Gwrthryfel Gwent, Stori'r Siartwyr

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-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:02
-On 4 November 1839...	0:00:04	0:00:07
-..over 5,000 workers from Gwent -marched on Newport.	0:00:07	0:00:12
-They wanted the vote and -were willing to die for democracy.	0:00:12	0:00:18
-A vote for every man...	0:00:18	0:00:20
-A vote for every man... - -..over 21.	0:00:20	0:00:22
-A vote for every man...	0:00:22	0:00:24
-A vote for every man... - -..over 21.	0:00:24	0:00:26
-For two centuries, the Welsh -have fought for the right to vote.	0:00:27	0:00:33
-These common folk were tortured, -imprisoned and executed.	0:00:34	0:00:38
-But how many of us know about the -bloodshed in this corner of Wales...	0:00:39	0:00:44
-..all in the name of democracy?	0:00:44	0:00:47
-The people of Newport and Gwent...	0:00:56	0:00:59
-..are aware of their role -in British politics.	0:00:59	0:01:03
-Every November, -at the Westgate Hotel in the city...	0:01:03	0:01:07
-..they remember the sacrifice -of the Chartists...	0:01:07	0:01:11
-..and their stance on democracy -and the right to vote.	0:01:11	0:01:16
-In 1839 on 4 November...	0:01:16	0:01:21
-..at least 5,000 people...	0:01:21	0:01:24
-..marched down Stow Hill -and into this square.	0:01:24	0:01:28
-People disagree as to whether -it was a protest or a riot.	0:01:28	0:01:33
-Most of the men were from -the industrial valleys of Gwent...	0:01:34	0:01:38
-..and were led by three local men.	0:01:38	0:01:41
-The most famous of the leaders -was a man called John Frost.	0:01:41	0:01:46
-He was a local -who worked as a draper in Newport.	0:01:46	0:01:50
-You had Zephaniah Williams -from the Heads of the Valleys...	0:01:50	0:01:54
-..and William Jones...	0:01:55	0:01:56
-..who organized all the events -in the Pontypool area.	0:01:57	0:02:01
-It was a brief, yet brutal attack.	0:02:06	0:02:08
-Over 50 men were injured -in this battle for democracy.	0:02:09	0:02:13
-The soldiers killed 20 men...	0:02:13	0:02:16
-..including 15-year-old George -Shell, a carpenter from Pontypool.	0:02:16	0:02:21
-He wrote to his parents.	0:02:22	0:02:24
-"Tonight, I'll take part -in a glorious battle for freedom.	0:02:24	0:02:29
-"If God sees fit to save my life...	0:02:29	0:02:32
-"..then I shall see you soon.	0:02:33	0:02:35
-"But if not, do not mourn for me.	0:02:35	0:02:38
-"I will have fallen -for a wonderful cause."	0:02:38	0:02:42
-The tradition of both organized -protest and disorganized protest...	0:02:44	0:02:49
-..dates back -to the mid 18th century.	0:02:50	0:02:52
-We have the corn protests -where people ran out of food.	0:02:53	0:02:58
-After the French Revolution, -the protests multiply...	0:03:00	0:03:04
-..because the country is also at war -with France.	0:03:05	0:03:08
-You have the first -of the miners' strikes.	0:03:08	0:03:12
-There's the miners' strike in Neath -in 1795.	0:03:12	0:03:15
-In the same year...	0:03:15	0:03:18
-..300 miners marched orderly -into the town of Monmouth.	0:03:18	0:03:24
-They told the local mayor...	0:03:24	0:03:26
-..that they would sell -cheese and butter...	0:03:26	0:03:31
-..at a cheap price -for those who needed it.	0:03:31	0:03:34
-They returned and caused no trouble.	0:03:34	0:03:37
-The economic protests -of the 18th century...	0:03:43	0:03:48
-..continued well into -the new century.	0:03:48	0:03:51
-The 1830s was a time -economic depression.	0:03:51	0:03:55
-It was the worst -of the 19th century.	0:03:56	0:03:58
-As a result, the building -of these docks was left on half.	0:03:59	0:04:04
-Friars Fields on the River Usk -became a slum awash with poverty.	0:04:04	0:04:10
-This was a period of great poverty -and austerity.	0:04:15	0:04:20
-The crisis was in full force in 1839 -and it continued into the 1840s.	0:04:21	0:04:26
-These were years of famine.	0:04:27	0:04:29
-Monmouthshire's industrial workers -lacked hope.	0:04:29	0:04:32
-Their families were suffering.	0:04:33	0:04:35
-The 1832 Reform Act failed -to give democracy or the vote...	0:04:35	0:04:41
-..to those who didn't own land.	0:04:41	0:04:44
-The workers -didn't have a political voice.	0:04:44	0:04:48
-Parliament was corrupt.	0:04:48	0:04:50
-The power, authority and influence -were in the hands of the elite.	0:04:50	0:04:56
-What's changed?	0:04:57	0:04:58
-There was an increased awareness...	0:05:02	0:05:05
-..that they fought for more -than just their daily bread.	0:05:05	0:05:09
-They fought for the basic right -to live in a dignified manner.	0:05:09	0:05:14
-They didn't expect -to be totally equal...	0:05:14	0:05:17
-..but to be able to live -on what they earned.	0:05:17	0:05:20
-The workers turned to societies such -as the Working Men's Associations...	0:05:23	0:05:29
-..and Chartist ideology, -which meant democracy...	0:05:29	0:05:33
-..the right to vote, a wage for -Members of Parliament and so on.	0:05:33	0:05:38
-The demands were composed by liberal -members of the middle class...	0:05:38	0:05:44
-..such as the former mayor -of Newport, John Frost.	0:05:44	0:05:48
-John Frost belonged to the -Working Men's Association in London.	0:05:48	0:05:53
-He often went to London to meet -people from all over the country...	0:05:53	0:05:58
-..such as Birmingham, Manchester -and even Scotland.	0:05:58	0:06:03
-He also met people from South Wales -and Carmarthen...	0:06:03	0:06:07
-..such as Hugh Williams who designed -the banner for the chartists.	0:06:07	0:06:13
-Hugh Williams -is an interesting figure...	0:06:13	0:06:16
-..who used the French Revolution -and other influences...	0:06:17	0:06:22
-..in the Chartist Movement.	0:06:22	0:06:24
-He was a great friend -of William Lovett.	0:06:25	0:06:28
-He led the Working Men's Association -in Carmarthen.	0:06:28	0:06:32
-He also went on to be -leader of the Chartists...	0:06:32	0:06:38
-..in South Wales.	0:06:38	0:06:40
-Hugh Williams' friend, -William Lovett...	0:06:42	0:06:45
-..established the Working Men's -Association in London.	0:06:45	0:06:49
-The association aimed to promote -education for the working class.	0:06:49	0:06:54
-In 1838, Lovett and others -drafted a parliamentary measure...	0:06:54	0:06:59
-..asking for democratic rights -for the workers.	0:06:59	0:07:03
-This would be the basis -of the People's Charter.	0:07:03	0:07:07
-It's interesting -that one of the original demands...	0:07:07	0:07:11
-..was for a vote for women.	0:07:11	0:07:14
-The Chartist ideology was from -the period of the French Revolution.	0:07:16	0:07:21
-They fought for human rights.	0:07:21	0:07:23
-At the same time, there were women -who fought for women's rights...	0:07:24	0:07:29
-..and the vote for women.	0:07:29	0:07:31
-Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication -of the Rights of Woman...	0:07:31	0:07:36
-..was published in 1792.	0:07:36	0:07:38
-We certainly know about -the wives of the leaders.	0:07:39	0:07:44
-The wife of John Frost...	0:07:44	0:07:46
-..established the -Female Chartist Association...	0:07:46	0:07:51
-..in the Newport area.	0:07:51	0:07:53
-The wife of Zephaniah Williams -did the same in the Valleys.	0:07:53	0:07:58
-There were other leaders' wives, -including the wives of landlords.	0:07:58	0:08:03
-We know about the landlord of -the Coach and Horses in Blackwood.	0:08:03	0:08:08
-His wife was Esther Pugh.	0:08:08	0:08:10
-She was very active in the writing -of the charter for Blackwood.	0:08:10	0:08:16
-Despite being loyal to the cause...	0:08:17	0:08:20
-..the men dismissed the idea -about the vote for women.	0:08:20	0:08:26
-Some thought it was too radical -and the movement would suffer.	0:08:26	0:08:32
-The People's Charter -was published on 8 May 1838.	0:08:32	0:08:37
-It was compiled -by six Members of Parliament.	0:08:38	0:08:41
-The same number of voters -in each constituency.	0:08:41	0:08:45
-And six ordinary men.	0:08:45	0:08:47
-You don't need to own land -to stand as a MP.	0:08:48	0:08:51
-The charter had six demands.	0:08:51	0:08:53
-A secret ballot.	0:08:54	0:08:54
-A secret ballot. - -A wage for MPs.	0:08:54	0:08:56
-An annual election.	0:08:56	0:08:58
-A vote for every man -over the age of 21.	0:08:58	0:09:01
-In May, some 150,000 attended -a rally at Glasgow Green...	0:09:01	0:09:06
-..to show their support -for democracy and the right to vote.	0:09:07	0:09:11
-The crowd wanted a petition -to support the Charter.	0:09:11	0:09:15
-Two months later, a Working Men's -Association was founded in Newport.	0:09:15	0:09:21
-In October, John Frost had a meeting -at the Parrot Inn in Newport...	0:09:21	0:09:26
-..to promote the People's Charter -and win support for the petition.	0:09:26	0:09:32
-It's important that the petition was -available in both Welsh and English.	0:09:32	0:09:37
-It was signed by thousands of people -across Wales.	0:09:38	0:09:43
-The Chartist Movement -sent a representative to London...	0:09:44	0:09:49
-..to present the petition about -the Charter to the House of Commons.	0:09:49	0:09:54
-I've spent most of my life -in South Wales...	0:09:55	0:09:58
-..so visiting London -is always a shock to the system.	0:09:58	0:10:02
-This is where you find -the wealth and luxury of the city.	0:10:03	0:10:08
-You also find power and money.	0:10:08	0:10:11
-And this is where the heart -of the government is beating.	0:10:11	0:10:15
-Many had signed the petition -and it was three miles long.	0:10:16	0:10:21
-The petition was put in a cart and -the representatives followed it...	0:10:25	0:10:30
-..as it slowly moved -towards Parliament.	0:10:30	0:10:34
-The petition -had over a million signatures.	0:10:36	0:10:40
-Many were women -with over 20% in some areas.	0:10:40	0:10:44
-At the time, it was the -biggest petition ever to be seen.	0:10:44	0:10:48
-But the government -dismissed the petition...	0:10:49	0:10:52
-..with ridicule and contempt.	0:10:52	0:10:54
-The dismissal of the petition was -a massive blow for the Chartists.	0:10:55	0:11:00
-Until that time, they tried -to change the constitution...	0:11:00	0:11:04
-..using constitutional -and peaceful means.	0:11:05	0:11:08
-But many chartists -started to question...	0:11:08	0:11:11
-..the need to change their methods.	0:11:12	0:11:15
-.	0:11:17	0:11:18
-The Chartists failed -to persuade the House of Commons...	0:11:33	0:11:37
-..to consider the demands of the -Charter and their right to vote.	0:11:38	0:11:43
-But the cause was gaining support...	0:11:43	0:11:46
-..and growing as a political power.	0:11:47	0:11:49
-Gwyn Alf Williams said that Chartism -was like an underwater Atlantis.	0:11:50	0:11:55
-It needed one person or one thing...	0:11:55	0:11:59
-..to stir the waters -and bring it to the surface.	0:11:59	0:12:02
-He believed -that Henry Vincent was that man.	0:12:02	0:12:06
-He was an eloquent speaker...	0:12:06	0:12:09
-..and a very charismatic man.	0:12:09	0:12:13
-He became one of -the prominent speakers...	0:12:13	0:12:16
-..who were sent to spread the word -about Chartism.	0:12:16	0:12:21
-Henry Vincent -came to Wales in the spring.	0:12:21	0:12:25
-He held small meetings -at public houses...	0:12:25	0:12:28
-..and larger events that attracted -thousands from across Monmouthshire.	0:12:28	0:12:34
-People worshipped him.	0:12:34	0:12:37
-It's said that he was young and -handsome with a good singing voice.	0:12:37	0:12:43
-He certainly appealed to the ladies.	0:12:43	0:12:47
-You could say he was a pin-up -of his day.	0:12:47	0:12:50
-There are reports of him -attending large meetings...	0:12:51	0:12:56
-..then speaking with small groups of -women in a back room in Pontypool.	0:12:56	0:13:02
-His diary speaks of the cheers and -warm welcome he received from them.	0:13:03	0:13:08
-They were happy -to listen to his message.	0:13:08	0:13:12
-He thought that women -had a role to play in Chartism.	0:13:12	0:13:16
-I think he played on that and -built up a following as a result.	0:13:16	0:13:22
-Thousands of Gwent's Chartists -attended public meetings...	0:13:22	0:13:27
-..and met in taverns -across the county.	0:13:27	0:13:31
-The Welsh Oak at Rogerstone.	0:13:31	0:13:34
-The Prince of Wales -and Parrot Inn at Newport.	0:13:34	0:13:38
-The Masons Arms in Monmouth.	0:13:38	0:13:40
-Bristol House at Pontypool.	0:13:40	0:13:42
-The Royal Oak at Nant-y-glo.	0:13:43	0:13:45
-The Coach and Horses -and Greyhound in Blackwood.	0:13:45	0:13:48
-Across the border in Glamorgan...	0:13:48	0:13:51
-..the Chartists met in a lodge -near my current home.	0:13:51	0:13:56
-Yes, it's known as -The Rowan Tree today.	0:13:56	0:13:59
-There's nothing to state that this -was formerly the Colliers Arms.	0:13:59	0:14:04
-Chartists from the Gelligaer, -Llanfabon and Llancaiach mines...	0:14:05	0:14:09
-..met here before the attack -on Newport.	0:14:10	0:14:13
-This landscape lacks -any suggestion that these woods...	0:14:23	0:14:27
-..house remnants of railway lines -that carried coal to the canal.	0:14:27	0:14:32
-Here, in these beautiful trees...	0:14:33	0:14:35
-..entire families -worked in atrocious conditions.	0:14:35	0:14:39
-Young children worked in the dark -to earn some extra pennies.	0:14:40	0:14:44
-It's no wonder -parents came to the Colliers Arms...	0:14:45	0:14:48
-..to hear Morgan Morgans telling -them how to improve their lives...	0:14:49	0:14:54
-..by joining the Chartists.	0:14:54	0:14:56
-Both sides -were planning and scheming.	0:14:59	0:15:04
-Soldiers were posted in -British towns, including Newport.	0:15:04	0:15:09
-The government -had a network of spies...	0:15:12	0:15:15
-..and agent provocateur -across the country.	0:15:15	0:15:19
-They aimed to join and penetrate -the Chartist groups in their lodges.	0:15:19	0:15:25
-On the right, we have -the site of the Royal Oak Inn.	0:15:31	0:15:36
-It was owned by Zephaniah Williams.	0:15:36	0:15:39
-The Royal Oak Inn -at Coalbrookdale...	0:15:41	0:15:46
-..was one of the lodges -where the Chartists would meet...	0:15:46	0:15:50
-..to discuss various issues.	0:15:51	0:15:53
-Zephaniah Williams -was born at Argoed near Blackwood.	0:15:55	0:15:59
-He not only owned the Royal Oak Inn -at Nant-y-glo...	0:15:59	0:16:03
-..but was a coal agent and miner -in the Sirhowy Valley.	0:16:03	0:16:07
-This was a Welsh speaking community.	0:16:07	0:16:12
-Zephaniah Williams was obviously -fluent in both Welsh and English.	0:16:12	0:16:17
-He could read and write -in both languages too.	0:16:18	0:16:24
-It's said that the Chartists used -Welsh as an underground language.	0:16:25	0:16:31
-This meant that the spies...	0:16:31	0:16:34
-..who were posted at the inns and -local valleys by Thomas Phillips...	0:16:34	0:16:39
-..couldn't understand -what was being said.	0:16:39	0:16:42
-Welsh was the language for scheming -and not for every day use.	0:16:43	0:16:49
-The Chartists' message of democracy -in their secret language...	0:16:49	0:16:55
-..undermined and challenged -the authorities.	0:16:55	0:16:59
-It spread like wildfire.	0:16:59	0:17:01
-The Chartists were gaining -more and more support...	0:17:02	0:17:06
-..and that hundreds -of workers in Glamorgan...	0:17:06	0:17:10
-..followed the charismatic, -Dr William Price.	0:17:10	0:17:15
-My great-grandmother -knew Dr William Price.	0:17:18	0:17:22
-He was her family doctor.	0:17:22	0:17:24
-Some 14 children on Craig Las Farm.	0:17:24	0:17:27
-She thought the world of him -because he didn't charge her a lot.	0:17:27	0:17:32
-He charged the wealthy and the poor -paid next to nothing for their care.	0:17:32	0:17:37
-Price was a bit of a reformer.	0:17:43	0:17:45
-He definitely supported the workers.	0:17:45	0:17:48
-The workers paid him -when they were feeling healthy...	0:17:48	0:17:52
-..and he cared for them for free -when they were ill.	0:17:52	0:17:56
-The workers were from the iron -and tinworks in Treforest.	0:17:56	0:18:00
-The Brown Lenox factory that made -chains was near Pontypridd.	0:18:01	0:18:06
-Price was their doctor.	0:18:06	0:18:08
-He was such a local hero...	0:18:08	0:18:11
-..that people would do anything -for Dr William Price.	0:18:11	0:18:15
-John Frost had heard -of this local hero in Pontypridd...	0:18:16	0:18:21
-..who was very influential.	0:18:21	0:18:24
-He held large meetings for hundreds -of people near the Rocking Stone.	0:18:24	0:18:29
-He could certainly influence -an army of local workers...	0:18:29	0:18:35
-..to possibly march on Newport -according to John Frost's wishes.	0:18:36	0:18:41
-We know that Price...	0:18:42	0:18:44
-..held Welsh language courses -at a local inn.	0:18:44	0:18:50
-He took them to the top of the hill -to teach them to shoot guns.	0:18:50	0:18:55
-The soldiers searched his home -at Porthyglo farmhouse in Treforest.	0:18:55	0:19:00
-They entered the house and -found seven pieces of a large canon.	0:19:00	0:19:05
-It seems that the local workers -in these factories...	0:19:06	0:19:10
-..had built the canon for him.	0:19:10	0:19:12
-Price was a militant.	0:19:12	0:19:14
-John Frost and William Price -grew apart...	0:19:15	0:19:18
-..because of differences -in their ideologies.	0:19:19	0:19:22
-The major bone of contention...	0:19:22	0:19:24
-..was whether they should use -violence and physical power or not.	0:19:25	0:19:29
-When John Frost refused to share -his plans for Newport with Price...	0:19:29	0:19:34
-..the pair argued and William Price -told his men to withdraw.	0:19:35	0:19:40
-The first Chartist rebellion -in Wales wasn't in South East Wales.	0:19:42	0:19:48
-It was in the market town -of Llanidloes.	0:19:48	0:19:51
-Hiya, Penri. How are you?	0:19:55	0:19:57
-Hiya, Penri. How are you? - -Very well, thank you.	0:19:57	0:19:59
-What happened here on Long Bridge?	0:19:59	0:20:02
-The Chartists and their supporters -gathered at Long Bridge.	0:20:02	0:20:07
-A speaker often stood on the bridge -and addressed the crowd...	0:20:07	0:20:12
-..that was in the park -next to the River Severn.	0:20:12	0:20:16
-This is where -the Chartists would meet...	0:20:21	0:20:24
-..to discuss and complain about -their life and working conditions.	0:20:24	0:20:30
-This is where -many of the seeds were sown...	0:20:30	0:20:34
-..that promoted Chartism -in Llanidloes and Newtown.	0:20:34	0:20:39
-This town was quite radical.	0:20:40	0:20:44
-Llanidloes was at the heart -of the woollen industry...	0:20:44	0:20:49
-..and the working conditions -were quite terrible.	0:20:50	0:20:55
-It was the catalyst of the events -that took place here.	0:20:55	0:20:59
-Chartism was taking hold.	0:21:00	0:21:01
-Only 3% of the town had the vote so -the common folk started to protest.	0:21:02	0:21:07
-The town's gentry and dignitaries...	0:21:07	0:21:11
-..had sensed -that problems were afoot.	0:21:11	0:21:15
-T E Marsh, the former mayor -of the town, was very influential.	0:21:15	0:21:19
-He asked the government -for assistance.	0:21:20	0:21:22
-Three policemen were -eventually sent here from London.	0:21:23	0:21:27
-This didn't calm the waters...	0:21:27	0:21:29
-..but caused major unrest.	0:21:29	0:21:33
-They arrested -three of the leaders...	0:21:33	0:21:36
-..and held them -at the Trewythen Hotel.	0:21:37	0:21:39
-The Chartists -who met at the Long Bridge...	0:21:40	0:21:43
-..learnt that Lewis Humphreys, -Abraham Owen and Thomas Jerman...	0:21:43	0:21:48
-..were being held in the hotel -so they released them.	0:21:48	0:21:52
-It all flared up so quickly.	0:21:52	0:21:55
-The crowd marched towards -the Trewythen Hotel...	0:21:55	0:21:58
-..where 50 constables...	0:21:59	0:22:02
-..T E Marsh and the -three London officers were waiting.	0:22:02	0:22:06
-There were rumours that T E Marsh -was an agent provocateur...	0:22:06	0:22:12
-..who pleaded with the government -for support from the army.	0:22:12	0:22:17
-They say -that he threw the first stone.	0:22:17	0:22:20
-The town was free for -a very short period of five days.	0:22:21	0:22:25
-I'm told it was totally peaceful.	0:22:25	0:22:29
-The Chartists policed the town -and kept the peace.	0:22:29	0:22:35
-Some 200 soldiers -were posted in the town.	0:22:35	0:22:38
-Two leaders were rearrested and -30 others, including three women.	0:22:38	0:22:44
-Most were sent to jail.	0:22:44	0:22:46
-The leaders were sentenced -with transportation to Australia.	0:22:47	0:22:51
-But Thomas Jerman -escaped and fled to America...	0:22:51	0:22:55
-..where he lived -for the remainder of his life.	0:22:55	0:22:59
-Less than a month -after the events in Llanidloes...	0:22:59	0:23:03
-..Henry Vincent was arrested.	0:23:03	0:23:05
-He stood trail -in the court in Monmouth.	0:23:06	0:23:09
-On 2 August, he was found guilty...	0:23:10	0:23:12
-..of participating -in a riotous assemblage.	0:23:13	0:23:16
-Vincent was sentenced to a year -in Monmouth Gaol.	0:23:16	0:23:20
-Many historians feel that the -imprisonment of Henry Vincent...	0:23:20	0:23:24
-..sparked the feelings and gave -focus to those who were meeting.	0:23:25	0:23:31
-After their imprisonment...	0:23:31	0:23:33
-..the Chartists -turned to more violent means.	0:23:34	0:23:39
-They started amassing weapons -and held drills...	0:23:40	0:23:44
-..and chose to devise -a more specific attack.	0:23:44	0:23:49
-Many chartists felt the need -to do more than just talk.	0:23:49	0:23:55
-On 1 November, the leaders met at -the Coach and Horses in Blackwood...	0:23:55	0:24:01
-..to organize the march on Newport.	0:24:01	0:24:04
-This is Bwlch-y-garn that is almost -at the summit of Carn-y-Cefn.	0:24:04	0:24:10
-It's an important site for Chartism.	0:24:10	0:24:13
-Yes, this is where the chartists -gathered on their way to Newport.	0:24:14	0:24:18
-People came from Nant-y-glo -and Blaenau to this mountain.	0:24:19	0:24:23
-There were men and women. -Thousands of them.	0:24:24	0:24:27
-Yes, and Zephaniah Williams was -waiting on this hill for them.	0:24:27	0:24:31
-Zephaniah blew a horn to call them.	0:24:32	0:24:34
-They all gathered on this spot.	0:24:35	0:24:38
-Zephaniah gave a short address.	0:24:38	0:24:41
-The weather was worse -than what we have today.	0:24:42	0:24:45
-Yes, it was very windy and raining.	0:24:45	0:24:49
-They descended the hill to meet -those from Ebbw Vale and Sirhowy.	0:24:49	0:24:54
-And they made their way to Newport -to that riot.	0:24:55	0:24:58
-Yes, let's follow -in their footsteps.	0:24:58	0:25:01
-The Welsh language and landscape -were important factors...	0:25:04	0:25:08
-..in the Chartists' battle -for democracy.	0:25:08	0:25:12
-Henry Vincent said...	0:25:12	0:25:13
-"I can't help but think of the -defensiveness of this country.	0:25:14	0:25:18
-"If she was attacked...	0:25:18	0:25:20
-"..a few thousand men on the hills -could easily protect her.	0:25:21	0:25:26
-"Wales would make -an excellent republic."	0:25:26	0:25:30
-.	0:25:33	0:25:34
-On Sunday 3 November 1839...	0:25:41	0:25:44
-..the Gwent Chartists -started their march to Newport.	0:25:45	0:25:49
-John Frost led the group from -the Rhymney and Sirhowy Valleys.	0:25:52	0:25:56
-Zephaniah Williams led from Ebbw -Vale, Tredegar and Blaenau Gwent.	0:25:56	0:26:01
-William Jones led from Pontypool and -the eastern valleys of the county.	0:26:01	0:26:06
-It was a terrible night.	0:26:07	0:26:08
-The men were exhausted after walking -through the wind and heavy rain.	0:26:08	0:26:13
-There was no sign of William Jones.	0:26:13	0:26:16
-Some of the people -lacked discipline...	0:26:17	0:26:20
-..and had gone to the pubs -and drank a lot.	0:26:20	0:26:23
-Discipline was terrible.	0:26:23	0:26:25
-The Chartists aimed to reach Newport -at nightfall...	0:26:26	0:26:30
-..and take control of the town -whilst the soldiers were sleeping.	0:26:30	0:26:35
-The troublesome journey meant -they didn't arrive until morning.	0:26:35	0:26:40
-The town's Chartists -had been arrested...	0:26:40	0:26:43
-..and were imprisoned -in the Westgate Hotel.	0:26:43	0:26:46
-The Westgate Hotel -housed some soldiers...	0:26:47	0:26:50
-..special constables and the mayor, -Thomas Phillips.	0:26:50	0:26:54
-The Chartists marched down Stow Hill -towards the hotel...	0:26:55	0:27:00
-..to insist that the prisoners -were released.	0:27:00	0:27:04
-Some of the men outside were armed -and someone fired a musket.	0:27:04	0:27:10
-The mayor, Thomas Phillips -was shot in his left arm.	0:27:10	0:27:14
-The soldiers -opened fire in retaliation.	0:27:15	0:27:18
-The battle for the Westgate Hotel -was over in 20 minutes.	0:27:23	0:27:28
-It was a quick battle.	0:27:28	0:27:30
-Bodies lay scattered -over the square.	0:27:30	0:27:33
-Some were still alive -but bleeding to death.	0:27:33	0:27:38
-John Frost escaped.	0:27:39	0:27:42
-Zephaniah also disappeared.	0:27:43	0:27:45
-When William Jones and his group -learnt of the massacre...	0:27:45	0:27:49
-..they turned and fled too.	0:27:49	0:27:53
-Newport Museum -houses an exhibition...	0:27:56	0:27:59
-..of weapons used -by the Chartists that night.	0:27:59	0:28:02
-In the corner, sits the guns found -on John Frost when he was arrested.	0:28:08	0:28:12
-None of them had been fired.	0:28:12	0:28:15
-Frost later said...	0:28:16	0:28:19
-"As soon as I saw the blood, -I was terrified and I fled."	0:28:19	0:28:25
-The authorities offered -a large reward for the leaders.	0:28:27	0:28:32
-It was 100 a head -which was a fortune in those days.	0:28:32	0:28:36
-John Frost -was caught on that very night...	0:28:36	0:28:40
-..as he enjoyed bread and cheese -with his friend, John Partridge.	0:28:40	0:28:45
-William Jones -was on the run for a week...	0:28:45	0:28:48
-..before he was caught near Crumlin.	0:28:48	0:28:51
-What of Zephaniah Williams?	0:28:51	0:28:53
-Zephaniah Williams -almost escaped to Portugal...	0:28:53	0:28:57
-..but was caught on the ship -as it set sail from Cardiff.	0:28:57	0:29:02
-The Newport Reference Library -houses the witness statements...	0:29:03	0:29:08
-..collected before the court case.	0:29:08	0:29:10
-I'm looking -for one man in particular.	0:29:11	0:29:13
-Israel Firman.	0:29:14	0:29:15
-He was a colourful character -who was well into his nineties.	0:29:15	0:29:20
-I'm looking for the list of -eyewitnesses but one in particular.	0:29:21	0:29:26
-Here he is.	0:29:26	0:29:28
-It's Israel Firman -who turned against the Chartists.	0:29:28	0:29:32
-He was a supporter -who betrayed them.	0:29:32	0:29:35
-Page 94.	0:29:35	0:29:38
-Here it is. Israel Firman.	0:29:39	0:29:42
-"During that night, I went -to a place called the Welsh Oak.	0:29:42	0:29:47
-"There were some hundreds.	0:29:48	0:29:50
-"Some from the Greyhound, Blackwood, -Tredegar and some called Blainers.	0:29:50	0:29:56
-"They were coming to Newport -and armed.	0:29:56	0:30:00
-"Some with muskets, some with pikes.	0:30:00	0:30:03
-"Several had pistols.	0:30:03	0:30:05
-"Edwin Edmonds of The Greyhound -was with Mr Frost.	0:30:06	0:30:10
-"I heard him say, 'come men.'	0:30:10	0:30:13
-"I saw it all.	0:30:13	0:30:15
-"I must never show my face -in that country again."	0:30:15	0:30:20
-He goes on to say...	0:30:21	0:30:22
-"I saw the prisoner -and heard all the words of command.	0:30:22	0:30:26
-"Mr Frost was one.	0:30:27	0:30:28
-"The prisoner cried out.	0:30:28	0:30:30
-"All you with muskets come forward."	0:30:31	0:30:34
-"I said, 'Gentlemen, -let me pass you, if you please.	0:30:34	0:30:38
-"I want some beer to drink."	0:30:38	0:30:40
-By the start of the case...	0:30:41	0:30:44
-..the prosecution claimed that -Firman's evidence was unreliable.	0:30:44	0:30:50
-He wasn't called as a witness.	0:30:50	0:30:53
-This statue of Henry V -on Agincourt Square in Monmouth...	0:30:56	0:31:01
-..reminds us of his battle -against the French.	0:31:01	0:31:05
-But here, at the County Hall -in December 1839...	0:31:06	0:31:10
-..another battle was about to start.	0:31:11	0:31:15
-You had the Chartists.	0:31:17	0:31:19
-Ordinary, Welsh speaking men from -the valleys of Glamorgan and Gwent.	0:31:20	0:31:26
-They faced the might of the Crown, -the factory owners and works...	0:31:26	0:31:32
-..and rich landowners -of South-East Monmouth.	0:31:32	0:31:35
-They were English speakers, -full of power and influence.	0:31:36	0:31:40
-The working class spoke Welsh...	0:31:41	0:31:43
-..whilst English was the language...	0:31:44	0:31:46
-..of the wealthy, educated -and influential classes.	0:31:47	0:31:51
-This became apparent...	0:31:51	0:31:53
-..when the common man -came face to face with the law.	0:31:54	0:31:58
-There are many examples of this -in the 1830s.	0:31:58	0:32:02
-We have one incident -in Tredegar in 1838.	0:32:02	0:32:05
-Thomas Phillips, a Justice of the -Peace told a Welsh speaking man...	0:32:05	0:32:11
-.."Speak English -or you will not be heard here."	0:32:11	0:32:14
-One defendant in the court case -that followed the Newport Rising...	0:32:15	0:32:21
-..was John Rees.	0:32:21	0:32:23
-He spoke Welsh in court -and asked for a translator...	0:32:23	0:32:27
-..despite being fluent in English.	0:32:27	0:32:30
-It points towards his opposition.	0:32:30	0:32:33
-The main charge against the leaders -and eleven other men...	0:32:34	0:32:39
-..was high treason.	0:32:39	0:32:43
-This would be the last court case -in Britain...	0:32:44	0:32:47
-..where so many were accused -of this charge at the same time.	0:32:48	0:32:52
-A horn was blown -on the final day of 1839...	0:32:57	0:33:01
-..to mark the start of the case.	0:33:01	0:33:04
-Many wanted to be in the court.	0:33:06	0:33:09
-Entry was only allowed by ticket -that were sold to the public.	0:33:09	0:33:14
-At 9.00am, the Chartists -reached the town hall in chains.	0:33:16	0:33:21
-They were taken to the cells -underneath the courtroom.	0:33:21	0:33:25
-In a cell that was two-foot wide -and four-foot long...	0:33:25	0:33:30
-..a space smaller than a grave...	0:33:30	0:33:33
-..was where the prisoners -awaited their fate.	0:33:33	0:33:37
-It's easy to imagine how they felt -as they climbed these steps.	0:33:45	0:33:49
-If the charge was treason...	0:33:50	0:33:54
-..there could only be one ruling.	0:33:54	0:33:56
-Execution.	0:33:58	0:34:00
-John Frost was first -to face the court.	0:34:03	0:34:07
-The crowd expected a blackguard...	0:34:07	0:34:09
-..but were stunned -to see a respectable man.	0:34:10	0:34:13
-Sir Frederick Pollock, -John Frost's defence attorney...	0:34:14	0:34:18
-..spent five hours giving his case -in favour of the defendant.	0:34:18	0:34:23
-Despite his efforts, -the jury was biased...	0:34:23	0:34:26
-..and decided John Frost's fate -within 30 minutes.	0:34:26	0:34:30
-He was found guilty.	0:34:30	0:34:32
-In the days that followed...	0:34:32	0:34:34
-..Zephaniah Williams and William -Jones were also found guilty.	0:34:34	0:34:39
-On 16 January...	0:34:39	0:34:41
-..Sir Nicholas Tindal, the Lord -Chief Justice passed the sentence.	0:34:41	0:34:47
-He wore his black cap -before stating the three leaders...	0:34:48	0:34:52
-..would be taken for execution.	0:34:53	0:34:57
-They were to be hanged and then -cut into four pieces and a head.	0:34:58	0:35:03
-Hanged, drawn and quartered.	0:35:03	0:35:06
-Today, this sentence resembles -something from the Middle Ages.	0:35:06	0:35:11
-It's amazing -that such a barbaric act...	0:35:11	0:35:15
-..existed in Wales in 1840...	0:35:15	0:35:19
-..during the Victorian era.	0:35:19	0:35:22
-They made an example -of these leaders.	0:35:23	0:35:26
-Of the other men -facing the same charge...	0:35:26	0:35:29
-..four were found not guilty -and released.	0:35:29	0:35:32
-The five who pleaded guilty...	0:35:33	0:35:35
-..were sentenced to transportation -to Tasmania.	0:35:35	0:35:39
-From their cell in Monmouth Gaol...	0:35:44	0:35:47
-..Frost, Williams and Jones...	0:35:47	0:35:50
-..heard the workers -building the gallows.	0:35:50	0:35:55
-But Sir Nicholas Tindal doubted -the evidence against the Chartists.	0:35:57	0:36:02
-He aired his doubts -to the Home Secretary.	0:36:03	0:36:07
-At midnight on 1 February...	0:36:08	0:36:11
-..news broke that the -Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne...	0:36:11	0:36:15
-..deferred their sentences.	0:36:15	0:36:18
-The executions would be commuted -to transportation for life.	0:36:18	0:36:24
-They were severely punished.	0:36:30	0:36:32
-But what happened to the Chartists -who were killed?	0:36:32	0:36:37
-What's this?	0:36:37	0:36:39
-The records -from St Woolos Cathedral.	0:36:39	0:36:42
-It shows those -who were buried there.	0:36:42	0:36:45
-Most are individuals.	0:36:45	0:36:47
-No, here they are.	0:36:47	0:36:49
-"Ten men, names unknown.	0:36:49	0:36:52
-"Shot by a party -of the 45th Regiment of Foot...	0:36:52	0:36:55
-"..in the Chartist Insurrection -before the Westgate Inn.	0:36:55	0:37:00
-"Age not known."	0:37:00	0:37:02
-Goodness me. Goodness me.	0:37:03	0:37:05
-Nobody knows the location -of the bodies of the Chartists.	0:37:13	0:37:17
-The soldiers dumped the bodies here -at the dead of night...	0:37:17	0:37:22
-..in nameless graves -as if they had the plague.	0:37:23	0:37:27
-All the ten who are buried here...	0:37:27	0:37:30
-..in the records, -they are anonymous...	0:37:30	0:37:33
-..except this one person, -George Shell.	0:37:33	0:37:37
-The only reminder of their plight -is the memorial on this wall...	0:37:37	0:37:42
-..that tells their story.	0:37:42	0:37:44
-Over 20 Chartists or -campaigners for democracy were shot.	0:37:47	0:37:51
-Ten were buried in this cemetery.	0:37:52	0:37:55
-.	0:37:58	0:37:58
-Despite the disturbing outcome -of the 1839 riot...	0:38:09	0:38:13
-..the Chartists -retained a lot of support.	0:38:13	0:38:16
-In May 1842, another petition -was taken to the House of Commons.	0:38:17	0:38:22
-This time, over three million -had signed the petition.	0:38:23	0:38:28
-That's a third of the population -in Britain at that time.	0:38:28	0:38:33
-The response was the same.	0:38:33	0:38:35
-The petition -was dismissed once again.	0:38:35	0:38:38
-But times were changing.	0:38:39	0:38:41
-After many attempts -to bring democracy to Britain...	0:38:41	0:38:46
-..the Chartists' dreams -slowly came true.	0:38:46	0:38:49
-By 1918, the Representation -of the People Act...	0:38:49	0:38:54
-..had given the vote to every man -over 21 and women over 30.	0:38:54	0:38:58
-Five of the six original demands -of the Chartists...	0:38:59	0:39:02
-..had become common law.	0:39:03	0:39:05
-The annual general elections was -the only demand that was ignored.	0:39:05	0:39:10
-The demands of the charter may sound -like common sense and reasonable...	0:39:10	0:39:16
-..this is because they have been -common law for almost a century.	0:39:16	0:39:22
-What was the fate of those -who fought for democracy?	0:39:25	0:39:30
-Frost, Williams and Jones?	0:39:30	0:39:32
-After a period of transportation...	0:39:32	0:39:35
-..all three were offered -a royal pardon in 1856.	0:39:35	0:39:39
-William Jones and Zephaniah Williams -stayed in Tasmania.	0:39:40	0:39:44
-Williams made his fortune -by mining and selling coal.	0:39:44	0:39:48
-Frost returned and lived -in Bristol until his death.	0:39:48	0:39:54
-This bust of John Frost was donated -to Newport Museum in 1914.	0:39:59	0:40:04
-It shows a change in attitude -to his reputation and remembrance.	0:40:04	0:40:10
-At the turn of the century...	0:40:13	0:40:15
-..the riots outside the -Westgate Hotel were an age away.	0:40:15	0:40:20
-The violence was forgotten -to some extent.	0:40:20	0:40:24
-There was always doubt...	0:40:25	0:40:28
-..as to whether John Frost was -to blame for the violent events.	0:40:28	0:40:33
-Today, Newport and the Gwent Valleys -defend the Chartists...	0:40:40	0:40:45
-..and celebrate their success.	0:40:45	0:40:47
-It's good to see people -marching down Stow Hill...	0:40:48	0:40:54
-..waving banners -demanding a vote for all...	0:40:54	0:40:58
-..and a wage -for Members of Parliament...	0:40:58	0:41:01
-..which is an issue -that is close to my heart.	0:41:01	0:41:05
-People understand -that something dramatic took place.	0:41:08	0:41:12
-They also remember -the true meaning of sacrifice.	0:41:12	0:41:18
-It's part of the development -of democracy.	0:41:19	0:41:22
-CHEERING	0:41:22	0:41:24
-CHEERING	0:41:25	0:41:27
-Monmouthshire's children aren't -the only ones who like to dress up.	0:41:28	0:41:33
-In 1989, Paul Flynn was admitted -to the Gorsedd of Bards.	0:41:33	0:41:37
-His bardic name is Paul y Siartiwr.	0:41:37	0:41:39
-I'm happy with my bardic name -of Paul y Siartiwr.	0:41:40	0:41:43
-Paul y Siartiwr has a new charter -for the 21st century.	0:41:43	0:41:50
-Once again, it has six demands.	0:41:50	0:41:52
-The most important being a vote -for everyone aged 16 or over.	0:41:52	0:41:58
-Young people should have the right -to vote as they do in Scotland.	0:41:58	0:42:04
-A number of people -have signed the petition...	0:42:04	0:42:09
-..and voted for it.	0:42:10	0:42:12
-It was an excellent result -in terms of democracy.	0:42:12	0:42:16
-The democratic process in a healthy -community isn't something static.	0:42:19	0:42:25
-It's something -that grows and develops...	0:42:25	0:42:28
-..from year to year, decade -to decade and century to century.	0:42:28	0:42:33
-The Scottish Referendum was -a once in a lifetime opportunity.	0:42:35	0:42:41
-They voiced their opinions about -an issue they were passionate about.	0:42:41	0:42:47
-We've never seen anything like it -in Britain before.	0:42:47	0:42:51
-Those aged 16 and over -were allowed to vote in Scotland.	0:42:52	0:42:56
-Will this affect young people's -attitudes to voting?	0:42:56	0:43:00
-It's revolutionary.	0:43:00	0:43:02
-People can join the army, get -married and be company directors.	0:43:02	0:43:07
-They can make -these important decisions...	0:43:07	0:43:10
-..so why can't they contribute -to the electoral system?	0:43:11	0:43:15
-It's a bone of contention...	0:43:15	0:43:17
-..for Labour, SNP, Plaid Cymru -and the Liberal Democrats.	0:43:17	0:43:21
-In Scotland, over 100,000 -young people registered to vote.	0:43:21	0:43:26
-A high percentage of them formed -part of the overall electorate.	0:43:26	0:43:32
-I had to wait until I was 21 -before I could vote.	0:43:33	0:43:37
-I don't know about you, -but I really wanted to vote.	0:43:37	0:43:41
-I remember feeling proud...	0:43:41	0:43:44
-..when I reached the age -to take part in political life.	0:43:44	0:43:48
-What about -the young people of Wales today?	0:43:50	0:43:53
-I asked the pupils -of Ysgol Gyfyn Gwynllyw...	0:43:54	0:43:58
-..about democracy -and being able to vote at 16.	0:43:58	0:44:02
-It's important -for young people to vote.	0:44:02	0:44:05
-I don't think people younger than me -should vote...	0:44:06	0:44:09
-..as schools don't teach politics -before you reach A level age.	0:44:09	0:44:14
-You should know about the issues in -politics if you're going to vote.	0:44:15	0:44:20
-I think young people -can be easily swayed...	0:44:20	0:44:24
-..by celebrities and our families.	0:44:24	0:44:27
-Yes, but the older generation -can be easily swayed too.	0:44:28	0:44:32
-I agree that young children -are easily influenced.	0:44:32	0:44:36
-As you age and mature...	0:44:36	0:44:40
-..celebrities, television and -the media become less influential.	0:44:40	0:44:46
-What would make you vote? -Is there a certain cause?	0:44:46	0:44:50
-If the party in power...	0:44:50	0:44:52
-..makes poor decisions -that go against my beliefs...	0:44:52	0:44:56
-..I'd vote against them.	0:44:56	0:44:58
-I'd rebel, vote against them -and hope to achieve what I want.	0:44:59	0:45:05
-What would make you vote -in favour of something?	0:45:05	0:45:10
-Anyone who truly believes -in what they are saying.	0:45:10	0:45:14
-They have a strong opinion...	0:45:14	0:45:17
-..and will not be swayed by power -or money.	0:45:17	0:45:21
-Only a small percentage -of our population cast a vote...	0:45:21	0:45:26
-..but over 80% voted -in the recent Scottish Referendum.	0:45:26	0:45:31
-Why do you think that is?	0:45:32	0:45:33
-There was a high percentage -of voters in Scotland...	0:45:34	0:45:38
-..because they were voting on the -important issue of independence.	0:45:38	0:45:43
-Those aged 16 and 17 could vote.	0:45:43	0:45:46
-This boosted -the overall percentage of voters.	0:45:46	0:45:50
-The first thing in the morning, -I asked Mam about the results.	0:45:50	0:45:55
-It's interesting to learn -about the future of Scotland.	0:45:55	0:46:01
-It was a huge step to take -to become independent.	0:46:01	0:46:05
-I've never been interested in -politics but this was very exciting.	0:46:05	0:46:11
-People used Twitter to reveal -the results of the referendum.	0:46:11	0:46:17
-It was really exciting...	0:46:17	0:46:19
-..because everyone felt part of it.	0:46:19	0:46:23
-The Chartists died for their beliefs -and for the vote.	0:46:23	0:46:28
-What would you give your life for?	0:46:28	0:46:32
-I share the same feelings -as those Chartists in the riots.	0:46:32	0:46:37
-They died for their beliefs...	0:46:37	0:46:41
-..such as having the right to vote -and be free.	0:46:41	0:46:45
-People cannot take away -your vote or your opinion.	0:46:45	0:46:50
-It's the basic right -of any person in any country.	0:46:50	0:46:54
-I'd definitely be willing to die -for my own opinions.	0:46:54	0:46:59
-That shook me to my very core.	0:46:59	0:47:02
-I was looking forward to chatting -with these young people.	0:47:02	0:47:07
-I didn't expect the young people -of Monmouthshire today...	0:47:08	0:47:12
-..to be so passionate -about democracy.	0:47:12	0:47:15
-It's heart-warming to hear them.	0:47:15	0:47:18
-They died on this street in the dirt -outside the Westgate Hotel.	0:47:20	0:47:26
-This was a site...	0:47:27	0:47:30
-..where people made a stand -against the government...	0:47:30	0:47:34
-..and a stand against injustice.	0:47:34	0:47:37
-These people wanted justice.	0:47:37	0:47:39
-Less than a century -after the Newport Rising...	0:47:40	0:47:44
-..almost every demand from -the Chartists has become common law.	0:47:44	0:47:49
-Today, the privileges -they fought and died for...	0:47:50	0:47:54
-..have become our own rights.	0:47:54	0:47:56
-They were passionate but do we have -the same passion to protect them?	0:47:57	0:48:02
-S4C Subtitles by Tinopolis	0:48:21	0:48:24
-.	0:48:24	0:48:24

Gwrthryfel Gwent, Stori'r Siartwyr

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