Codi Wal Berlin

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-This is Berlin, -where the Cold War began.	0:00:01	0:00:04
-It was the West's weak point.	0:00:04	0:00:07
-As Khrushchev said, -"It's the West's testicles.	0:00:07	0:00:11
-"To hurt, you only have to squeeze."	0:00:11	0:00:14
-After the war, Berlin offered -people in the East a way...	0:00:14	0:00:18
-..to escape -to the free capitalist world.	0:00:19	0:00:22
-To stem the flow, East Germany -put in action an ambitious plan.	0:00:22	0:00:26
-40,000 people worked to build -an Iron Curtain round West Berlin...	0:00:28	0:00:33
-..overnight.	0:00:33	0:00:35
-The border was closed -in a feat of careful planning.	0:00:35	0:00:40
-We had the task, the order, to have -the border closed by six o'clock.	0:00:41	0:00:47
-By six o'clock, everything was done.	0:00:49	0:00:51
-Only one journalist from the West -witnessed the night's events.	0:00:53	0:00:58
-I saw a red torch waving, -carried by a border policeman.	0:00:59	0:01:03
-He said very politely, "I'm afraid -you can't go any further.	0:01:04	0:01:08
-"Die Grenze ist geschlossen."	0:01:08	0:01:11
-The border is closed.	0:01:11	0:01:13
-The wall divided families in Berlin.	0:01:15	0:01:18
-It divided the world too.	0:01:20	0:01:22
-But did building the Berlin Wall -help prevent another world war?	0:01:24	0:01:29
-13 August 1961	0:01:43	0:01:45
-As Berlin slept...	0:01:48	0:01:49
-..there was unexpected -activity in the city centre.	0:01:50	0:01:53
-Up to that time, -no-one suspected anything.	0:01:57	0:02:00
-12 August 1961, -Kellet-Long's home, East Berlin	0:02:03	0:02:07
-Adam Kellet-Long, -a Reuters agency journalist...	0:02:07	0:02:11
-..was having trouble writing -his Saturday night report.	0:02:11	0:02:15
-I had to write -a story for the morning.	0:02:16	0:02:18
-For news agencies, you had to write -a day lead. What would I say?	0:02:19	0:02:23
-Kellet-Long worked -in the city's Soviet sector.	0:02:23	0:02:27
-In the final days of World War II...	0:02:29	0:02:32
-..the Allies attacked -Hitler's capital...	0:02:32	0:02:36
-..attempting to destroy Nazism -once and for all.	0:02:36	0:02:40
-Berlin was demolished -by the Soviet Army...	0:02:40	0:02:44
-..in one of the most destructive -campaigns in European history.	0:02:44	0:02:49
-The city was completely -occupied by the Red Army.	0:02:50	0:02:54
-And then on July 1, 1945...	0:02:54	0:02:57
-..the British, French and American -troops marched into Berlin.	0:02:58	0:03:05
-Following the agreed plan...	0:03:06	0:03:08
-..the city was divided -into four sectors...	0:03:09	0:03:12
-..by the USA, Britain, -France and the USSR.	0:03:12	0:03:15
-The whole country -was also divided in sectors.	0:03:17	0:03:22
-Walter Ulbricht, leader -of the German Communist Party...	0:03:23	0:03:27
-..was in charge -of the Soviet sector.	0:03:27	0:03:31
-After a period in exile, Ulbricht -was sent back to Berlin in 1945...	0:03:34	0:03:39
-..with a group of communists.	0:03:39	0:03:42
-In no time, he was the leader -of the Communist Party...	0:03:42	0:03:47
-..and the Soviet Sector.	0:03:48	0:03:50
-Although the French, British -and Americans worked together...	0:03:54	0:03:59
-..the Soviets and the German -Democratic Republic, the GDR...	0:03:59	0:04:03
-..stood apart.	0:04:04	0:04:05
-So West Berlin was isolated.	0:04:06	0:04:09
-I was the only journalist -from any non-communist country...	0:04:11	0:04:16
-..to be in East Berlin.	0:04:16	0:04:17
-At the time, very little -was happening in Berlin.	0:04:18	0:04:22
-I think they, the powers that be, -thought it couldn't do any harm...	0:04:22	0:04:27
-..to send a very green -trainee there...	0:04:27	0:04:30
-..because nothing would happen.	0:04:30	0:04:33
-It was a fine summer weekend.	0:04:36	0:04:38
-Berliners enjoyed -relaxing in the city.	0:04:38	0:04:42
-I lived in West Berlin -with my parents.	0:04:44	0:04:47
-I went to work like everyone else. -I also had a boyfriend at the time.	0:04:47	0:04:52
-Monika Flindt was nineteen -and worked in a shop.	0:04:56	0:05:00
-That night, she was going -to a party in the east of the city.	0:05:02	0:05:06
-At 6.00pm, we took -the train to Kopernicker...	0:05:07	0:05:10
-..because the party -started at 7.00pm.	0:05:10	0:05:15
-For us in Lichtenrade, -West Berlin...	0:05:15	0:05:19
-..it took a fair bit -of time to get there.	0:05:19	0:05:23
-At 6.30pm, Kellet-Long -was in his flat.	0:05:24	0:05:27
-He received a message, claiming -that the East German authorities...	0:05:27	0:05:32
-..were planning something big.	0:05:32	0:05:34
-There was a sudden urgently called -meeting of the Volkskammer...	0:05:36	0:05:41
-..the East German parliament.	0:05:41	0:05:44
-People from the GDR had been -escaping to the West for years.	0:05:44	0:05:50
-The Volkskammer's politicians blamed -the West for encouraging them.	0:05:52	0:05:57
-It had to pass a resolution to deal -with the revanchist attempts...	0:05:58	0:06:02
-..by West Berlin to destroy -the GDR, et cetera.	0:06:03	0:06:06
-On the way out, I ran into -a gentleman called Horst Sindermann.	0:06:08	0:06:13
-Sindermann was -the GDR's head of propaganda.	0:06:15	0:06:19
-I said to him, "Herr Sindermann, -what does that mean?"	0:06:20	0:06:24
-He said, "I can't tell you."	0:06:24	0:06:26
-Then he said, "If I were planning -to leave Berlin this weekend...	0:06:26	0:06:31
-"..I wouldn't."	0:06:32	0:06:33
-So Kellet-Long stayed -in Berlin for the weekend.	0:06:38	0:06:42
-By Sunday night, there was still -no sign of any unusual event.	0:06:42	0:06:47
-But as he searched for a story...	0:06:48	0:06:50
-..secret meetings were held -all over East Germany.	0:06:50	0:06:55
-Police chiefs were summoned -to HQ in Keibelstrasse.	0:06:59	0:07:03
-Hans Modrow was one of them.	0:07:04	0:07:06
-He was a young communist -party member.	0:07:07	0:07:09
-I got a phone call.	0:07:10	0:07:11
-I was told that in the evening, -a car would come to pick me up.	0:07:11	0:07:15
-Where it would take me -was not made clear.	0:07:16	0:07:20
-But the driver knew I was expected -at a meeting in Keibelstrasse.	0:07:21	0:07:27
-Dollnsee, north of Berlin	0:07:31	0:07:33
-In the meantime...	0:07:33	0:07:35
-..Walter Ulbricht held a party -in Dollnsee, near Berlin.	0:07:35	0:07:40
-Leading parliamentarians, -politicians...	0:07:42	0:07:45
-..and top military officials...	0:07:46	0:07:48
-..were invited -to Ulbricht's house near Berlin.	0:07:48	0:07:52
-The caviar and champagne...	0:07:53	0:07:56
-..showed that only important -figures had been invited.	0:07:56	0:08:00
-Maybe West Berlin flourished, but it -was very different in East Berlin.	0:08:01	0:08:07
-The most amazing thing -was the incredible contrast...	0:08:09	0:08:12
-..between the two halves.	0:08:13	0:08:15
-West Berlin was -a thriving metropolis...	0:08:15	0:08:18
-..glittering with Mercedes, -hotels and nightclubs.	0:08:19	0:08:22
-It was a show city in many ways.	0:08:23	0:08:25
-You could drive through any number -of crossing points into East Berlin.	0:08:25	0:08:31
-It was another world.	0:08:31	0:08:33
-Drab, dark, old-fashioned, -buildings unpainted.	0:08:34	0:08:38
-I remember the time very well, -even though I was only a child.	0:08:39	0:08:44
-Butter was rationed, -meat was scarce.	0:08:45	0:08:47
-You had to queue for everything.	0:08:48	0:08:50
-Some people in the East -were envious of the West's wealth.	0:08:51	0:08:56
-Many people from the East -came to us in West Berlin.	0:08:57	0:09:01
-We had many refugees.	0:09:01	0:09:04
-Thousands from the East crossed -the border to the West every day...	0:09:05	0:09:11
-..to go to work -or to meet friends...	0:09:11	0:09:14
-..as Ingrid Taegner -from East Berlin remembers.	0:09:14	0:09:17
-Our family was spread across Berlin, -across the whole city.	0:09:18	0:09:23
-My father lived in West Berlin.	0:09:24	0:09:28
-We used to visit each other -all the time.	0:09:28	0:09:31
-Nevertheless, it was illegal -to stay in the West.	0:09:31	0:09:36
-But for those willing -to take a risk...	0:09:37	0:09:39
-..Berlin was a means of escape.	0:09:40	0:09:42
-It was easy to cross from -one side of the city to the other.	0:09:43	0:09:47
-You only had to get -on the subway train.	0:09:47	0:09:50
-By 1961, 3.5 million -had already fled from the East...	0:09:51	0:09:56
-..about 20% of -the country's population.	0:09:57	0:10:00
-The flow was getting so big, -and the people going...	0:10:01	0:10:05
-..were the cream of the country, -the doctors, the teachers.	0:10:06	0:10:10
-It was fairly obvious -that this couldn't go on.	0:10:10	0:10:14
-The numbers leaving were a challenge -and threat to the communist regime.	0:10:15	0:10:20
-Some of the East's best workers -and most talented people...	0:10:21	0:10:26
-..were attracted to the West.	0:10:27	0:10:29
-But Ulbricht had a plan.	0:10:30	0:10:32
-It was named Operation Rose.	0:10:33	0:10:36
-It needed a special person -to direct it...	0:10:38	0:10:41
-..the ardent communist -Erich Honecker.	0:10:42	0:10:45
-Erich Honecker was used -to organizing people...	0:10:46	0:10:50
-..camps and rallies.	0:10:50	0:10:52
-He had the necessary experience -to run a large operation.	0:10:52	0:10:57
-Hans Modrow knew Honecker well.	0:11:00	0:11:02
-Honecker was a little, how shall -I put it... unapproachable.	0:11:04	0:11:09
-It would take a while for him -to trust people.	0:11:09	0:11:13
-We had a lot of respect for him -for his stand against fascism.	0:11:14	0:11:18
-When some of us were -in the Hitler Youth Movement...	0:11:19	0:11:23
-..he was already -fighting against fascism.	0:11:23	0:11:27
-On Saturday night, Honecker summoned -police chiefs to Keibelstrasse.	0:11:28	0:11:33
-The whole plan was supposed -to be completely secret.	0:11:35	0:11:40
-Until Sunday night August 12...	0:11:40	0:11:43
-..only a small circle -of people really knew about it.	0:11:43	0:11:46
-Kellet-Long's home, East Berlin	0:11:48	0:11:50
-At 8.00pm, Kellet-Long -was still trying to find a story.	0:11:51	0:11:55
-Most of the police chiefs -still didn't understand...	0:11:56	0:12:00
-..why they'd been summoned -at such short notice.	0:12:00	0:12:03
-We were told we weren't -allowed to leave HQ.	0:12:04	0:12:08
-No phone calls, -no leaving the building.	0:12:09	0:12:13
-No-one had a clue -what would happen next.	0:12:14	0:12:17
-So the room was full of tension.	0:12:18	0:12:22
-Then, eight police chiefs -were called aside.	0:12:25	0:12:29
-Honecker gave them -the instructions...	0:12:32	0:12:35
-..that would change -European history.	0:12:35	0:12:38
-.	0:12:38	0:12:38
-Subtitles	0:12:43	0:12:43
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:12:43	0:12:45
-August 12, Kellet-Long's home, -East Berlin	0:12:46	0:12:48
-Journalist Kellet-Long believed -that the East German authorities...	0:12:49	0:12:53
-..were about to make -a dramatic statement...	0:12:53	0:12:57
-..to stop the flow -of people to the West.	0:12:57	0:13:00
-He had been advised -not to leave Berlin...	0:13:00	0:13:03
-..by a leading figure -in the East's parliament.	0:13:03	0:13:07
-He had already published -one story...	0:13:08	0:13:11
-..saying that something -unusual was about to happen.	0:13:11	0:13:15
-On the Saturday morning, that day, I -did a story which basically said...	0:13:15	0:13:20
-"..Berlin is holding -its breath this weekend...	0:13:21	0:13:24
-"..waiting for drastic measures -to stem the flow of refugees...	0:13:24	0:13:29
-"..from East to West."	0:13:30	0:13:32
-But the East German authorities -wouldn't say any more.	0:13:34	0:13:37
-No further announcement was made.	0:13:38	0:13:40
-Desperate for any facts -to confirm his earlier article...	0:13:41	0:13:46
-..Kellet-Long went out -to buy the first edition...	0:13:47	0:13:51
-..of the communist paper -Neues Deutschland.	0:13:51	0:13:54
-I got my copy. -I drove back to the office.	0:13:58	0:14:01
-I looked at this copy.	0:14:01	0:14:03
-I must say, to my horror...	0:14:03	0:14:06
-..it was a perfectly normal -edition of Neues Deutschland.	0:14:06	0:14:10
-There was nothing.	0:14:10	0:14:13
-So then I thought, "What -the hell am I going to do now?"	0:14:13	0:14:16
-I've got the whole world -waiting for drastic events.	0:14:17	0:14:20
-I've got to write -a story for the morning.	0:14:21	0:14:24
-There was tension -on Berlin's streets that weekend.	0:14:24	0:14:28
-There had been -an obvious increase...	0:14:29	0:14:31
-..in military activity -for months in East Germany.	0:14:32	0:14:35
-Many soldiers were -deployed round Berlin...	0:14:36	0:14:40
-..as the Soviet Army was reinforced.	0:14:41	0:14:44
-Everyone had noticed.	0:14:44	0:14:47
-Everyone knew something -was about to happen.	0:14:47	0:14:51
-The Soviet Union wanted -the West's armies to leave Berlin.	0:14:51	0:14:55
-The USA was determined to stay, -come what may.	0:14:56	0:15:00
-But this island of western -democracy was in a weak position.	0:15:04	0:15:08
-This was the West's weak point.	0:15:09	0:15:11
-As Khrushchev said, -"It's the West's testicles.	0:15:11	0:15:15
-"To hurt, you only have to squeeze."	0:15:15	0:15:18
-The American president, -John F Kennedy...	0:15:19	0:15:22
-...was drawn into the battle -for West Berlin's future...	0:15:22	0:15:27
-..with the Soviet leader Khrushchev.	0:15:27	0:15:30
-It was a dangerous game.	0:15:30	0:15:32
-By this time, -the USSR and the USA...	0:15:33	0:15:36
-..had nuclear weapons.	0:15:37	0:15:39
-For Khrushchev, -Kennedy was a spoilt rich kid...	0:15:40	0:15:44
-..whose father had -bought him the presidency.	0:15:44	0:15:48
-Khrushchev felt, -if he leaned enough on him...	0:15:48	0:15:51
-..Kennedy would do -anything he wanted.	0:15:52	0:15:55
-Early in 1961...	0:15:56	0:15:57
-..Khrushchev asked the Allies again -to leave West Berlin.	0:15:58	0:16:02
-If they didn't, he would offer -East Germany more support.	0:16:02	0:16:06
-Kennedy ignored Khrushchev's -threats, but he feared the worst.	0:16:08	0:16:13
-After all, the Soviets had -tried to capture West Berlin...	0:16:14	0:16:18
-..from the Allies in 1948.	0:16:18	0:16:21
-They had closed all the roads -from western Europe to West Berlin.	0:16:21	0:16:26
-The Berlin blockade -was a Soviet attempt...	0:16:29	0:16:32
-..to get the western allies -to surrender the city.	0:16:32	0:16:37
-Stalin stopped all movement -in and out of the city...	0:16:37	0:16:41
-..so that even food -didn't reach the people.	0:16:41	0:16:46
-Gunter Piskol was 12 at the time.	0:16:47	0:16:50
-I had very little to eat, -mostly dried potatoes...	0:16:51	0:16:56
-..dried egg and milk, items that -were easy to transport by plane.	0:16:57	0:17:03
-There was very little electricity...	0:17:03	0:17:06
-..only two hours a day to each home.	0:17:06	0:17:09
-The Allies responded -with the Berlin Airlift.	0:17:11	0:17:15
-The Americans and British decided -to supply West Berlin by air.	0:17:15	0:17:21
-Planes full of goods -landed there every 60 seconds.	0:17:24	0:17:29
-Every day, there was -a special aircraft...	0:17:29	0:17:33
-..where the pilot, two or three -kilometres before landing...	0:17:35	0:17:40
-..he threw out little parachutes, -with sweets, bonbons, chocolates.	0:17:41	0:17:47
-The food flown in saved West -Berlin and won people's hearts.	0:17:47	0:17:52
-It continued every day -for eleven months...	0:17:53	0:17:56
-..until the Soviets surrendered -and reopened the roads.	0:17:56	0:18:00
-This clearly showed that the Allies -would support West Berlin.	0:18:01	0:18:06
-Their presence became one -of the Cold War's main features.	0:18:06	0:18:10
-But the East still -coveted West Berlin.	0:18:12	0:18:14
-The blockade had failed.	0:18:15	0:18:16
-But Ulbricht had -an even more ambitious plan.	0:18:17	0:18:21
-Keibelstrasse Police HQ, East Berlin	0:18:24	0:18:27
-In the police HQ -in the centre of East Berlin...	0:18:27	0:18:31
-..a few police chiefs -were given instructions.	0:18:31	0:18:35
-That night, their task -was to isolate West Berlin...	0:18:37	0:18:41
-..by surrounding it -with a ring of steel.	0:18:41	0:18:44
-Dollnsee, north of Berlin	0:18:46	0:18:48
-In a secret meeting -with party loyalists in Dollnsee...	0:18:48	0:18:52
-..Ulbricht announced his plan, -demanding their approval.	0:18:52	0:18:57
-He asked them -if they agreed or disagreed.	0:18:59	0:19:02
-They all agreed immediately.	0:19:03	0:19:06
-No-one dared oppose Ulbricht.	0:19:10	0:19:13
-But they all had -to stay in Dollnsee.	0:19:15	0:19:18
-No-one would leave until the work -of closing the border started.	0:19:19	0:19:23
-As midnight approached...	0:19:27	0:19:28
-..Monika Flindt's party -was livening up.	0:19:29	0:19:33
-But the police at HQ -still didn't know what to expect...	0:19:33	0:19:38
-..until the designated hour...	0:19:39	0:19:42
-..when Honecker gave the order -to put the plan in action.	0:19:42	0:19:46
-In Keibelstrasse, -the few who had received orders...	0:19:46	0:19:51
-..started to share -the information with the others.	0:19:51	0:19:55
-At midnight, the first secretary of -the district joined the meeting...	0:19:55	0:20:00
-..and announced...	0:20:00	0:20:02
-"..The border with West Berlin -will be closed immediately."	0:20:04	0:20:10
-By morning, West Berlin...	0:20:13	0:20:15
-..would be surrounded -by barbed wire and armed soldiers.	0:20:16	0:20:20
-Khrushchev had approved of the plan -only five weeks before.	0:20:21	0:20:25
-Every detail had been carefully -planned in the meantime.	0:20:26	0:20:30
-The police chiefs went to their -local stations across the city...	0:20:30	0:20:35
-..to inform their staff.	0:20:35	0:20:37
-Policeman Heinz Schafer -remembers hearing the news.	0:20:37	0:20:41
-Shortly after twelve, -the commander came back...	0:20:42	0:20:46
-..and brought a stack -of maps with him.	0:20:46	0:20:49
-Schafer had waited -four hours for the order.	0:20:51	0:20:54
-He only then understood -what he was expected to do.	0:20:54	0:20:59
-SIREN	0:20:59	0:21:00
-Our men were called out and -I was given the responsibility...	0:21:01	0:21:06
-..of organizing and equipping them -and providing vehicles and so on.	0:21:07	0:21:12
-Schafer and thousands of policemen -had to erect and defend...	0:21:14	0:21:18
-..the new border -between East and West Berlin.	0:21:18	0:21:22
-Every company knew which section -they were assigned to...	0:21:23	0:21:29
-..and where they would stand.	0:21:29	0:21:31
-Everybody received a map.	0:21:31	0:21:34
-Then, we started to march.	0:21:35	0:21:38
-Soviet tanks went -to their positions round Berlin.	0:21:40	0:21:43
-Ten thousand policemen -headed for the border.	0:21:43	0:21:47
-The street lights -round the Brandenburg Gate went off.	0:21:49	0:21:53
-In the dark, -police lorries appeared.	0:21:53	0:21:57
-But Kellet-Long -knew nothing of this.	0:22:00	0:22:03
-He was still looking for a story.	0:22:03	0:22:05
-There was nothing in the paper...	0:22:06	0:22:09
-..so he concluded that no major -announcement would be made.	0:22:09	0:22:13
-I was just leaving the office...	0:22:14	0:22:16
-..when the teleprinter -of the East German news agency...	0:22:16	0:22:20
-..suddenly churned into life.	0:22:21	0:22:23
-At the same moment, -the telephone went.	0:22:24	0:22:26
-A voice said in German...	0:22:27	0:22:29
-"..Just don't go to bed tonight."	0:22:29	0:22:32
-He had to find out -what was going on.	0:22:34	0:22:38
-.	0:22:38	0:22:38
-Subtitles	0:22:43	0:22:43
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:22:43	0:22:45
-Brandenburg Gate	0:22:46	0:22:48
-The police took up positions...	0:22:49	0:22:51
-..along the border -between East and West Berlin.	0:22:51	0:22:55
-Two soldiers formed a post.	0:22:55	0:22:57
-Sometimes they would stand -20 metres apart...	0:22:58	0:23:02
-..sometimes 100 metres apart.	0:23:03	0:23:06
-More men were needed -to patrol the border.	0:23:07	0:23:10
-Hans Modrow asked for support from -Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse...	0:23:11	0:23:16
-..or the Workers' Militia.	0:23:17	0:23:19
-The Communist Party was in charge...	0:23:19	0:23:22
-..of mobilizing -the Workers' Militia.	0:23:23	0:23:27
-Every single member -of the militia...	0:23:28	0:23:33
-..had to be informed quickly.	0:23:34	0:23:37
-Most members of the militia -were at home, sleeping.	0:23:38	0:23:42
-They were summoned -at the last moment...	0:23:42	0:23:45
-..so as few people as possible knew -about the plan to build the wall.	0:23:46	0:23:50
-A designated person in a certain -district had the order.	0:23:51	0:23:57
-He would tell the next person...	0:23:57	0:24:00
-..and that person -would march to tell the next...	0:24:01	0:24:06
-..like a pyramid.	0:24:07	0:24:08
-The Workers Militia arrived, -not awake yet.	0:24:10	0:24:14
-They didn't understand -why they were there.	0:24:14	0:24:17
-The order was to "defend the border -from the enemies of socialism."	0:24:17	0:24:22
-It went like clockwork...	0:24:22	0:24:24
-..even though they only -had weeks to finalize arrangements.	0:24:24	0:24:29
-But Ulbricht -had planned this for years...	0:24:29	0:24:32
-..to cause a rift -between the West and East.	0:24:32	0:24:36
-There were two electricity supplies -but only one water supply.	0:24:37	0:24:42
-The waterways -were still connected...	0:24:42	0:24:46
-..as were the train lines.	0:24:47	0:24:49
-Berlin still had a unified -transport system in 1961.	0:24:52	0:24:55
-People would simply hop on a train -and go through to West Berlin.	0:24:56	0:25:01
-The authorities -were aware of this...	0:25:01	0:25:04
-..and tried -to prevent it from happening.	0:25:04	0:25:08
-In the early 1950s, -train tracks were laid down...	0:25:09	0:25:12
-..to go round West Berlin -rather than through the centre.	0:25:12	0:25:16
-Tunnels that were closed since -the Second World War were reopened.	0:25:18	0:25:23
-New tunnels were built.	0:25:23	0:25:25
-But some trains were still -travelling through West Berlin.	0:25:30	0:25:34
-To totally close the border...	0:25:36	0:25:38
-..every escape route -had to be blocked.	0:25:38	0:25:42
-Sealed envelopes were handed out, -to be opened at midnight.	0:25:42	0:25:47
-At midnight, -they read what had to be done.	0:25:48	0:25:52
-Stop the underground -and over ground trains...	0:25:52	0:25:56
-..then the Transport Police -had to close stations.	0:25:57	0:26:01
-That is the German -organizational spirit...	0:26:01	0:26:04
-..they sort it out.	0:26:05	0:26:08
-And everything worked.	0:26:08	0:26:10
-When her party ended...	0:26:12	0:26:14
-..Monika Flindt -headed home to West Berlin.	0:26:14	0:26:18
-We travelled from Kopernicker -to Friedrichstrasse...	0:26:19	0:26:24
-..and had to get off -the train there.	0:26:24	0:26:27
-Friedrichstrasse Station -East Berlin	0:26:30	0:26:33
-They said, "The train stops here, -everyone get off."	0:26:33	0:26:38
-We were met by police -with machine guns.	0:26:38	0:26:42
-They said that we had -to walk to West Berlin...	0:26:44	0:26:48
-..as they had shut the border.	0:26:48	0:26:51
-When I saw the machine guns, -I got scared.	0:26:51	0:26:56
-Monika Flindt had to walk -the rest of the way.	0:26:57	0:27:00
-In the meantime, -after receiving an anonymous call...	0:27:01	0:27:05
-..Kellet-Long in East Berlin -tried to find out what was going on.	0:27:05	0:27:11
-I drove down the main thoroughfare -of East Berlin...	0:27:11	0:27:15
-..down to the Brandenburg Gate.	0:27:16	0:27:18
-Unter Den Linden was deserted.	0:27:18	0:27:20
-When I got to the gate, -I saw a red torch waving.	0:27:21	0:27:25
-I stopped.	0:27:25	0:27:27
-The torch was carried -by a border policeman.	0:27:28	0:27:31
-He said very politely, "I'm -afraid you can't go any further.	0:27:31	0:27:35
-"Die Grenze ist geschlossen."	0:27:36	0:27:38
-The border is closed.	0:27:38	0:27:40
-Kellet-Long was the first British -man to hear the historical words.	0:27:41	0:27:46
-I did realize -they were very momentous words.	0:27:46	0:27:50
-It was the midst of the Cold War.	0:27:50	0:27:52
-This was a major development -in world news.	0:27:52	0:27:56
-My main concern was to get -that news out as quickly as I could.	0:27:57	0:28:03
-But his way home was closed.	0:28:03	0:28:06
-I headed swiftly back up -Unter Den Linden.	0:28:06	0:28:09
-When I got to -the Marx-Engels-Platz...	0:28:10	0:28:12
-..a large convoy -of what looked to me...	0:28:13	0:28:17
-..because the street lighting -was very bad in East Berlin...	0:28:17	0:28:22
-..what looked to me -like troops in lorries...	0:28:22	0:28:25
-..with small field artillery.	0:28:25	0:28:28
-The trucks drove to specific -locations where they unloaded.	0:28:33	0:28:38
-They unrolled the barbed wire.	0:28:38	0:28:41
-The new border divided streets, -parks and bridges.	0:28:42	0:28:47
-There were 96 miles altogether.	0:28:47	0:28:50
-The border round Berlin...	0:28:51	0:28:54
-..required 300 tons of barbed wire.	0:28:54	0:28:57
-They had bought barbed wire -from the West...	0:28:58	0:29:03
-..and imported it to the East.	0:29:03	0:29:06
-They said the barbed wire -was for fencing in farm animals.	0:29:08	0:29:13
-Hours before the wall went up...	0:29:14	0:29:16
-..trucks with building materials...	0:29:16	0:29:20
-..drove in to Berlin -and took their places.	0:29:20	0:29:25
-By 3.00am, men were -working along the border...	0:29:25	0:29:30
-..and the construction work -was forging ahead.	0:29:30	0:29:34
-In the meantime, Monika Flindt -was still trying to get home.	0:29:38	0:29:43
-We walked towards the border and -saw the barbed wire was in place.	0:29:45	0:29:51
-We would have to climb over it.	0:29:52	0:29:55
-A policeman helped me -so I didn't ruin my stockings.	0:29:55	0:30:00
-They were so young and naive.	0:30:01	0:30:03
-They didn't know what was going on.	0:30:04	0:30:08
-Honecker followed -the night's events.	0:30:10	0:30:13
-By daybreak, -the border was almost closed.	0:30:19	0:30:24
-After getting home, -Kellet-Long spoke with his wife.	0:30:29	0:30:33
-When I came back, -I went into her bedroom.	0:30:33	0:30:37
-Her diary states -that I was white-lipped...	0:30:37	0:30:39
-..and said, "They've closed -the border. It's a huge story."	0:30:40	0:30:44
-His priority was to share -the story with the world.	0:30:44	0:30:49
-I wrote a snap, which -in those days was a top thing...	0:30:49	0:30:52
-..saying the East-West Berlin -border was closed earlier today.	0:30:53	0:30:57
-Kellet-Long's -suspicions were confirmed.	0:30:57	0:31:01
-The East would make -an announcement that weekend...	0:31:01	0:31:05
-..but only after they had closed -the border with West Berlin.	0:31:06	0:31:12
-Twelve hours -before the border closed...	0:31:14	0:31:18
-..fewer than 20 people -knew about Operation Rose.	0:31:18	0:31:22
-That night, 40,000 police and East -German soldiers completed the task.	0:31:23	0:31:28
-Our work was to make sure -the border closed by 6.00am.	0:31:28	0:31:33
-And by six o'clock, -we had succeeded in doing that.	0:31:36	0:31:39
-By six o'clock, everything was done.	0:31:41	0:31:44
-13 August 1961	0:31:49	0:31:52
-A shock was in store -for Berliners the following morning.	0:31:53	0:31:58
-The rumble of the tanks -woke us quite early.	0:31:59	0:32:04
-The house was shaking.	0:32:05	0:32:08
-We thought a new war had started.	0:32:08	0:32:13
-It was 8.00am by the time Monika -Flindt arrived home in West Berlin.	0:32:17	0:32:22
-My father was very angry. -"Where have you been?" he said.	0:32:27	0:32:32
-"They've closed the border, -we had to walk back," I replied.	0:32:33	0:32:37
-Dad said, "Don't talk nonsense." -I said, "No, it's the truth."	0:32:37	0:32:42
-"One more word -and I will smack you!"	0:32:42	0:32:45
-My only reaction was -to switch the radio on.	0:32:45	0:32:49
-I looked out of the balcony.	0:32:52	0:32:56
-I saw an East German soldier...	0:32:59	0:33:03
-..wearing a helmet -and carrying a gun.	0:33:03	0:33:07
-'This isn't possible,' I thought.	0:33:08	0:33:11
-Then I looked towards -Wiener Bridge.	0:33:11	0:33:15
-What I saw there...	0:33:16	0:33:18
-..were NVA soldiers, -or the army of the East.	0:33:18	0:33:22
-They had closed the road -over the bridge.	0:33:24	0:33:27
-I was terrified of the guns. It -looked as if we were in a war zone.	0:33:28	0:33:33
-.	0:33:33	0:33:33
-Subtitles	0:33:37	0:33:37
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:33:37	0:33:39
-As Berliners came -to terms with events...	0:33:41	0:33:44
-..the story made headlines -round the world.	0:33:44	0:33:48
-Reuters in London sent Kellet-Long's -story to news agencies worldwide.	0:33:49	0:33:55
-The armoured cars moved out through -the gateway onto this side of it.	0:33:56	0:34:01
-They were followed -by that line of troops.	0:34:01	0:34:04
-They're not police or soldiers, -but Kampfgruppen...	0:34:05	0:34:08
-..a sort of Workers' Militia.	0:34:09	0:34:11
-Willy Brandt, -the mayor of West Berlin...	0:34:11	0:34:15
-..flew back straightaway.	0:34:15	0:34:18
-Brandt was furious.	0:34:18	0:34:20
-He considered electing himself -the leader of the whole city...	0:34:20	0:34:26
-..and inciting East Berliners to -rise up against their government...	0:34:26	0:34:31
-..to stop what was happening.	0:34:31	0:34:34
-During the morning, more Berliners -came out on the streets.	0:34:34	0:34:39
-The tension was palpable.	0:34:41	0:34:44
-The people are angry.	0:34:45	0:34:46
-Groups of them gather near -the border of the eastern sector...	0:34:47	0:34:51
-..and quietly watch the East German -soldiers fixing the barbed wire.	0:34:51	0:34:56
-West Berliners came face to face -with the Workers' Militia.	0:34:56	0:35:01
-They defended the border -as it was being completed.	0:35:01	0:35:05
-There is a picture -of the Brandenburg Gate...	0:35:05	0:35:09
-..with the Workers' Militia -carrying machine guns...	0:35:10	0:35:15
-..facing the West.	0:35:15	0:35:18
-They weren't there -to protect us from the West.	0:35:18	0:35:22
-No, on the contrary, -they kept an eye on the East...	0:35:23	0:35:27
-..to make sure the residents -didn't escape through the Gate.	0:35:27	0:35:31
-There was a good reason...	0:35:32	0:35:34
-..why the Workers' Militia -was chosen to patrol the wall.	0:35:35	0:35:39
-We wanted to create the image...	0:35:39	0:35:43
-..that the workers -supported the police...	0:35:43	0:35:47
-..that they were loyal -to the socialist ideal...	0:35:47	0:35:52
-..and were safeguarding -the government of the East.	0:35:52	0:35:56
-This was only one measure -to ensure...	0:35:57	0:36:00
-..East Berliners wouldn't rebel -against closing the border.	0:36:00	0:36:05
-Loudspeakers were set up -on the border...	0:36:09	0:36:15
-..and in front of my house.	0:36:15	0:36:18
-They referred to the wall...	0:36:18	0:36:22
-..as the "anti-fascist -protection rampart"...	0:36:22	0:36:26
-..and that now finally -socialism could be built in peace...	0:36:26	0:36:31
-..without interference -from the West.	0:36:34	0:36:37
-A special edition of -Neues Deutschland was published.	0:36:39	0:36:43
-Propaganda leaflets were -distributed amongst the crowds.	0:36:45	0:36:51
-Specially trained people -placated the crowds...	0:36:51	0:36:55
-..explaining -the reason for the wall...	0:36:55	0:36:58
-..and to dissuade the more radical -faction from resorting to violence.	0:36:59	0:37:04
-They had hardly any incidents...	0:37:04	0:37:06
-..no mass resistance, -large strikes or demonstrations...	0:37:06	0:37:11
-..against the measures -implemented by the GDR leadership.	0:37:11	0:37:16
-But the crowds in the West were -more prepared to show their anger.	0:37:16	0:37:21
-Even the police over there were -shocked to see us standing there...	0:37:22	0:37:28
-..and not letting anyone in.	0:37:28	0:37:30
-The crowds started to throw stones -at us and scream insults.	0:37:31	0:37:36
-In the East...	0:37:36	0:37:38
-..dreams of a new life in the West -were disappearing altogether.	0:37:38	0:37:44
-We were thinking -how can we help the people.	0:37:45	0:37:48
-I said, -"I have wire cutters in my car."	0:37:49	0:37:52
-I ran back and got them...	0:37:53	0:37:56
-..and then we cut the fence.	0:37:56	0:37:59
-Even on that dramatic day, -the 13th of August...	0:38:07	0:38:13
-..800 people managed to escape...	0:38:13	0:38:16
-..slipping through the wire and past -troops that were all over Berlin.	0:38:16	0:38:22
-They realized what we have done...	0:38:22	0:38:25
-..the police -came running with rifles.	0:38:25	0:38:28
-But they didn't shoot.	0:38:28	0:38:30
-Even though thousands of -armed guards patrolled the border...	0:38:31	0:38:36
-..no-one was shot that day, -trying to escape.	0:38:36	0:38:40
-At first, the Workers' Militia -had not been given any ammunition.	0:38:40	0:38:45
-They had been armed...	0:38:46	0:38:48
-..but there was an element -of show about this.	0:38:49	0:38:53
-It reduced the risk -of shots being fired...	0:38:53	0:38:59
-..as the two sides -came face to face.	0:38:59	0:39:03
-The West wasn't aware -of these precautions.	0:39:04	0:39:07
-The presence of Soviet soldiers -in Berlin appeared threatening.	0:39:08	0:39:14
-Willy Brandt decided -not to take action on his own.	0:39:14	0:39:18
-He reconsidered, -and took stock of the situation.	0:39:19	0:39:23
-He decided to ask Western leaders -what they proposed to do.	0:39:23	0:39:29
-He went to the Kommandatura, -the Allies' military headquarters.	0:39:31	0:39:36
-It was time for American, -British and French generals...	0:39:37	0:39:41
-..to decide how to respond.	0:39:41	0:39:44
-There were a quarter of a million -Soviet troops in East Germany...	0:39:44	0:39:49
-..and thousands -of East German soldiers.	0:39:49	0:39:53
-That's what western generals -were up against.	0:39:53	0:39:56
-The Allies were opposed -to military action.	0:39:57	0:40:01
-They eventually put soldiers -on the border.	0:40:01	0:40:05
-But this was only a show.	0:40:05	0:40:08
-Brandt was furious.	0:40:10	0:40:12
-Brandt said, "The cowards -are not going to do anything.	0:40:13	0:40:16
-"But at least they're sending -soldiers to patrol the border."	0:40:17	0:40:21
-Brandt believed -the East was bluffing...	0:40:21	0:40:24
-..and that the Allies -had been deceived.	0:40:25	0:40:29
-The Soviets didn't expect -a full-blown war.	0:40:29	0:40:35
-But they wanted to show -they had enough troops...	0:40:35	0:40:41
-..to deter the West from -initiating any military measures.	0:40:42	0:40:47
-Any decision -about military intervention...	0:40:48	0:40:52
-..had to come from the top.	0:40:52	0:40:55
-Everyone turned -to the President of the USA.	0:40:55	0:40:59
-While the Workers' Militia -and police patrolled the border...	0:41:00	0:41:05
-..Berliners didn't know -what would happen next.	0:41:06	0:41:10
-I now realize that we came close -to war on several occasions.	0:41:11	0:41:17
-It was a very dangerous time.	0:41:17	0:41:21
-People still remembered -the Second World War.	0:41:21	0:41:24
-They were extremely worried -about the atomic bomb.	0:41:25	0:41:29
-Europe's future was -in the hands of the United States.	0:41:31	0:41:36
-Kennedy was on his boat off -the coast of Massachusetts that day.	0:41:36	0:41:41
-It was late afternoon in Berlin -by the time he heard the news...	0:41:41	0:41:46
-..sixteen hours after the order -to build the border was given.	0:41:46	0:41:50
-His reaction was -that a wall was a terrible thing...	0:41:50	0:41:55
-..but it was better than war.	0:41:55	0:41:58
-He considered his options -and reached a difficult decision.	0:41:59	0:42:04
-His decision was to hold back.	0:42:04	0:42:06
-The Americans preferred the conflict -to be solved by the wall...	0:42:08	0:42:14
-..rather than having a war -between the East and the West.	0:42:14	0:42:19
-But the people in the East -lived in hope.	0:42:19	0:42:23
-On the 13th of August, I met -my father on Harzer Street...	0:42:23	0:42:27
-..and we talked over the fence.	0:42:27	0:42:31
-Father said, "The Americans will -solve this soon. This cannot last."	0:42:32	0:42:38
-But they hoped in vain.	0:42:38	0:42:40
-It was obvious that the western -Allies in Berlin would do nothing.	0:42:41	0:42:46
-There was a feeling of utter despair -that nothing would happen.	0:42:47	0:42:51
-It was heartbreaking for us -in the East...	0:42:51	0:42:55
-..when it became obvious -that the rest of the world...	0:42:56	0:43:00
-..had already forgotten us.	0:43:00	0:43:02
-A few days later, the barbed wire -was replaced by a wall.	0:43:05	0:43:10
-Dividing the city -was a permanent solution.	0:43:12	0:43:16
-The purpose of my life -was defending the border.	0:43:17	0:43:22
-The wall was perfect, -both technically and politically.	0:43:30	0:43:34
-There was no way to get rid of it.	0:43:34	0:43:36
-Border guards were ordered to -shoot anyone attempting to escape.	0:43:38	0:43:42
-Around 150 people were killed -trying to cross the wall.	0:43:44	0:43:50
-Thousands of lives -were shattered by it.	0:43:50	0:43:54
-My mother was all by herself -in the West.	0:43:55	0:43:58
-But I was denied my visa -to West Berlin...	0:43:58	0:44:01
-..which was only -a few subway stops away.	0:44:02	0:44:05
-I received my visa after she died.	0:44:06	0:44:11
-She died in a nursing home, -surrounded by strangers.	0:44:11	0:44:17
-The world came to accept the wall -as a fixture on Europe's landscape.	0:44:17	0:44:22
-It was a better way of solving -Berlin's problem than war.	0:44:24	0:44:29
-It was a very important moment -in post-war European history.	0:44:29	0:44:34
-It could have been -a much more important moment...	0:44:34	0:44:38
-..if there'd been -a western reaction.	0:44:38	0:44:40
-It could have been -a cataclysmic moment.	0:44:41	0:44:43
-The wall stopped the flow -of people from leaving East Germany.	0:44:44	0:44:48
-In that respect, it was a success.	0:44:48	0:44:50
-For 28 years, -Berlin was divided in two.	0:44:53	0:44:58
-But cracks in the communist regime -couldn't be concealed.	0:44:58	0:45:03
-Economic and political crises -in the Soviet Bloc...	0:45:04	0:45:08
-..resulted -in many peaceful revolutions.	0:45:09	0:45:13
-Communist governments across mid -and eastern Europe were toppled...	0:45:13	0:45:18
-..including East Germany.	0:45:19	0:45:22
-Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall.	0:45:23	0:45:27
-CHEERS	0:45:27	0:45:28
-The chant went up, "Mauer weg". -Down with the wall.	0:45:32	0:45:36
-In 1989, the wall came down at last.	0:45:38	0:45:42
-Heinz Schafer, who had -a key role in building the wall...	0:45:46	0:45:51
-..played a part in its end.	0:45:51	0:45:55
-I went to the border posts...	0:45:55	0:45:57
-..and told the soldiers -to open the border.	0:45:58	0:46:01
-I told them to disarm their guns, -put them away, and to come over.	0:46:03	0:46:08
-It was not easy for us. -It was not easy.	0:46:08	0:46:13
-I wanted to keep -our own government in the East.	0:46:15	0:46:18
-I drove over immediately -with my husband...	0:46:21	0:46:25
-..to see for myself -that the wall had truly fallen.	0:46:25	0:46:29
-I wept tears of joy.	0:46:31	0:46:34
-I felt I was almost in a dream...	0:46:34	0:46:37
-..when I walked across the border -and to the subway.	0:46:37	0:46:41
-It was amazing.	0:46:41	0:46:44
-This really was a new beginning.	0:46:45	0:46:50
-The Berlin Wall was torn down -as suddenly as it was built.	0:46:52	0:46:58
-It was a symbol of the rift -between two world superpowers.	0:46:58	0:47:04
-The wall has gone.	0:47:04	0:47:06
-But memories -of the Cold War linger on.	0:47:07	0:47:10
-S4C Subtitles by Gwead	0:47:41	0:47:42

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