 0:06:42 | 0:06:46 | |
-..inscribed almost 4,500 years ago. | 0:06:46 | 0:06:48 | |
-Prayers, advice and ritual chants. | 0:06:49 | 0:06:52 | |
-The step pyramid of Djoser -was a work of faith. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:01 | |
-It was the pharaoh's staircase -to the stars... | 0:07:01 | 0:07:05 | |
-..and the prototype for the pinnacle -of ancient Egyptian architecture. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:09 | |
-It also records its fall. | 0:07:10 | 0:07:12 | |
-Cairo - the busy, modern, -21st century capital city. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:31 | |
-The site of the Giza pyramids... | 0:07:37 | 0:07:40 | |
-..has almost been overwhelmed -by Cairo's suburbs. | 0:07:40 | 0:07:43 | |
-The pyramid of the pharaoh Khufu... | 0:07:55 | 0:07:58 | |
-..is the biggest individual building -in the history of the world. | 0:07:58 | 0:08:03 | |
-It stands on a rock foundation. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:06 | |
-203 steps rise -to a height of 481 feet. | 0:08:06 | 0:08:10 | |
-It weighs six million tons... | 0:08:12 | 0:08:14 | |
-..equal to the total weight -of all Europe's cathedrals. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:18 | |
-It took 20 years to build. | 0:08:27 | 0:08:30 | |
-The whole pyramid was covered -with polished limestone... | 0:08:30 | 0:08:34 | |
-..and topped with a pyramid-shaped -gold capstone. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:38 | |
-The world's most famous work of -architecture also stands in Giza... | 0:08:42 | 0:08:46 | |
-..the Sphinx. | 0:08:47 | 0:08:49 | |
-It is 187 feet long. | 0:08:53 | 0:08:55 | |
-It faces east and the rising sun. | 0:08:56 | 0:09:00 | |
-It is a symbol of the sun god, Ra, -and his son, the divine pharaoh. | 0:09:01 | 0:09:07 | |
-Its Greek name is Sphinx. | 0:09:07 | 0:09:09 | |
-In Arabic, -it's known as Abu al-Hol... | 0:09:10 | 0:09:13 | |
-.."Father of Terror". | 0:09:14 | 0:09:15 | |
-But it failed to save -the Old Kingdom from ruin. | 0:09:18 | 0:09:22 | |
-Pharaoh Pepi II lived too long. | 0:09:24 | 0:09:26 | |
-He reigned for 90 years. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:29 | |
-His descendants died before him. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:32 | |
-When he himself died in 2181 BC... | 0:09:32 | 0:09:35 | |
-..the kingdom collapsed. | 0:09:37 | 0:09:38 | |
-It was the end of the Old Kingdom. | 0:09:39 | 0:09:42 | |
-But an amazing new development -in Egyptian religion followed. | 0:09:42 | 0:09:46 | |
-888 | 0:09:50 | 0:09:50 | |
-888 | 0:09:50 | 0:09:52 | |
-Abydos became as important -for Egyptians... | 0:10:11 | 0:10:14 | |
-..as Mecca is for Muslims. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:16 | |
-Not because it was -a prophet's tomb... | 0:10:18 | 0:10:21 | |
-..but because it was the tomb -of Osiris, god of the underworld. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:27 | |
-Abydos marks a turning point -in Egyptian religious attitude. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:33 | |
-Here, the revolutionary belief -developed that every individual... | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
-..was responsible -for the life given to them... | 0:10:39 | 0:10:43 | |
-..and that the afterlife was open to -everyone, whether pharaoh or farmer. | 0:10:43 | 0:10:49 | |
-Osiris was a god of resurrection, -like Jesus. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:53 | |
-Osiris's resurrection... | 0:10:54 | 0:10:55 | |
-..guaranteed that every pharaoh -would live for ever... | 0:10:56 | 0:10:59 | |
-..through reincarnation. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:02 | |
-According to the myth, Osiris -was resurrected by his wife, Isis. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:10 | |
-This secured the succession -of the pharaohs. | 0:11:14 | 0:11:17 | |
-But in this life, -power resides with people, not gods, | 0:11:32 | 0:11:36 | |
-Political priests addressed a god -who had been born in secrecy. | 0:11:37 | 0:11:41 | |
-Amun rose to become king of the gods -in the new Egyptian capital. | 0:11:45 | 0:11:50 | |
-Amun was the most important god. | 0:12:08 | 0:12:10 | |
-His temple was at Karnack. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:13 | |
-Since the 20th century BC... | 0:12:28 | 0:12:31 | |
-..several pharaohs -have left their mark here... | 0:12:32 | 0:12:35 | |
-..in art and architecture. | 0:12:35 | 0:12:38 | |
-Karnack became Egypt's greatest -religious and economic centre. | 0:12:43 | 0:12:48 | |
-It was a state within a state, -like the Vatican. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:53 | |
-Here, history is written in stone. | 0:12:53 | 0:12:55 | |
-The walls depict daily worship. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:06 | |
-Two pink granite pillars... | 0:13:12 | 0:13:14 | |
-..commemorate the union -of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. | 0:13:14 | 0:13:18 | |
-Lotus and papyrus. | 0:13:18 | 0:13:20 | |
-United to worship -the gods Amun and Ra. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:26 | |
-Once a year, -during the feast of Opet... | 0:13:33 | 0:13:37 | |
-..Amun-Ra was carried -on the Nile to visit his wife... | 0:13:37 | 0:13:42 | |
-..in order to ensure -the fertility of crops. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:45 | |
-If Karnack was the powerhouse -of Egypt, Luxor was its glory. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:07 | |
-Beyond the Sphinx guardians... | 0:14:26 | 0:14:28 | |
-..the pharaoh Ramesses -waits to greet the god. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:32 | |
-Inside are 70 columns -topped with papyrus. | 0:14:35 | 0:14:38 | |
-How were these huge walls built? | 0:14:56 | 0:14:59 | |
-They placed layers of stone and -supported them with ramps of rubble. | 0:15:00 | 0:15:04 | |
-As the stone layers rose, the rubble -served as scaffolding for workers. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:10 | |
-After the rubble was removed, -the top was beautifully decorated. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:15 | |
-Artists created stencils of figures -for the inscribers... | 0:15:24 | 0:15:29 | |
-..who used copper -and bronze chisels. | 0:15:30 | 0:15:34 | |
-The walls were then painted -with bright colours. | 0:15:34 | 0:15:37 | |
-The paint has been worn away -by centuries of sandstorms... | 0:15:40 | 0:15:45 | |
-..but an echo of the former glory -still remains. | 0:15:45 | 0:15:49 | |
-Beyond, stands a hall -of huge reed columns. | 0:16:01 | 0:16:04 | |
-The floors were once coloured silver, -to look like water. | 0:16:04 | 0:16:08 | |
-Stars were painted on the ceiling. | 0:16:09 | 0:16:11 | |
-Death held little mystery -for Egyptians of this period. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:36 | |
-What concerned them -was the safety of the dead. | 0:16:37 | 0:16:41 | |
-Every dead pharaoh was taken to the -Valley of the Kings in the west... | 0:16:42 | 0:16:48 | |
-..and hidden in the earth, -safe for all eternity. | 0:16:48 | 0:16:52 | |
-The Valley of the Kings -was a dry area. | 0:16:55 | 0:16:59 | |
-Bodies remained preserved. | 0:16:59 | 0:17:00 | |
-It was guarded by a small army -of officials and priests. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:05 | |
-The tombs of the dead -are practically hidden. | 0:17:12 | 0:17:15 | |
-Some of them can be seen. | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
-The decorations are similar -to those in Giza and Saqqara... | 0:17:29 | 0:17:33 | |
-..in their mystique and splendour. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:36 | |
-They depict the circle -of life, death and rebirth... | 0:17:36 | 0:17:39 | |
-..carefully organised by priests... | 0:17:40 | 0:17:42 | |
-..accompanied by symbols, -chanting and rituals. | 0:17:42 | 0:17:45 | |
-This circle was expected -to carry on for ever. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:49 | |
-In the year 1353 BC... | 0:18:01 | 0:18:04 | |
-..the young pharaoh Amenhotep -composed a poem to the sun. | 0:18:05 | 0:18:09 | |
-"God, giver of life... | 0:18:10 | 0:18:12 | |
-.."Only god, -like whom there is no other... | 0:18:12 | 0:18:15 | |
-.."You created the world -according to your desire... | 0:18:15 | 0:18:19 | |
-.."You are in my heart." | 0:18:20 | 0:18:22 | |
-For Christians, Jews or Muslims -today, this is an orthodox prayer. | 0:18:29 | 0:18:34 | |
-For an Egyptian pharaoh of the -14th century BC, it was heresy. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:39 | |
-Amenhotep's vision changed from that -of multiple gods to that of one god. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:50 | |
-He changed his name to Akhenaten, -in honour of the one god, Aten. | 0:18:50 | 0:18:56 | |
-It caused a revolution -in Egyptian art and architecture. | 0:18:56 | 0:19:00 | |
-If the sun was god, -the temple didn't need a roof. | 0:19:02 | 0:19:06 | |
-The walls -didn't have to be so thick. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:10 | |
-In art, the divine, perfect pharaoh -was rejected. | 0:19:11 | 0:19:14 | |
-The pharaoh -became an ordinary man... | 0:19:15 | 0:19:17 | |
-..who had weaknesses -like the rest of humanity. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:21 | |
-Egyptian art was touched by reality. | 0:19:21 | 0:19:24 | |
-Like Henry VIII -during his Protestant Reformation... | 0:19:50 | 0:19:53 | |
-..Akhenaten took possession -of the temple's treasure. | 0:19:53 | 0:19:56 | |
-When powerful priests -tried to challenge him... | 0:19:57 | 0:20:00 | |
-..he shut down Karnack and Luxor... | 0:20:00 | 0:20:02 | |
-..and built a new capital -for the new god. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:07 | |
-Akhenaten ruled for 17 years. | 0:20:07 | 0:20:10 | |
-Within days of his death... | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
-..every reference to his name -and his god were destroyed. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:19 | |
-The priests of Amun -got their revenge. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:36 | |
-Amun was restored, but not for long. | 0:20:48 | 0:20:51 | |
-The Persian Empire swept through -the desert and encircled Egypt. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:55 | |
-The priests begged Amun -for someone to save them. | 0:20:55 | 0:20:59 | |
-"When the gods wish to punish us," -said Oscar Wilde... | 0:21:18 | 0:21:22 | |
-.."they answer our prayers." | 0:21:23 | 0:21:25 | |
-The saviour whom the gods -sent to Egypt... | 0:21:27 | 0:21:30 | |
-..was a 33-year-old Greek - -Alexander. | 0:21:30 | 0:21:33 | |
-He repelled the Persians, -declared himself the son of Amun... | 0:21:34 | 0:21:38 | |
-..then left Egypt because -he had other worlds to conquer. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:43 | |
-But he left a Greek general -on the throne... | 0:21:43 | 0:21:47 | |
-..the first of the Ptolemy pharaohs. | 0:21:47 | 0:21:50 | |
-The reign of the ancient -Egyptian dynasty had ended. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:54 | |
-So what happened to Egyptian -religion and its powerful gods? | 0:21:58 | 0:22:02 | |
-The answer can be found -on a small island in the Nile. | 0:22:03 | 0:22:07 | |
-Philae, far up the Nile... | 0:22:27 | 0:22:29 | |
-..had attracted pilgrims -since the early days. | 0:22:30 | 0:22:33 | |
-But art and architecture at Philae -reveal the new reality. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:40 | |
-The powerful figure -on the pylon is Greek. | 0:22:41 | 0:22:45 | |
-The space between the buildings -is a Greek concept. | 0:22:46 | 0:22:50 | |
-The pillars -have a Greek perspective. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
-This is where the last -Egyptian hieroglyphic was written... | 0:22:57 | 0:23:01 | |
-..on August 24, 394 AD. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:04 | |
-A tombstone to the glory -of the past. | 0:23:06 | 0:23:09 | |
-And then there's this. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:22 | |
-The Kiosk of Trajan. | 0:23:22 | 0:23:24 | |
-A new power was already spreading -across the Mediterranean Sea. | 0:23:24 | 0:23:28 | |
-The Romans were on their way. | 0:23:29 | 0:23:31 | |
-Stability was the foundation -of Egyptian religion. | 0:23:40 | 0:23:43 | |
-But stability can easily turn -to stubbornness. | 0:23:44 | 0:23:47 | |
-The Nile floods, crops grow, -the pharaoh dies and lives again. | 0:23:47 | 0:23:52 | |
-Then the world turned upside-down. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:55 | |
-Egypt as a whole -was an inverted pyramid... | 0:23:56 | 0:24:00 | |
-..supported by one man - -the powerful pharaoh. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
-Everything came crashing down. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:05 | |
-In religion as in archaeology... | 0:24:14 | 0:24:17 | |
-..conservation and progress -go hand in hand. | 0:24:17 | 0:24:20 | |
-If the Egyptians had accepted this -as they adapted to monotheism... | 0:24:20 | 0:24:25 | |
-..perhaps the names of Amun, -Hathor and Osiris... | 0:24:25 | 0:24:28 | |
-..would not now -be on the list of lost gods. | 0:24:29 | 0:24:33 | |
-S4C subtitles by TROSOL Cyf. | 0:25:18 | 0:25:20 |
