Episode 28 University Challenge

APPLAUSE

University Challenge. Asking the questions, Jeremy Paxman.

Hello. So far we have seen the teams from Trinity College, Cambridge,

the London School of Oriental and African Studies,

and Somerville College, Oxford,

win the first of the two quarterfinal victories

our draconian rules demand

if they are to claim a place in the semifinals.

Tonight, two more teams are looking for the first

of their quarterfinal victories, whichever team loses

will have just one more chance to stay in the contest.

Now, the team from Queen's University, Belfast,

beat Aberdeen University in the first round, despite trailing

until the final minutes,

when they managed to pull away

and secure a winning margin of 35 points.

Round two was kinder to them when they were up against

Downing College, Cambridge, whom they beat convincingly, 210-135.

Let's meet the Queen's team for the third time.

Hi, my name is Suzanne Cobain, I'm from County Down,

and I'm reading history.

Hello, I am Gareth Gamble from Lurgan in County Armagh.

-I'm studying medicine.

-And their captain:

Hello, I am Joseph Greenwood from Manchester.

And I am studying for a PhD in Irish theatre.

Hi, I'm Alexander Green from Lytham in Lancashire.

And I'm studying for a PhD in plasma physics.

APPLAUSE

The team from Southampton University lost their first-round match

against the London School of Oriental and African Studies,

but survived thanks to the mollycoddling clemency

of the highest scoring losers rule, which allowed them

to return and beat Loughborough University in the play-offs.

Then in round two they came away with a score of 335

against a Bangor team who, suffice to say,

failed to find the form they were on in round one.

Let's meet the Southampton team for the fourth time.

Hello, I'm David Bishop, from Reading. I'm studying physics.

Hello, I am Richard Evans, I'm from Frimley in Surrey,

and I am reading chemistry.

And let's meet their captain:

Hi, I am Bob De Caux I am originally from West Sussex,

and I am studying for a PhD in complex systems simulation.

Hi, I am Matt Loxham, I'm from Preston in Lancashire,

and I'm studying for a PhD in respiratory toxicology.

APPLAUSE

You don't need the rules repeating, so fingers on the buzzers,

here is your first starter for 10.

From the name of a town in France, what word can indicate a rose,

a European dynasty, and a biscuit?

The same word with a different...

BELL RINGS

Bourbon.

-Bourbon is correct, yes.

-APPLAUSE

The first set of bonuses, Queen's, Belfast, are on biographies.

The winner of the 2011 Pulitzer prize for general non-fiction,

The Emperor Of All Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee,

is a biography of which disease?

(Cancer.)

Cancer.

Correct. The Devil's Cup, by Stewart Lee Allen,

tells the story of which commodity,

whose beans were first cultivated in southern Yemen,

around 800 years ago?

(Coffee?) Coffee.

Correct. Which members of the family Gadidae

are the subject of a work by Mark Kurlansky

subtitled A Biography Of The Fish That Changed The World?

(Cod?)

Cod.

Correct. 10 points for this.

The Daily Telegraph, The Age, The Advertiser and the Herald Sun

are among bestselling daily newspapers

of which Commonwealth country?

The oldest is the Morning Herald, first published in 1831

and often said to be the oldest continuously published newspaper

in the southern hemisphere.

-BUZZER SOUNDS

-Australia.

-Correct.

-APPLAUSE

So, your first blood, Southampton.

And your bonuses are on astrophysics.

What two-word phrase was introduced on the BBC's Third Programme

at 6:30 PM on 28 March 1949

and later became a familiar designation

of a cosmological model of the development of the universe?

-Big Bang Theory?

-Two words.

-Three words.

-Three words?

-Well, big bang would be big bang theory.

-OK. Big bang theory.

Big bang theory.

-I asked for two words, but I'll accept that.

-OK.

-Sure.

With pioneering computer simulations in the 1950s,

Fred Hoyle helped to establish the standard picture

of which type of star, characterised by inert helium cores,

thin hydrogen burning shells and extended convective envelopes?

What do you think?

I should know, but...

-Red giant?

-Red giant?

Red giant.

Correct. And finally, in a paper published with William Fowler

in 1960, Hoyle developed the idea

that runaway nuclear fusion was the energy source

in which astrophysical phenomena?

The expansion of a supernova. Probably a supernova.

Supernova.

Supernova is correct, yes. 10 points for this.

With the atomic number 15, which non-metallic element has...?

BUZZER SOUNDS Phosphorus.

Correct. APPLAUSE

Right, these bonuses are on bodily secretions.

Meibomian glands on the eyelids

and Fordyce spots on the upper lip or genitals

are examples of what type of glands

that produce secretion by the disintegration of their cells?

-Sebaceous.

-Yeah, that's what I thought.

Sebaceous glands.

Correct.

What term is used for the first secretion from the breast

that usually occurs shortly after giving birth,

prior to the secretion of true milk?

Colostrum.

Colostrum.

Correct. What is the common name of the secretion

with the medical term, cerumen?

(It might be sweat.)

(Oh, actually, I...)

THEY WHISPER

Sweat.

No, it is earwax. 10 points for this.

Answer promptly with the given name or byname

and the surname of both people.

1948 and 1984 saw the assassinations of which two unrelated...

BUZZER SOUNDS

Mahatma Gandhi and Indira Gandhi.

-Correct, yes.

-APPLAUSE

Right, Southampton, these bonuses are on wars.

The 1838-1839 conflict between France and Mexico

is often given what name,

referring to the claim of a French cook

that Mexican troops had damaged his restaurant?

The Pastry Wars.

Correct. Le Guerre des Patisseries.

And secondly, what name was given to the 1984 war

between Chad and Libya,

taken from a Japanese motor corporation

whose pick-up trucks provided mobility for the Chadian forces?

The Toyota War.

Correct. And finally, in 1932,

an Australian army machine gun unit

was sent to deal with a 20,000 strong group

of which species of bird?

The soldiers were forced into a humiliating withdrawal

by the bird's superior tactics.

The Emu.

That is correct, yes.

We're going to take a picture round now.

You will see a sequence of flags

indicating the nationalities of recent holders

of which international office?

BUZZER SOUNDS

The Pope.

-The papacy is correct. Yes.

-APPLAUSE

Five popes up to Pope Francis.

Your bonuses, three more sequences of flags

indicating the nationalities

of the most recent holders of international political roles.

Five points for each organisation you can name. Firstly:

-Is that...Secretary-General for NATO?

-NATO.

-Rasmussen.

Secretary-General of NATO.

Correct. Secondly:

-Trinidad.

-Is that the...?

-Is that the Commonwealth?

-Second one along is Uganda.

-Is it Commonwealth?

-Commonwealth General Secretary, or something?

-I don't know.

General Secretary of the Commonwealth.

All I wanted was the organisation.

It is the Commonwealth. The chairpersons in office. And finally:

Is that the world...? No. The bank. The IMF.

The IMF.

Correct. 10 points for this.

What is the three word title of both the blog

and the 2009 book by David McCandless

that visualises datasets,

such as rising sea levels and reasons for divorce,

as colourful and imaginative diagrams

-that reveal unseen patterns...?

-BUZZER SOUNDS

Information Is Beautiful.

-Correct.

-APPLAUSE

Right, these bonuses are on a shared surname, Southampton.

Who became the first Governor General of British India in 1773,

impeached on his return to Britain,

in proceedings that lasted over seven years?

We was acquitted on all charges in 1795.

Clive.

No, it wasn't, it was Warren Hastings.

Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon,

was a prominent supporter

of which 18th-century religious movement,

building chapels in Brighton, Bath,

and other centres of aristocratic society?

THEY WHISPER

-Any ideas?

-I don't know.

What do you reckon?

THEY WHISPER

Christian Scientist.

No, it is Methodism.

William Hastings was a prominent courtier,

executed by Richard of Gloucester, probably on the grounds

that he opposed the deposition of which king, Gloucester's nephew?

THEY WHISPER

-Before him was Edward IV, and then Henry VI.

-Edward V, actually.

-Yes.

Edward V.

It was Edward V, yes. Right, another starter question.

The principal conductor and artistic adviser

of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra between 1980 and...?

BUZZER SOUNDS Simon Rattle.

Correct.

GASPS AND APPLAUSE

I thought you were shaking your head because you thought it was too easy!

Barely!

The bonuses this time, Southampton, on the 2011 census.

According to the 1911 census,

36 million people were resident in England and Wales.

How many residents did the 2011 census record?

You can have 1 million either way.

England and Wales together.

-Wales? How many in Scotland, then, say?

-About 5 million from Scotland.

So that's 65.

-No...

-I'd go 64, 65.

-Maybe bit lower.

-63? 64? OK.

64.

No, it is 56, I'm afraid.

Secondly, in 1911, 5% of the population was aged 65 or over.

To the nearest whole number, what was the percentage for 2011?

You can have 2% either way.

THEY WHISPER

-25? 24?

-I am not sure. Maybe not that high.

-I am not sure it would be that high.

-20?

20.

No, it is 16.

And finally, in 1911, the median age

of the population in England and Wales was 25.

What was it in 2011?

Again, you can have two years either way.

I think I had a look at this and it is somewhere about 37.5.

About 37.5!

37.

I'll accept that, yes, it is actually 39.

Right, 10 points for this. Answer as soon as your name is called.

What is the smallest positive integer that can be written

in the form 375 x A + 147 x B,

where A and B are integers?

BUZZER SOUNDS

512.

Anyone like to buzz from Queen's?

BELL RINGS

498.

No, it is 3. 10 points for this.

What surname is attached to several institutions,

the first of which was founded in New York in 1939

as the Museum of Non-objective...?

-BUZZER SOUNDS

-Guggenheim.

-Correct.

-APPLAUSE

These bonuses are on mixtures, Southampton.

What term is given to a liquid that boils to give

a vapour of an identical composition?

Is it an allotrope?

No, no, it is not an allotrope.

Azeotrope.

An azeotrope.

Azeotrope is correct, yes.

Born in 1830, which French scientist gives his name to the equation

relating the vapour pressure of an ideal liquid mixture

to its composition, and the vapour pressures of the pure components?

-Is that Raoult? That sounds right.

-Raoult.

Raoult is correct.

What term denotes a solid solution of two or more components

whose freezing point is lower

than that of any other possible mixture of these components?

Eutectic mixture.

Correct. 10 points for this.

The capital of the country that joined the EU in 2004,

which city gives its name to a 1955 treaty,

establishing a mutual defence organisation

that was formally dissolved in 1991?

BUZZER SOUNDS Warsaw.

-Warsaw, as in the Warsaw Pact.

-APPLAUSE

Southampton, these bonuses are on works in the collection

of the National Portrait Gallery in London.

Firstly, for five points.

Also noted for his portraits

of figures from Edwardian and Victorian society,

who painted general officers of the Great War?

A work depicting 22 senior officers

including Field Marshals Haig, Smuts, and French.

THEY WHISPER

-Not sure I can help.

-Any ideas?

-Got to be someone around 1950s.

Er...no. We will pass on that.

That was John Singer Sargent.

Secondly, a painting of which artist by Duncan Grant

is on display near to her own portrait of Roger Fry?

-(Roger Fry?)

-(Don't know.)

But, female artist, you could go maybe for Christina Rosetti.

-No, that's poets, actually.

-Any ideas?

-I've got nothing to go on.

Gwen John.

No, it is Vanessa Bell.

And finally, which duo, a librettist and a composer,

are portrayed in separate works by Frank Hall and John Everett Millais?

Yeah, I can't think of anyone.

Gilbert and Sullivan?

Correct. We're going to take a music round now.

For your music starter you will hear a piece of classical music.

10 points if you can name the composer, please.

CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS

-BELL RINGS

-Handel.

No, you can hear a little bit more, Southampton.

MUSIC RESUMES

BUZZER SOUNDS Albinoni.

No, it is Vivaldi, his Concerto for Two Trumpets.

So, music bonuses shortly, 10 points at stake for this starter question.

Fingers on the buzzers.

In 1778, when advised on his deathbed to renounce the devil...

BELL RINGS

Voltaire.

-Voltaire is correct.

-APPLAUSE

"This is no time to make new enemies", he said.

Your music bonuses are coming up now.

Following on from Vivaldi's Concerto for Two Trumpets,

you're going to hear three more pieces

of classical music featuring trumpets.

In each case I want the name of the composer.

First for five, this English composer.

CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS

Yeah, we'll try Handel again.

No, that's Purcell, The Indian Queen.

Secondly, this French composer.

CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS

No, we don't know.

That is from Charpentier's Te Deum.

And finally, the English composer of this piece, please.

CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS

We'll try Handel again.

No, that is Jeremiah Clarke's Prince of Denmark's March.

10 points for this.

What intentional feature of Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy

also appears in both The Collected Works of Billy the Kid,

by Michael Ondaatje, and the autobiography of the footballer,

Len Shackleton, in a chapter entitled...

BUZZER SOUNDS

It's left blank.

Correct. Yes. Blank pages.

APPLAUSE

Right, your bonuses this time, Southampton,

are on a literary theorist.

Born in Salford in 1943, which cultural theorist's works include

Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate,

and Trouble With Strangers: A Study of Ethics?

-I feel I should know that.

-Any ideas?

-I am not sure...

Nominate Evans.

Frayling.

No, it is not. You are thinking of Christopher Frayling.

It is Terry Eagleton.

According to Eagleton, what institutions are

"no longer educational in any sense of the word

"that Rousseau would have recognised,

"instead they have become unabashed instruments of capital"?

-Schools? Universities?

-Could be prisons.

I would go more for schools.

Could be prison? Schools was my first instinct.

Schools.

No, it was universities.

According to Terry Eagleton, Ireland is renowned for two industries,

Guinness and which novelist?

-James Joyce?

-It's got to be.

James Joyce.

Correct. 10 points for this.

Zacatecas, Nayarit, Campeche, Durango and Hidalgo are among...

-BUZZER SOUNDS

-Mexico.

-Mexico is correct.

-APPLAUSE

Southampton, these bonuses are on films whose titles contain

a word from the NATO spelling alphabet.

For example, the Delta Force and Golf Punks.

In each case give the film title from the description.

Firstly, director Howard Hawks's response to High Noon,

a 1959 Western set in an eponymous Texan town.

It stars John Wayne and Dean Martin.

I should know, but...

-Any ideas?

-Something based on Yankee?

Yeah, yeah.

But I can't think of what else to go with it.

Erm...Yankee.

No, it is Rio Bravo.

An Academy Award-winning film, secondly, of 1942,

that stars James Cagney

as the composer, playwright and singer, George M Cohen.

-Any ideas?

-It's not coming.

We don't know.

Yankee Doodle Dandy.

And finally, a 1964 film about the Battle of Rorke's Drift.

It starred Stanley Baker and Michael Caine.

Zulu.

Zulu is right.

Another starter question.

In medicine, pain, heat, redness, swelling...

BELL RINGS Inflammation.

-Correct.

-APPLAUSE

Queen's, this set of bonuses are on number theory.

What adjective describes an integer which is

the sum of its distinct positive divisors, excluding itself?

Perfect.

Correct.

The only odd prime divisor of an even perfect number

takes the form 2n - 1,

after which 17th century French monk are such primes named?

-Nominate Gamble.

-Mersenne.

Correct. What is the smallest perfect number?

6.

6 is correct. We're going to take a second picture round.

For your picture starter you will see a portrait of a Russian author.

10 points if you can give me his name, please.

-BELL RINGS

-Tolstoy.

Would you like to buzz from Southampton, any of you?

BUZZER SOUNDS

Is it, er, Dostoevsky?

It is Dostoevsky. Yes.

APPLAUSE

Your bonuses, three more portraits of Russian writers,

all born in the 19th century, 5 points for each you can identify.

Firstly, the person on the left here.

Tolstoy.

That is Tolstoy, inimitable, really. Secondly:

THEY WHISPER

Pushkin.

No, that is Maxim Gorky. And finally, who is this?

Try Pushkin again?

We will try Pushkin again.

I was going to say, it is unmistakably Chekhov.

But clearly, mistakably, Chekhov! Right, 10 points for this.

Born in Prague in 1884,

Max Broad was a literary figure best known for editing and publishing

the works of which German language novelist, who died in 1924?

BUZZER SOUNDS Franz Kafka.

Correct.

You will get a set of bonuses, this time on enemies of Rome.

In each case, name the person from the description.

Firstly, a Hellenistic king

who invaded Italy in the early third century BC.

His victories over Rome came with heavy losses to his own forces.

-Pyrrhus.

-Yeah, of course. Pyrrhus.

Correct. A king of Pontus, secondly,

who contested Roman hegemony in Asia Minor.

He was finally defeated by Pompey in 66 BC.

Mithridates?

Mithridates is correct.

And finally, a Gaelic chieftain

who was defeated by Caesar at the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC.

-Nominate Bishop.

-Vercingetorix.

Correct. 10 points for this, purple green and white

were the colours associated with which...?

BELL RINGS

The suffragettes.

-Correct.

-APPLAUSE

Queen's, these bonuses are on separation.

What name was adopted by groups of artists in the 1890s who broke away

from the academies in various cities, including

Munich, Berlin, and Vienna?

-Do you know?

-THEY WHISPER

-Come on.

-I'll nominate.

-Pre-Raphaelites.

No, it is Secession.

Secondly, named after a 17th-century royal figure,

what was the first state to attempt to secede from the union

after Abraham Lincoln's election as US President in 1860?

THEY WHISPER

The Carolines. As in, named after Charles.

No, it is South Carolina. Not specific enough.

And, finally, North and South Carolina

had been administered as a single colony

until they were separated during the reign of which British monarch?

Anne?

Indeed, it was Queen Anne. Another starter question.

Described by Churchill

as the largest capitulation in British history,

which island...

BUZZER SOUNDS The fall of Singapore.

-Correct.

-APPLAUSE

Southampton, these bonuses are on geological periods.

Which period of the Palaeozoic era

is named after an ancient people of North Wales?

-I'd say that's the...

-THEY WHISPER

-I don't think it's the Silurian.

-Ordovician.

Correct.

Which period of the Palaeozoic era is named after

a region of Russia to the west of the Ural mountains?

Permian.

Correct. Which period of the Palaeozoic era is named after

a county of southern England?

The Devonian.

Correct. 3½ minutes to go, 10 points for this, in making dynamite.

Alfred Nobel mixed the soft sedimentary rock

known as kieselguhr with which colourless, oily liquid?

BUZZER SOUNDS

Toluene.

No, anyone like to buzz from Queen's?

BELL RINGS Paraffin.

No, it is nitroglycerin. 10 points for this.

Gassenhauer, Ghost, Archduke,

and the Kakadu variations are among piano trios by which composer?

BUZZER SOUNDS Schumann.

No. Queen's, one of you, buzz?

BELL RINGS Chopin.

No, it is Beethoven. 10 points for this.

What surname links the archaeologist who excavated Knossos from 1899...

BELL RINGS Evans.

-Evans is right, yes.

-APPLAUSE

Queen's, these bonuses are on straits.

The Straits of Mackinac

separate the upper and lower peninsulas of which US state?

THEY WHISPER

-I'll nominate.

-Michigan.

Michigan is correct.

The waters of which gulf flow into the Red Sea

via the Bab-el-Mandeb strait,

thus compensating for the sea's large-scale evaporation?

Persian Gulf.

No, it is the Gulf of Aden.

Which strait separates Sicily from the toe of Italy?

(I don't know.)

We don't know.

It is Messina. 10 points for this.

At the 2012 Olympics, which sport included classes

known as Elliott, 470, Star...?

-BUZZER SOUNDS

-Sailing.

-Sailing is correct.

-APPLAUSE

These bonuses are on a psychologist.

In his 2011 work, The Better Angels Of Our Nature,

which Harvard professor argues that the violence has declined

and that our era is the most peaceful in human existence?

-(I don't know.)

-Pass.

It is Steven Pinker.

His first popular publication, which 1994 work by Pinker

is subtitled, How The Mind Creates Language?

Babel.

No, it is The Language Instinct.

And finally, subtitled The Modern Denial Of Human Nature,

which 2002 work by Pinker argues against tabula rasa notions

of human mental development?

Against Locke.

No, it is The Blank Slate. 10 points for this.

A judicial organ established to enforce a convention of 1950,

-the letters ECHR stand...

-BUZZER SOUNDS

European Court of Human Rights.

-Correct.

-APPLAUSE

Your bonuses, Southampton, are on Japanese culinary terms.

In each case, give the word from the definition or explanation.

Firstly, a term meaning fresh, green soy bean, it can indicate

either the bean itself,

or the boiled, salted pods served as snacks.

Edame.

Yes, they are called edame, they are also called, more commonly, edamame.

Meaning large root, what name is given

to a mild flavoured white radish,

also known in Britain by the Hindi term, mooli?

-Come on.

-Pass.

Daikon.

And finally, a strongly flavoured

green condiment also known as Japanese horseradish.

Wasabi.

Correct. 10 points for this. In addition to Elizabeth II,

two monarchs of Great Britain have reached the age of 80. Name both.

BUZZER SOUNDS GONG SOUNDS

-APPLAUSE

-And at the gong,

Queen's University, Belfast have 90 points.

Southampton have 290.

Well, you never really got in the game, Queen's,

but we shall look forward to seeing you again,

you'll be able to come back,

you will have to win then, and the next time,

to go through to the semifinals.

But thank you for playing today. Southampton, congratulations.

You have to win just one more victory

to go through to the semifinals.

I hope you can join us next time for another quarterfinal match,

until then, goodbye from Queen's University, Belfast...

ALL: Goodbye.

-It is goodbye from Southampton...

-ALL: Goodbye.

And it is goodbye from me. Goodbye.

APPLAUSE