Darwin, Y Cymro a'r Cynllwyn

Line	From	To
-Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:00
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:02
-I've been portraying -a very special man for five years.	0:00:12	0:00:16
-A man who has become -an integral part of me.	0:00:17	0:00:20
-The man responsible -for the Theory of Evolution...	0:00:20	0:00:24
-..and the Origin of Species.	0:00:24	0:00:27
-Quite possibly, the most -revolutionary discovery of all time.	0:00:27	0:00:32
-So who was this special man?	0:00:34	0:00:37
-Charles Darwin.	0:00:38	0:00:39
-Charles Darwin.	0:00:39	0:00:41
-Charles Darwin.	0:00:42	0:00:43
-Charles Darwin.	0:00:43	0:00:45
-Charles Darwin.	0:00:45	0:00:48
-Charles Darwin.	0:00:48	0:00:50
-Good evening.	0:01:02	0:01:04
-What a beautiful balmy evening.	0:01:04	0:01:07
-I didn't need a jacket.	0:01:07	0:01:09
-But you can never be too sure. -It's better to come prepared.	0:01:09	0:01:13
-I've fond memories of this country, -though I've travelled far and wide.	0:01:13	0:01:18
-I feel I'm being called back...	0:01:18	0:01:20
-..to be reminded -of where it all started.	0:01:21	0:01:23
-Forgive me -for not introducing myself.	0:01:23	0:01:26
-Wallace is the name.	0:01:26	0:01:29
-A-R-W.	0:01:29	0:01:31
-Alfred Russel Wallace.	0:01:32	0:01:34
-It's 1 July 1858.	0:01:38	0:01:42
-In London's Piccadilly, -the era's prominent scientists...	0:01:43	0:01:46
-..are urgently convening -at the Linnean Society...	0:01:47	0:01:50
-..to discuss a new theory -in the world of nature.	0:01:50	0:01:53
-At the end of the meeting, -a new theory is published.	0:02:01	0:02:05
-Darwin and Wallace's theory -of evolution by natural selection.	0:02:05	0:02:10
-Neither Charles Darwin -nor Alfred Wallace are present.	0:02:10	0:02:14
-Within half a century, -Wallace's name starts to disappear.	0:02:14	0:02:19
-This programme reveals -why Darwin's name...	0:02:19	0:02:22
-..shouldn't have been -associated with it at all.	0:02:22	0:02:26
-Nowadays, some scientists -are starting to acknowledge...	0:02:36	0:02:40
-..that in 1858, Wallace was wronged -by the scientific establishment...	0:02:40	0:02:45
-..and that the injustice -has continued for over 150 years.	0:02:45	0:02:49
-Carefully compress -the thorax from below...	0:02:50	0:02:53
-Wallace has since -received publicity for his work.	0:02:54	0:02:59
-Theatr na nOg's production -has toured Wales and beyond...	0:02:59	0:03:04
-..to tell the story -of this self-effacing man...	0:03:04	0:03:08
-..who died in November 1913.	0:03:08	0:03:10
-One scientist who suspects -there is more to this story...	0:03:15	0:03:19
-..is Professor Deri Tomos...	0:03:19	0:03:21
-..from Bangor University's -School of Biological Sciences.	0:03:22	0:03:26
-For a century, we've been led -to believe that Charles Darwin...	0:03:26	0:03:31
-..founded these ideas during his -voyages aboard HMS Beagle in 1836...	0:03:31	0:03:36
-..after visits to the Galapagos -and so on.	0:03:36	0:03:39
-That's when the theory of evolution -by natural selection was formulated.	0:03:39	0:03:45
-But it's believed that this young -naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace...	0:03:47	0:03:53
-..had been working in the background -and sending Darwin letters...	0:03:53	0:03:57
-..prompting Darwin -to prematurely publish the theory.	0:03:58	0:04:02
-But according to the story, -Wallace is only a peripheral figure.	0:04:02	0:04:07
-It was claimed that Darwin was -reluctant to publish his findings...	0:04:07	0:04:12
-..for fear of upsetting the Church.	0:04:13	0:04:15
-Some Cardiff University scientists -believe Wallace has been wronged.	0:04:22	0:04:27
-Among them is former student -and biomedical scientist...	0:04:27	0:04:32
-..Dr Catrin Williams.	0:04:33	0:04:35
-It's true that Wallace -had been ignored in the past.	0:04:35	0:04:39
-Wallace insisted -that Darwin publish his work...	0:04:39	0:04:44
-..although Darwin -wasn't ready to do so at the time.	0:04:44	0:04:48
-Not because he was afraid to, but -because his theory was incomplete.	0:04:48	0:04:53
-There is reason to believe...	0:04:53	0:04:55
-..that Darwin -didn't fully understand the concept.	0:04:55	0:04:59
-But more than that, -I believe there is evidence....	0:05:00	0:05:03
-..to suggest that Darwin and friends -lied to cover up what happened.	0:05:04	0:05:08
-Damning research into Darwin -and the scientific community...	0:05:11	0:05:15
-..was carried out -by former journalist...	0:05:15	0:05:18
-..and documentary maker -Roy Davies from Pontycymer...	0:05:18	0:05:22
-..who wrote a book -chronicling 15 years of research.	0:05:23	0:05:26
-The academic world has been slow -to accept his opinion...	0:05:27	0:05:31
-..but recently, the Linnean Society -itself published an article...	0:05:32	0:05:36
-..exploring his evidence.	0:05:36	0:05:38
-My research convinces me totally...	0:05:39	0:05:41
-..that Darwin -took material from Wallace...	0:05:42	0:05:45
-..sent to him innocently -from the other side of the world...	0:05:45	0:05:49
-..and Darwin used that material -to give himself the advantage...	0:05:49	0:05:53
-..of claiming that he understood -the theory of evolution.	0:05:54	0:05:58
-But it was Wallace -who came up with this, not Darwin.	0:05:58	0:06:01
-So, who was Alfred Russel Wallace...	0:06:03	0:06:06
-..and why isn't his name associated -with the theory of evolution...	0:06:06	0:06:10
-..which is heralded as the most -important discovery in our history?	0:06:11	0:06:15
-He was born in Kensington Cottage -on the outskirts of Usk.	0:06:15	0:06:20
-The family moved there due to -his father's financial problems.	0:06:20	0:06:24
-Poverty was a major problem -during Wallace's upbringing.	0:06:24	0:06:28
-Someone who has studied the life -and work of the genius from Usk...	0:06:31	0:06:36
-..is the author and former -biology lecturer Dr Elwyn Hughes.	0:06:36	0:06:41
-He didn't receive -an academic education.	0:06:41	0:06:44
-He left school in his early teens.	0:06:44	0:06:48
-He didn't continue -in higher education...	0:06:48	0:06:51
-..although he attended -evening classes.	0:06:51	0:06:56
-He didn't have -any influential friends...	0:06:56	0:07:00
-..in the establishment at the time.	0:07:00	0:07:03
-From the outset, -he had to fully rely...	0:07:03	0:07:07
-..on his own ideas...	0:07:07	0:07:09
-..and his own methods -of tackling life.	0:07:10	0:07:13
-Darwin was born -into a wealthy Shrewsbury family...	0:07:15	0:07:18
-..with many influential contacts.	0:07:18	0:07:21
-His maternal grandfather, -Josiah Wedgwood...	0:07:21	0:07:25
-..became famous for his pottery.	0:07:25	0:07:27
-His paternal grandfather, -Erasmus Darwin, was a scholar.	0:07:27	0:07:32
-He began studying medicine...	0:07:32	0:07:34
-..but converted -to theology at Cambridge.	0:07:34	0:07:38
-Put it this way, Wallace and Darwin -were like chalk and cheese.	0:07:41	0:07:45
-He lived in a very grand house...	0:07:45	0:07:47
-..and was born -into an affluent family.	0:07:48	0:07:51
-At the time, he had friends -in the English establishment.	0:07:51	0:07:55
-He owned -an impressive reading library.	0:07:56	0:07:58
-He excelled at university, most -notably Cambridge and Edinburgh.	0:08:00	0:08:05
-In 1831...	0:08:05	0:08:08
-..he embarked on a five-year voyage -aboard HMS Beagle.	0:08:08	0:08:12
-Although Wallace -later travelled the world...	0:08:12	0:08:16
-..his formative years -were very different.	0:08:16	0:08:19
-After spending time in London...	0:08:22	0:08:24
-..Wallace decided...	0:08:24	0:08:28
-..it was time to get to work.	0:08:28	0:08:31
-He went to live with his brother...	0:08:31	0:08:33
-..and became an apprentice surveyor.	0:08:34	0:08:38
-Wallace then moved -to the Neath area.	0:08:39	0:08:43
-He lived there for five years -and wrote later...	0:08:47	0:08:51
-..that moving to the area -was a turning point in his life.	0:08:52	0:08:55
-Here, his passion for nature grew.	0:08:55	0:09:00
-He and his brother -founded the Mechanics' Institute...	0:09:02	0:09:06
-..which cost 500 -to build at the time.	0:09:06	0:09:09
-It still stands and is currently -home to the Antiquarian Society.	0:09:09	0:09:13
-There wasn't always work -to occupy the two brothers...	0:09:27	0:09:30
-..so Wallace spent his time -pursuing his main interest...	0:09:30	0:09:35
-..which involved searching, -collecting and marvelling at nature.	0:09:35	0:09:39
-He spent a lot of time -at the Crymlyn Burrows...	0:09:40	0:09:43
-..an area between Neath and Swansea.	0:09:43	0:09:46
-His upbringing in Wales -greatly influenced him...	0:09:46	0:09:50
-..in a number of ways.	0:09:50	0:09:52
-Wallace's main influences -at the time...	0:09:55	0:10:01
-..were institutions -like the Philosophical Society.	0:10:01	0:10:05
-Due to its proximity to Neath...	0:10:06	0:10:09
-..there were plenty -of similar pursuits in Swansea.	0:10:09	0:10:13
-There were evening lectures...	0:10:13	0:10:16
-..and what later became known -as the Royal Institution.	0:10:16	0:10:20
-He also ensured that when he -went about his surveying duties...	0:10:21	0:10:25
-..he collected -an array of species...	0:10:26	0:10:30
-..that were of interest -to a naturalist like himself.	0:10:30	0:10:34
-Mainly beetles, in Wallace's case.	0:10:35	0:10:37
-In a couple of years...	0:10:37	0:10:40
-..he had amassed -an impressive collection...	0:10:40	0:10:44
-..of beetles.	0:10:44	0:10:46
-In the back of his mind, -there was this feeling...	0:10:46	0:10:51
-..that classification -was very important too.	0:10:51	0:10:55
-The fate of the Welsh language -was also of importance to him.	0:10:55	0:10:59
-Something significant -struck him about the area.	0:11:00	0:11:05
-The way in which -the Welsh language...	0:11:05	0:11:10
-..suddenly disappeared -under English influence.	0:11:10	0:11:15
-He later used this template...	0:11:15	0:11:18
-..as a model to formulate -his theory of evolution.	0:11:19	0:11:24
-In a collection -of Wallace's drawings...	0:11:26	0:11:29
-..at the Natural History Museum...	0:11:30	0:11:32
-..is a sketch entitled in Welsh, -"A Welsh woman carrying water."	0:11:32	0:11:38
-He certainly -made an effort to learn Welsh.	0:11:38	0:11:41
-The people he met -through his work...	0:11:41	0:11:44
-..farmers, for instance...	0:11:44	0:11:46
-..could only speak Welsh.	0:11:46	0:11:48
-He also attended Welsh-language -services in the local chapels...	0:11:48	0:11:54
-..and each time -he took up lodgings with a family...	0:11:54	0:11:58
-..he chose to lodge -with Welsh-speakers.	0:11:58	0:12:01
-Knowing that, I'd say he had -a grasp of the Welsh language.	0:12:02	0:12:06
-Darwin and Wallace's backgrounds -are completely different.	0:12:06	0:12:10
-Darwin was privileged -while Wallace was poor.	0:12:10	0:12:13
-But both were seeking the answer -to the same question.	0:12:14	0:12:18
-Why was there -such a diversity in nature?	0:12:18	0:12:21
-Why has Darwin's name remained -and Wallace's name disappeared?	0:12:21	0:12:27
-Was there a conspiracy -by the strong against the weak?	0:12:27	0:12:31
-.	0:12:34	0:12:34
-Subtitles	0:12:37	0:12:37
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:12:37	0:12:39
-For over a century, -people from all over the world...	0:12:40	0:12:44
-..attribute the Theory of Evolution -to Charles Darwin.	0:12:44	0:12:48
-But there is also a Welshman -in the frame.	0:12:48	0:12:51
-Alfred Russel Wallace -should be deserving of praise.	0:12:51	0:12:55
-They both wanted to explain...	0:12:55	0:12:57
-..why there was such a diversity -of plants and animals on Earth.	0:12:57	0:13:01
-Charles Darwin became famous because -of his visit to the Galapagos...	0:13:01	0:13:06
-..while he was on the Beagle.	0:13:06	0:13:08
-Charles Darwin -claimed he understood...	0:13:08	0:13:11
-..the idea of natural selection -from the animals he found there.	0:13:11	0:13:16
-It was only because of colleagues...	0:13:16	0:13:19
-..to whom -he'd given all these examples...	0:13:19	0:13:22
-..that they then told him -years later of what he had.	0:13:22	0:13:26
-It was only then that he said he'd -found this proof on the Galapagos.	0:13:26	0:13:31
-After he returned from his voyage...	0:13:48	0:13:50
-..Darwin rarely left his home, -Down House in Kent.	0:13:51	0:13:55
-He never studied animals in the wild -ever again.	0:13:55	0:13:59
-It was Wallace's turn -to go travelling...	0:13:59	0:14:03
-..as a professional -insect collector.	0:14:03	0:14:06
-Wallace went to the South American -jungle and the Malay Archipelago...	0:14:07	0:14:12
-..in order to survey the wildlife -and formulate his own opinions...	0:14:13	0:14:18
-..about the existence -of certain species.	0:14:18	0:14:21
-He began his research in 1848...	0:14:21	0:14:25
-..and eventually -discovered 5,000 new species.	0:14:25	0:14:30
-There were 17,000 islands -to study...	0:14:30	0:14:34
-..from Borneo in the west -to New Guinea in the east.	0:14:34	0:14:37
-Ultimately, he named -about 200 new species after himself.	0:14:38	0:14:44
-Wallace and Darwin -worked in different ways.	0:14:47	0:14:50
-Darwin spent his time at home, -experimenting in his laboratory...	0:14:50	0:14:55
-..pondering results...	0:14:55	0:14:57
-..while Wallace -was out there in the field.	0:14:57	0:15:00
-His livelihood depended on it.	0:15:00	0:15:02
-From 1848 onwards...	0:15:03	0:15:06
-..he spent time -in the Malay Archipelago and Borneo.	0:15:06	0:15:10
-He'd already spent time -in the Amazon prior to that.	0:15:10	0:15:13
-He went to Borneo...	0:15:13	0:15:16
-..to collect animals...	0:15:16	0:15:18
-..insects and animal skins.	0:15:18	0:15:22
-He had to prepare the insects...	0:15:22	0:15:25
-..and would then -send them back to London.	0:15:25	0:15:28
-He had an agent -who would sell them...	0:15:28	0:15:32
-..to provide -his only source of income.	0:15:32	0:15:35
-He was a professional naturalist -in that sense.	0:15:35	0:15:38
-At the same time, -he amassed a personal collection.	0:15:39	0:15:42
-More importantly, he collected ideas -which he'd developed...	0:15:42	0:15:47
-..to explain the origin -of all these species...	0:15:47	0:15:51
-..and why there was -such a diversity.	0:15:51	0:15:54
-Wallace lived in the jungle in the -Malay Archipelago for eight years...	0:15:55	0:16:00
-..and travelled -thousands of miles alone.	0:16:01	0:16:04
-The area is better known to us -as Indonesia...	0:16:04	0:16:07
-..to which the islands -of Bali and Borneo belong.	0:16:07	0:16:12
-These were islands -with amazing wildlife.	0:16:12	0:16:15
-It was an opportunity to formulate -ideas and jot them down on paper.	0:16:16	0:16:20
-While Wallace was in the jungle...	0:16:21	0:16:23
-..he collected important data -about the natural world...	0:16:24	0:16:28
-..sketching pictures -and studying his surroundings.	0:16:28	0:16:31
-Darwin, on the other hand, -was studying at home...	0:16:32	0:16:35
-..and was a long way -from publishing any kind of theory.	0:16:35	0:16:39
-Wallace was an avid collector -who kept very detailed records.	0:16:40	0:16:45
-A collection of his work can be seen -at the Natural History Museum.	0:16:46	0:16:51
-Drawings of everything he found -such as animals, plants and trees.	0:16:51	0:16:56
-His journals -are full of detailed facts...	0:16:56	0:16:59
-..written in neat handwriting...	0:17:00	0:17:02
-..crossing the page twice -to save paper.	0:17:03	0:17:06
-While Wallace was in the jungle, -he started formulating ideas.	0:17:08	0:17:12
-He realized that animals and plants -change over time...	0:17:12	0:17:16
-..and that species varied.	0:17:19	0:17:21
-The biggest thing he realized...	0:17:21	0:17:24
-..was that varieties -of certain species...	0:17:24	0:17:28
-..can exist in different places...	0:17:28	0:17:31
-..although wherever they exist...	0:17:31	0:17:34
-..it was his belief...	0:17:34	0:17:37
-..that ancient versions of them -had existed back in time...	0:17:38	0:17:42
-..but had since disappeared.	0:17:42	0:17:45
-What he found were descendants -of those ancient species.	0:17:45	0:17:49
-Different species reflected -varieties of the same species...	0:17:49	0:17:53
-..though the original was extinct.	0:17:53	0:17:55
-He used a butterfly as an example -to prove his findings.	0:17:56	0:18:00
-The birdwing butterfly -is a very dramatic species.	0:18:00	0:18:05
-He collected this butterfly -in different areas.	0:18:05	0:18:10
-He noticed that those from Borneo...	0:18:10	0:18:13
-..were completely different from -the ones 1,000 miles to the east...	0:18:14	0:18:19
-..and 1,000 miles to the south.	0:18:20	0:18:22
-He realized they came from -the same original species...	0:18:22	0:18:27
-..but had changed over time.	0:18:27	0:18:29
-It's important to remember that -naturalists, including Darwin...	0:18:29	0:18:34
-..thought that God had created -all species that existed on Earth.	0:18:34	0:18:39
-While God was creating -all these different species...	0:18:40	0:18:43
-..they stayed the same -and didn't change.	0:18:43	0:18:46
-When a species became extinct...	0:18:47	0:18:49
-..God created a new species -in its place.	0:18:49	0:18:52
-Wallace, on the other hand, -had very different ideas.	0:18:53	0:18:56
-Wallace realized that species -belonged to one another.	0:18:56	0:19:01
-This was very different from -the notion of divine creation...	0:19:01	0:19:06
-..in which every species -was created separately.	0:19:06	0:19:11
-This was completely revolutionary...	0:19:11	0:19:14
-..in terms of Christian thinking -at the time.	0:19:14	0:19:17
-He wrote a paper...	0:19:17	0:19:19
-..describing it -as a descent with modification.	0:19:20	0:19:24
-It meant that species -evolved over a period of time.	0:19:24	0:19:29
-It basically explained...	0:19:29	0:19:31
-..that there was no need for -a god to create different species.	0:19:32	0:19:36
-It was revolutionary thinking -for its time.	0:19:36	0:19:40
-It became known -as the Sarawak paper at the time...	0:19:40	0:19:44
-..because he was working in Sarawak -when he wrote it.	0:19:44	0:19:48
-It was integral to his ideology.	0:19:48	0:19:50
-He sent the paper to London in 1855.	0:19:50	0:19:53
-It was essentially...	0:19:53	0:19:56
-..a description...	0:19:57	0:20:00
-..of the evolutionary process.	0:20:00	0:20:02
-Wallace was somewhat concerned that -it hadn't received due attention.	0:20:02	0:20:08
-He told a few people...	0:20:08	0:20:10
-..that it was a pity -that the Sarawak paper...	0:20:10	0:20:14
-..hadn't received -adequate publicity.	0:20:14	0:20:18
-But one man did notice.	0:20:18	0:20:22
-His name was Charles Lyell...	0:20:22	0:20:25
-..the author -of a very important book on geology.	0:20:25	0:20:28
-Lyell realized -there were new ideas in the paper...	0:20:28	0:20:31
-..and drew Darwin's attention to it.	0:20:32	0:20:35
-Charles Lyell -was Charles Darwin's mentor.	0:20:35	0:20:38
-Just as Wallace's papers -were arriving...	0:20:41	0:20:46
-..and his papers -first began to be published...	0:20:46	0:20:50
-..Lyell became -more and more anxious...	0:20:50	0:20:54
-..that Wallace -was going to overtake Darwin...	0:20:54	0:20:59
-..in the evolutionary race.	0:20:59	0:21:01
-He expressed his concerns to Darwin.	0:21:01	0:21:04
-It was during this time -that Darwin started to worry...	0:21:07	0:21:11
-..about the man in the jungle...	0:21:11	0:21:13
-..who sent ideas -back to London to be published.	0:21:13	0:21:17
-Lyell wrote to Darwin, urging him -to publish something immediately.	0:21:17	0:21:23
-"Publish some fragment of your data -- pigeons, if you please...	0:21:25	0:21:29
-"..and so out with the theory...	0:21:29	0:21:31
-".. and let it take date -and be cited and understood."	0:21:31	0:21:35
-Darwin was no closer to publishing -his work at the time...	0:21:37	0:21:41
-..since he had no evidence -to support his theories.	0:21:41	0:21:46
-But Lyell persuaded him -to write the Big Species Book...	0:21:46	0:21:51
-..with a view to publishing it.	0:21:51	0:21:53
-Later, Wallace sent another article -from the jungle...	0:21:55	0:21:58
-..this time about birds.	0:21:59	0:22:01
-He discovered that the bones -in the feet of hornbills...	0:22:01	0:22:05
-..and the feet of hummingbirds -were identical...	0:22:05	0:22:09
-..apart from their size.	0:22:10	0:22:12
-Wallace classified them -in the same family...	0:22:12	0:22:16
-..and explained their descent from -species that had become extinct.	0:22:16	0:22:21
-Wallace's paper emerges...	0:22:21	0:22:24
-..and we know -that it was during this time...	0:22:24	0:22:28
-..that Darwin's ideas -start to change too...	0:22:28	0:22:31
-..in a way that echoed...	0:22:32	0:22:36
-..Wallace's thinking.	0:22:37	0:22:40
-It was during this time...	0:22:40	0:22:44
-..that Wallace wrote a series -of detailed letters to Darwin.	0:22:44	0:22:48
-.	0:22:57	0:22:57
-Subtitles	0:23:03	0:23:03
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:23:03	0:23:05
-In October 1856, Alfred -Russel Wallace wrote a letter...	0:23:11	0:23:14
-..that would change everything.	0:23:15	0:23:18
-While he was -in the jungle in Indonesia...	0:23:19	0:23:22
-..he wrote a letter -to Charles Darwin.	0:23:22	0:23:25
-He was keen to hear -this important man's opinion...	0:23:25	0:23:28
-..about the ideas he had formulated.	0:23:28	0:23:31
-As far as we know, -Wallace's letter has vanished.	0:23:31	0:23:35
-It's not -in Darwin's personal collection.	0:23:35	0:23:38
-Darwin collected most things.	0:23:39	0:23:42
-But what is available is a copy -of Darwin's response to Wallace.	0:23:42	0:23:47
-It's possible -to read between the lines...	0:23:47	0:23:50
-..and assume -what was in the original letter.	0:23:50	0:23:54
-It would have been full of facts -about various birds and creatures.	0:23:54	0:23:59
-More importantly...	0:23:59	0:24:01
-..it would have mentioned...	0:24:01	0:24:04
-..a brand-new and astounding -geographical phenomenon.	0:24:04	0:24:08
-Whilst travelling -from island to island...	0:24:09	0:24:12
-..he chronicled all the details -about the animals and plants.	0:24:12	0:24:17
-He saw patterns emerge.	0:24:17	0:24:19
-But when he reached the island -of Lombok, he was in for a shock.	0:24:19	0:24:25
-In one short journey...	0:24:25	0:24:27
-..all the animals had changed.	0:24:28	0:24:30
-Only 20 miles -separate Bali and Lombok...	0:24:30	0:24:34
-..but the animals -are completely different.	0:24:35	0:24:38
-From Bali to India, you'll find -the same animals indigenous to Asia.	0:24:38	0:24:44
-But in Lombok, you'll find animals -native to Australia.	0:24:45	0:24:50
-Animals similar to kangaroos -that were associated with Australia.	0:24:50	0:24:54
-That boundary stretches -1,000 miles to Australia.	0:24:54	0:24:58
-The way I learnt -about Wallace at school...	0:24:59	0:25:02
-..was through The Wallace Line.	0:25:02	0:25:05
-I remember drawing a red line on -the map between Bali and Lombok...	0:25:05	0:25:10
-..to show where Asian animals...	0:25:10	0:25:13
-..and Australian animals met.	0:25:13	0:25:17
-This was -more than likely detailed...	0:25:17	0:25:20
-..in the letter -Wallace sent to Darwin.	0:25:20	0:25:24
-He posted it -on the last day of October 1856.	0:25:24	0:25:29
-This letter -is one piece of evidence...	0:25:30	0:25:33
-..that proves -Wallace had been wronged.	0:25:33	0:25:36
-Over a period of 18 years...	0:25:37	0:25:39
-..Roy Davies -has tirelessly researched...	0:25:39	0:25:42
-..into the postal records -of letters sent to London...	0:25:42	0:25:46
-..and to Darwin's house in Kent.	0:25:46	0:25:49
-He has trawled through -the Colindale Newspaper Library...	0:25:49	0:25:54
-..the British Museum and here -at the Royal Mail Archive in London.	0:25:54	0:26:00
-The catalyst for his research...	0:26:00	0:26:02
-..was when he noticed that Darwin's -ideas were starting to change.	0:26:03	0:26:07
-Shortly after I started work -on this, I came to realize...	0:26:09	0:26:14
-..that Darwin -understood divergence...	0:26:15	0:26:18
-..and the principle of divergence -very late on.	0:26:18	0:26:22
-He discovered it...	0:26:22	0:26:24
-..around the same time -Wallace sent him a letter.	0:26:25	0:26:28
-Nobody else -had actually dug into this.	0:26:29	0:26:32
-This was a very practical way of -finding out exactly what happened.	0:26:32	0:26:36
-When I started researching, I went -for the pathway of the letters...	0:26:37	0:26:42
-..from the Far East back to London.	0:26:42	0:26:45
-When they left, -when they would have arrived...	0:26:45	0:26:48
-..and put that against Darwin's own -recollection of when he got letters.	0:26:48	0:26:53
-Back then, the postal service -was meticulously recorded...	0:26:54	0:26:58
-..and provided a reliable source, -even with overseas mail.	0:26:58	0:27:02
-The letters were kept in -sealed boxes during the journey...	0:27:03	0:27:06
-..and there's a record -of every ship and port...	0:27:07	0:27:10
-..and their arrival in London.	0:27:10	0:27:12
-Any letter that went missing -or was delayed was noted.	0:27:13	0:27:17
-A Royal Navy officer -was always on board...	0:27:18	0:27:20
-..to ensure the post -reached London safely.	0:27:21	0:27:23
-In 1857...	0:27:24	0:27:26
-..Royal Mail records show that only -one letter was delayed that year...	0:27:26	0:27:32
-..and it was being delivered -to a house in Holland.	0:27:32	0:27:36
-Post was delivered -to Down House four times a day...	0:27:36	0:27:40
-..and there is no evidence -to show that any of these letters...	0:27:40	0:27:44
-..were delayed in 1857.	0:27:44	0:27:47
-Wallace posted the letter -on 31 October 1856 from Makassar.	0:27:48	0:27:53
-It travelled to Batavia, -then Singapore...	0:27:54	0:27:57
-..before boarding a steamer at Galle -bound for Aden.	0:27:57	0:28:00
-It went by train to Alexandria -before being shipped to Southampton.	0:28:01	0:28:05
-It reached Darwin's house -on 12 January 1857.	0:28:05	0:28:08
-Darwin claimed he'd received it -almost four months later.	0:28:10	0:28:15
-On 1 May 1857.	0:28:15	0:28:17
-Between the time -Darwin received Wallace's letter...	0:28:18	0:28:22
-..and the time -he claims he received it...	0:28:22	0:28:25
-..he added new material -to his Big Species Book...	0:28:26	0:28:29
-..on the principle of divergence.	0:28:29	0:28:32
-This is something -he'd never referred to before...	0:28:32	0:28:36
-..so where did this new data -come from if it wasn't from Wallace?	0:28:36	0:28:40
-In the period between the time -the letter should have arrived...	0:28:40	0:28:45
-..and the time -Darwin claimed it did arrive...	0:28:46	0:28:49
-..he entered in his private papers -two formidable concepts.	0:28:49	0:28:54
-One was -the principle of divergence...	0:28:54	0:28:57
-..and the second one -was that new species...	0:28:57	0:29:00
-..are only -strongly marked varieties.	0:29:00	0:29:03
-Those were Wallace's ideas.	0:29:03	0:29:05
-When Darwin responded to Wallace...	0:29:06	0:29:08
-..he told him they were thinking -along the same lines, as it were.	0:29:09	0:29:14
-A fortnight later...	0:29:14	0:29:17
-..Darwin sends a letter to Hooker...	0:29:18	0:29:20
-..one of the curators -of Kew Gardens...	0:29:20	0:29:24
-..who was a close friend...	0:29:24	0:29:26
-..telling him that new species...	0:29:26	0:29:29
-..were merely -strongly marked varieties...	0:29:29	0:29:32
-..to make it appear that he had come -to the same conclusion as Wallace.	0:29:33	0:29:37
-He sent the letter to Hooker...	0:29:38	0:29:40
-..but there was -no supporting evidence...	0:29:40	0:29:43
-..to show how -he had reached this conclusion.	0:29:43	0:29:47
-As a conscientious scientist, -Hooker was dubious about this.	0:29:48	0:29:53
-Darwin and Hooker corresponded -regularly every other week...	0:29:53	0:29:59
-..but Hooker didn't respond...	0:29:59	0:30:03
-..or at least there's no record -of him corresponding...	0:30:03	0:30:07
-..for over three months.	0:30:07	0:30:09
-Roy Davies discovered that Darwin -was writing to his friends...	0:30:12	0:30:17
-..telling them -he had new ideas but no evidence.	0:30:17	0:30:21
-He even sent one to Asa Gray, -a world-famous scientist at Harvard.	0:30:22	0:30:26
-A letter that was significant -to the ensuing conspiracy.	0:30:27	0:30:30
-He wrote to him telling him -he had made a new discovery.	0:30:30	0:30:34
-The principle of divergence.	0:30:35	0:30:38
-Once again in the letter...	0:30:38	0:30:40
-..there isn't -a single scrap of evidence...	0:30:40	0:30:43
-..to prove how he had discovered -these new principles.	0:30:44	0:30:48
-He doesn't elaborate on how -he has reached this conclusion.	0:30:48	0:30:54
-In a later letter to Asa Gray...	0:30:55	0:30:59
-..Darwin responds -to Gray's comments...	0:30:59	0:31:02
-..agreeing that his principle -was "grievously hypothetical."	0:31:03	0:31:08
-In addition to this, he also remarks -that his biggest mistake...	0:31:08	0:31:13
-..was reaching conclusions -with little supporting evidence.	0:31:13	0:31:19
-Wallace was still in the jungle, -researching his ideas.	0:31:23	0:31:27
-He was completely unaware -of the furore back home.	0:31:28	0:31:31
-Perhaps he was questioning -why his research...	0:31:32	0:31:35
-..hadn't attracted more attention.	0:31:35	0:31:38
-But Darwin -had previously written to him...	0:31:38	0:31:41
-..telling him they were -thinking along the same lines.	0:31:41	0:31:45
-So this might have -quelled his anxiety a little.	0:31:45	0:31:49
-Wallace didn't realize -how new his ideas were.	0:31:51	0:31:56
-At the same time, -Hooker, Lyell and Asa Gray...	0:31:57	0:32:00
-..were concerned about the lack of -evidence to back up Darwin's ideas.	0:32:00	0:32:05
-But then, -something significant happened...	0:32:06	0:32:09
-..that spurred Darwin and his -friends to conspire against Wallace.	0:32:09	0:32:14
-.	0:32:16	0:32:16
-Subtitles	0:32:24	0:32:24
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:32:24	0:32:26
-In late February 1858...	0:32:31	0:32:33
-..Wallace was suffering -with a bout of malaria.	0:32:33	0:32:37
-He was struggling to sleep.	0:32:37	0:32:39
-He began thinking about the work -of Thomas Robert Malthus.	0:32:40	0:32:45
-Some years earlier, Malthus had -discussed European populations...	0:32:45	0:32:50
-..and how populations in different -countries increased constantly...	0:32:50	0:32:54
-..but the food they consumed, -the agricultural produce...	0:32:55	0:32:59
-..couldn't cope -with the population growth.	0:32:59	0:33:01
-As a result, people died.	0:33:02	0:33:03
-Wallace wondered -what would happen to animals?	0:33:04	0:33:06
-The animal population -was increasing faster...	0:33:06	0:33:10
-..than the increase in their food.	0:33:10	0:33:12
-As a result, animals would die.	0:33:12	0:33:14
-He wondered what factors -would influence...	0:33:15	0:33:18
-..which animals would live -and which would die.	0:33:18	0:33:21
-That's when he realized...	0:33:21	0:33:23
-..that the subtle variations -he'd been studying...	0:33:23	0:33:28
-..were the dominant factor.	0:33:28	0:33:31
-All that was required -was a specific modification...	0:33:32	0:33:35
-..to provide a slight advantage...	0:33:35	0:33:38
-..that would result in success, -and life or failure, and death.	0:33:38	0:33:43
-This was the idea -that came to Wallace.	0:33:43	0:33:46
-A few days later, -he had written it all down.	0:33:46	0:33:49
-This was his eureka moment.	0:33:49	0:33:53
-Over the next two nights...	0:34:01	0:34:02
-..after Wallace -had recovered from malaria...	0:34:02	0:34:05
-..he wrote a paper -to reflect all his ideas.	0:34:06	0:34:09
-Instead of sending his paper -to be published...	0:34:09	0:34:12
-..as he should have done...	0:34:12	0:34:14
-..he sent the paper to Darwin -and suggested...	0:34:15	0:34:18
-..that he should send it to Lyell -if he thought it was good enough.	0:34:18	0:34:23
-Had Wallace sent his paper -directly to The Annals...	0:34:25	0:34:30
-..it's likely that our story -would have been different.	0:34:30	0:34:35
-The Theory of Evolution would be -credited to Wallace, not Darwin.	0:34:35	0:34:41
-But that wasn't the case.	0:34:41	0:34:43
-Wallace posted the paper -to Darwin on 9 March 1858.	0:34:44	0:34:50
-He sent a letter to his friend, -Frederick Bates, at the same time.	0:34:50	0:34:55
-The fact that Wallace sent Bates -a letter on the same day is crucial.	0:34:56	0:35:01
-It helps prove what times both -letters reached different ports...	0:35:02	0:35:07
-..along their journey, -on ships such as the Nubia and Pera.	0:35:07	0:35:13
-We can track the letters to London -and identify the times they arrived.	0:35:13	0:35:18
-They were both stamped -with the date 2 June.	0:35:18	0:35:22
-Some years ago, an American academic -called John Brooks...	0:35:22	0:35:27
-..started investigating -these letters.	0:35:27	0:35:30
-More recently, Roy Davies -has dedicated a lot of time...	0:35:30	0:35:33
-..researching the details -of this story.	0:35:34	0:35:36
-In my opinion, his work over -the past 18 years is very damning.	0:35:36	0:35:41
-Roy Davies followed the journey -taken by Wallace's letters...	0:35:43	0:35:48
-..from Ternate to Darwin and Bates.	0:35:49	0:35:52
-They were sent on the Ambon -to Java on 9 March.	0:35:52	0:35:57
-On the Koningen der Nederlanden -to Batavia and Singapore...	0:35:57	0:36:00
-..where they were stamped, before -reaching Galle on the Bombay.	0:36:00	0:36:05
-Then on to Aden and Suez on the -Nubia, on a train to Alexandria...	0:36:05	0:36:09
-..before being loaded -onto the Pera...	0:36:09	0:36:11
-..which docked in Southampton -on 2 June.	0:36:12	0:36:14
-They reached the post office -at 6.30pm that afternoon.	0:36:14	0:36:20
-Both letters -were stamped with the date...	0:36:20	0:36:23
-..and they both reached -their destinations...	0:36:23	0:36:27
-..the homes of Bates and Darwin -on 3 June.	0:36:27	0:36:29
-On 18 June, -Charles Darwin wrote to Lyell...	0:36:30	0:36:34
-..stating -"He has today sent me the enclosed".	0:36:35	0:36:39
-If Darwin received -Wallace's letter on 3 June...	0:36:40	0:36:43
-..and in his letter to Lyell -on 18 June said...	0:36:43	0:36:46
-..that he'd only received it -that day...	0:36:46	0:36:49
-..then Darwin had to be lying about -when the letter arrived at his home.	0:36:49	0:36:54
-The wording was, -"Your words have come true.	0:36:54	0:36:57
-"I never saw -a more striking coincidence.	0:36:57	0:37:00
-"He could never have come up -with a better short abstract.	0:37:00	0:37:04
-"All my originality -will be smashed."	0:37:04	0:37:07
-Darwin would have been concerned -after receiving the letter.	0:37:08	0:37:12
-It outlined clearly -Wallace's theory of evolution.	0:37:13	0:37:18
-On 8 June, five days after -Darwin received Wallace's paper...	0:37:20	0:37:25
-..Darwin wrote to Hooker -stating his conclusions...	0:37:25	0:37:31
-..that the principle of divergence, -along with natural selection...	0:37:31	0:37:37
-..were the keystones of his theory.	0:37:37	0:37:42
-He'd come to this conclusion without -any additional evidence whatsoever.	0:37:42	0:37:47
-At about the same time, it seems...	0:37:47	0:37:51
-..Darwin added 66 pages -to his Big Species Book.	0:37:51	0:37:57
-You can still read these -to this day.	0:37:58	0:38:01
-The book -is in one of Cambridge's libraries.	0:38:01	0:38:04
-These pages are written -on different paper...	0:38:04	0:38:08
-..to the rest of the book.	0:38:08	0:38:10
-Originally, -Darwin wrote three pages...	0:38:10	0:38:15
-..on the principle of divergence.	0:38:16	0:38:18
-He removed one page...	0:38:18	0:38:20
-..but added 41 pages -written on different paper.	0:38:20	0:38:25
-You can still see evidence -of that today.	0:38:25	0:38:30
-Four days later, -Darwin wrote in his diary...	0:38:30	0:38:33
-..that he'd concluded his review -of the chapter on natural selection.	0:38:33	0:38:39
-Twenty-five pages, -written on the different paper...	0:38:39	0:38:44
-..were then added to the chapter -on natural selection.	0:38:44	0:38:47
-A total of 66 additional pages.	0:38:47	0:38:50
-It can be argued -that Darwin had lied...	0:38:51	0:38:55
-..stating that he received -Wallace's letter on the 18th...	0:38:55	0:38:59
-..and not on 3 June, the day -it seems that he did receive it.	0:38:59	0:39:05
-The following week, -he sent another letter to Lyell...	0:39:05	0:39:08
-..asking how he would secure -precedence to these theories.	0:39:08	0:39:15
-Well, the outcome happens -12 days later...	0:39:16	0:39:20
-..when Darwin's colleagues organized -a meeting at the Linnean Society...	0:39:21	0:39:27
-..and Darwin achieved the fame -that he still has today.	0:39:27	0:39:31
-July 1858 in London.	0:39:40	0:39:42
-A hastily arranged meeting -of the Linnean Society...	0:39:42	0:39:45
-..deprived a butterfly collector -from Usk...	0:39:45	0:39:49
-..of his rightful claim -to be named...	0:39:49	0:39:52
-..as the author -of the Theory of Evolution.	0:39:52	0:39:55
-The two scientists -who presented the claim...	0:39:55	0:39:58
-..were Hooker and Lyell, -two of Darwin's closest friends.	0:39:59	0:40:03
-They named both Darwin and Wallace -as authors of the theory.	0:40:03	0:40:08
-My dear sir, -the accompanying papers...	0:40:08	0:40:11
-..which we have the honour -of communicating...	0:40:11	0:40:14
-..to the Linnean Society contain -the results of the investigations...	0:40:14	0:40:19
-..of two indefatigable -naturalists...	0:40:19	0:40:21
-..Mr Charles Darwin -and Mr Alfred Wallace.	0:40:22	0:40:24
-These gentlemen having independently -and unknown to one another...	0:40:25	0:40:28
-..conceived -the same ingenious theory.	0:40:28	0:40:30
-But neither of them -having published his work...	0:40:31	0:40:35
-..although Mr Darwin has, -for many years past...	0:40:35	0:40:38
-..been urged by us to do so.	0:40:38	0:40:40
-Since they had no evidence to -present to support Darwin's work...	0:40:40	0:40:45
-..they read selections of -his old essays and personal letters.	0:40:45	0:40:49
-Taken in order of their dates, -they are as follows.	0:40:49	0:40:53
-An abstract -from the manuscript Species...	0:40:53	0:40:56
-..written by Mr Charles Darwin -in 1839, copied in 1844.	0:40:57	0:41:01
-The copy read by Joseph Hooker.	0:41:01	0:41:03
-The contents of this essay...	0:41:03	0:41:05
-..don't correspond to the ideas -that Darwin published later.	0:41:06	0:41:10
-An abstract from a personal letter -from Mr Charles Darwin...	0:41:10	0:41:15
-..to Professor Asa Gray -of Boston, US, in October 1857...	0:41:15	0:41:19
-..in which Mr Charles Darwin -repeats his views...	0:41:19	0:41:22
-..and which proves -that they remained unaltered...	0:41:23	0:41:28
-..between 1839 and 1857.	0:41:28	0:41:30
-But there was no sign -of Darwin's letter to Asa Grey...	0:41:30	0:41:33
-..agreeing with him that the theory -was "grievously hypothetical".	0:41:33	0:41:37
-After presenting the case, -to support Darwin precedence...	0:41:37	0:41:41
-..the two men read Wallace's -comprehensive paper on evolution.	0:41:42	0:41:46
-The one he had sent to Darwin -in the post.	0:41:47	0:41:49
-We therefore feel it desirable...	0:41:50	0:41:53
-..that while -the scientific world awaits...	0:41:53	0:41:56
-..for the publication -of Mr Darwin's complete works...	0:41:56	0:41:59
-..that the leading results -of his labours...	0:42:00	0:42:03
-..as well as those of his -able correspondent Mr Wallace...	0:42:03	0:42:06
-..should together be laid -before the Linnean.	0:42:07	0:42:10
-Hooker and Lyle -presented the evidence...	0:42:11	0:42:13
-..to ensure precedence for Darwin.	0:42:14	0:42:16
-Wallace wasn't even aware -that meeting was being held.	0:42:16	0:42:20
-None of us were present -on that day, July 1 1858.	0:42:21	0:42:26
-I was still searching -for new species.	0:42:27	0:42:29
-Charles Darwin was at home, -at Down House.	0:42:29	0:42:33
-But it is a great honour to know -that I will now be acknowledged...	0:42:34	0:42:38
-..alongside the immortal -Charles Darwin himself forever...	0:42:39	0:42:43
-..on a theory that some will call...	0:42:44	0:42:46
-..the most influential -ever to strike mankind.	0:42:46	0:42:50
-Just over a year later...	0:42:50	0:42:54
-..Darwin had written a book, -On The Origin Of Species.	0:42:54	0:42:58
-There were no references to the -joint Darwin and Wallace theory.	0:42:59	0:43:02
-He referred to Wallace only -four times in over 500 pages...	0:43:02	0:43:08
-..but on 57 occasions, -he wrote "my theory".	0:43:08	0:43:14
-Soon, the book, and Darwin's name -only, were world-famous.	0:43:14	0:43:19
-In the acting world, -there's a phrase that refers...	0:43:28	0:43:32
-..to getting -under the skin of a character.	0:43:32	0:43:35
-Something has happened during -my portrayal of this character...	0:43:36	0:43:40
-..which has taken me -beyond that idea.	0:43:40	0:43:42
-It's an integral part of the way -I look at the world around me.	0:43:43	0:43:47
-Society, neighbours, information...	0:43:47	0:43:51
-..and the way I deal -with any daily events.	0:43:52	0:43:55
-For the rest of his days...	0:43:56	0:43:58
-..Wallace showed only respect -for Darwin.	0:43:58	0:44:02
-The feelings were mutual.	0:44:02	0:44:05
-If Darwin encountered a problem...	0:44:05	0:44:08
-..he would advise people -to consult Wallace...	0:44:08	0:44:11
-..because he would be able -to provide an explanation.	0:44:11	0:44:15
-Darwin used his influence...	0:44:15	0:44:19
-..to secure a state pension -for Wallace.	0:44:19	0:44:24
-However, -towards the end of his life...	0:44:24	0:44:27
-..there are suggestions -in some letters...	0:44:27	0:44:31
-..that Wallace sent...	0:44:31	0:44:33
-..that he was starting to feel...	0:44:33	0:44:36
-..that he should have had...	0:44:36	0:44:40
-..a little more recognition -by the general public...	0:44:41	0:44:46
-..in discussions -about the Theory of Evolution.	0:44:46	0:44:51
-My feelings towards Mr Darwin -have changed greatly.	0:44:51	0:44:54
-In terms of history and the books -I read in school and college...	0:44:55	0:44:59
-..Charles Darwin -was the prominent figure.	0:44:59	0:45:02
-That was the only -available information.	0:45:02	0:45:05
-I would have accepted information -about an event 100 years ago...	0:45:05	0:45:10
-..that was written in a book -as fact.	0:45:10	0:45:13
-I must admit that I've started -to change my perspective.	0:45:14	0:45:18
-I must say, I am more wary now...	0:45:18	0:45:23
-..of the material I read -in history books.	0:45:23	0:45:26
-It seems likely -that the establishment plotted...	0:45:27	0:45:30
-..to promote one of their own....	0:45:30	0:45:33
-..and erased Wallace's name -from the history books.	0:45:33	0:45:37
-I'm not sure -how he would have reacted...	0:45:38	0:45:42
-..to the injustice done to him.	0:45:42	0:45:44
-I'm sure he would have been -very disappointed.	0:45:44	0:45:48
-He would have felt isolated against -the power of the establishment...	0:45:48	0:45:53
-..that worked against him.	0:45:54	0:45:56
-This unassuming man from Llanbadog -who had worked in Neath...	0:45:56	0:46:02
-..probably felt -that he was on the outside.	0:46:02	0:46:06
-What happened here -on July 1 1858 was a travesty.	0:46:06	0:46:12
-It actually allowed three -upper-middle-class gentlemen...	0:46:12	0:46:17
-..to find a way of taking away...	0:46:17	0:46:20
-..from an ordinary -working-class labourer...	0:46:21	0:46:24
-..of his claim to be the man...	0:46:24	0:46:25
-..who first thought up -the Theory of Evolution.	0:46:26	0:46:29
-Today, we are reluctant to remove -Darwin from his pedestal...	0:46:30	0:46:35
-..but I wonder if we should -consider the possibility...	0:46:35	0:46:40
-..that he used Wallace's theories...	0:46:40	0:46:44
-..because he failed to organize -his own thoughts properly.	0:46:44	0:46:49
-There is definitely a place -in history for Wallace.	0:46:55	0:46:59
-The question is, shouldn't he be -the one on the pedestal?	0:46:59	0:47:04
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:48:18	0:48:20
-.	0:48:20	0:48:20

Darwin, Y Cymro a'r Cynllwyn

Similar Content

Factual

Transcript

Download Subtitles

SRT

ASS