Stori Santa

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-Christmas. Everyone looks forward -to this time of year.	0:00:05	0:00:09
-Traditionally, -a time for family get-togethers.	0:00:12	0:00:15
-Everyone looking -for the perfect gift...	0:00:20	0:00:23
-..as the shops offer -all sorts of choices.	0:00:23	0:00:25
-Choosing is almost impossible.	0:00:31	0:00:34
-There's so much for everyone - -and for children in particular.	0:00:34	0:00:38
-"Dear Santa Claus...	0:00:38	0:00:41
-.."please may I have -a bow and arrows set...	0:00:41	0:00:47
-.."and a -remote-controlled aeroplane.	0:00:47	0:00:53
-"Ela would like a pram and a dolly.	0:00:54	0:00:57
-"Thank you very much."	0:00:57	0:01:00
-Like Jac and Ela, -children around the world...	0:01:01	0:01:04
-..are busy and full of hope.	0:01:05	0:01:08
-Who exactly is the focus -of all this excitement?	0:01:10	0:01:13
-Why does he live -in such a remote location?	0:01:13	0:01:17
-Are the world's children sending -their letters to this bearded man?	0:01:21	0:01:27
-Has he always looked like this?	0:01:29	0:01:32
-Santa Claus has a white beard.	0:01:32	0:01:35
-He wears a black belt -and black boots.	0:01:35	0:01:39
-Santa Claus is a happy and kind man.	0:01:42	0:01:45
-He brings gifts to everyone -who has behaved.	0:01:46	0:01:52
-Our search for Santa Claus -doesn't start at the North Pole.	0:02:12	0:02:16
-It starts in Turkey -during the third century.	0:02:17	0:02:20
-Here, according to legend, -we find the roots of St Nicholas.	0:02:21	0:02:26
-There is little evidence to prove...	0:02:26	0:02:28
-..that he was a man -of flesh and blood....	0:02:29	0:02:31
-..but millions of Christians -have tales about him.	0:02:32	0:02:35
-According to one story, baby -Nicholas refused to be breast-fed...	0:02:37	0:02:42
-..until the sun had set -on Wednesdays and Fridays.	0:02:42	0:02:46
-These were fasting days -for early Christians.	0:02:46	0:02:49
-This church in Demre, -or Myra in St Nicholas's day...	0:02:53	0:02:56
-..has been named after the saint.	0:02:57	0:02:59
-Today, it's a Mecca for pilgrims.	0:03:00	0:03:03
-The tomb, which is now empty...	0:03:05	0:03:08
-..was said to have been -full of manna.	0:03:08	0:03:11
-Manna, according to legend, -was beneficial to health.	0:03:11	0:03:15
-Once a year, pilgrims gather -to drink the miraculous manna.	0:03:15	0:03:19
-The way Nicholas was elected as -Bishop of Myra was rather unusual.	0:03:22	0:03:28
-A member of the conclave -that elected the bishop...	0:03:28	0:03:31
-..heard the voice of an angel -in a dream...	0:03:32	0:03:34
-..telling him that the first person -to walk through the door...	0:03:34	0:03:38
-..should be ordained as the bishop.	0:03:39	0:03:41
-That person was Nicholas.	0:03:41	0:03:42
-He became the patron saint -of children...	0:03:47	0:03:50
-..after resurrecting three boys -killed by a butcher during a famine.	0:03:50	0:03:55
-Nicholas is also -the patron saint of sailors.	0:03:56	0:03:58
-His most famous act -involves three unmarried sisters.	0:03:59	0:04:03
-In those days, a girl needed -a dowry before she could marry.	0:04:03	0:04:09
-In those days, and until today...	0:04:09	0:04:11
-..it was customary -in Eastern Antalya in Turkey...	0:04:11	0:04:15
-..for a father to provide a dowry -for his daughters.	0:04:15	0:04:18
-The eldest daughter asked her father -to sell her as a prostitute.	0:04:18	0:04:23
-She could earn enough money to -allow the other daughters to marry.	0:04:23	0:04:27
-On hearing the request -of his eldest daughter...	0:04:30	0:04:33
-..the father was rather upset.	0:04:33	0:04:35
-He prayed to God -to help his daughters marry.	0:04:35	0:04:38
-Nicholas heard about his plight.	0:04:39	0:04:42
-To help the father, he threw -a sack full of gold coins...	0:04:42	0:04:45
-..through the window.	0:04:45	0:04:47
-This tale grew over the centuries...	0:04:48	0:04:51
-..into stories about St Nicholas...	0:04:51	0:04:54
-..throwing sacks of gold -down chimneys...	0:04:54	0:04:56
-..which dropped into stockings -drying by the fireplace.	0:04:57	0:05:00
-This generous act, along with -his powerful healing abilities...	0:05:02	0:05:07
-..has given Nicholas -the legendary status he has today.	0:05:07	0:05:11
-Today, Demre's Muslim population -are proud of their connection...	0:05:14	0:05:19
-..to a man so revered by Christians.	0:05:19	0:05:22
-The Festival of St Nicholas -is held here every year.	0:05:22	0:05:26
-I wonder what the Saint -would have thought of this?	0:05:30	0:05:33
-Shops and restaurants -grab every opportunity...	0:05:34	0:05:38
-..to make money from the legend.	0:05:38	0:05:40
-Santa is important to us -and the rest of the world.	0:05:41	0:05:44
-He's sacred.	0:05:45	0:05:47
-We're fortunate and proud that -he is associated with our country.	0:05:47	0:05:51
-He is a holy man -throughout the world.	0:05:51	0:05:54
-Today, a modern image -devised by the Western world...	0:05:55	0:05:58
-..has replaced the traditional -stone statue of St Nicholas.	0:05:59	0:06:03
-How did a saint from the Catholic -Church become a plastic Santa?	0:06:03	0:06:07
-It's a story that grows -over the centuries...	0:06:07	0:06:10
-..linking different -cultures and continents.	0:06:10	0:06:14
-The Romans ruled -during St Nicholas's time.	0:06:21	0:06:24
-The Christian faith gathered support -as it embraced other religions.	0:06:24	0:06:29
-Some Christian festivals merged -with various pagan ceremonies.	0:06:30	0:06:35
-Pope Gregory I believed that people -should adapt their ceremonies...	0:06:35	0:06:40
-..to embrace Christianity and turn -their backs on idolatry worship.	0:06:40	0:06:46
-Build an altar and absorb -the ceremonies for your own purpose.	0:06:46	0:06:51
-The most famous celebration -of the time was Saturnalia...	0:06:57	0:07:00
-..which was held on December 17.	0:07:00	0:07:03
-This was a feast -to extol the Roma god Saturn...	0:07:03	0:07:06
-..the god of agriculture -and harvest.	0:07:06	0:07:09
-Saturnalia would turn the world -upside-down.	0:07:10	0:07:15
-The slaves became masters -and the masters would wait on them.	0:07:15	0:07:19
-They were allowed -to wear lavish clothes.	0:07:19	0:07:22
-It was the only time of year -when slaves had any freedom.	0:07:22	0:07:26
-They tended to go overboard.	0:07:26	0:07:29
-The idea of feasting -and over-feasting...	0:07:29	0:07:32
-..during a period -at the end of the year...	0:07:33	0:07:36
-..is an idea which has continued -to the present day.	0:07:36	0:07:40
-As we proclaim Saturn...	0:07:41	0:07:43
-..father of great Jupiter...	0:07:43	0:07:45
-..with a gentle shout -of "Io, Saturnalia".	0:07:46	0:07:49
-When you hear this, you must -bellow like oxen upon the fields.	0:07:49	0:07:54
-Io, Saturnalia.	0:07:54	0:07:56
-I'm pretty sure even you Britons -can manage that.	0:07:56	0:08:00
-Io, Saturnalia.	0:08:00	0:08:01
-Io, Saturnalia.	0:08:02	0:08:04
-The festival was held -around the year's shortest day.	0:08:04	0:08:09
-Light was an important part -of the pageant.	0:08:09	0:08:12
-Exchanging gifts would ensure -a good harvest in the new year.	0:08:15	0:08:20
-Some people have seen aspects -of Saturnalia...	0:08:26	0:08:29
-..in the celebration of Christmas -in the Middle Ages...	0:08:29	0:08:32
-..in castles and mansions.	0:08:33	0:08:35
-The Lord of Misrule and the jesters -would play around.	0:08:35	0:08:41
-The idea of the Christmas feast -has possibly less to do...	0:08:42	0:08:46
-..with praising baby Jesus...	0:08:46	0:08:48
-..and more to do -with the ceremony of Saturnalia.	0:08:48	0:08:51
-Saturnalia.	0:08:51	0:08:53
-The early Christian leaders -needed a change of direction...	0:09:01	0:09:05
-..if they wanted to tame -these ancient rituals.	0:09:05	0:09:08
-Despite this, the legendary tales -of St Nicholas were spreading...	0:09:08	0:09:13
-..especially in Holland.	0:09:14	0:09:16
-Every year, on a Sunday morning -in the middle of November...	0:09:16	0:09:21
-..over 300,000 people -visit Amsterdam.	0:09:21	0:09:24
-They're all here to welcome -an important guest...	0:09:24	0:09:28
-..who arrives on a steamboat.	0:09:28	0:09:31
-This is Sinterklaas and his helpers -- Zwarte Pieten or Black Petes.	0:09:34	0:09:39
-They arrive in a boat called Spain.	0:09:39	0:09:42
-St Nicholas is the patron saint -of sailors and merchants.	0:09:50	0:09:55
-There were a large number of sailors -and merchants in Amsterdam.	0:09:55	0:09:59
-It became a tradition -to celebrate his life.	0:10:00	0:10:04
-During the Reformation, -this was prohibited...	0:10:05	0:10:08
-..as Catholicism took over.	0:10:09	0:10:11
-Celebrating saints was prohibited.	0:10:11	0:10:14
-Some people still celebrated...	0:10:14	0:10:18
-..but hefty fines were handed out.	0:10:18	0:10:21
-The youth of Amsterdam took -to the streets to cause a riot...	0:10:21	0:10:25
-..until they were permitted -to celebrate once more.	0:10:25	0:10:28
-This was a difficult situation -for the authorities.	0:10:28	0:10:32
-The Church opposed -the celebration...	0:10:32	0:10:35
-..and the youngsters supported it.	0:10:35	0:10:37
-A compromise was required.	0:10:38	0:10:39
-Street celebrations were outlawed -but people could celebrate at home.	0:10:40	0:10:44
-Dutch people fought hard for -the right to celebrate the festival.	0:10:45	0:10:49
-On the Eve of St Nicholas...	0:10:58	0:11:00
-..the children's letters are -placed in shoes near the fireplace.	0:11:00	0:11:04
-Some treats are also left out.	0:11:07	0:11:11
-Mam, can I have two apples and two -carrots for St Nicholas's horses?	0:11:16	0:11:21
-If Sinterklaas brings us gifts...	0:11:27	0:11:29
-..he will arrive after midnight.	0:11:30	0:11:32
-He must make sure -that everyone is asleep.	0:11:34	0:11:37
-This is when he leaves us gifts.	0:11:37	0:11:40
-The apples, carrots and water -are left out for the horses.	0:11:40	0:11:43
-THEY SING A SAINT NICHOLAS SONG	0:11:44	0:11:46
-We sing because -if the Zwarte Pieten hear us...	0:12:03	0:12:07
-..they know -that we are good children.	0:12:07	0:12:10
-The children believe that -Sinterklaas rides on the roof...	0:12:24	0:12:28
-..and listens to their songs.	0:12:28	0:12:30
-Sinterklaas originally -appeared alone.	0:12:30	0:12:33
-He would bring gifts -and would punish naughty children.	0:12:33	0:12:38
-Gradually, -the role of the punisher...	0:12:42	0:12:44
-..was handed over to Zwarte Piet.	0:12:44	0:12:47
-He had a cane -to frighten the children.	0:12:47	0:12:50
-He would threaten -to take them away in his sack.	0:12:50	0:12:53
-Being in the sack meant being -taken to Spain on the steamboat.	0:12:54	0:12:59
-They returned the following year -as good children.	0:12:59	0:13:02
-Please can I have a PlayStation, -Lego train...	0:13:09	0:13:14
-..with all sorts of wheels...	0:13:14	0:13:18
-..a train and some tracks.	0:13:19	0:13:22
-That would be very nice.	0:13:22	0:13:24
-On the night of the gifts, the -5th of December, we have to wait.	0:13:31	0:13:35
-Sometimes, -we eat first with the family.	0:13:36	0:13:39
-Then, Piet will knock the door.	0:13:42	0:13:45
-Last year, Piet came inside.	0:13:45	0:13:48
-After knocking the door, -he will leave a sack full of gifts.	0:13:53	0:13:58
-Papa will share out the gifts. -We aren't allowed to do that.	0:13:58	0:14:02
-It's Papa's responsibility.	0:14:02	0:14:05
-Wow.	0:14:13	0:14:14
-Dank u wel, Sinterklaas.	0:14:25	0:14:26
-Many traditions associated -with Sinterklaas...	0:14:32	0:14:36
-..belong to a pre-Christian age.	0:14:37	0:14:39
-Traditions such as keeping an eye -on naughty children...	0:14:39	0:14:42
-..riding a white horse and -leaving food outside overnight...	0:14:43	0:14:47
-..belong to the Norse god.	0:14:47	0:14:51
-Odin also had a white beard and -spent his time in a remote country.	0:14:54	0:14:58
-In his case, it was Valhalla.	0:14:58	0:15:00
-On the longest night of the year, -he collected the naughty children...	0:15:02	0:15:06
-..and took them back to Valhalla.	0:15:07	0:15:09
-.	0:15:12	0:15:12
-888	0:15:17	0:15:17
-888 - -888	0:15:17	0:15:19
-Our journey with Santa -now crosses the Atlantic Ocean.	0:15:24	0:15:28
-Manhattan highlights the marketing -power of modern Christmas.	0:15:34	0:15:38
-This city has played a crucial part -in St Nicholas's development.	0:15:43	0:15:47
-It's turned him into a familiar face -all around the world.	0:15:47	0:15:51
-New York can claim to be -the mother of the modern Santa.	0:15:55	0:16:01
-New Amsterdam was the original name -for New York.	0:16:02	0:16:06
-This is where -many Dutch immigrants settled.	0:16:06	0:16:10
-They brought with them -their customs and traditions.	0:16:10	0:16:15
-We should remember that New York -in the early-19th century...	0:16:21	0:16:26
-..was nothing like it is today.	0:16:27	0:16:30
-Many parts of New York -were rural areas at the time.	0:16:30	0:16:34
-Then, it starts to turn into a city.	0:16:34	0:16:37
-New Yorkers started to worry -about the changes they could see.	0:16:37	0:16:41
-More buildings and more roads.	0:16:42	0:16:44
-They started to romanticize -about the old New York.	0:16:44	0:16:48
-One person who chronicled the -exceptional history of the city...	0:16:56	0:16:59
-..was Diedrich Knickerbocker, -or author Washington Irving.	0:17:00	0:17:04
-He wrote -Knickerbocker's History of New York.	0:17:04	0:17:08
-It chronicled the good old days in -a light-hearted, satirical manner.	0:17:08	0:17:13
-There were a number of references -to St Nicholas's traditions...	0:17:13	0:17:18
-..in Holland.	0:17:19	0:17:21
-Clement Clarke Moore was one -of New York's wealthiest men.	0:17:21	0:17:26
-He lived in a large estate -which stretched along an area...	0:17:26	0:17:32
-..which we know today as Chelsea.	0:17:32	0:17:35
-Like Washington Irving, -he was worried about the changes.	0:17:35	0:17:39
-The city was gradually stretching -northwards along Manhattan.	0:17:39	0:17:44
-The old estates -were slowly disappearing.	0:17:44	0:17:47
-In his poem - -'Twas The Night Before Christmas...	0:17:47	0:17:51
-..he romanticizes -about New Amsterdam...	0:17:51	0:17:54
-..and the New York of the past.	0:17:54	0:17:57
-Clement Moore wrote the poem -after being out on his sledge...	0:17:57	0:18:01
-..to gather food for Christmas.	0:18:02	0:18:04
-That night, -he read it to his children.	0:18:04	0:18:07
-"Twas the night before Christmas, -when all through the house	0:18:07	0:18:11
-"Not a creature was stirring, -not even a mouse."	0:18:11	0:18:14
-This is the poem every -American child agrees to learn.	0:18:14	0:18:19
-"The stockings were hung -by the chimney with care	0:18:19	0:18:22
-"In hope that St Nicholas -soon would be there."	0:18:22	0:18:26
-This is the poem that turned -St Nicholas into Santa.	0:18:26	0:18:30
-"When, what to my wondering eyes -should appear	0:18:33	0:18:36
-"But a miniature sleigh -and eight tiny reindeer.	0:18:37	0:18:40
-"With a little old driver, -so lively and quick	0:18:41	0:18:45
-"I knew in a moment -it must be St Nick."	0:18:45	0:18:49
-Nicholas lost his bishop's robes.	0:18:50	0:18:53
-He lost his authority.	0:18:53	0:18:55
-He became a jovial old man.	0:18:56	0:18:58
-His only purpose -was to carry and deliver gifts.	0:18:58	0:19:01
-"As I drew in my head, -and was turning around	0:19:03	0:19:07
-"Down the chimney -St Nicholas came with a bound.	0:19:07	0:19:11
-"He was dressed all in fur, -from his head to his foot	0:19:11	0:19:14
-"And his clothes were all tarnished -with ashes and soot."	0:19:14	0:19:18
-There is no mention of punishment, -there is no fear.	0:19:18	0:19:22
-"A bundle of toys -he had flung on his back	0:19:23	0:19:25
-"And he looked like a peddler, -just opening his pack.	0:19:26	0:19:29
-"His eyes, how they twinkled, -his dimples how merry	0:19:30	0:19:33
-"His cheeks were like roses, -his nose like a cherry!	0:19:33	0:19:36
-"His droll little mouth -was drawn up like a bow	0:19:36	0:19:40
-"And the beard of his chin -was as white as the snow."	0:19:41	0:19:45
-He's not a dignified -authoritative figure.	0:19:49	0:19:52
-He's a friendly old man -laden with gifts.	0:19:52	0:19:55
-Clement Moore wrote -The Night Before Christmas in 1822.	0:19:57	0:20:02
-It was published -in an insignificant newspaper.	0:20:02	0:20:05
-Over the next decade, it spread -across America like wildfire.	0:20:05	0:20:09
-"I heard him exclaim, -as he drove out of sight	0:20:11	0:20:16
-"Happy Christmas to all -and to all a goodnight!"	0:20:17	0:20:22
-What's interesting -about Clement Clarke Moore...	0:20:27	0:20:30
-..is that he owned several slaves -during his lifetime.	0:20:30	0:20:34
-Santa Claus had no relevance...	0:20:34	0:20:36
-..to a proportion of -New York's population at the time.	0:20:36	0:20:40
-Ela and Jac, -would you like to sing me a song?	0:20:42	0:20:46
-# Who's coming over the hill, -quietly during the night?	0:20:46	0:20:54
-# His beard is long... #	0:20:54	0:20:56
-Clement Clarke Moore -could never have imagined...	0:20:56	0:20:59
-..how a poem he recited -to his children...	0:21:00	0:21:02
-..would grow into such -a famous story with so much appeal.	0:21:02	0:21:06
-# Near the big chimney	0:21:06	0:21:09
-# Santa Claus, Santa Claus	0:21:10	0:21:13
-# Hello, hello	0:21:13	0:21:16
-# Come here, come inside #	0:21:16	0:21:18
-Wonderful. Thank you very much.	0:21:19	0:21:23
-In 1841, the poem inspired -a Philadelphia shopkeeper...	0:21:23	0:21:28
-..called JW Parkinson to employ -an actor in a fur costume...	0:21:28	0:21:33
-..to drop down the chimney -outside his shop.	0:21:33	0:21:36
-The image was based on a picture -published in the New York Sentinel.	0:21:37	0:21:42
-The first illustrated book -of the poem...	0:21:46	0:21:48
-..included drawings -by William Boyd.	0:21:48	0:21:51
-Before this publication, -Santa's appearance and suit...	0:21:51	0:21:55
-..had been interpreted -in a variety of different ways.	0:21:55	0:21:59
-In 1863, Thomas Nast, a German -artist who lived in this house...	0:21:59	0:22:05
-..created an image -which captured the imagination.	0:22:05	0:22:09
-His first drawings of Santa Claus -appeared in the 1860s...	0:22:10	0:22:14
-..during the American Civil War.	0:22:14	0:22:17
-They appeared in Harper's Weekly...	0:22:17	0:22:20
-..one of America's -best known journals...	0:22:20	0:22:23
-..in the second half -of the 19th century.	0:22:23	0:22:26
-Nast's Santa Claus is almost -a nationalistic figure.	0:22:27	0:22:31
-He wears the stars and stripes.	0:22:31	0:22:33
-It's as if he has the American flag -wrapped around him.	0:22:33	0:22:37
-His most famous portrayal -was Merry Old Santa Claus.	0:22:38	0:22:42
-It showed Santa carrying -a military pack on his back...	0:22:42	0:22:46
-..instead of the usual -sack of gifts.	0:22:46	0:22:49
-The pocket watch hanging from -his clothes is set to midnight...	0:22:49	0:22:53
-..the time when the Congress -had to vote on soldiers' wages.	0:22:54	0:22:58
-Nast's first images of Santa...	0:23:02	0:23:04
-..included a brown fur suit.	0:23:05	0:23:07
-It developed into a red suit.	0:23:07	0:23:09
-Books published at the time -paid little attention to the colour.	0:23:10	0:23:16
-Something that should have been -brown often appeared to be red.	0:23:17	0:23:21
-The natural progression -was to change it into a red suit.	0:23:21	0:23:26
-There was no symbolism -or relevance to this.	0:23:26	0:23:29
-In truth, -Nast based Santa on himself.	0:23:39	0:23:43
-A stout man -with a thick moustache and a beard.	0:23:44	0:23:47
-It wasn't unusual -to see his children...	0:23:54	0:23:58
-..and his home in his drawings.	0:23:58	0:24:00
-We can see the fireplace in Villa -Fontana, his home in Morristown...	0:24:01	0:24:06
-..in many of his Christmas drawings.	0:24:06	0:24:09
-Nast created an image of Santa -leaning over a giant book...	0:24:12	0:24:16
-..with the names -of good and bad girls and boys.	0:24:16	0:24:19
-These drawings appeared -on the pages of Harper's Weekly.	0:24:23	0:24:28
-Another drawing -showed Santa in the North Pole...	0:24:29	0:24:32
-..peering through a telescope...	0:24:32	0:24:35
-..making sure the good children -weren't misbehaving.	0:24:35	0:24:39
-Before this, no-one had wondered -where Santa lived.	0:24:43	0:24:47
-People were enchanted -by the idea of the North Pole...	0:24:47	0:24:52
-..and it became Santa's home.	0:24:52	0:24:55
-Nast also promoted the idea -of using the US Postal Service...	0:24:59	0:25:05
-..as a way of communicating -with Santa Claus.	0:25:05	0:25:09
-Children could send him a list -of what they wanted for Christmas.	0:25:09	0:25:15
-Nast wasn't the first to -illustrate Clement Moore's poem.	0:25:15	0:25:19
-Moore described Santa, his reindeer -and his sled on the roof...	0:25:19	0:25:24
-..but Nast took the imagery -a step further.	0:25:25	0:25:29
-Nast changed Santa from a dwarf -who slid easily down the chimney...	0:25:29	0:25:34
-..to a plump man -similar to today's Santa.	0:25:35	0:25:38
-.	0:25:55	0:25:55
-888	0:25:59	0:25:59
-888 - -888	0:25:59	0:26:01
-Nuremberg in Germany.	0:26:05	0:26:07
-A magical procession -of Christmas lanterns.	0:26:09	0:26:13
-Every year, thousands gather -at the Christmas market.	0:26:18	0:26:21
-It has been held here for centuries.	0:26:22	0:26:25
-This market -was originally called Nikolaus-Dult.	0:26:28	0:26:33
-Today, -it's called Christkindlesmarkt.	0:26:33	0:26:36
-The response to St Nicholas -has been mixed.	0:26:36	0:26:39
-In the 16th century, -Martin Luther's Reformation...	0:26:43	0:26:46
-..led to an anti-Catholic movement -in Germany.	0:26:46	0:26:50
-Since Protestantism -was forbidden to adopt saints...	0:26:51	0:26:56
-..a new Christmas tradition -was needed.	0:26:56	0:26:59
-Baby Jesus would now deliver gifts.	0:26:59	0:27:01
-In truth, -the Holy Christ is only a baby.	0:27:03	0:27:07
-It made no sense -that Jesus could deliver gifts.	0:27:07	0:27:10
-Neither did it make any sense -that a strong young man could do so.	0:27:10	0:27:15
-It had nothing to do -with the Christmas story.	0:27:15	0:27:18
-It developed into a female figure, -similar to a fairy.	0:27:18	0:27:21
-At the turn of the 20th century...	0:27:24	0:27:26
-..Christkind in Nuremberg -became a girl with a golden robe.	0:27:26	0:27:32
-She was based -on Nuremberg's golden angel.	0:27:33	0:27:35
-It's an honour and a privilege...	0:27:37	0:27:39
-..for any girl to be chosen -to play the part of Christkind.	0:27:40	0:27:44
-Letters and drawings from children -listing their desires...	0:27:47	0:27:51
-..are very similar -all over the world.	0:27:52	0:27:55
-In Germany, Austria, the -Czech Republic and Switzerland...	0:27:55	0:27:59
-..they're sent to Christkind.	0:27:59	0:28:02
-I imagine her to have -long curly hair...	0:28:04	0:28:07
-..a long dress and a large crown.	0:28:08	0:28:10
-I also think she has a crown, -a golden robe and curly golden hair.	0:28:11	0:28:18
-And a golden book.	0:28:18	0:28:20
-SHE SINGS A CHRISTMAS SONG	0:28:20	0:28:22
-SHE SINGS A CHRISTMAS SONG	0:28:44	0:28:46
-The fact that children sing a song -about St Nicholas to Christkind...	0:28:55	0:28:59
-..is an indication of the confusion -between the Christmas characters.	0:29:00	0:29:05
-Weihnachtsmann or Santa Claus...	0:29:06	0:29:08
-..is also prominent -in some parts of Germany.	0:29:08	0:29:12
-The situation today -is very different.	0:29:14	0:29:17
-Christkind mostly appeals -to Catholic families.	0:29:17	0:29:21
-In south and south-west Germany, -where Roman Catholicism is common...	0:29:21	0:29:26
-..Christkind brings the gifts.	0:29:26	0:29:28
-In northern Germany, -Santa Claus brings them.	0:29:28	0:29:31
-This is an interesting variation.	0:29:32	0:29:35
-Many believe that the image of Santa -Claus created by Thomas Nast...	0:29:45	0:29:49
-..has been influenced -by the fur costumes...	0:29:49	0:29:53
-..worn by Belsnickel and Krampus.	0:29:53	0:29:56
-Originally, they punished -and frightened naughty children.	0:29:57	0:30:01
-Gradually, -they became more amiable characters.	0:30:01	0:30:05
-I think Christkind brings the gifts -when we're all in church.	0:30:09	0:30:14
-When we return home, we're not -allowed in to the living room.	0:30:15	0:30:19
-Then, we're allowed in and the -Christmas tree has been decorated...	0:30:21	0:30:26
-..and the gifts -are under its branches.	0:30:27	0:30:30
-The tradition of decorating the tree -originally comes from Germany.	0:30:32	0:30:37
-Today, Santa Claus can be seen -side by side with Christkind...	0:30:43	0:30:47
-..even in Nuremberg's -Christkindlesmarkt.	0:30:47	0:30:51
-Ironically, -one way of pronouncing Christkind...	0:30:54	0:30:58
-..Kris Kringle - has become another -name for Santa Claus in America.	0:30:58	0:31:04
-The port of Barcelona.	0:31:15	0:31:17
-January 5. -A huge crowd has gathered.	0:31:17	0:31:21
-They're waiting -for some special visitors.	0:31:26	0:31:28
-It's the celebration -of the Epiphany...	0:31:33	0:31:36
-..the celebration -of presenting Jesus to the world.	0:31:37	0:31:40
-In Spain, it's a special festival. -We don't have a Santa Claus.	0:31:42	0:31:46
-We have Three Wise Men -from the East.	0:31:46	0:31:49
-This Epiphany is essentially -a Christian festival...	0:31:51	0:31:54
-..commemorating the journey of -the Three Wise Men from the East...	0:31:54	0:31:58
-..as they travelled to see -baby Jesus.	0:31:58	0:32:01
-Here they are.	0:32:01	0:32:03
-The Three Kings are symbols -of the three continents...	0:32:11	0:32:15
-..which were prominent -during Christ's birth.	0:32:15	0:32:19
-Melchior represents Europe, -Caspar represents Asia...	0:32:19	0:32:23
-..and Balthazar represents Africa.	0:32:24	0:32:26
-In truth, finding the true origin -of this tradition is difficult.	0:32:40	0:32:45
-Today, it is -a very Spanish tradition...	0:32:45	0:32:48
-..which battles against -Anglo-American traditions.	0:32:48	0:32:52
-We're proud to have the tradition -of the Three Kings in Spain.	0:32:52	0:32:57
-This tradition is also celebrated -in South American countries.	0:32:58	0:33:02
-The most traditional ritual is -writing a letter with your family...	0:33:57	0:34:00
-..and drawing some pictures.	0:34:01	0:34:02
-The Kings will read the letters -and prepare the gifts...	0:34:03	0:34:06
-..ready for the following day.	0:34:07	0:34:09
-Barcelona isn't the only place -that welcomes the Three Wise Men.	0:34:12	0:34:18
-Alcoy is a very special place...	0:34:31	0:34:34
-..the first Spanish city to host -the procession of the Three Kings.	0:34:34	0:34:38
-Presenting gifts -was part of the celebration.	0:34:38	0:34:41
-The people in the procession -share flowers and sweets...	0:35:02	0:35:06
-..almost 1,500kgs of sweets!	0:35:06	0:35:08
-The most important aspect -are the gifts.	0:35:08	0:35:11
-The helpers have red ladders...	0:35:13	0:35:16
-..which allow them to climb up -and deliver the toys.	0:35:16	0:35:20
-The children -love receiving the parcels.	0:35:20	0:35:23
-Gifts from the true Wise Men.	0:35:23	0:35:26
-Of course, the children -have to kiss the Kings.	0:35:46	0:35:50
-This will bring good luck -for the remainder of the year.	0:35:51	0:35:55
-In Alcoy, -the Kings deliver the gifts.	0:35:57	0:36:01
-If you've seen the procession -in Alcoy...	0:36:01	0:36:05
-..it's impossible not to believe -in the Three Kings.	0:36:05	0:36:09
-.	0:36:21	0:36:22
-888	0:36:28	0:36:28
-888 - -888	0:36:28	0:36:30
-Daybreak in Rome on January 6.	0:36:37	0:36:40
-The children wake up excitedly.	0:36:47	0:36:49
-They can't wait to open their gifts.	0:36:49	0:36:52
-Their stockings are full -but Santa didn't bring their gifts.	0:37:00	0:37:05
-They were brought by a witch -named Befana.	0:37:09	0:37:12
-Befana is a woman - an ugly -old woman who looks like a witch.	0:37:15	0:37:20
-She has a broom -and a black pointed hat.	0:37:20	0:37:23
-She wears old clothes. She has -a big nose with a mole on it.	0:37:31	0:37:37
-HE SPEAKS ITALIAN	0:37:41	0:37:43
-According to Italians...	0:37:45	0:37:47
-..the Christian tradition claims -that the Wise Men met an old woman.	0:37:48	0:37:52
-They ask her to show them -the location of Jesus's birth.	0:37:52	0:37:55
-She offers them shelter -for the night.	0:37:56	0:37:58
-She refuses their invitation -to join them on their journey...	0:37:58	0:38:02
-..since she has so much housework.	0:38:03	0:38:05
-She later changes her mind...	0:38:05	0:38:07
-..and tries to follow them -with her gifts for Jesus.	0:38:07	0:38:10
-Unable to catch up with them...	0:38:11	0:38:12
-..she gives the gifts -to children she meets on the way.	0:38:13	0:38:16
-Similar characters -can be found in other countries.	0:38:19	0:38:23
-In Russia, Babushka, -and in southern Germany, Frau Holda.	0:38:23	0:38:27
-On the night of January 5...	0:38:29	0:38:32
-..she comes down the chimney -and leaves gifts for good children.	0:38:32	0:38:39
-Documents from the beginning -of the 18th century...	0:38:42	0:38:45
-..chronicle Befana -as a mythical being...	0:38:45	0:38:48
-..who brings gifts to good children -and punishes naughty children.	0:38:49	0:38:54
-I think Befana -has brought me coal...	0:39:10	0:39:14
-..because I didn't do my homework -and I misbehaved.	0:39:14	0:39:18
-I was very nasty to my sister.	0:39:18	0:39:20
-Today, it's edible coal.	0:39:28	0:39:31
-It's more of a symbol -than a punishment.	0:39:31	0:39:34
-During Roman times, the fireplace -was the centre point of the house.	0:39:37	0:39:42
-This is where the family -would gather...	0:39:42	0:39:45
-..to remember the life -of family members who had died.	0:39:45	0:39:49
-The fireplace connected -the present world to the afterlife.	0:39:49	0:39:55
-Like Santa, Befana would enter -the house via the chimney.	0:39:56	0:40:01
-The chimney is central -to Befana and Santa.	0:40:02	0:40:06
-What about our Sion Corn?	0:40:06	0:40:09
-In Wales, there is no reference -to Sion Corn...	0:40:10	0:40:14
-..until the 1920s.	0:40:14	0:40:16
-J Glyn Davies, who wrote songs -like Fflat Huw Puw...	0:40:17	0:40:22
-..published a volume of work -in 1923.	0:40:22	0:40:24
-In it, he claimed he had first heard -the words Sion Corn from his father.	0:40:24	0:40:29
-He wasn't a Santa Claus-type -character.	0:40:29	0:40:32
-He was a spirit -who lived in the chimney.	0:40:32	0:40:35
-Without a doubt, choosing the 25th -of December as Christ's birthday...	0:40:40	0:40:46
-..was a compromise.	0:40:46	0:40:47
-This was the date of the winter -solstice in the Julian calendar.	0:40:47	0:40:53
-Over the centuries, -the sun has been central...	0:40:55	0:40:58
-..to winter festivals -in the northern hemisphere.	0:40:58	0:41:02
-Rituals which celebrate -the shortest day of the year...	0:41:02	0:41:05
-..and welcome the New Year...	0:41:06	0:41:07
-..are common in Celtic -and Scandinavian countries.	0:41:08	0:41:11
-The Mari Lwyd -is an ancient Welsh ritual...	0:41:12	0:41:15
-..which honours -the Celtic goddess Rhiannon.	0:41:15	0:41:18
-The Mari Lwyd is a horse's skull -on a wooden pole.	0:41:19	0:41:22
-A white sheet covers the person -who carries it.	0:41:23	0:41:26
-# Here we come	0:41:26	0:41:29
-# Innocent friends...	0:41:29	0:41:31
-A group follows the Mari Lwyd from -house to house or tavern to tavern.	0:41:31	0:41:36
-# To ask permission to sing #	0:41:36	0:41:39
-# I have no money...	0:41:39	0:41:42
-Then, the people inside the house -challenge those on the outside...	0:41:42	0:41:48
-..with satirical verses.	0:41:49	0:41:50
-# Tonight #	0:41:51	0:41:52
-At the end of the challenge, -the Mari Lwyd enters the house...	0:41:54	0:41:58
-..and is warmly received.	0:41:58	0:41:59
-# Cold is the man who cannot love	0:42:00	0:42:02
-# Fa la la la la, la la la la	0:42:03	0:42:04
-# The old mountains -of our beloved Wales	0:42:05	0:42:07
-# Fa la la la la, la la la la	0:42:07	0:42:09
-# To him and his loved ones I wish	0:42:10	0:42:12
-# Fa la la la la, la la la la	0:42:12	0:42:14
-# Happy holidays for next year	0:42:15	0:42:16
-# Fa la la la la, la la la la #	0:42:17	0:42:21
-Similar rituals with an animal, -a goat on this occasion...	0:42:22	0:42:26
-..are common -in Scandinavian countries.	0:42:26	0:42:29
-There's an old tradition.	0:42:32	0:42:35
-Young people dress up, visit -houses and deride those inside.	0:42:35	0:42:40
-Old carvings on Swedish rocks date -back to the Stone and Bronze Ages.	0:42:41	0:42:46
-They show figures wearing masks -and animal horns.	0:42:46	0:42:51
-The Christmas goat, or the julbock, -was one of these characters.	0:42:51	0:42:56
-When Christianity reached Sweden...	0:42:56	0:42:59
-..the Church wanted to ban the -goat since it was a pagan figure.	0:42:59	0:43:03
-But it failed.	0:43:03	0:43:05
-At the end of the 18th century...	0:43:05	0:43:08
-..another role was given -to this figure.	0:43:08	0:43:11
-To deliver Christmas gifts.	0:43:11	0:43:14
-It assumed that role -for almost 100 years...	0:43:14	0:43:18
-..until it was replaced -by the jultomte.	0:43:18	0:43:21
-He would deliver the gifts -from then on.	0:43:21	0:43:24
-A bowl of rice grain porridge -for the jultomte in Sweden.	0:43:39	0:43:43
-In Iceland, he's jolasveinar and -in Norway and Denmark, julenisse.	0:43:48	0:43:54
-Nisse is an old form of Nicholas.	0:43:54	0:43:56
-He's an amiable character, -about 18 inches tall.	0:44:08	0:44:12
-According to legend, the tomte -would cast out the naughty elves...	0:44:12	0:44:16
-..close the doors -and calm the animals.	0:44:16	0:44:19
-When Swedish children -hear the floorboards creak...	0:44:19	0:44:24
-..or the wind howling at night, -they don't fear a thing.	0:44:24	0:44:28
-They know full well -that the tomte is calling by.	0:44:28	0:44:31
-There's nothing stopping children -meeting the jultomte.	0:44:34	0:44:39
-Traditionally, -a father or grandfather...	0:44:39	0:44:42
-..dresses up as the jultomte as the -children expectantly wait for him.	0:44:42	0:44:47
-He knocks the front door, -enters the house...	0:44:47	0:44:50
-..and asks if there are -any good children in the house.	0:44:50	0:44:54
-There are, every time, -so he gives out his gifts.	0:44:54	0:44:58
-There are tales of Santa...	0:44:58	0:45:01
-..travelling back and forth -across the Atlantic...	0:45:01	0:45:05
-..during the first half -of the 20th century.	0:45:05	0:45:07
-The image of Santa -accepted across the world today...	0:45:08	0:45:11
-..was devised by a Swedish American, -Haddon Sundblom...	0:45:11	0:45:14
-..and a rather familiar drink.	0:45:15	0:45:17
-The campaign came about -as part of a marketing strategy.	0:45:17	0:45:21
-The winter months in the 1930s...	0:45:21	0:45:24
-..were not very good selling times -for Coca-Cola.	0:45:24	0:45:28
-They went to an illustrator -named Haddon Sundblom.	0:45:28	0:45:31
-What distinguished him -was the fact...	0:45:32	0:45:35
-..that he had looked -at the work of Thomas Nast...	0:45:35	0:45:38
-..and Louis Prang -with the American greeting cards.	0:45:39	0:45:42
-He built on all of the things -that he'd seen...	0:45:42	0:45:46
-..but his vision -was a really specific vision.	0:45:46	0:45:49
-He really saw this Santa Claus -as an outgoing person...	0:45:55	0:46:00
-..somebody who really enjoyed -the Christmas season.	0:46:00	0:46:04
-His illustrations capture the -very essence of the season itself.	0:46:04	0:46:09
-It's a happy time, -it's a warm time...	0:46:09	0:46:11
-..it's a time to be -with family and friends.	0:46:12	0:46:16
-For Haddon Sundblom, Santa wasn't -a dwarf - he was more than that.	0:46:21	0:46:25
-He was an old man...	0:46:26	0:46:28
-..and rather plump.	0:46:28	0:46:30
-There are no good and bad children -in Sundblom's world.	0:46:31	0:46:35
-Everyone is good -and everyone enjoys Christmas...	0:46:35	0:46:38
-..because Santa -will bring gifts for everyone.	0:46:38	0:46:42
-Many people think that the red -uniform that Santa Claus wears...	0:46:51	0:46:56
-..developed because Haddon Sundblom -worked for Coca-Cola...	0:46:56	0:47:01
-..and red was our corporate colour.	0:47:01	0:47:03
-That's a fortunate accident for us.	0:47:04	0:47:06
-The red suit was well established -before Sundblom came along...	0:47:06	0:47:11
-..to do his interpretation.	0:47:11	0:47:13
-These illustrations are timeless.	0:47:18	0:47:21
-They're not bound -to any chronological period.	0:47:21	0:47:24
-They're as relevant today -as they were when they were created.	0:47:24	0:47:28
-# Hey, ting, ting	0:47:28	0:47:29
-# Hey, ting, ting #	0:47:30	0:47:31
-The Santa created -by Sundblom's imagination...	0:47:31	0:47:34
-..captures our imagination -every Christmas.	0:47:34	0:47:37
-For children across the world, -this is our Santa.	0:47:37	0:47:41
-# Ting-a-linga, ting-a-linga, -ting-ting-ting	0:47:42	0:47:44
-# Ting-a-linga, ting-a-linga, -ting-ting-ting	0:47:45	0:47:48
-# Ting-a-linga, ting-a-linga, -ting-ting-ting	0:47:48	0:47:51
-# Ting-a-linga, ting-a-linga, -ting-ting-ting #	0:47:51	0:47:54
-A welcome rest for Santa -for another year.	0:48:04	0:48:06
-He works hard -delivering all his gifts.	0:48:07	0:48:10
-It's been a long journey for him.	0:48:12	0:48:14
-From Turkey to Holland and New York.	0:48:14	0:48:17
-He's back home, in the North Pole.	0:48:17	0:48:19
-Even though the Church doesn't -celebrate him to the same degree...	0:48:20	0:48:24
-..Santa is probably one of the most -recognized characters in the world.	0:48:25	0:48:30
-If you're expecting a sack -full of gifts...	0:48:30	0:48:33
-..make sure -you're good little children.	0:48:34	0:48:37
-Merry Christmas.	0:48:37	0:48:39
-Hooray!	0:49:23	0:49:24
-S4C Subtitles by Simian 04 Cyf.	0:49:25	0:49:27
-.	0:49:27	0:49:28

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